NPQS

C4-30 Pile Testing

National Productivity and Quality Specifications (NPQS)

C4-30 Pile Testing

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CONTENTS

Page

1.0 GENERAL 1
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 Related Sections 1
1.3 Standards and Regulations 2
1.4 Trade Preambles 2
1.5 Definitions 5

2.0 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 7

2.1 Contractor’s Proposal 7
2.2 Pile Testing Requirements 7
2.3 Permissible Damage Criteria for Existing Critical Structures or Services 7

3.0 EQUIPMENT 8
3.1 Calibration 8
3.2 Static Load Test 8
3.3 Osterberg Cell Load Test Equipment 8
3.4 Dynamic Load Test Equipment 9
3.5 Sonic Logging Equipment 9
3.6 Vibration Test Equipment 9
3.7 Modified Shock Test Equipment 9
3.8 Simple Shock Test Equipment 10

4.0 WORKMANSHIP 11
4.1 Schedule of Tests 11
4.2 Construction of Preliminary Test Pile 11
4.3 Load Testing: General 12
4.4 Load Test: Static Load Test Procedures 16
4.5 Load Test: Osterberg Load Test 19
4.6 Load Test: Lateral Load Test 20
4.7 Load Test: Dynamic Test 21
4.8 Integrity Tests: Proof Coring 21
4.9 Integrity Test: Non Destructive Tests (NDT) 22
4.10 Protection of Testing Equipment 24
4.11 Noise and Disturbance 24

5.0 VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS 25

5.1 General Submissions 25
5.2 Preliminary Test Piles 26
5.3 Results of Static Gravity and Lateral Load Tests 26
5.4 Results of Dynamic Load Tests 29
5.5 Results of Osterberg Cell Load Tests 31
5.6 Results of Pile Integrity Tests 32

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1.0 GENERAL

Read with the General Requirements section, and all other contract documents.

1.1 Scope
This section covers the requirements for the load and integrity testing of bored and
driven piles.
This document is supplementary to section C4-30 of the NPQS. It provides project
specific data to be read in conjunction with the main section. All modification and
additions noted in this documents take precedence over clauses noted in the main
section.

1.1.1 Load Testing

Load testing involves the testing of the capacity of a pile by the application of a vertical
or horizontal load, or a combination of both. The types of load test may include:
a. Static load test
b. Osterberg load test
c. Lateral load test
d. Dynamic load test

1.1.2 Integrity Testing

Integrity tests involves verifying the soundness of the piles, using methods including:
a. Proof Coring
b. Sonic Logging
c. Vibration Test
d. Modified Shock Test
e. Simple Shock Test
Tests (b) to (e) are non-destructive method and tests (c) to (e) are classified as low
strain impact test.
Testing may be carried out on preliminary piles or on working piles installed to support
principally vertical loads, or horizontal loads.

1.2 Related Sections

Read this work section in conjunction with the relevant requirements of the other work
sections as follows:
C1-20 Condition Survey and Monitoring
C2-50 Instrumentation and Monitoring

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1.3 Standards and Regulations

1.3.1 Standards
Unless otherwise agreed by the SO, ensure all of the Works comply with the relevant
requirements of the Standards and Codes listed below or referenced in the body of the
Specification. Alternative Standards and Codes may be proposed for approval by the
SO, provided it can be demonstrated that the alternative Standards and Codes comply
with the requirements of the standards specified. All Standards and Codes quoted are
the current version, unless specific year references are noted.

Singapore Standards

SS 78: Part A16 Testing Concrete. Method of determination of compressive

strength of concrete cubes
SS CP 4 Foundation

SS CP 79 Safety management system for construction worksites

Other Standards

ASTM D1143 Standard test method for piles under static axial compressive load
(ASTM, D1995)
BS 8008 Guide to safety precautions and procedures for the construction
and descent of machine-bored shafts for piling and other
purposes.

In the event that the standards or Codes are revised or superseded, refer to the latest
edition or the appropriate substitution for the relevant subjects.

1.3.2 Technical References

Refer to the following technical reference for guidance in carrying out the works:
a. BRE Digest 251 (1995) Assessment of damage in low-rise building.

1.4 Trade Preambles

1.4.1 Contractor’s Submissions and Proposals

Engage a PE (civil) to plan, design and supervise any temporary supports and reaction
foundation system necessary to enable the carrying out of the load tests.
Submit the design to SO for acceptance. All design calculations and drawings are to be
endorsed by the PE.
Propose as a response plan in the event that measures taken to control ground
movement and vibration do not perform satisfactorily.

1.4.2 Review and Endorsement of Test Results

Engage a PE (civil) with relevant experience to review the results and interpretation of
all load tests conducted and endorse on all reports submitted.

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1.4.3 Building Damage Assessment

Carry out a Building Damage Assessment on the effects of ground movement to the
neighbouring properties due to the works, for the purpose of establishing suitable values
for ‘Alert’ and “Work Suspension’ levels for monitoring. Submit to SO with endorsement
from a PE.

1.4.4 Coordination with Other Works

Co-ordinate with other contractors who may carry out other works at the same time at
the site. Take into account of site access, space occupation, safety and safeguarding of
adjoining properties and each other’s works.

1.4.5 Condition Survey

Where applicable, prior to and upon completion of the site works, carry out a condition
survey to adjacent buildings in accordance with the requirements of section C1-20
“Condition Survey and Monitoring”. Submit all records to the SO and adjacent property
owners where directed.
Keep a copy of the survey report on site ready for inspection.

1.4.6 Instrumentation and Monitoring

Provide instrumentation to monitor the ground movement, vibration and condition of
adjacent properties. Refer to Section C2-50, Clause 3.1, and the drawings for the
schedule of instrumentation required. If necessary or as required by the authorities,
propose and provide additional instrumentation and monitoring for records.
Take cognisance of and co-ordinate with other contractors on site who may be carrying
out instrumentation and monitoring works to avoid duplication of installation and
readings.
For general requirements of the instrumentation and monitoring works refer to Section
C2-50.

1.4.7 Upholding of Adjoining Properties

Accept responsibility for the upholding of the adjoining buildings and roads, footpaths
etc., where applicable, together with the mains and services from the time of taking
possession of the site through the duration of the works.
Adequately maintain roads and footpaths within and adjacent to the site and keep clear
of mud and debris.

1.4.8 Existing Services Affected by the Works

Refer to Preliminaries and conditions of contract for the requirements to deal with
existing services affected by the works.

1.4.9 Site Protection

Protect all equipment and working area using fencing or other methods as accepted.

1.4.10 Supervision of the Works

Engage a competent and suitably experienced site engineer to the SO’s acceptance, to
supervise the field works.

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1.4.11 Quality Control Plan

Submit and work to a quality control plan as agreed with the SO. Refer to the General
Requirements section, clause 1.4.10 for guidance.

1.4.12 Safety
Provide safety precautions to comply with all current legislation and regulations, notably:
a. Building Control Regulations
b. Code of Practice for Traffic Control at Work Zone
c. Factories (Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction)
Regulations
d. Factories Act
e. SS CP 79 Safety management system for construction worksites
f. For works within LTA Railway Protection Zone, ensure the works comply fully with
Code of Practice for Railway Protection.
Additionally, comply also with the following:
a. BRE Digest 251 (1995) Assessment of damage in low rise building
BS 8008: Guide to safety precautions and procedures for the construction and descent
of machine-bored shaft for piling and other purposes
1.4.12.1 Marking of Bores
Ensure that when the pile head is unattended the bore is clearly marked and fenced off
at all times.

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1.5 Definitions

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The load which may be safely applied to a pile

1.5.1 Allowable
after taking into account its ultimate bearing
Load
capacity, negative skin friction, pile spacing,
overall bearing capacity of the ground below
and allowable settlement.
A pile designed to resist compressive axial
1.5.2 Compression
force, which would cause it to penetrate
Pile
further into the ground.
A test in which the pile is extracted from its
1.5.3 Constant
position as installed in the soil at a constant
Rate of Uplift
speed while the force applied at the top of the
(CRU) Test
pile to maintain the rate of uplift is
continuously measured. The force/uplift
relationship obtained does not represent an
equilibrium condition between the extractive
force and the uplift.
The dead weight structure used in a loading
1.5.4 Kentledge
test.
A loading test in which each increment of load
1.5.5 Maintained
is held constant either for a defined period of
Load Test
time or until the rate of movement (settlement
or uplift) falls to a specified value.
The computation of the mechanical
1.5.6 Modified
admittance of a pile as a function of frequency
Shock
by Fourier transform of the signal received by
Testing (MST)
a velocity transducer following a single
hammer blow to the head of the pile.
A pile installed before the commencement of
1.5.7 Preliminary
the main piling works or specific part of the
Test Pile
works for the purpose of establishing the
suitability of the chosen type of pile and for
confirming its design, dimensions, bearing
capacity and installation method. Preliminary
piles are not expected to be incorporated into
the permanent works unless otherwise
directed.
Coring of the pile shaft from the top of the pile.
1.5.8 Proof Coring
A load applied to a selected working pile to
1.5.9 Working Test
confirm that it is suitable for the load at the
Load
settlement specified. A working test load
should not normally exceed 200% of the
specified working load on a pile.
An arrangement of kentledge, piles, anchors
1.5.10 Reaction
or rafts that provides a resistance against
System
which the pile is tested.
A pile installed at an inclination to the vertical.
1.5.11 Raking Pile

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The measurement of the frequency response

1.5.12 Simple Shock
of a pile to a single hammer blow.
Test (SST)
Coring through the tube provided for sonic
1.5.13 Sonic Coring
logging.
The measurement of the travel time of sound
1.5.14 Sonic
wave from an emitter to a receiver through the
Logging
concrete of a pile. The emitter and the
receiver are to be at the same level generally.
A pile designed to resist tensile axial force,
1.5.15 Tension Pile
which would cause it to be extracted from the
ground.
Any pile to which a test is to be applied.
1.5.16 Test Pile
The load at which both the skin and end
1.5.17 Ultimate
bearing resistance of the soil become fully
Bearing
mobilised, or when a total movement of the
Capacity
pile base equal to 10% of the base diameter
has occured.
The measurement of the mechanical
1.5.18 Vibration
admittance of a pile as a function of
Testing
frequency, by monitoring the vertical velocity
of the pile while it is being excited in the same
direction by a constant force vibrator being
driven at variable frequency between 20 and
5000 Hz.
The service load which the pile is designed to
1.5.19 Specified
carry.
Working Load

One of the piles forming the foundation of a

1.5.20 Working Pile
structure.

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2.0 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

2.1 Contractor’s Proposal

When carrying out proposal for temporary supports and reaction systems in
clause1.4.1, ensure that the size, length and number of the piles or anchors, or the area
of the rafts, are adequate to transmit the maximum test load to the ground in a safe
manner without excessive movement or influence on the test pile.
Comply with SS CP4 and other regulations and authority requirements in the design of
the foundation for the works.

2.2 Pile Testing Requirements

2.2.1 Loading Tests

Plan for and ensure that all load testing are able to verify the loading capacities of the
piles for up to 3 times working load for preliminary piles, and 2 times working load for
working piles.

2.2.2 Integrity Tests

Plan for and ensure that all integrity tests are able to provide sufficient data to verify the
soundness of the installed piles in comparison with specified requirements.

2.3 Permissible Damage Criteria for Existing Critical Structures or

Services
Based on the results of the damage assessment as set out in Clause 1.4.3, propose the
allowable ground settlement and vibration limits due to the works taking into account the
vulnerability and sensitivity of the adjacent properties.
State the values for alert and work suspension levels in the submission in accordance
with the requirements of Building Control Act [Section 7(2)] Annex (BE/CP/5).
Notwithstanding the above, ensure that the ground movements and vibrations
generated by the works comply with the following if more stringent:
a. Generally comply with the requirements of BS 5228 Part 1.
b. The vibration generated by the works in MRT structures not to exceed a peak
particle velocity of 15mm/s.
c. Unless otherwise directed, refer to Section C2-50, Clause 4.2.2 for general
restrictions on ground movements and vibration limits for adjacent structures
where relevant.

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3.0 EQUIPMENT

3.1 Calibration
Ensure all testing equipment and gauges used for pile load tests or integrity tests are
calibrated before and after each test by SAC-SINGLAS accredited laboratory.
All test equipments are to be calibrated at a maximum of six months interval and
calibrations are to remain valid for 2 months at the time of being used for the tests.

3.2 Static Load Test

3.2.1 Equipment for Applying Load

The equipment used for applying load is to consist of one or more hydraulic rams or
jacks.
Check that the total capacity of the jacks is at least equal to the required maximum load.
The jack or jacks are to be arranged in conjunction with the reaction system to deliver
an axial load to the test pile.
The complete system is to be capable of transferring the maximum load required for the
test.
Where kentledge is used, construct the foundations for the kentledge and any cribwork,
beams or other supporting structures in such a manner that there will be no differential
settlement, bending or deflection of an amount that constitutes a hazard to safety or
impairs the efficiency of the operation. Adequately bond, tie or otherwise hold together
the kentledge to prevent it from falling apart, or becoming unstable because of deflection
of the supports.
Check that the weight of kentledge is greater than the maximum test load and if the
weight is estimated from the density and volume of the constituent materials, allow an
adequate factor of safety against error.

3.2.2 Load Measuring Device

The load measuring device may consist of a proving ring, load measuring column,
pressure cell or other appropriate system. Use spherical seating in conjunction with any
devices that are sensitive to eccentric loading; take suitable care to avoid any risk of
buckling. Load measuring devices and jacks are to be short in axial length in order to
achieve the best possible stability; pay attention to details in order to ensure that axial
loading is maintained.

3.3 Osterberg Cell Load Test Equipment

The equipment is to consist of the following items:
a. Osterberg cell (s)
b. Hydraulics lines and fittings
c. Telltales devices
d. Pressure source and gauge
e. Linear vibrating displacement transducers (LVWDTs)
f. Vibrating wire strain gauges (VWSGs)

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g. Reference beam and digital dial gauges

h. Data logger
i. Air driven or hand operated hydraulic pump

3.4 Dynamic Load Test Equipment

The equipment is to consist of the following items:
a. A hammer of mass (depending on pile size)
b. A pair of strain gauges/transducers
c. A pair of accelerometer
d. A Pile Driving Analyzer

3.5 Sonic Logging Equipment

The equipment is to consist of the following items:
a. A piezoelectric emitter
b. A piezoelectric receiver and amplifier
c. A drum holding two cables for supply and receipt of signals and with sufficient
strength to support the emitter and receiver, with enough capacity to accommodate
the cable required to reach the base of any pile to be tested and calibrated in such a
way that there is a measure of the position of the probes within the depth of the pile,
accurate to ±20 mm.
d. Signal conditioning equipment
e. A storage oscilloscope
f. A "Polaroid" camera mounted on the oscilloscope.
Where necessary, Provide means to centralise the probes within the tubes, so that
variation in the separation of the emitter and receiver resulting from clearance between
the probes and the tubes does not occur.

3.6 Vibration Test Equipment

The Vibration Test equipment is to consist of the following items:
a. An electrodynamics vibrator unit with an operating frequency range from about 20
Hz to about 2000 Hz.
b. A signal generator
c. A force amplifier
d. A velocity transducer
e. A frequency analyser
f. An X-Y plotter

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3.7 Modified Shock Test Equipment

The equipment is to consist of the following items:
a. A load cell capable of measuring a transient force of up to 100kN.
b. A hammer of mass approximately 2 kg.
c. A velocity transducer.
d. A storage oscilloscope.
e. Signal conditioning equipment including a microprocessor programmed to carry out
a fast Fourier transform on the input signal.

3.8 Simple Shock Test Equipment

The equipment is to consist of the following items:
a. A hammer of mass approximately 2 kg fitted with an electrical triggering device
b. A velocity transducer
c. Signal conditioning equipment including an amplifier and filters
d. A storage oscilloscope

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4.0 WORKMANSHIP

4.1 Schedule of Tests

Refer to PSD for number and type of load tests required for the project.
Carry out load tests as indicated in following Table.
Type of Test Total Particular requirements
number if any
Preliminary Test Pile
a. Kentledge Static Load
b. Osterberg-Cell
Working Test Pile
a. KentLedge Static Load
b. Osterberg-Cell
PDA & CAPWAP
Integrity Test
a. Proof Coring
b. Sonic Logging
c. Simple Shock Test
d. Modified Shock Test
e. Vibration Test

For the purpose of establishing the number of tests required, the percentages given in
the schedule relate to the total number of working piles on a contract. Round up part
number of tests calculated based on the total number of piles.

4.2 Construction of Preliminary Test Pile

4.2.1 Method of Construction

Construct each preliminary test pile in a manner similar to that for the working piles, and
by the use of similar equipment and materials. Install preliminary test piles in ground
similar to that where the working piles are to be installed.
Provide extra reinforcement and concrete of increased strength as directed by the SO to
ensure no premature structural failure during load tests.

4.2.2 Instrumentation for Preliminary Piles

Instrument the preliminary piles with 2 or 4 nos. of extensometers through the pile depth
and a minimum of 2 nos. of vibrating wire strain gauges per level at various levels as
shown in the drawings.
Fix the vibrating wire strain gauges and extensometer securely to the reinforcement
cages of the piles, and maintain orientation in the direction of the movement to be
measured, and protect from damage at all stages of pile construction.

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4.2.3 Cut-off Level

Terminate the pile shaft slightly above the normal cut-off level or at a level required by
the SO.
Extend the pile shaft above the cut-off level of working piles so that gauges and other
apparatus to be used in the testing process will not be damaged by water or falling
debris.
Where the pile shaft is extended above the cut-off level of a working pile in soil which
would influence the load bearing capacity of the pile, install a sleeve to eliminate
additional friction which would not arise in the working pile. Alternatively, if the friction
above the designed cut-off level can be calculated with reasonable accuracy, a sleeve
need not be used, take the calculated friction into account in assessing the load applied
to the pile.

4.2.4 Pile Head Construction

4.2.4.1 Compression Test
For a pile that is tested in compression, form the pile head in a plane surface normal to
the axis of the pile, sufficiently large to accommodate the loading and settlement-
measuring equipment and adequately reinforced or protected to prevent damage from
the concentrated application of load from the loading equipment.
Ensure the pile head and/or cap is concentric with the test pile; check that the joint
between the cap and the pile is not weaker than the pile.
Make sufficient clear space under any part of the cap projecting beyond the section of
the pile so that, at the maximum expected settlement, load is not transmitted to the
ground except through the pile.
4.2.4.2 Tension Test.
For a pile that is tested in tension, provide means for transmitting the test load axially to
the pile. Construct the connection between the pile and the loading equipment with
strength equal to the maximum load which is to be applied to the pile during the test with
an appropriate factor of safety on the structural design.

4.2.5 Uniformity of Pile Shaft

For bored test piles, ensure the pile is uniform in diameter along its entire shaft with
overbreaks not exceeding 10% of its nominal diameter at any section.
Compute the percentage overbreak in the pile as the percentage excess between the
concrete volume discharged per truck as indicated by the concrete delivery docket and
the resulting concrete displacement in the bored pile based on the nominal size of the
piles. Take the overbreak into account in the interpretation of test results or reject at the
SO’s direction.

4.3 Load Testing: General

In addition to the methods and procedures prescribed below, ensure that the load
testing is in general conformance with the requirements of SS CP 4.

4.3.1 Testing Equipment

4.3.1.1 Stability
Ensure that when the hydraulic jack and load measuring device are mounted on the pile
head, the whole system is stable up to the maximum load to be applied. Provide the

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means to enable dial gauges to be read from a position clear of the kentledge stack or
test frame in conditions where failure in any part of the system due to overloading,
buckling, loss of hydraulic pressure etc. will not constitute a hazard to personnel.
4.3.1.2 Test Pressure
Ensure that the hydraulic jack, pump, hoses, pipes, couplings and other apparatus to be
operated under hydraulic pressure are capable of withstanding a test pressure of one
and a half times the maximum working pressure without leaking.
4.3.1.3 Maximum Test Load
Check that the maximum test load or test pressure expressed as a reading on the
gauge in use is displayed and all operators are aware of this limit.

4.3.2 Verification of datum

Prior to carrying out a pile load test and setting up of the load test equipment, survey to
establish a datum for the pile head level relative to a permanent bench mark. Verify the
pile level each time before a loading cycle to ensure that the pile is not loaded prior to
being subjected to the test loads.

4.3.3 Reaction Systems

4.3.3.1 Compression Tests
Carry out compression tests using kentledge, tension piles or specially constructed
anchorage. Do not use kentledge for tests on raking piles.
Where kentledge is to be used, support it on cribwork disposed around the pile head so
that its centre of gravity is on the axis of the pile. The bearing pressure under
supporting cribs is to be such as to ensure stability of the kentledge stack, and if
necessary, provide a pile support system to the kentledge. Do not rest the kentledge
directly on the pile head.
4.3.3.2 Tension Tests
Carry out tension tests using compression piles or rafts constructed on the ground. The
use of inclined reaction piles, or rafts is not precluded, subject to the acceptance of the
SO. In all cases, ensure that the resultant force of the reaction system is co-axial with
the test pile.
4.3.3.3 Use of Working Piles
Do not use working piles as reaction piles without acceptance from the SO. Where used
as reaction piles, measure their movement to within accuracy of 0.5 mm.
4.3.3.4 Use of Kentledge
Where kentledge is used for loading vertical piles in compression, the distance from the
edge of the test pile to the nearest part of the crib supporting the kentledge stack in
contact with the ground is to be not less than 3 times the diameter of the test pile and a
minimum of 2m whichever is greater.
4.3.3.5 Tension Pile and Ground Anchors
Where tension piles or ground anchors are used, ensure that the load is correctly
transmitted to all the tie rods or bolts. Do not extend the rods by welding unless it can
be ensured that the steel will not reduce in strength by welding. Ensure that the bond
stresses of the rods in tension do not exceed normal permissible bond stresses for the
type of steel and grade of concrete used.

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4.3.3.6 Spacing of Vertical Reaction Piles

The centre to centre spacing of vertical reaction piles, including working piles used as
reaction piles, from a test pile, is to be not less than 3 times the diameter of the test pile
or the reaction piles or 2 m, whichever is the greatest. Where a pile to be tested has an
enlarged base, apply the same criterion with regard to the pile shafts, with the additional
requirement that the surface of the reaction piles is to be no closer to the base of the
test pile than half of the enlarged base diameter.
4.3.3.7 Spacing of Ground Anchors
Where ground anchors are used to provide a test reaction for loading in compression,
no part of the section of the anchor transferring load to the ground is to be closer to the
test pile than 3 times the diameter of the test pile. Where the pile to be tested has an
enlarged base, apply the same criterion with regard to the pile shaft, with the additional
requirement that no section of the anchor transferring load to the ground is to be closer
to the pile base than a distance equal to the base diameter.
4.3.3.8 Care of Piles
Ensure that the method employed in the installation of any reaction piles, anchors or
rafts do not damage any test pile or working pile.

4.3.4 Measurement of Load

Measure the load by a load measuring device and by a calibrated pressure gauge
included in the hydraulic system. Record readings of both the load measuring device
and the pressure gauges. In interpreting the test data, regard the readings from the
load measuring device as normal and use the pressure gauge readings as a check for
gross error.
4.3.4.1 Calibration of Load Measuring Devices
Calibrate the load measuring devices before and after each series of tests, whenever
adjustments are made to the device or at intervals appropriate to the type of equipment.
Calibrate the pressure gauge and hydraulic jack together.
4.3.4.2 Adjustability of Loading Equipment
Check that the loading equipment is capable of adjustment throughout the test to obtain
a smooth increase of load or to maintain each load constant at the required stages of a
maintained loading test.

4.3.5 Measuring Movement of Pile Heads

4.3.5.1 Maintained Load Test
In a maintained load test measure the movement of the pile head by one of the methods
in Clauses 4.3.5.3 to 4.3.5.5 using methods appropriate to vertical piles or raking piles,
as required.
4.3.5.2 Constant Rate of Penetration (CRP) or Constant Rate of Uplift (CRU) Test
In a CRP or CRU test, use the method in Clause 4.3.5.4 or 4.3.5.5 below.
4.3.5.3 Levelling Method
An optical or any other levelling method by reference to an external datum may be used.
Where a level and a staff are used, choose the level and scale of the staff to enable
readings to be made to within an accuracy of 0.5 mm. A scale attached to the pile or
pile cap may be used instead of a levelling staff. Establish at least two datum points on

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permanent objects or other well-founded structures or install deep datum points. Site
each datum point so that only one setting up of the level is needed.
Ensure that Datum points are not affected by the test loading or other operations on the
Site.
4.3.5.4 Independent Reference Frame
An independent reference frame may be set up to permit measurement of the
movement of the pile. The supports for the frame is to be founded in such a manner and
at such a distance from the test pile, kentledge support cribs, reaction piles, anchorages
and rafts that movements of the ground in vicinity of the equipment do not cause
movement of the reference frame during the test which will affect the required accuracy
of the test.
Check observations of any movement of the reference frame and check the movement
of the pile head relative to an external datum during the progress of the test. In no case
the supports are not to be less than three test pile diameters or 2 m, whichever is the
greater, from the centre of the test pile.
Measure the pile movement by at least two dial gauges rigidly mounted on the reference
frame that bear on surfaces normal to the pile axis, fixed to the pile cap or head.
Alternatively, fix the gauges to the pile and bear on surfaces on the reference frame.
Place the dial gauges in diametrically opposed positions and equidistant from the pile
axis. The dial gauges are to enable readings to be made up to within an accuracy of 0.1
mm. Use a scale ruler and levelling device to provide an independent measurement of
the pile head movement.
Protect the reference frame from the weather.
4.3.5.5 Other Methods
Details of any other method for measuring the movement of pile heads may be
submitted for acceptance.
4.3.5.6 Calibration of Dial Gauges
Calibrate the dial gauge used for the measurement of load by a SINGLAS accredited
laboratory to the accuracy as required.

4.3.6 Continuous Testing

Once commenced, carry out any test to completion without stoppage unless otherwise
agreed by the SO.

4.3.7 Completion of a Load Test

4.3.7.1 Measuring Equipment
On completion of a test dismantle and check all equipment and measuring devices and
either store so that they are available for use in further tests or remove from the site.
4.3.7.2 Kentledge
Remove Kentledge and its supporting structure from the test pile and store so that they
are available for use in further tests or remove from the site.
4.3.7.3 Ground Anchors and Temporary Piles
On completion of a preliminary test, cut off temporary piles 2 m below ground level, and
make good the ground with accepted material.
Remove all ground anchors unless otherwise directed.

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4.3.7.4 Preliminary Test Pile Cap

Break off the pile cap, if formed in concrete, dispose the resulting material off the site. If
the pile cap is made of steel, cut it off and store so that it is available for use in further
tests, or remove from the site.
Break down preliminary test piles to 2 m below original ground level or as required and
backfill to the original ground level with suitable material.
4.3.7.5 Working Load Test Pile Cap
On completion of a working load test, strip the test pile cap if in concrete unless
otherwise agreed. Leave the pile in a state ready for incorporation in the permanent
works and dispose the resulting material off the site.
If the pile cap is made of steel, cut it off and store so that it is available for use in further
tests, or remove from the site as directed.

4.4 Load Test: Static Load Test Procedures

4.4.1 Ultimate Load Test by Maintained Load

Unless otherwise specified the maximum load which is to be applied in an ultimate load
test is three times the specified working load. This test is only applicable to preliminary
piles. The loading and unloading is to be carried out in stages as shown in the table
below.
Ultimate Load Test Cycles
Load, Percentage of Minimum Time of Holding Load Cycle
Working Load (Minutes) Number
0 - 1
25 60
50 60
75 60
100 24hrs
70 60
35 60
0 60
0 - 2
50 60
100 60
125 60
150 60
175 60
200 24hrs
150 60
100 60
50 60
0 60
0 - 3
50 60
100 60
150 60
200 60

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225 60
250 60
275 60
300 24 hrs
200 60
100 60
0 60

Following each application of load, hold the load for not less than the period shown or
until the rate of settlement is less than 0.1 mm/hr and slowing down. Calculate the rate
of settlement from the slope of the curve obtained by plotting values of settlement
versus time and drawing a smooth curve through the points.
Proceed unloading for each stage after the expiry of the period shown in the table.
For any period when the load is constant, record time and settlement immediately on
reaching the load and at approximately 15 min intervals for the 1st hr, at 30 min intervals
between the 1st and 4th hr and at 1 hr intervals between the 4th and 12th hr after the
application of the increment of the load.
Continue testing until the maximum test load has been reached or when the settlement
exceeds 10% of the pile diameter.

4.4.2 Working Load Test by Maintained Load

Unless otherwise specified the maximum load to be applied in a working load test on a
working pile is two times the specified working load. Carry out the loading and unloading
in stages as shown in the table below.
Working Load Test Cycles
Load, Percentage of Minimum Time of Holding Load Cycle
Working Load (Minutes) Number
0 - 1
25 60
50 60
75 60
100 24hrs
70 60
35 60
0 60
0 - 2
50 60
100 60
125 60
150 60
175 60
200 24 hrs
150 60
100 60
50 60
0 60

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Following each application of an increment of load, hold the load for not less than the
period shown or until the rate of settlement is less than 0.1 mm/hr and slowing down.
Calculate the rate of settlement from the slope of the curve obtained by plotting values
of settlement versus time and drawing a smooth curve through the points.
Proceed unloading for each stage after the expiry of the period shown in the table.
For any period when the load is constant, record time and settlement immediately on
reaching the load and at approximately 15 min intervals for the 1st hr, at 30 min intervals
between the 1st and 4th hr and at 1 hr intervals between the 4th and 12th hr after the
application of the increment of the load.

4.4.3 Constant Rate of Penetration (CRP) or Constant Rate of

Uplift (CRU) Test
The rate of loading is to be such that a CRP/CRU is maintained throughout the test as
far as practicable. Propose the rate of movement of each pile to be tested for SO’s
acceptance prior to the start of the test.
Take readings of load, penetration or uplift and time simultaneously at regular intervals;
choose the intervals such that a curve of load versus penetration or uplift can be plotted
without ambiguity.
Continue loading until one of the following results is obtained.
a. the maximum specified test load is reached.
b. a constant or reducing load has been recorded for an interval of penetration or uplift
of 10 mm.
c. a total movement of the pile base equal to 10% of the base diameter, or any other
greater value of movement required has been reached.
Reduce the load in five approximately equal stages to zero load; record penetration or
uplift and load at each stage and at zero load.

4.4.4 Combined Working Load Test and Constant Rate of Uplift

(CRU) or Constant Rate of Penetration (CRP) Test
When required, carry out a Working Load Test by maintained loading prior to a CRU or
CRP Test.

4.4.5 Quick Load Test Method

The testing procedure is to be in accordance with ASTM D1143.
Apply the load in increment of 10% to 15% of the proposed design load with a constant
time interval between increments of 2.5 min unless otherwise agreed. Add load
increments until continuous jacking is required to maintain the test load or until the
specified capacity of the loading apparatus is reached, whichever occurs first, at which
time stop the jacking. After a 5-min or otherwise agreed interval, remove the full load
from the pile.

4.4.6 Abandoning of Tests

Abandon a static load test if any of the following occurs: -
a. The specified material and workmanship requirements for loading and testing are
not met for any reason.
b. If any test had to be discontinued due to:

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i. faulty jack on the gauge,

ii. unstable support of the kentledge,
iii. cracking in or damage to the pile cap,
iv. incorrect or disturbed datum,
v. prejacking or preloading before commencement of test.
vi. Any other causes deemed to affect the validity of the test results.
Disregard the results of abandoned tests. In the event of an abandoned test, carry out
another test as directed by the SO.

4.4.7 Failure of Static Load Test

A static pile load test is deemed to have failed if the load-deflection performance criteria
specified in the piling specification are not satisfied. Carry out remedial measures as
stipulated in the piling specifications.

4.5 Load Test: Osterberg Load Test

4.5.1 Preparation of Pile

For bored piles, prior to concreting, clean the toe of pile and install O-cell. Attach the O-
cell assembly, including O-cells, bearing plates, related hydraulically supply, tremmie
pipes and instrumentation to reinforcing steel cage and lower them into the bored hole.
Initially, position the bottom of the O-cell assembly about 600mm above the pile base.
Use concrete with retarder to fill sufficiently high (at least 2m) above the O-cell
assembly. Lower the pile re-bars cage and O-cell assembly slowly into the underlying
concrete. Carry out the concreting as per standard/approved procedure.
For driven piles, cast the O-cell assembly, including O-cells, bearing plates, related
hydraulically supply and instrumentation together with the pile. After the concrete have
gained sufficient strength, drive the pile into the ground as per standard/approved
driving procedure.

4.5.2 Maximum Test Loads

Unless otherwise agreed, the maximum test load in an Osterberg Cell Load is to be the
ultimate capacity of a pile in either end bearing or side shear, or the maximum stroke of
the O-cell.

4.5.3 Abandoning of Osterberg Load Tests

Abandon load test if any of the following occurs: -
a. The specified material and workmanship requirements for loading and testing are
not met for any reason.
b. If any test has to be discontinued due to:
i. faulty O-cells,
ii. cracking in or damage to the pile,
iii. incorrect or disturbed datum,
iv. prejacking or preloading before commencement of test.
v. Any other causes deemed to affect the validity of the test results.

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Disregard the results of abandoned tests.

4.5.4 Failure of Osterberg Cell Load Test

An Osterberg Cell load test is deemed to have failed if the load-deflection performance
criteria specified in the piling specification are not satisfied. Carry out remedial measures
as stipulated in the piling specifications.

4.6 Load Test: Lateral Load Test

4.6.1 Lateral Load Test on Preliminary Piles

Design the reaction and testing system to apply a horizontal load on the preliminary pile.
Check that the horizontal lateral load on the pile head is parallel to a pair of strain
gauges already installed in the pile. Identify piles into which the inclinometer tube is
required and submit to the SO for acceptance not less than 72 hours before the pile is
concreted.
The testing procedures are to be the same as that for static load tests except that only
one load cycle is required with each load increment to be held for 1 hour (mm) until the
ultimate lateral load capacity or 300mm pile top deflection, whichever occurs first.
Monitor the strain gauges in the pile at every load step.

4.6.2 Lateral Load Tests on Working Piles

Undertake lateral load tests on an adjacent pair of bored cast insitu piles. Test by either
jacking the piles apart or pulling them together.
Apply the test load at or within 0.5 metres of the pile cap soffit level. The test load is to
be equal to the lateral working load of the pile. Measure pile deflections parallel to the
direction of the applied load such that the movement of each pile is measured in
absolute terms and not as a relative movement between piles. Check that dial gauges
and load cells used are accurate to 0.1mm and 10kN for deflection and load
measurements respectively.

4.6.3 Recording Deflection

Record deflection for every 12.5% of the test load during both loading and unloading.
Where specified on the Drawings, record the rotation of the pile at the same increments.
Carry out loading sequence in 2 cycles. At the first cycle, test the pile to 75% of the test
load and then reduce to zero. At the second cycle, test to 100% of the test load and
then reduce to zero.

4.6.4 Increase of Load

For both loading cycles, increase the load only if the rate of movement is less than 0.2
mm in 20 minutes and subject to a minimum holding period of 20 minutes at the end of
each incremental increase. The minimum holding period may be reduced to 10 minutes
if the rate of movement is less than 0.1mm in 10 minutes for every load increment
previously applied on the first cycle during the second loading cycle. The minimum
holding period is 3 hours at the maximum load for both the first and second loading
cycle. The minimum holding period during unloading is 20 minutes at the end of each
incremental decrease for both load cycles.

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4.6.5 Failure of Lateral Load Tests on Working Piles

A pile or pile group under lateral load test is deemed to have failed if the lateral
deflection or rotation at the pile cap soffit level exceeds the Serviceability Limit State
(SLS) criteria at the test load. Carry out remedial measures as stipulated in the piling
specifications.

4.7 Load Test: Dynamic Test

Carry out dynamic tests by companies accredited by SAC-SINGLAS only.

4.7.1 Preparation of Pile Heads

Prepare and level the pile head for fixing the testing instruments, such that consistent
results are obtained. Ensure that the pile head is free of debris and other deleterious
material. Remove any loose material from the pile head to expose sound concrete, and
ensure the head is horizontal over its complete cross-section.

4.7.2 Dynamic Load Testing Requirement

Piles may be tested during the entire driving process, at the end of driving or during
restrike. Carry out computer analysis of the field measurements to obtain the pile
resistance distribution and vertical load against displacement relationship.
Unless otherwise directed, conduct dynamic tests on all preliminary test piles which are
to be statically load tested, to provide the basis and calibration for other dynamic load
test results.
Provide a suitable hammer system able to mobilise the piles to a minimum of 2.5 times
the specified working load for driven piles, and a minimum of 1.5 times the specified
working load for bored piles. Check that the hammer system consists of an adequately
heavy hammer with a controlled drop to limit the driving stresses in the pile. In general,
the energy provided on to the pile during restrike tests is not to be less than that used to
drive the pile initially.

4.7.3 Failure Criteria for Working Piles

Piles which are dynamically tested are deemed to have failed if the measured
resistance of the pile is less than 2.0 times the specified working load or if any part of
the test piles is damaged during driving or testing. Carry out remedial measures as
stipulated in the piling specifications.

4.7.4 Damage Caused

Be responsible for any damage caused to the pile or dynamic test equipment, including
transducers and cables, due to handling of the pile, objects falling from the pile frame or
the pile hammer.

4.8 Integrity Tests: Proof Coring

Check the quality of concrete in bored piles by vertical coring to at least 0.5 metre below
the pile toe using a diamond coring barrel at an agreed location of the pile. Ensure that
the core so produced is not affected by drilling disturbance and reflect the condition of
concrete in the pile. The core is not to be less than 100 mm in diameter and is placed in
suitable core boxes in the order of core recovery.
Complete coring work before the concrete in the pile has reached an age of 28 days to
allow the cores to be tested at 28 days. Arrange for transport to the testing laboratory.

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Deliver the remainder of cores to a core store.

On completion of proof coring, grout the core cavity within and below a pile. The grout
is to be of the same grade as the pile concrete, of a non-shrinkage type. Submit details
of the proposed grouting method and mixes for acceptance 14 days prior to undertaking
any such operation.

4.8.1 Acceptance of Proof Coring

Check the quality of cores produced against criteria as set out below. Piles, from which
cores do not satisfy the given requirements, may be rejected at the discretion of the SO.
4.8.1.1 In Concrete
For this purpose, concrete is considered as being rock. Requirements for cores are as
follows:
a. Visually free from defects, such as contaminants and honeycombing.
b. 100% Total Core Recovery (TCR)
c. 100% of Rock Quality Designation (RQD)

4.8.1.2 In Soil/Rock
Requirements for cores are:
a. 100% Total Core Recovery.

4.9 Integrity Test: Non Destructive Tests (NDT)

4.9.1 Sonic Logging Tests

4.9.1.1 Sonic Logging Tubes
Provide sonic logging tubes cast into piles selected for sonic logging tests.
The tubes are to be manufactured from steel and extend 0.2 m to 0.5 m above the pile
head and 0.2 to 0.5 m above the pile toe. The tubes are to have an internal diameter not
exceeding 50 mm, except for one tube in each pile, which is to be of internal diameter
100 mm in order to allow for coring of the concrete at the base of the pile.
Provide three tubes for piles up to 800 mm in diameter and four tubes for piles above
800 mm in diameter.
4.9.1.2 Coring
a. At least 7 days after the pile has been cast, but before carrying out any sonic logging
test, take a core of concrete and soil or rock from the founding material.
b. Take the core from the base of the 100 mm diameter sonic logging tube using a
triple tube core barrel. The core is to have a minimum diameter of 50 mm.
c. Keep the core in a suitable wooden box with depths clearly recorded on rigid
markers, and photograph it along with a scale and colour chart. Thereafter, deliver
these to a designated core store.
d. Scan the pile toe for its integrity by measuring the propagation time of transmitted
waves between the vertical tubes and the pile toe/ founding strata.

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4.9.1.3 Sonic Logging Test Procedure

Carry out the following operations in sequence:
a. Fill the tubes with water.
b. Insert the probes into an adjacent pair of tubes and mount the drum over the pile.
c. Lower the probes to the bottom of the pile. Adjust their depths such that the delay
time is minimised, i.e. they are at the same level.
d. Slowly raise the probes so that successive traces of the time between signal
emission and receipt are displayed on the screen of the oscilloscope. Each time the
screen is filled, take a "Polaroid" photograph in order to provide a permanent record.
e. Repeat the process for each pair of tubes, i.e. three runs for a pile with three tubes
and six runs for a pile with four tubes.
f. Lower one probe to the base of a 50 mm diameter tube while lower the other to the
same depth in the 100 mm diameter tube. While the former probe is held in position,
lower the latter probe into the cored hole to its lower limit. Obtain a record of the
received signal delay time as a function of the depth of the second probe. Repeat
this process with the first probe in all available tubes.

4.9.2 Low Strain Impact Tests

4.9.2.1 Preparation of Pile Heads
Refer to the requirements of Clause 4.7.1.
4.9.2.2 Procedures for vibration testing
a. Connect the electrodynamics vibrator unit firmly to the centre of the pile.
b. Connect the velocity transducer to the head of the pile near to its circumference.
c. Drive the vibrator at constant force output through two cycles up to 500 Hz and 1000
Hz.
d. Process the signal from the velocity transducer to provide a measurement of the
mechanical admittance of the pile as a function of frequency or both frequency
ranges. Obtain a permanent record of the mechanical admittance.

4.9.2.3 Procedures for Modified Shock Test

a. Connect a velocity transducer to the pile head.
b. Strike the head of the pile a sharp blow with a hammer of mass approximately 2 kg,
to which is attached a triggering device connected to the signal processing
equipment.
c. Process the signal from the velocity transducer to provide a permanent record of the
seismic response.
d. Transfer this response either in analogue or digital form as appropriate to a
microprocessor which is to perform a fast Fourier transform on the output signal
from which the relationship between mechanical admittance and frequency can be
determined.

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4.9.2.4 Procedures for simple shock tests

a. Connect the velocity transducer to the pile head.
b. Strike the head of the pile in a sharp blow with the hammer.
c. Process the signal from the velocity transducer to provide a permanent record of the
seismic response.

4.9.3 Non-Destructive Testing - Anomalous Test Results

Any piles with anomalous results from typical non-destructive tests such as sonic
logging, vibration test and modified shock tests may be rejected at the discretion of the
SO, unless it can be demonstrated that the pile integrity is acceptable through proof
coring.

4.10 Protection of Testing Equipment

4.10.1.1 Protection from Weather
Throughout the test period, protect all equipment for measuring load and movement
from the weather.
4.10.1.2 Prevention of Disturbance
Keep construction equipment and persons who are involved in the testing process at a
sufficient distance from the test to avoid disturbance to the measurement apparatus.

4.11 Noise and Disturbance

Carry out the work in such a manner as to minimise noise, vibration and other
disturbance.
Comply with all current regulations and environmental controls.

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5.0 VERIFICATION AND SUBMISSIONS

5.1 General Submissions

5.1.1 Proposals
Submit the following proposals for SO’s acceptance prior to commencing any work:
a. Proposals to deal with noise and vibration.
b. The proposed testing sequence and programme including the anticipated time
required for installation of the preliminary test piles.
c. Details of the proposed temporary support and reaction system where needed.
Including design of Kentledge and other reaction piles. All design to be endorsed by
PE.
d. Details of any safety provision.
e. Details of the equipment to be used for the tests.
f. Details of the action that would be taken to stabilise an excavation during the
progress of a pile test.
g. CVs of personnel involved.
h. Method statement of loading arrangement and testing procedure.
i. Method statement of the Installation of instrumentations.
j. Method statement for dynamic load test.
k. Method statement for integrity tests.

5.1.2 Measures Against Fraud

Submit measures to prevent preloading of the test pile and tempering of testing
equipment and gauges for SO’s acceptance.

5.1.3 Certificates and Calibration Records

Submit all testing equipment calibration records and certificates for acceptance prior to
conducting any test:
a. Calibration certificates for measuring devices e.g. pressure gage, load cells and dial
gauges, strain gage and accelerometer and etc.
b. Calibration certificates for O-cell(s), Vibration Displacement Transducer(s), Hydraulic
Pressure Transducer(s) (for Osterberg Cell assembly).

5.1.4 Testing Programme

Inform the SO of testing for the following day and give adequate notice of any intention
to work outside normal hours and at weekends.

5.1.5 Quality Control Plan

Prepare and submit the quality control plan for SO’s acceptance prior to starting work.

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5.2 Preliminary Test Piles

5.2.1 Records
Submit the following documents for SO’s review at least 7 days prior to the
commencement of any preliminary pile testing.
a. Boring and concreting records of the preliminary pile
b. Results of concrete cube tests of preliminary pile
c. Details of the steel reinforcement cage, including depth and length of the
reinforcement laps

5.2.2 Boring/Driving Record

For each preliminary pile, make a detailed record of the soils encountered during boring,
or of the progress during driving at every 0.5m penetration and submit to the SO daily.

5.2.3 Concrete Test Cubes

Make three test cubes from the concrete used in each of the preliminary test piles. If a
concrete cap is cast separately from the preliminary pile, make a further three cubes
from this concrete. Make the cubes and test in accordance with SS78.
Do not start the pile test until the sample cubes have acquired strength such that the
applied direct stress is less than 0.5 times the cube strength. This requirement applies
to both the pile and pile cap

5.3 Results of Static Gravity and Lateral Load Tests

5.3.1 Initial Results

Submit results as a summary to the SO within 24 hours of the completion of the test
unless otherwise directed, include the following information:
a. for a working load test by maintained load for each stage of loading, the period for
which the load was held, the load and the maximum settlement or uplift recorded.
b. for CRU test, the maximum load reached and a graph of load against penetration or
load against uplift.

5.3.2 Schedule of Recorded Data

Submit the completed schedule of recorded data within seven days of completion of the
test. Provide information about the loading test as follows where applicable.
5.3.2.1 General
a. Site location
b. Contract and client identification
c. Proposed structure on which the pile supports
d. Main Contractor and Piling Contractor
e. Supervisors
f. Date of test

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5.3.2.2 Pile Details

a. All types of pile
Identification (number and location)
Position relative to adjacent piles
Relative position within the site
Brief description of location (e.g. in cofferdam, in cutting, over water)
Ground level at pile position
Head level at which test load is applied
Type of pile (e.g. precast reinforced concrete, steel H, bored in place, driven in place,
composite type)
Vertical or raking, compression or tension
Shape and size of cross-section of pile, position of change in cross-section.
Shoe or base details
Head details
Length in ground
Level of toe
Any permanent casing or core
b. Concrete Piles
Concrete mix
Aggregate type and source
Cement type
Slump
Cube test results for pile and cap
Date of casting
Reinforcement
c. Steel Piles
Steel quality
Coating
Filling
5.3.2.3 Installation Details
a. All Piles
Dates and times of boring, driving and concreting of test pile and adjacent piles.
Unexpected circumstances and difficulties
Date and time of casting concrete pile cap
Start and finish of each operation during driving or installation of a pile and subsequent
testing

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Difficulties in handling, pitching and driving piles

Delays due to sea and weather conditions
b. Bored Piles
Type of equipment used and method of boring
Temporary casing, method of installation and extraction.
Strata encountered during boring
Water encountered during boring
Method of placing concrete and conditions pertaining
Volume of concrete placed
Concrete level before and after extraction of casing
c. Driven Preformed Piles and Driven Cast In-Situ Piles
Method of support of Pile and hammer (frame, hanging leaders, suspended hammer or
other method)
Driven length of pile or temporary casing at final set
Hammer type, size and weight
Dolly and packing, type and condition before and after driving
Driving log (depth, blows per 250 mm, interruptions or breaks in driving)
Final set in number of blows to produce penetration of 25 mm
Redrive check, time interval and set in number of blows to produce penetration of 25
mm
At final set and at redrive set, for drop or single acting hammer, the length of the drop or
stroke; for diesel hammer, the length of the stroke and the blows per minute; for double-
acting hammer, the number of blows per minute
Condition of pile head or temporary casing after driving
Use of a follower
Use of preboring
Use of jetting
Lengthening
Details of temporary casing
Concrete level before and after extraction of casing
Method of placing concrete and conditions pertaining.
5.3.2.4 Test Procedure
a. Weight of kentledge
b. Tension pile, ground anchor or compression pile details
c. Plan of test arrangements showing position and distances of kentledge supports,
rafts, tension or compression piles and reference frame to test pile.
d. Jack capacity
e. Method of load measurement

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f. Method(s) of penetration or uplift measurement

g. Working load test by Maintained Loading and CRU/CRP
h. Relevant dates and times

5.3.2.5 Test Results

a. In tabular form
b. In graphical form: load plotted against settlement (uplift), load and settlement
(uplift) plotted against time
c. Ground heave

5.3.2.6 Site Investigation (if any)

a. Site investigation report number
b. Borehole reference

5.3.3 Presentation of Graphical Results

Adopt scales for plotting load/settlement (uplift) curves such that a settlement of 10 mm
is equivalent to a load of 100 tonnes. Use the same scales for the load and settlement
(uplift) against time curves.

5.3.4 Results of Instrumented Piles

Engage a specialist to prepare interpretation of geotechnical bearing capacities, skin
friction and end bearing resistance of the test pile from the instrumentation. Engage a
PE (civil) to interpret the results of instrumented test pile.
The interpretation of test results is to contain at least the following plots:
a. Load-settlement plot;
b. Load transfer curves;
c. Unit skin friction versus applied load; unit end-bearing versus applied load including
assumptions made in the analysis including the value of Young’s Modulus of
concrete adopted in the computation of load and estimation of the ultimate load
capacity of the pile.
Submit as-built details of the steel reinforcement cage, including depth and length of the
reinforcement laps after installation of the instrumented pile.

5.4 Results of Dynamic Load Tests

Engage a PE (civil) to analyse the results of the Dynamic Load Tests.
Submit the complete field results and graphs immediately, and computer analysis results
3 days after the test.
Submit the detailed report, including the interpretation, analysis and correlation with
static load test results, within 7 days after testing.
Submit the results in format as agreed with the SO.

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5.4.1 Initial Results

Results are to include:
a. Print-out of the raw data of PDA
b. Maximum force applied to pile head
c. Maximum pile head velocity
d. Maximum energy imparted to the pile
e. Estimated maximum resistance of the pile from PDA testing

5.4.2 Full Report

The full report is to include following information for all pile tested:
a. date of pile installation
b. date of test
c. pile identification number and location
d. length of pile below commencing surface
e. total pile length, including projection above commencing surface at time of test
f. length of pile from instrumentation to toe
g. hammer type and drop
h. blow selected for analysis
i. test load achieved
j. temporary compression
k. permanent set per blow
l. maximum force at pile head
m. maximum velocity at pile head
n. maximum downward energy imparted to the pile
o. dynamic soil resistance mobilised during the blow
p. mobilised static soil resistance and indicate clearly assumed soil damping parameter
q. magnitude and location of possible pile damage

5.4.3 CAPWAP Analysis

For all piles tested, carry out CAPWAP analysis to provide the following information:
a. pile head movement at equivalent Specified Woking Load
b. pile head movement at equivalent 2.0 times of Specified Working Load
c. pile head movement at maximum applied test load
d. permanent residual movement of pile head after each blow
e. magnitude and distribution of mobilised static soil resistance
f. magnitude and distribution of soil stiffness and damping

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g. deduced static load deflection behaviour of the pile at the head and toe
h. assumptions made in the analysis
i. limitations of the method

5.5 Results of Osterberg Cell Load Tests

Engage a PE (civil) to analyse the results of the Osterberg Cell Load Tests.
Submit the complete field results and graphs immediately, and computer analysis results
3 days after the test.
Submit the detailed report, including the interpretation, analysis and correlation with
static load test results, within 7 days after testing.
Submit the results in format as agreed with the SO.

5.5.1 Initial Results

Results are to include:
a. Maximum force applied to pile
b. Maximum movements above and below O-cell
c. Maximum movement measured by dial gauges at reference beam and LVDT’s

5.5.2 Full Report

The full report is to include:
a. Date of pile installation
b. Date of test
c. Pile identification number and location
d. Pile type and size
e. Length of pile below commencing surface
f. Total pile length, including projection above commencing surface at time of test
g. Length of pile from instrumentation to toe
h. O-cell type and size
i. Test load achieved
j. Osterberg Cell(s) Load-Movement Curves
k. Shear Creep Limit Curve for both End Bearing and Side Shear
l. Side Shear and End Bearing Data Used for Equivalent Top Load
m. Equivalent Top Load-Settlement Curve
n. Recorded loads during load test including compression calculations
o. Recorded movement during load test, including upward and downward movement
calculations.
p. Details of method to construct the Equivalent Top-Loaded Curve including
assumptions made, detail procedures, expected accuracy, and limitations

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q. Soil data e.g. nearest borehole, soil boring log

r. As-built details of the O-cells assembly, instrumentations and steel reinforcement
cage including depth and length of the reinforcement laps

5.6 Results of Pile Integrity Tests

Engage a PE (civil) to interpret the results of pile integrity tests.

5.6.1 Photographic record for Sonic Logging Tests

The photographic records of the oscilloscope displays are to be analysed in detail.
Engage qualified personnel to analyse the results of Sonic Logging test.

5.6.2 Low Stain Impact Test Results

Examine the record of mechanical admittance as a function of frequency in detail.

5.6.3 Initial Results

Immediately after testing, provide a signed copy of all the raw test data of a pile to the
SO. Submit the results to the SO within 3 days after testing.

5.6.4 Report
Prepare and submit a report for each pile tested. The report is to contain the following
information:
a. contract number and name
b. pile location plan
c. pile reference number
d. pile size and depth
e. working load
f. date on which the pile was constructed
g. cube strengths of pile concrete
h. date on which the pile was tested
i. identification of supervisor
j. identification of analyser
k. the originals or clear copies of the photographic records
l. a record of the mechanical admittance of the pile
m. an interpretation of each record
n. a review of any anomalies in terms of influence of poor materials or workmanship
during pile construction.

5.6.4.1 Interpretation
Report the following information:
a. velocity of sound in concrete, appropriate to the strength of the pile

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b. whether the above was assumed or measured

c. the equivalent cross-sectional area of the pile
d. the calculated pile length
e. the pile head stiffness
f. the condition of the pile toe

5.6.4.2 Defects
Report any deviation from the record to be expected from a pile constructed entirely of
sound concrete and without defect. In the report, indicate the nature, location and
severity of the defect and recommend further testing if necessary. Where directed,
evaluate the implication of the existence of the defect on the performance of the pile.

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