EARTH science

COSMIC CALENDAR
THE UNIVERSE IS EVERYTHING
• the science of the origin and development of the
universe.

1 In the beginning God created the

heaven and the earth. 2 And the
earth was without form, and void;
and darkness [was] upon the face of
the deep. And the Spirit of God
moved upon the face of the waters.
It describes the universe as an
oscillating universe in which a
“cosmic egg,” or Brahmanda,
containing the whole universe
expands out of a single
concentrated point called Bindu,
and will eventually collapse again.
Sir Isaac Newton described a static,
steady-state inifinite universe wherein
matter is uniformly distributed and the
universe is gravitationally balanced.
It is similar to Newton’s theory
wherein the universe is dynamically
stable that is neither expanding nor
contracting. He believed that the
effect of gravity is dynamic which
would have caused the universe to
collapse
• PRIMORDIAL UNIVERSE

• The most original aspect of

Anaxagoras’ system was his
doctrine of nous (“mind” or
“reason”).
PRIMODIAL UNIVERSE OF ANAXAGORAS
• Anaxagoras believed in a Primodial Universe and explained that the
original state of the cosmos was a primodial mixture of all its
ingredients which existed in infinitesimally small fragments of
themselves.
• The mixture was not entirely uniform; some ingredients were present
in higher concentrations than others, and the distribution of these
ingredients very from place to place.
• A whirling motion sifted and separated the ingredients, ultimately
producing the cosmos of separated material objects with different
properties that can be seen today.
• ATOMIC UNIVERSE
ATOMIC UNIVERSE
• Leucippus and Democritus proposed this theory.
• They held that the universe was composed of very small, indivisible, and
indestructible atoms.
• All of reality and all the objects in the universe are composed of different
arrangements of these eternal atoms and an infinite void in which the atoms
form different combinations and shapes.
• The stoic philosophers also believed that the universe is like a giant living
body, with the sun and the stars as the most important parts to which
everything else were interconnected.
• What happens in one place affects the events that occur elsewhere.
CARTESIAN VORTEX
• French philosopher Rene Descartes outlined a Cartesian Vortex
Model of the Universe with many of the characteristics of
Newton’s Static, Infinite Universe.
• According to Descartes, the vacuum of space was not empty at
all but was filled with matter that swirled around in large and
small vortices.
• His model involved a system of huge swirling whirlpools of fine
matter, producing what would later be called gravitational
effects.
A positive curvature results
in the universe expanding
for a time and then
contracting due to the pull
of its gravity in a perpetual
cycle of Big Bang followed
by big crunch.
Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold
and Herman Bondi
predicted that the universe
expanded but did not
change density; matter was
inserted into the universe as
it expanded in order to
maintain a constant density.
Developed by Steinhardt
and Neil Turok in 2002. It is
believed that the universe
undergoes endless cycles of
expansion and cooling
each beginning with a Big
Bang and ending in a big
crunch.
Andrei Linde proposed that
the universe is as just one
many “bubbles” that grew
as part of the multiverse.
• The current accepted model.
• The universe originated from an infinitely tiny, infinitely
dense point of singularity around 13 to 14 billion years
ago. It is associated to the discovery of the cosmic
microwave background radiation by Arno Penzias
and Robert Wilson.

• It is attributed to Georges Henri Joseph Edouard

Lemaitre in 1927.
• Estimated time will be
around 10-43 s.
• All things are
compressed in the
singularity.
• Temperature is very hot
(1032 K).

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

1.Gravity
2.Electromagnetic
3.Strong Nuclear force
4.Weak Nuclear Force
• Estimated time will be
around 10-36 s.
• Gravity was separated
from the unification
• Elementary particles
were formed like quarks
and electrons.

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

• Estimated time will be
around 10-32 s to 10-6 s.
• Strong Nuclear force was
separated causing the
expansion of the singularity.
It is followed by EM and
Weak force.
• Temperature started to
decrease.
TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG
• Estimated time will be
around 10-6 s.
• Quark and antiquark will
annihilate each other
returning energy back to
space.
• Subatomic particles
have not yet formed.
TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG
• Estimated time will be
around 1 s to 3 mins.
• Quarks combined to
form protons and
neutrons.
• Electrons dominated
around this time.

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

• Estimated time will be
around 20 minutes.
• Protons and neutrons
fused to form the nucleus
of atoms like Helium.

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

• Estimated time will be
around 300, 000 years.
• Nucleus of the formed
elements attracted
electrons to be stable and
become atoms.
• H=75% He=22% other
elements=3%

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

• Estimated time will be around 150 Million
years.
• Time between atoms and star formation.
• Although there were photons, the universe
is literally dark.

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

• Happened at around 300
– 500 Million years.
• First stars were formed.
They were massive and
short lived.

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG
• Happened at around
8.5 – 9 Billion years.

• Some million years

later, earth was
formed.

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

•13.8 Billion years from
the Big Bang.
•Galaxies are still
moving away from
each other.
•Lowest temperature
recorded is around 3 K.

TIMELINE OF THE BIG BANG

SHORT QUIZ:
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. How did the bible described the origin of the universe? (2 points)
2. How did Rigveda described the origin of the universe? Explain the concept of Brahmanda
and Bindu. (3 points)
3. How does Newton’s static universe differ from Einstein’s static universe?
(5 points)
4. How did Aristotle and Plato debunked Anaxagoras’ doctrine of nous? Explain the doctrine
of nous. (5 points)
5. In the steady-state universe proposed by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and Herman Bondi,
How did the universe maintain constant density? (2 points)
6. How do big bang and big crunch “interact” with one another based on the theory
proposed on the origin of the universe? (3 points)
BONUS POINTS:
Arrange the ff. events of the Big Bang theory by writing A-E on the space
provided.
_____ Stars were formed.
_____ Atoms were formed.
_____ Planets were formed.
_____ One unified force was separated into four.
_____ Quarks combined to form the nuclei.
EVIDENCES OF
THE BIG BANG
Back in 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered that the galaxies
were moving away from each other as he observed group of
galaxies.

EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson had seen a constant signal that
washed out their of the galaxy. This signal or radiation is believed
to be the afterglow or remnants of the big bang theory 400,000
years after the said event.

EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG

Astronomers measured the composition of
elements in particular stars and galaxies and found
out that it is closed to what the big bang theory
predicted.

EVIDENCES OF THE BIG BANG

THE SOLAR SYSTEM
The solar system is locates in the
Milky way’s Orion’s spur/ Orion’s star cluster
8 planets
The age of the Solar
System and that of
the planet Earth is
approximately 4.54
billions years old.
This is based on the
meteorites which
are believed to have
been formed the
same time as the
rest of the Solar
System.
ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS
About 5 GYA, a rough star passed close to
the sun and stripped materials (hot gases)
from both the sun and the rogue star. The
hot gases continued to spin in the same
direction as the sun, and coalesced into
smaller lumps which formed the planets.

-was able to explain the revolution of

planets

-was not able to explain how the lump of

hot gases contract to form planets
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• The original core of the Nice model is a triplet of
papers published in the general science journal Nature
in 2005 by an international collaboration of scientists:
Rodney Gomes, Hal Levison, Alessandro Morbidelli
and Kleomenis Tsiganis.
• Named after Nice, France where is was formulated
• It proposes the orbital migration of the Gas Giants
during the early stage of Solar System formation
 Simulation showing the outer planets and planetesimal belt:
a) early configuration, before Jupiter and Saturn reach a 2:1 resonance; b) scattering of
planetesimals into the inner Solar System after the orbital shift of Neptune (dark blue)
and Uranus (light blue); c) after ejection of planetesimals by planets
 LATE HEAVY BOMBARDMENT

About 4 to 3.8 billion years ago a period of intense comet and

asteroid bombardment is thought to have peppered all the planets
including the Earth. Many of the numerous craters found on the
Moon and other bodies in the Solar System record this event.
1. A supernova triggered
the gravitational collapse
of a gas cloud. As the gas
cloud contracted, it
started to rotate faster
and flattened into a disk.

2. At the center of the gas

disk, a protostar was
formed.
3. Planet-building materials were
formed and sorted out according to
difference in temperature:
Close to the protostar- materials were
vaporized;

SNOW LINE

ROCK LINE
Farther away from the protostar- solid
metals, minerals, rocks were able to
materialize, this region is called the
Rock Line;

Farthest region from the protostar-

solid methane, ammonia, and water
were able to exist, this region is called
the Snow Line.
4. In the outer part of the early Solar
System, the early gas giants were first
formed due to collisions of large rocks
and ice. More materials were pulled in
their bodies that made them the
largest planets in the system.

5. After reaching a certain critical mass,

Jupiter’s gravity pulled in all the gas on
its orbital path thus making it the
largest planet and the Solar System’s
Gravitational “Bully”. Saturn, Neptune,
and Uranus followed after Jupiter in
devouring gases on their surroundings
6. Solar winds cleared away the
remaining cloud of gas and dust.
Jupiter and Saturn pulled in most of
the blown gases while Neptune and
Uranus pulled in the remaining gases
and dusts. This is the reason that
Neptune and Uranus are smaller than
Jupiter and Saturn.

7. The protostar reached its critical

mass, temperature, and pressure that
allowed it to begin nuclear fusion in its
core. This event led it to become a
fully-fledged star- the Sun.
8. The gas giants seized to grow and
protoplanets begun to form in the
inner solar system.

9. By the time that protoEarth reached

planet size and located in a relatively
stable orbit, another protoplanet,
Theia, accompanied it. The two
protoplanets revolved roughly around
the same path.

10. ProtoEarth and Theia collided with

each other and the debris from the
collision formed the moon. The newly
formed Earth settled in its orbit.
11. After approximately 500 million
years, all of the planets were
formed. Jupiter, Saturn, and
Neptune were closer to the Sun
compared to their current
position while Uranus was located
in the outer most edge of the
system.

12. As the planetesimals and

asteroids (from the Asteroid Belt
and Kuiper Belt) travel near the
gas giants, the gas giants’ orbit
was affected that made them
migrate to new position.
13. Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus
sent planetesimals and asteroids
inward that made them move
away from the system. On the
other hand, Jupiter sent
planetesimals and asteroids
outwards that made it move into
the system.

14. The inner planets stabilized in

their orbit. This orbital position
may help a planet to support life.
15. Jupiter and Saturn reached their
orbital residence. Jupiter-Saturn
resonance (As Jupiter completes 1
revolution, Saturn completes 2
revolutions around the sun: 2:1. There
were instances that the planets were
near each other due to their
revolutionary motion.) created
immense gravity and affected the
whole Solar System. Neptune and
Uranus switched places that made
Neptune the 8th planet from the Sun.
Most of the planetesimals and
asteroids in the Asteroid Belt and
Kuiper Belt were thrown out of the
system but some were thrown inwards
and pulled in by the Sun’s gravity.
16. The materials pulled by the
Sun’s gravity hit the inner
planets and their moons. This
was called the Late Heavy
Bombardment. The
bombardment was believed
to bring essential materials to
Earth for it to harness life.
Much of the Earth’s water was
believed to come from the
planetesimals and asteroids of
the Asteroid Belt and Kuiper
belt due to the Late Heavy
Bombardment.
SHORT QUIZ:
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. Where in the milky way is our solar system located? (1 point)
2. What are the two categories of the planets of the solar system? How do they
differ from each other in terms of their composition? (4 points)
3. What are the three hypothesis proposed on the origin of the solar system?
Give a brief description of each. (3 points)
4. Why is Jupiter considered the gravitational bully? (2 points)
5. What happens when Jupiter and Saturn reach 2:1 resonance? (5 points)
6. How did the moon form? (2 points)
7. What happens in the late heavy bombardment? (3 points)