Human Computer Interaction

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Introduction to HCI

Lecture 1

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Learning Outcomes:
a. Define HCI and understand its goals
b. Identify the fundamental concepts of an interactive
system design
c. Understand the capabilities and limitations of
human that affect their ability to use computer
systems
d. Understand the capabilities and limitations of the
computer and their effect on the interaction
e. Describe various models of interaction

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Outline
• Introduction
• What is HCI?
– The HCI Challenge
– HCI is Not about
– HCI is about
• The goals of HCI
• What is Usability?
• Why is usability important?
– Why HCI is Important in the Context of WWW?
– It is not Simple to Make Good User Interfaces
• Examples of good and bad design

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Introduction

• Interacting with technology has become an essential

part of everyday life for the majority of people.

• The average user of a computer system is now less

likely to understand the technology. Since, there are
different types of technology they have to use.

• People are busy and may spend little or no time

actually learning a new system.

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Introduction..(cont.)

• Therefore, computer systems should be easy to use,

easy to learn, and with no errors.

• To design and develop of such a system is a major

concern of HCI

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What is HCI?
• Human-computer interaction (HCI): “is a
discipline concerned with the design,
evaluation and implementation of interactive
systems for human use and with study of
major phenomena surrounding them.”
(ACM SIGCHI, 1992, p. 6)
What is HCI?
• HCI (human-computer interaction) is the
study of interaction between people (users)
and computers.

• Interaction between users and computers

occurs at the user interface

• The golden principle in HCI is that “people

should come first”.

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What ..(cont.)
HCI consists of three parts:
• Human: could be an individual user or a group
of users.
• Computer: could be any technology ranging
from the general desktop computer to a large
scale computer system.
• Interaction: any direct or indirect
communication between a human and
computer.
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What ..(cont.)
• HCI concentrates on the study of human
factors

• The study of human factors started during the

Second World War by US army.

• Usability was born because of badly designed

arms that caused “friendly fire” during war.
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The HCI Challenge

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HCI is Not about
• Making the interface look pretty

• Only about desktop computers (and that goes

for computing as well!)

• Something that would be nice to do but

usually there’s no time for it

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HCI is about
• Understanding the users
• Understanding users tasks
• Understanding the surrounding environment
• GUI requirements gathering and analysis
• Design prototype
• Evaluate the system

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Brief History of HCI
Human Computer Interaction(HCI) is an area of
research and practice that emerged in the late
1970s and early 1980s, initially as an area in
Computer Science.
HCI has expanded rapidly and steadily for three
decades, attracting professionals from many
other disciplines and incorporating diverse
concepts and approaches.

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Brief History of HCI
1970s- The rise of the Personal Computer
The broad project of cognitive science, which
incorporated cognitive psychology, artificial
intelligence, linguistics, cognitive
anthropology, and the philosophy of mind,
had formed at the end of the 1970s.

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Brief History of HCI
1980s- Graphical User Interface (GUI).
Graphical User Interface (GUI) is the interface
that is designed for the easier understanding of
the users of the computers. Before GUI, there
was a command prompt by which command
was given to the computers. GUI started the
graphical interface which is easy to use,
understand, visualize, and it improved the
working environment.

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Brief History of HCI
1990s- The Internet and Collaborative works.
The Internet started journey in 1990s. So,
communications among people became easier.
In the consequence of this, many new
technologies arrived for better communication.

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Brief History of HCI
2000s- Mobile Computing and Beyond.
Mobile phones, PDA (Personal Development
Assistance), and Smart Phones are ruling the
present world. They offer a wide range of
services to the people such as sms, mms,
multimedia, games, email, internet, chatting,
video conference, GPS etc.

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Brief History of HCI
Now a days the HCI is used in the area of
Cognitive Science. With the help of the
Internet, medical facilities can be provided
remotely. Different interactive interfaces are
designed those can be used for the cognitive
rehabilitations.

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The goals of HCI
• The goal of HCI “is to develop or improve the
safety, utility, effectiveness, efficiency and
usability of system that include computers.”
(Interacting with computers, 1989, p3)

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The goals of HCI
• The goals of HCI are to produce usable and safe
systems, as well as functional systems. In order to
fulfill that, developers must attempt to:
– Understand how people use technology
– Building suitable systems
– Achieve efficient, effective, and safe interaction
– Put people first

People needs, capabilities and preferences should come first. People

should not have to change the way that they use a system. Instead,
the system should be designed to match their requirements

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What is Usability?
• A usable system is:
– easy to use
– easy to learn
– easy to remember how to use
– effective to use
– efficient to use
– safe to use
– enjoyable to use

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Why is usability important?
A Good user-interface can:
1. Earn a company billions.
2. Increase users loyalty.
3. Increase users trust.
4. Makes users happy : )

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Why ..(cont.)
A Bad user-interface can:
1. be annoying, embarrassing, frustrating, and
even deadly.
2. Increase mistakes in data entry and system
operation.
3. Makes functions become completely
inaccessible.
4. System failure because of user rejection.

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Why HCI is Important in the Context
of WWW?
• Competition is very close (just another link…)
• Comparison is easily possible (example – Online-
Shop)
• Users who can’t find the product in the shop can not
buy it
• Users who are not able to fill in correctly the order
form are not going to buy

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It is not Simple to Make Good
User Interfaces

Basic misconceptions:
• If I (the developer) can use it, everyone can use it

• If our non-technical staff can use it, everyone can

• Good user interfaces are applied common sense

• A system is usable if all style guidelines are met

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Examples of good and bad design

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Examples ..(cont.)

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Examples ..(cont.)

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Examples ..(cont.)

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Examples ..(cont.)

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Examples ..(cont.)

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Examples ..(cont.)

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Introduction to HCI

Lecture 2

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Outline
• Disciplines Contributing to Human-Computer
Interaction
• Is HCI really Important?
– A real life example
– The importance of HCI
– Reasons for Failures
• Traditional approach
• User-centred design
• Examples of good and bad design

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Disciplines Contributing to Human-
Computer Interaction

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Is HCI really Important?

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A real life example
Example about: Health and safety concerns
If the video doesn’t record a TV
program because we pressed
the wrong button, we are likely
to feel angry.

A real example: a pilot shuts down the wrong engine

and the plane crashes (as happened near
Leicestershire, in England on the M1 motorway in
1989), this is obviously more serious. 47 died

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A real ..(cont.)

Example about: direct correlation between HCI and sales

• NYNEX: a telecommunicationon company in Italy
– Purpose: to increase the performance of helpdesk
office
– Decided to improve the usability of the helpdesk
operator interface
– Reduced the process time 1 second per call
Result: $ 3,000,000 benefit / year

www.metu.edu.tr/~acengiz/biltek_sunu
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Time to Think!
• What is the percentage of software
development projects that fails?
• A. 20%
• B. 35%
• C. 55%
• D. 85%

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• Fact
- Fletcher Buckley “: 85% of Software projects are
either late or delivered without satisfying the
specification.”

But WHY?

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Reasons for Failures
Projects in general fail for various reasons:

•lack of senior management commitment

•lack of user involvement

•lack of user requirements specifications

•poor project planning and team problems

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Traditional approaches to system
development
• Is concerned with producing software, software
specification, maintainability, and testing

• Generally considers the interface to be just another

software component.

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Example of traditional approach
Requirements
specification

Analysis

Design

Implementation

The waterfall model Testing

Operation and
maintenance

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Introduction to User Centered
approach
This approach normally involves a number of key
activities throughout the development of the
software including:
• Involving users
• Obtaining their feedback on the design
• Providing prototypes for system evaluation and re-
design in light of user feedback and comments.

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User Centered approach
• Real users involved at each step of the process

• Find out about the users before requirement

specification

• Design and implementation

• Review (usability test) with the users

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The life cycle for interactive systems
cannot assume a linear
user needs Requirements sequence of activities
specification
as in the waterfall model
Analysis

Design

Implementation

lots of feedback! Testing

Operation and
maintenance
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User Centered Development
1. Data Collection
2. Data Analysis
3. Prototyping
4. Design
5. Evaluation

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1. Data Collection
• Data recording
– Using media
• Interviews
– Stakeholder interviews
– Subject Matter Expert interviews
– User and customer interviews
• Questionnaires
– Surveys, product reviews
• Literature review
– Studying existing systems

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2. Data Analysis
• Requirement analysis
– Formal specifications of the system
• User analysis
– Identifying and understanding the user
• Task analysis
– Steps user take to accomplish this task
• Functional analysis
– Functions that system perform to help the users
carry out their task

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3. Prototyping
Advantages of Prototyping:
• Users are actively involved in the development
• It provides a better system to users
• The users get a better understanding of the system
being developed.
• Errors can be detected much earlier
• Quicker user feedback is available leading to better
solutions
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4. Design
• Goals
– Achieving goals
• Users and systems
– Understanding the raw materials: computer and
human
• Limitations
– Accepting limitations of humans and of design

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5. Evaluation
• Testing the usability, functionality and
acceptability of an interactive system
• Expert evaluation
– Evaluation by Subject Matter Experts
• User evaluation
– Evaluation by user or customer

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Designer vs. Users
Making a photocopy

• Why this photocopier does not work? What

do you think!

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Designer vs. Users

Designer meant by ‘C’ = Clear People thought that ‘C’ = Copy

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Examples ..(cont.)

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Examples ..(cont.)

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Examples ..(cont.)

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Examples ..(cont.)

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Examples ..(cont.)

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References
• http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~rxb/Teaching/HCI%20II/intro.html
• http://www.baddesigns.com/examples.html
• http://www.goodexperience.com/tib/archives/webtech/
• http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~saul/hci_topics/topics/psych.html
• http://homepage.mac.com/bradster/iarchitect/
• www.useit.com
• http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~meinkej/inss690/wilson.htm

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