TDM and SDH Basics

TDM Time Division Multiplexing

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Evolution.

A/D

64 kbit/s
BUT........

8 kHz
 Sampling

T1 T2 T3
time Audio Signal
T4 T5 T6 T7

Sampler Output
Pulse Amplitude T1 T2 T3
time
Modulated (PAM) T4 T5 T6 T7
signal
 Non-Linear Quantization and Encoding
Quantization
Level digital codes
112 1 1 1 1 X X X X
96 1 1 1 0 X X X X 1/2V
1/4V
80 1 1 0 1 X X X X 1/8V
64 1 1 0 0 X X X X 1/16V
48 1 0 1 1 X X X X
1/32V
32 1 0 1 0 X X X X
1/64
1 0 0 1 X X X X
V
1 0 0 0 X X X X
-V 0 0 0 0 X X X X +V
In accordance with 0 0 0 1 X X X X
CCITT’s A-law 0 0 1 0 X X X X
 PCM Signal Data Rate

8000 8
samples x bits per = 64kbit/s
per sec sample
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
 PDH Multiplex / Demultiplex

2048 kbit/s (+/-50ppm)

1
64 kbit/s 8448 kbit/s (+/-30ppm)
Data Signals 30 1
34 368 kbit/s (+/-20ppm)
DSMX 1
64k/2
1
Analog signal 1
139264 kbit/s (+/-15ppm)
30

PCMX 30
1

5
DSMX
4
34/140
PCMX 30 4
DSMX
8/34
DSMX Channel Capacity:
64
2/8 64 x 30 = 1920
30
 Plesiochronous Drop & Insert

140 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s

main
OLTU OLTU OLTU OLTU
stand-by
34 - 140 34 - 140 34 - 140 34 - 140

8 - 34 8 - 34 8 - 34 8 - 34

2-8 2-8 2-8 2-8

1,2 ................. 64 1,2 ................. 64

Line Terminating Drop & Insert Station Line Terminating

Unit Unit
 PDH vs. SDH — Bit Rates

PDH
E0
E1
E2

SDH
E3
synchronous
plesiochronous
E4
plesiochronous TM STM-1
plesiochronous • E1 (2.048 Mbit/s)
• T1 (1.544 Mbit/s)
• DS-2 (6.312 Mbit/s)
TM STM-4
• E3 (34.368 Mbit/s)
• DS-3 (44.736 Mbit/s)
• E4 (139.264 Mbit/s)
• ATM
TM STM-16
• etc.
 PDH vs. SDH — Add & Drop Function

E3

E3
E4 TM E3 TM E4
4 /3 E2 4 /3
E2
TM E2 TM
3 /2 E1 3 /2
E1
TM E1 TM
2 /1 2 /1

PDH SDH
E 1 ( 2 . 0 4 8 k b it /s )

Six TMs needed One ADM is

to drop E1 enough to drop E1.
STM-4 ADM STM-4
Why SDH Why SDH
 Simpler multiplexing
(low SDH level can be directly identified from higher SDH level)

 Simple D&I of traffic channels

(direct access to lower level systems without synchronization)

 Allows mixing of ANSI and ETSI PDH systems

 SDH is open for new applications

(It can carry PDH, ATM, ETHERNET...)

 SDH provides TMN (ECCs)

(for centralized network control)
 Synchronous Network Structure

A B C
TM-1 ADM-1 TM-1

42 E1 21 E1 21 E1 21 E1 42 E1
21 E1
A <=> C A <=> B A <=> C
A <=> B B <=> C B <=> C

XC
 Synchronous Network Structure

ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer

DXC : Digital Cross Connect
DWDM TM : Terminal Multiplexer
DSC: Digital Switching Center
LAN: Local Area Network
ADM DWDM: Dense Wavelength Multiplexing

STM-1, STM-4

140Mbit/s
2Mbit/s ADM STM-4/-16 ADM
34Mbit/s
ATM 34Mbit/s
8Mbit/s
Switch STM-1
2Mbit/s

DXC
LAN
DSC
34Mbit/s STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
140Mbit/s
STM-1
 STM-1 Frame Structure
270 Columns (Bytes)
transmit
9 270
row by row 1

1
RSOH
3
4 AU Pointer Payload
5 (transport capacity)

MSOH

RSOH: Regenerator section overhead

MSOH: Multiplex section overhead
Payload: Area for information transport
Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s
Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s
Frame repetition time: 125 µs

2430 bytes/frame × 8 bit/byte × 8000 frame/s = 155.52 Mbit/s

transmitted from top to bottom and left to right
 STM-1 Frame Structure

270 Columns (Bytes)

1 9 270

1
RSOH AU-4
3
4 AU Pointer
5 VC-4
MSOH

VC-4 POH
C-4
9
Basic Elements of STM-1
 Embedded Overhead Bytes
STM-1 SOH

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X
B1 E1 F1 X X VC-3/4 POH
D1 D2 D3 J1
AU - PTR H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3 B3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 C2
D4 D5 D6
G1
D7 D8 D9 VC-11/12/ 2 POH
F2
D10 D11 D12
S1 M 1 E2 X X H4 V5
F3 J2
K3 N2
Media dependent bytes
N1 K4
X Reserved for national use

SOH: Section overhead RSOH

POH: Path overhead Pointer

P O H
MSOH
The overheads (SOH, POH) are used for maintenance and Payload

supervision of the SDH transmission network.

Functions of Regenerator Section Overhead
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1
D1
E1
D2
F1
D3
 Frame Alignment
AU - Pointer (A1, A2)
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9  Section Trace
D10 D11 D12 (J0 Identfication
S1 M1 E2 of regenerator source)

 Parity check
(B1 calculated by regenerator and multiplexers)

 Data communication channels

(D1...D3, F1 between regenerators)

 Voice communication channels

(E1 between regenerators)
Functions of Multiplexer Section Overhead
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3  Parity check (B2)
AU - Pointer
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2  Alarm information (K2)
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9  Remote error indication (M1,K2)
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2

 Automatic protection switching

(K1, K2 Bytes)

 Data communication channels

(D4 to D12 between multiplexers)

 Clock source information (S1)

 Voice communications channels

(E2 between multiplexers)
 Overhead Byte Functionality
SOH A1, A2 Frame synchronisation
B1, B2 Parity bytes for transmission error monitoring
J0 Regenerator section trace
D1... D3 Regenerator section DCC
D4.. D12 Multiplex section DCC
E1, E2 Orderwire for voice communication
F1 User channel for maintenance purposes (data, voice)
K1, K2 Automatic protection switching (APS)
S1 Synchronisation status message
M1 MS-REI (remote error idication)

VC-3/4 J1 Higher order path trace

POH B3 Path parity byte for error monitoring
C2 Signal Label (composition of payload)
G1 Path status and performance
F2, F3 Path user channels
H4 Payload specific byte
K3 Automatic protection switching (APS)
N1 Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)

VC-1/2 V5 Error check, path status, signal label

POH J2 Lower order path trace
N2 Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)
K4 Automatic protection switching (APS)
 SDH Network Elements
Terminal Multiplexer

STM-N STM-M
or TM
PDH

• Terminates RSOH and MSOH.

• May terminate HOP and LOP overhead.
• Multiplexes/maps tributary signals.
• Includes timing and management functions.
 SDH Network Elements
Add/drop Multiplexer
STM-M STM-M

ADM

STM-N or PDH
• Terminates RSOH and MSOH.
• May terminate HOP and LOP overhead.
• Includes connection function between the two aggregates.
• Multiplexes/maps tributary signals.
• Includes a connection function for allocation of TUs within the STM frame.
• Includes timing and management functions.
 SDH Network Elements
Cross-connect

STM-M DXC STM-M

STM-N or PDH

• Terminates RSOH and MSOH.

• Includes connection function between the aggregates.
• Can have tributary ports, for which it may terminate HOP and LOP
overhead.
• Includes timing and management functions.
 SDH Network Elements
Regenerator

STM-N STM-N
REG

• Regenerates the optical signal.

• Terminates RSOH.
 Termination of Sections

Regenerator Sections

TM TM

Multiplexing Sections Multiplexing Sections

Path