EEE1001 Course Slides

EEE 1001
Basic Electrical and Electronics

Engineering
Lecture Notes
D. R. Binu Ben Jose, Asso. Prof., SELECT
Vellore Institute of Technology,
Chennai Campus, Chennai – 127
Email: [email protected]
Cabin: AB603 Power Electronics Hardware Lab
Introduction
 Course Name : Basic Electrical and

Electronics Engineering
 Course Code : EEE 1001
 LTPJC :20203
 Course
Pre-requisites : NIL
Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai Campus, Chennai. 2
Objectives
 To provide the student with an overview of
the most important concepts in Electrical
Circuits.
 To get adequate knowledge of the Electrical

Machines and their applications
 To get a fundamental idea on electronic

systems including digital systems and
communication systems
Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai
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Expected Outcome
On the completion of this course the student
will be able to:
 Solve problems on simple DC and AC circuits

 Gain knowledge in the underlying principle of
electrical, electronics and communication
engineering.
 Design simple analog and digital electronic
systems

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Student outcomes
 Having an ability to apply mathematics

and science in engineering applications
 Having a clear understanding of the
subject related concepts and of
contemporary issues
 Having problem solving ability- solving
social issues and engineering problems

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Evaluation Mode
 Continuous Assessment Tests (30 %)
 Assignments / Seminars (30 %)
 Quiz – I – 5 % (after CAT 2)
 Quiz – II – 5 % (after CAT 2)
 Assignment Test – I – 10 % (before CAT 1)
 Assignment Test – II – 10 % (before CAT 2)
 Final Assessment Test (40 %)

 Weightage of questions based on Guest Lecture/Industrial
visits – 15 % (covered in CAT and FAT)

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Syllabus

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Unit I
DC Circuits
 Basic circuit elements and sources,
Ohms law, Kirchhoff‟s laws, series and
parallel connection of circuit elements,
Node voltage analysis, Mesh current
analysis, Thevenin's and Maximum
power transfer theorem.

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Unit II
AC circuits
 Alternating voltages and currents, AC
values, Single Phase RL, RC, RLC
Series circuits, Power in AC circuits-
Power Factor- Three Phase Systems –
Star and Delta Connection- Three Phase
Power Measurement – Electrical Safety –
Fuses and Earthing, Residential wiring.

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Unit III
Electrical Machines
 Construction, Working Principle and
applications of DC Machines,
Transformers, Single phase and Three-
phase Induction motors, Special
Machines-Stepper motor, Servo Motor
and BLDC motor.

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Unit IV
Digital Systems
 Basic logic circuit concepts,
Representation of Numerical Data in
Binary Form- Combinational logic
circuits, Synthesis of logic circuits.

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Unit V
Semiconductor devices and Circuits
 Conduction in Semiconductor
materials, PN junction diodes, Zener
diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs, Rectifiers,
Feedback Amplifiers using transistors.
Communication Engineering:
Modulation and Demodulation -
Amplitude and Frequency Modulation

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Reference Books
1. John Bird, „Electrical circuit theory and technology‟, Newnes
publications, 4th Edition, 2010.
2. Charles K Alexander, Mathew N O Sadiku, „Fundamentals of
Electric Circuits‟, Tata McGraw Hill, 2012.
3. Allan R. Hambley, „Electrical Engineering-Principles &
Applications‟ Pearson Education, First Impression, 6/e, 2013.
4. Simon Haykin, „Communication Systems‟, John Wiley & Sons, 5th
Edition, 2009.
5. Batarseh, „Power Electronics Circuits‟, Wiley, 2003.
6. W. H. Hayt, J.E. Kemmerly and S. M. Durbin, „Engineering Circuit
Analysis‟, 6/e, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2011.
7. Fitzgerald, Higgabogan, Grabel, „Basic Electrical Engineering‟, 5th
edn, McGraw Hill, 2009.
8. S.L.Uppal, „Electrical Wiring Estimating and Costing‟, Khanna
publishers, NewDelhi, 2008.
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Free Slots of Faculty
 Monday : 10.30 a.m. – 12.30 p.m.
 Tuesday : 03.00 p.m. – 04.30 p.m.
 Wednesday : 11.00 a.m. – 12.00 noon
 Thursday : 03.00 p.m. – 04.30 p.m.
 Friday : 12.00 noon – 01.00 p.m.

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Free Slots of Students

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Lecture 1
24.07.2019

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Unit I
DC Circuits
 Basic circuit elements and sources,
Ohms law, Kirchhoff‟s laws, series and
parallel connection of circuit elements,
Node voltage analysis, Mesh current
analysis, Thevenin's and Maximum
power transfer theorem.

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Basic Circuit Elements
 Resistor / Resistance (R - ohms)
 Property of a conductor by virtue of which the passage of current is opposed,
causing electric energy to be transformed into heat

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Contd…
 Component values

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Inductor / Inductance (L - Henrys)
The property of a circuit by which a change in current induces an
electromotive force by electro-magnetic induction.

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Capacitor / Capacitance (C - Farads)
The property of being able to store electric charge

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Basic electrical sources
 Voltage source  Current source
A voltage source is a two terminal  A current source is an
device which can maintain a fixed electronic circuit that delivers
voltage. An ideal voltage source or absorbs an electric current
can maintain the fixed voltage which is independent of the
independent of the load resistance voltage across it.
or the output current. However, a
real-world voltage source cannot  Uncontrolled
supply unlimited current.  Dc
 Uncontrolled  Ac
 Dc, Ac  Controlled
 Controlled  Dc
 Dc, Ac  Ac
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Basic electrical sources - Symbols

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Ideal and practical sources

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Lecture 2
29.07.2019

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Basic laws in Electric circuits
 Ohm‟s law
 Ohm‟s law states that “when the temperature remains
constant” the ratio of potential difference „V’ across an
element to the current „I’ flowing through that element
is constant (resistance „R‟)
 Power in DC circuits

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Review exercises
 The current flowing through a resistor is 0.8 A when a p.d.
of 20 V is applied. Determine the value of the resistance.
 Determine the p.d. which must be applied to a 2 k resistor
in order that a current of 10 mA may flow.
 A coil has a current of 50 mA flowing through it when the
applied voltage is 12 V. What is the resistance of the coil?
 A 100 V battery is connected across a resistor and causes
a current of 5 mA to flow. Determine the resistance of the
resistor. If the voltage is now reduced to 25 V, what will be
the new value of the current flowing?
 A 60 W electric light bulb is connected to a 240 V supply.
Determine (a) the current flowing in the bulb and (b) the
resistance of the bulb.
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Contd…
 An electric kettle has a resistance of 30 Ω. What current
will flow when it is connected to a 240 V supply? Find also
the power rating of the kettle.
 A 12 V battery is connected across a load having a
resistance of 40 Ω. Determine the current flowing in the
load, the power consumed and the energy dissipated in
2 minutes.
 A source of e.m.f. of 15 V supplies a current of 2 A for
six minutes. How much energy is provided in this time?
 Electrical equipment in an office takes a current of 13 A
from a 240 V supply. Estimate the cost per week of
electricity if the equipment is used for 30 hours each
week and 1 kWh of energy costs 13.56 p.
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Information on incandescent lamps
The actual resistance of the
filament is temperature
dependent. The cold resistance
of tungsten-filament lamps is
about 1/15 the hot-filament
resistance when the lamp is
operating. For example, a 100-
watt, 230-volt lamp has a Tungsten
resistance of 529 ohms when Electrical resistivity – 54x10-9 Ωm
lit, but the cold resistance is Temperature coeff: – 4.8x10-3 K-1
much lower (about 43 ohms)

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Filament temperature
Standardiz
Bibliographic Entry Result ed
Result
Chemistry. Prentice Hall, 1996: "Argon atoms prevent the evaporation of the tungsten
3300 K
443. filament as it heats to a temperature of 3000 °C"
"Electric Light." World Book

"In doing so the electricity heats the filament to more than
Encyclopedia. World Book, 2800 K
2482 °C."
1998: 174-175.
Bloomfield, Louis
A. Incandescent Light Bulbs. "The tungsten atoms and the filament become extremely
2800 K
How Things Work. University of hot, typically about 2500 °Celsius."
Virginia.
"Tungsten." A History of "The development of tungsten, melting at 3410 °C, as a

Technology. Oxford, 1958: 98- lamp filament began about 1904, and this metal has been <3700 K
99. used almost exclusively since 1911."
"When electric current flows through the filament, it heats

"Incandescent Lamp." Encarta.
the filament to a temperature of about 3000 °C (about 3300 K
Microsoft, 1998.
5000 °F), causing the filament to glow and provide light."

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Lecture 3
31.07.2019

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Kirchhoff’s Laws
 Kirchoff‟s current law: At any
junction in an electric circuit the
total current flowing towards
that junction is equal to the total
current flowing away from the
junction, i.e. ΣI =0
 Kirchoff‟s voltage law: In any

closed loop in a network, the
algebraic sum of the voltage
drops (i.e. products of current
and resistance) taken around
the loop is equal to the resultant
e.m.f. acting in that loop.
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Review exercises
 Find the unknown currents
marked in Figure
 Determine the value of e.m.f.

E in Figure
 Use Kirchhoff‟s laws to

determine the currents
flowing in each branch of
the network shown in Figure

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Contd…
 For the bridge network shown in
Figure, determine the currents in
each of the resistors.
 Calculate the currents I1 and I2
in Figure
 Find all the currents in Figure if

E1 = 24 V, E2 = 12 V, R1 = 5 Ω, R2 =
R3 = 30 Ω
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Series and parallel connection of circuit
elements
 Resistive circuit
 Series circuit and voltage division

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Contd…
 Parallel circuit and current division

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Resistive Elements in series and parallel

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Review Exercises
Find the equivalent resistance

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Contd…

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Lecture 4
05.08.2019

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elements
Find the equivalent reactance at
terminals AB when the supply
 Inductive circuit frequency is 50 Hz.

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elements
Find the equivalent reactance at terminals
 Capacitive circuit ab when the supply frequency is 50 Hz for
cases;
(i) With switch S closed
(ii) With switch S open

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Source transformation
 Voltage source to  Current source
current source to voltage source

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Exercise - 1
 Transform the given circuit into equivalent (i)
voltage source and (ii) current source
assuming 8 Ω load resistor

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Exercise - 2
 Find “i” in the circuit in shown in figure

using source transformation.

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Exercise - 3
 Find “io” in the circuit of figure using

source transformation.

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Lecture 5
07.08.2019

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Delta and Star Connection

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Network Transformation
Delta to Star Star to Delta

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Review Exercises
Find the equivalent resistance using star delta transformation.
Given that R1 = 5 Ω, R2 = R6 = 5 Ω, R3 = R5 = 6 Ω, R4 = 4 Ω.

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Review exercises
Obtain the equivalent resistance
seen from the input or source
terminals
Work out the same problems

with inductor and capacitances

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Node voltage analysis
General

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Contd…
 Convert the voltage sources if any into current sources.
 Identify the number of nodes. Mark one node as the
reference node. All other nodes must be numbered in
an order.
 Assign voltages to each node (Eg: V1, V2, …). Assign 0 V
to the reference node.
 Apply Kirchhoff‟s current law to each node and obtain
the desired number of equations (N number of nodes
give rise to n-1 voltage variables and n-1 equations).
 Solve these equations using any method such as
Kramer‟s rule to obtain the nodal voltages.

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Exercises – 1
Obtain the node voltages by nodal method

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Exercises – 2
Obtain the node voltages and power supplied by
the sources

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Mesh current analysis

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Exercise – 1
I1 = I2 = 1 A

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Exercise – 2
I1 = 2.25 A
I2 = 0.75 A
I3 = 1.5 A

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Exercise – 3
I0 = 5 A

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Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenin’s theorem states
that a linear two-terminal
circuit can be replaced by
an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage
source VTh in series with a
resistor RTh, where VTh is
the open-circuit voltage at
the terminals a and b, RTh is
the input or equivalent
resistance at the terminals
a and b when the
independent sources are
turned off.
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Contd…

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Exercise – 1
Find the Thevenin‟s equivalent circuit of the circuit
shown in figure, to the left of the terminals a-b. Then
find the current through RL = 6, 16, and 36 .

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Exercise – 2
Using Thevenin‟s theorem, find the equivalent
circuit to the left of the terminals in the circuit
shown in figure. Then find i.

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Maximum power transfer Theorem
Maximum power transfer theorem states that “the maximum amount of
power will be dissipated in the load resistance if it is equal in value to the Thevenin or
Norton source resistance of the network supplying the power

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Exercise – 1
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer
in the circuit shown in figure. Find the maximum
power.

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Exercise – 2
 Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer and
hence find the maximum power in the circuit shown
in figure.

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Exercise – 3
 Estimate the power transferred to the 4 Ω load resistor in
the circuit shown in figure. Verify that it is the maximum
power. If not, what is the value of load resistor for
maximum power.

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Unit II
AC Circuits
 Alternating voltages and currents, AC
values, Single Phase RL, RC, RLC
Series circuits, Power in AC circuits-
Power Factor- Three Phase Systems –
Star and Delta Connection- Three
Phase Power Measurement –
Electrical Safety –Fuses and Earthing,
Residential wiring.
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Alternating voltages and currents
 The quantities whose magnitude vary with
time are called alternating quantities

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Contd…
 Sinusoidal quantities

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AC values
 Peak value (Vp or Vm / Ip or Im )
 The maximum value of alternating quantity (i or V) is
defined as peak value or amplitude.
 Root mean square (r.m.s.) value (Vrms / Irms)

 r.m.s. value of ac is equal to that value of dc, which
when passed through a resistance for a given time will
produce the same amount of heat as produced by the
alternating current when passed through the same
resistance for same time.

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Contd…
 Average value (Iav or Vav)
 The average of instantaneous values of current or
voltage in one cycle is called it's mean value. The
average value of alternating quantity for one
complete cycle is zero.
 The average value of ac is calculated over half
cycle (t = 0 to T/2)
 Phase angle (φ)

 It is an angle of reference of one quantity with that
of the other
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Contd…
 Peak factor
 Ratio of peak value to rms value
 Form factor
 Ratio of rms value to average value
 Power factor
 Ratio of real power to apparent power

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Contd…

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Contd…

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Classification of ac circuits
 Single phase circuits

 Single Phase RL, RC, RLC series circuits
 Single Phase RL, RC, RLC parallel circuits
 Three phase circuits

 Three Phase RL, RC, RLC series circuits
 Three Phase RL, RC, RLC parallel circuits
 Star connected circuits
 Delta connected circuits

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Elemental circuits
 Pure resistive circuit

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Contd…
 Pure inductive circuit

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Contd…
 Pure capacitive circuit

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Single phase circuits
 Basics
 Impedance, voltage and power triangles
 Phase angle and power factor
 Real, reactive and apparent powers

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Single Phase RL series circuit

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Exercises
1. A resistor of 25 Ω is connected in series with an
inductor of 225.16 mH. Calculate (a) the
impedance, and (b) the current taken from a 240
V, 50 Hz supply. Find also the phase angle
between the supply voltage and the current.
2. A 10-Ω resistor and 10-mH inductor are

connected in series with a 10-kHz voltage
source. The rms current through the circuit is
0.20 A. Find the rms voltage drop across each
of the elements.
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Contd…
3. Obtain the expressions for and voltages

across each elements and the current in
the circuit shown in figure. Assume
sinusoidal applied voltage.

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Contd…
4. A 200 V, 50 Hz supply is connected to

a resistance (R) of 20 Ω in series with
an iron cored choke coil (r in series
with L). The readings of the voltmeters
across the resistance and across the
coil are 120 V and 150 V respectively.
Find the loss in the coil. Also find the
total power factor. Draw the phasor
diagram.
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Single Phase RC series circuit

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Examples
1. A resistor of 25 Ω is connected in series with a
capacitor of 45 μF. Calculate (a) the impedance, and
(b) the current taken from a 240 V, 50 Hz supply. Find
also the phase angle between the supply voltage and
the current. [75.03 ohm, 3.20 A, 70.54o leading]
2. An alternating voltage v = 250sin800t volts is applied

across a series circuit containing a 30 Ω resistor and
50 μF capacitor. Calculate (a) the circuit impedance,
(b) the current flowing, (c) the p.d. across the resistor,
(d) the p.d. across the capacitor, and (e) the phase
angle between voltage and current. [(a) 39.05 ohm (b)
4.526 A (c) 135.8 V (d) 113.2 V (e) 39.81o leading]
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Contd…
3. A 400 Ω resistor is connected in series with a
2358 pF capacitor across a 12 V a.c. supply.
Determine the supply frequency if the current
flowing in the circuit is 24 mA. [225 kHz]
4. A voltage of 120 V at 50 Hz is applied to a

resistance, R in series with a capacitance, C.
The current drawn is 2 A, and the power loss in
the resistance is 100 W. Calculate the
resistance and the capacitance.
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Single Phase RLC series circuit

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Exercises
 A coil of resistance 5 and inductance 120 mH in series
with a 100 μF capacitor, is connected to a 300 V, 50 Hz
supply. Calculate (a) the current flowing, (b) the phase
difference between the supply voltage and current, (c)
the voltage across the coil and (d) the voltage across
the capacitor.

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Contd…
 The following three impedances are connected in series
across a 40 V, 20 kHz supply: (i) a resistance of 8, (ii) a
coil of inductance 130 μH and 5 resistance, and (iii) a 10
resistor in series with a 0.25 μF capacitor. Calculate (a)
the circuit current, (b) the circuit phase angle and (c) the
voltage drop across each impedance.

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Contd…
 Find the values of resistance R and inductance L in

the circuit of figure

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Examples
1. A coil of resistance 5 Ω and inductance 120 mH in
series with a 100 μF capacitor, is connected to a 300 V,
50 Hz supply. Calculate (a) the current flowing, (b) the
phase difference between the supply voltage and
current, (c) the voltage across the coil and (d) the
voltage across the capacitor.
2. The following three impedances are connected in series

across a 40 V, 20 kHz supply: (i) a resistance of 8 Ω, (ii)
a coil of inductance 130 μH and 5 Ω resistance, and (iii)
a 10 Ω resistor in series with a 0.25 μF capacitor.
Calculate (a) the circuit current, (b) the circuit phase
angle and (c) the voltage drop across each impedance.
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Three Phase Systems
 Three phase supply
 Phase sequence
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Three Phase connections
 Star and Delta Connection

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Contd…

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Some Parameters
 Line voltages and currents
 Delta connection
 Star connection

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Three Phase Power Measurement
 One wattmeter method

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Contd…
 Two wattmeter method

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Contd…
 Three wattmeter method

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Electrical safety – insulation and
fuses (19BCE1488, 19BCE1507)
 Insulation is used to prevent „leakage‟.
 Maximum voltage (peak values ) present must be
taken into account for determining the type of
insulation
 Fuses are the weak link in a circuit
 Used to break the circuit if excessive current
(lead to fire) is drawn.
 Fuses rely on heating effect of current. Hence
r.m.s values of current must always be used for
calculating the appropriate fuse size.
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Notes – Personal and equipment safety
in home
1. Avoid water at all times when working with electricity. Never touch or
try repairing any electrical equipment or circuits with wet hands. It
increases the conductivity of electric current.
2. Never use equipment with frayed cords, damaged insulation or
broken plugs.
3. If you are working on any receptacle at your home then always turn
off the mains. It is also a good idea to put up a sign on the service
panel so that nobody turns the main switch ON by accident.
4. Always use insulated tools while working.
5. Electrical hazards include exposed energized parts and unguarded
electrical equipment which may become energized unexpectedly. Such
equipment always carries warning signs like “Shock Risk”. Always be
observant of such signs and follow the safety rules established by the
electrical code followed by the country you‟re in.
Contd…
6. Always use appropriate insulated rubber gloves and goggles while working
on any branch circuit or any other electrical circuit.
7. Never try repairing energized equipment. Always check that it is de-
energized first by using a tester. When an electric tester touches a live wire, the
bulb inside the tester lights up showing that current flows through that wire.
Check all the wires, the outer metallic covering of the service panel and any
other hanging wires with an electrical tester before proceeding with your work.
8. Never use an aluminium or steel ladder if you are working on any receptacle
at height in your home. An electrical surge will ground you and the whole
electric current will pass through your body. Use a bamboo, wooden or a
fibreglass ladder instead.
9. Know the wire colour code of your country.
10. Always check all your GFCI‟s once a month. A GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit
Interrupter) is a RCD (Residual Current Device). They have become very
common in modern homes, especially damp areas like the bathroom and
kitchen, as they help avoid electrical shock hazards. It is designed to
disconnect quickly enough to avoid any injury caused by over current or short
circuit faults.
Contd…
11. Always use a circuit breaker or fuse with the appropriate
current rating. Circuit breakers and fuses are protection devices
that automatically disconnect the live wire when a condition of
short circuit or over current occurs. The selection of the
appropriate fuse or circuit breaker is essential. Normally for
protection against short circuits a fuse rated of 150% of the
normal circuit current is selected. In the case of a circuit with 10
amperes of current, a 15 ampere fuse will protect against direct
short circuits whereas a 9.5 amperes fuse will blow out.
12. Working outside with underground cabling can be dangerous.
The damp soil around the cable is a good conductor of electricity
and ground faults are quite common in the case of underground
cabling. Using a spade to dig at the cable can damage the wiring
easily so it is better to dig at the cable by hand while wearing
insulated gloves.
Contd…
13. Always put a cap on the hot/live wire while working on an electric board
or service panel as you could end up short circuiting the bare ends of the
live wire with the neutral. The cap insulates the copper ends of the cable
thus preventing any kind of shock even if touched mistakenly.
14. Take care while removing a capacitor from a circuit. A capacitor stores
energy and if it‟s not properly discharged when removed it can easily
cause an electric shock. An easy way to discharge low voltage capacitor is
that after removal from the circuit is to put the tip of two insulated screw
drivers on the capacitor terminals. This will discharge it. For high voltage
ones a 12 Volts light bulb can be used. Connecting the bulb with the
capacitor will light up the bulb using up the last of the stored energy.
15. Always take care while soldering your circuit boards. Wear goggles and
keep yourself away from the fumes. Keep the solder iron in its stand when
not in use; it can get extremely hot and can easily cause burns.

Wire colour code of India
Electrical wires follow standard colour coding that helps classify each wire function in the
circuit. In India wires are RGB mode i.e. Red- Green- Black. Each of these RGB wire
have different functions.
 Red – Red wire signifies the phase in electric circuit. It is he live wire which cannot be
connected to another red wire or black wire. Red is used in some types of switch leg.
Switch leg is the wire that comes off from the bottom terminal of a switch and when the
switch is turned on becomes hot. This is the leg that turns the load off and on.
 Black – Black wires signifies neutral wire in electric circuit. The neutral wires is
connected to neutral bus bar inside an electric panel. A bus bar is and conductive
metal bar that attracts the electric current for distribution purpose.) Black wire can be
connected to black wire only and no other colour wire. Black wire being neural, it does
carry charge/current. It mainly carries the unbalanced load i.e. the return current that
we call. Return current is the electricity/current not being used and the return current to
the electrical board/panel.
 Green – Green wire stands for grounding/ earthing in electric circuit. A green wire
should be on can be connected to green wire only (no other wire). Grounding wires are
usually not meant for lights and fan purposes. Green wires are chiefly used for socket
purpose. Socket could be for AC, geyser, TV, microwave, etc. Normally, switches have
only 2 wires i.e. neutral and phase.
Earthing (19BCE1434)
 One of the safety methods.

 Earthing or grounding is a circuit which
connects the metallic body of the
electrical apparatus with the Earth's
conductive surface.
 Purpose of Earthing is to avoid or
minimize the danger of electrocution, fire
due to earth leakage of current through
undesired path
Need of Earthing
 To protect human lives as well as provide
safety to electrical devices and appliances from
leakage current.
 To keep voltage as constant in the healthy
phase (If fault occurs on any one phase).
 To Protect Electric system and buildings form
lighting.
 To serve as a return conductor in electric
traction system and communication.
 To avoid the risk of fire in electrical installation
systems.
Types of Earthing
 Strip or wire earthing
 Rod earthing
 Pipe earthing
 Plate earthing

Strip or Wire Earthing
 A copper strip of minimum cross-section 25 mm × 1.6 mm is buried
horizontally inside the ground at minimum depth 0.5 m and
alternatively a galvanised iron strip of minimum of cross-section 25
mm × 4 mm can be buried horizontally at a same depth inside the
ground. For this purpose around conductor can also be used and
at that case the minimum cross-sectional area for copper
conductor would be 3 mm² and for galvanised iron conductor it
would be 6 mm². The buried portion of the electrode that is either
script or round conductor should be long enough to provide
required minimum resistance to the earth path. Generally the
length of the conductor inside the ground is maintained more than
15 m. The buried conductor should be widely distributed as
possible preferably in a single straight trench or in a circular trench
or in a number of trenches radiating from a point. This type of
earthing is mainly used in rocky area where excavation work is
quite difficult.
Contd…

Rod Earthing
 A metallic rod of sufficient length is driven vertically
into the ground normally by hammering on the top.
Normally galvanised iron rod of 16mm diameter of
minimum length 2.5 m are used for this purpose. The
electrical installation which to be earthed, is connected
to the top of the earth rod or pipe by means of copper or
aluminium earth continuity conductor of sufficient
cross-section. The rod earthing system is mainly used
where soil has sandy characters and also it is often
used for temporary earthing purpose. This is cheapest
and easiest method of earthing as this method does not
require any excavation work.

Contd…

Pipe Earthing
 Pipe earthing system is most commonly used and reliable system. In this
method of earthing, a galvanised steel pipe of suitable length and diameter is
buried vertically in the permanent wet soil under the ground. The length and
diameter of the pipe are determined by the conditions of soil and the current to
be carried. Normally minimum diameter and length of the pipe is maintained 40
mm and 2.5 m respectively for ordinary condition of soil and greater length is
used for rocky and dry soil conditions. The depth under ground level at which
the pipe is buried, depends upon the moisture condition of soil but it should
not be less than 3.75 m under the ground. The earthing pipe is surrounded by
alternative layers of charcoal and salt to keep moisture and thereby reduces
the earth resistance. Another galvanised iron pipe of lesser diameter (19 mm)
is fitted vertically on the top of the earthing pipe by means of reducing socket.
The top of this pipe is projected in a cement concrete work on the ground. One
or more GI plates are welded on this pipe by keeping the pipe openings clear
to facilitate the connections of earth continuity conductors from different
electrical installations. The cement concrete work is done to keep the water
arrangement accessible and in dry season to keep the earth resistance
minimum, 3 to 4 buckets of water are put in the concrete work or through the
funnel if it is fitted to the top of the 19 mm diameter pipe.

Contd…

Plate Earthing
 A metallic plate of sufficient size is buried in wet soil vertically under the ground. If
copper plate is used for this purpose the minimum dimensional of the plates should
be 60 cm × 60 cm × 3 mm and if it is GI plate, then minimum dimensional should be
60 cm × 60 cm × 6 mm. In case of copper plate, a copper earth continuity conductor
is connected to the plate with the help of copper nuts bolts and washers whereas in
the case of GI plate, GI earth continuity conductor is connected to the plate with
help of GI nut bolts and washers. This earthing plate along with connected earth
continuity conductor, is buried vertically at minimum 3 m depth under the ground.
The surroundings of the plate are filled with alternative layers of charcoal and salt
of minimum 15 cm thickness of each layer. From the buried plate, the earth
continuity conductor is passed through a GI pipe of 12 mm diameter. These GI pipe
is used to protect the earth continuity conductor from direct contact of soil. Now
another GI pipe of 19 mm diameter is driven vertically to the GI plate. Top of this 19
mm diameter pipe should be projected vertically on the ground level. A concrete
chamber is made around the projected 19 mm diameter pipe and this chamber is
covered by cast iron shutter. The 19 mm diameter pipe is used to keep the water
arrangement accessible to the earthing plate. In this type of earthing, 1 to 2 buckets
of water is poured on every 3 to 4 days through a funnel at the top of the 19 mm
diameter pipe to facilitate the moisture content of the surroundings of the earthing
plate.
Contd…

Notes
 What is earthing?
 Earthing means connecting any non-current carrying conductor part of an electrical system with general mass of
earth in such a manner that there is an immediate discharge of electrical energy to the earth in the event of
electrical potential developed at that part of the system. For example, metallic frame work of electrical appliances,
metallic covering of electrical cables, the earth terminal of three pin socket outlets, stay wires and also neutral point
of single phase and three phase supply systems must be properly earthed. Earthing is done to ensure that no
current carrying part of the system rises to be potential beyond its normal value, no non-current carrying conducting
part of a system rises to a potential beyond earth potential that is zero. Proper earthing also helps to avoid electrical
shock to the human beings also to avoid the chance of fire hazard due to leakage current through unwanted path.
 Why earthing is required in an electrical installation?
 Properly designed, constructed and installed electrical equipments and appliances should not have any of the non-
current carrying conducting parts which is in contact with any current carrying part. But accidentally may be due to
failure of insulation between current carrying and non-current carrying conducting parts of the equipment/appliance,
if any of the non-current carrying conducting parts comes in contact with any of the current carrying parts of the
equipment/appliance, there will be a static electrical charge developed in the non-current carrying conducting part.
Now if any human being touches that non-current carrying conducting part of the equipment or appliance, the
accumulated static charge will get a path to the earth through his body and hence it is discharged immediately, as a
result he gets an electrical shock. But if the non-current carrying conducting parts that are metallic frameworks parts
of the equipment or appliance properly earthed, then at the occurrence of touching between any current carrying
part or live part to the non-current carrying part of the equipment/appliance, the live part of the equipment/appliance
gets low impedance path to the earth through the properly earthed metallic frameworks and hence there will be a
huge current drawn from source, passing to the earth through this path. As a result the circuit breaker or MCB, or
fuses associated with this equipment/appliance will immediately break to discontinue the supply to the
equipment/appliance. Thus proper earthing of non-current carrying metallic parts of electrical equipments and
appliances provides safety of operation.

Contd…
 What should be the distance of earth from a building?
 An article electrode should not be situated within a distance of 1.5 m from the building whose installation
system is being earthed.
 What should be the size of earth continuity conductor?
 The conductor by which a metallic framework of an electrical equipment/appliance is connected to the
earth is referred as earth continuity conductor. The cross-section of earth continuity conductor should
not be either less than 2.9 mm2 or half of the installation conductor size.
 What should be the earth resistance of an electrical installation?
 Earth resistance is defined as the resistance between actual earth and the earthed body of the
installation. This is nothing but the resistance of the path connecting the body of the installation to the
actual earth. This resistance should be low enough to carry sufficient current to the earth to ensure
proper operation of protective relays or blowing of fuses associated to the installation. The earth path
consists not only the earth continuity conductor but also it includes soil in between the end of the earth
continuity conductor inside the ground and actual earth. As the resistivity of soil depends upon its
moisture content, it varies time to time throughout the year. As a result earth resistance of an installation
is not constant throughout the year, it varies with weather conditions. Earth resistance of an installation
is minimum in rainy season whereas it is maximum in dry season. Although this resistance varies time
to time, but there are some standards of maximum allowable earth resistance. 1. Maximum allowable
earth resistance of a large power station is 0.5 ohm 2. Maximum allowable earth resistance of major
power station is 1.0 ohm 3. Maximum allowable earth resistance of small substations is 2.0 ohm 4.
Maximum allowable earth resistance for all other cases is 5 ohm. This should be noted that, the
resistance between any point on the earthed body and the earth pit should be less than 1 ohm.

Residential Wiring Circuits
(19BCE1806)
 One lamp controlled by one switch

Contd…
 Two lamps controlled by two switches

Contd…
 Staircase wiring

Contd…
 Godown wiring

Contd…
 Tunnel wiring

Contd…
 Hospital wiring

Types of wiring ()
 Cleat wiring
 CTS wiring or TRS wiring or batten wiring
 Metal sheathed wiring or lead sheathed

wiring
 Casing and capping wiring
 Conduit wiring
Cleat wiring
 In this type of wiring, insulated conductors (usually VIR, Vulcanized Indian Rubber)
are supported on porcelain or wooden cleats. The cleats have two halves one base
and the other cap. The cables are placed in the grooves provided in the base and
then the cap is placed. Both are fixed securely on the walls by 40mm long screws.
The cleats are easy to erect and are fixed 4.5 – 15 cms apart. This wiring is suitable
for temporary installations where cost is the main criteria but not the appearance.
 Advantages:
Easy installation
Materials can be retrieved for reuse
Flexibility provided for inspection, modifications and expansion.
Relatively economical
Skilled manpower not required.
 Disadvantages:
Appearance is not good
Open system of wiring requiring regular cleaning
Higher risk of mechanical injury.
Contd…

Cable Tyre Sheathed (CTS) wiring or Tough
Rubber Sheathed (TRS) wiring or batten wiring
 In this wiring system, wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite
flexible. They are clipped on wooden battens with brass clips (link or joint) and fixed
on to the walls or ceilings by flat head screws. These cables are moisture and
chemical proof. They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use
in sunlight. TRS wiring is suitable for lighting in low voltage installations
 Advantages:
Easy installation and is durable
Lower risk of short circuit.
Cheaper than casing and capping system of wiring
Gives a good appearance if properly erected.
 Disadvantages:
Danger of mechanical injury.
Danger of fire hazard.
Should not be exposed to direct sunlight.
Skilled workmen are required.
Contd…

Metal sheathed wiring or lead
sheathed wiring
 The wiring is similar to that of CTS but the conductors (two or three) are individually insulated and
covered with a common outer lead-aluminum alloy sheath. The sheath protects the cable against
dampness, atmospheric extremities and mechanical damages. The sheath is earthed at every
junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current. They are fixed by means of metal clips
on wooden battens. The wiring system is very expensive. It is suitable for low voltage installations.
 Precautions to be taken during installation

The clips used to fix the cables on battens should not react with the sheath.
Lead sheath should be properly earthed to prevent shocks due to leakage currents.
Cables should not be run in damp places and in areas where chemicals (may react with the
lead) are used.
 Advantages:
Easy installation and is aesthetic in appearance
Highly durable
Suitable in adverse climatic conditions provided the joints are not exposed
 Disadvantages:
Requires skilled labor
Very expensive
Unsuitable for chemical industries

Contd…

Casing and capping wiring
 It consists of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular, teakwood or PVC boxes
having grooves inside it. A rectangular strip of wood called capping having same
width as that of casing is fixed over it. Both the casing and the capping are screwed
together at every 15 cms. Casing is attached to the wall. Two or more wires of same
polarity are drawn through different grooves. The system is suitable for indoor and
domestic installations.
 Advantages:
Cheaper than lead sheathed and conduit wiring.
Provides good isolation as the conductors are placed apart reducing the risk
of short circuit.
Easily accessible for inspection and repairs.
Since the wires are not exposed to atmosphere, insulation is less affected by
dust, dirt and climatic variations.
 Disadvantages:
Highly inflammable.
Usage of unseasoned wood gets damaged by termites.
Skilled workmanship required.

Contd…

Conduit wiring
 In this system PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or VIR cables are run through metallic or PVC pipes
providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit. They are either
embedded inside the walls or supported over the walls, and are known as concealed wiring or
surface conduit wiring (open conduit) respectively. The conduits are buried inside the walls on
wooden gutties and the wires are drawn through them with fish (steel) wires. The system is best
suited for public buildings, industries and workshops.
 Advantages:
No risk of fire and good protection against mechanical injury.
The lead and return wires can be carried in the same tube.
Earthing and continuity is assured.
Water proof and trouble shooting is easy.
Shock- proof with proper earthing and bonding
Durable and maintenance free
Aesthetic in appearance
 Disadvantages:
Very expensive system of wiring.
Requires good skilled workmanship.
Erection is quiet complicated and is time consuming.
Risk of short circuit under wet conditions (due to condensation of water in tubes).

Contd…

Unit III
Electrical Machines
 Construction, Working Principle and
applications of DC Machines,
Transformers, Single phase and Three-
phase Induction motors, Special
Machines-Stepper motor, Servo Motor
and BLDC motor

DC Machines
 What?
 Types
 Merits and demerits
 Fundamentals of operation
 The construction

DC Generator
 Principle of operation of dc generators

 Parts
 Stator – Other parts
 Rotor – Other parts
 Working
 Merits and demerits
 Applications

Contd…
Mechanical energy is converted to electrical
energy
Three requirements are essential

1. Conductors
2. Magnetic field
3. Mechanical energy

Working principle
A generator works on the principles of
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
Whenever a conductor is moved in the

magnetic field, an emf is induced and the
magnitude of the induced emf is directly
proportional to the rate of change of flux
linkage.
This emf causes a current flow if the

conductor circuit is closed .
Photograph

Sectional view of a DC machine

Construction
Stator
Field system
Brushes
Bearings
Rotor
Armature core
Armature winding
Commutator
Field system
It is for uniform magnetic field within which

the armature rotates.
Electromagnets are preferred in comparison
with permanent magnets
They are cheap , smaller in size , produce
greater magnetic effect
Field strength can be varied

Parts of Field system
Yoke
Pole cores
Pole shoes
Field coils/windings

Field System

Interpoles
Two fields that act
in a corrective
capacity to combat
the detrimental
effects of armature
reaction, called the
commutating
(compole or
interpole) and
compensating
windings, which
are connected in
series with the
armature.

Contd…

Brushes and Bearings
Brush assembly contains
- Brush leads (pig tails)
- Brush rocker (brush gear)

Contd…
Carbon brushes are used in DC machines
because they are soft materials
It does not generate spikes when they contact
commutator
To deliver the current through armature
Carbon is used for brushes because it has
negative temperature coefficient of
resistance
Self lubricating , takes its shape , improving
area of contact
Brush rock and holder assembly

Other parts
Front end cover

Rear end cover
Cooling fan
Terminal box

Rotor and rotor winding

Armature core
The armature core is
cylindrical
High permeability
silicon steel
stampings (CRNGO)
CRNGO for strength
Impregnated
(laminated)
Lamination is to
reduce the eddy
current loss
Armature winding
There are 2 types of winding
Lap and Wave winding
Lap winding
A=P
The armature windings are divided into no. of
sections equal to the no. of poles
Wave winding
A=2
It is used in low current output and high voltage.
2 brushes
Commutator
Connect with external circuit
Converts ac into unidirectional
current
Cylindrical in shape
Made of wedge shaped copper
segments
Segments are insulated from each
other
Each commutator segment is
connected to armature conductors
by means of a cu strip called riser.
No of segments equal to no of coils
Applications
Shunt Generators:
a. in electro plating
b. for battery recharging
c. as exciters for AC generators.
Series Generators :
a. As boosters
b. As lighting arc lamps
DC Motors
Converts Electrical energy into
Mechanical energy
Construction: Same for Generator and

motor
Working principle: Whenever a current
carrying conductor is placed in the
magnetic field, a force is set up on the
conductor causing it to move away
from the field.
Schematic

Back emf
The induced emf in the rotating armature

conductors always acts in the opposite
direction of the supply voltage .
According to the Lenz‟s law, the direction
of the induced emf is always so as to
oppose the cause producing it .
In a DC motor , the supply voltage is the
cause and hence this induced emf
opposes the supply voltage.
Applications:
Shunt Motor:
Blowers and fans
Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps
Lathe machines
Machine tools
Milling machines
Drilling machines

Contd…
Series Motor:
Cranes
Hoists , Elevators
Trolleys
Conveyors
Electric locomotives

Contd…
Cumulative compound Motor:

Rolling mills
Punches
Shears
Heavy planers
Elevators

Single phase induction motors
 Operate on single phase supply
 Uses the principle of induction
 Not self-starting
 Has less starting torque
 Take more current for operation.
 Poor power factor
 Used for low power applications (eg.
Centrifugal pumps, grinding, refrigerators,
washing machines, clocks, drills,
compressors)
Contd…

Contd…

Induction Motors

Introduction
 Three-phase induction motors are the most
common and frequently encountered machines
in industry
 simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance
 wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower
to 10 MW
 run essentially as constant speed from no-load to
full load
 Its speed depends on the frequency of the power
source
 not easy to have variable speed control
 requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive for
optimal speed control
Construction
 An induction motor has two main parts
 a stationary stator
 consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow, cylindrical core
 core, constructed from stacked laminations (why?), having a
number of evenly spaced slots, providing the space for the stator
winding
Stator of IM
Contd…
 a revolving rotor
 composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a series of
rotor slots, providing space for the rotor winding
 one of two types of rotor windings
 conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire (wound-rotor)
» similar to the winding on the stator
 aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two aluminum
rings, forming a squirrel-cage shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
 Two basic design types depending on the rotor design
 squirrel-cage: conducting bars laid into slots and shorted at
both ends by shorting rings.
 wound-rotor: complete set of three-phase windings exactly as
the stator. Usually Y-connected, the ends of the three rotor wires
are connected to 3 slip rings on the rotor shaft. In this way, the
rotor circuit is accessible.
Contd…
Squirrel cage rotor
Wound rotor
Notice the
slip rings

Squirrel Cage Rotor

Rotating Magnetic Field
 Balanced three phase windings,
i.e. mechanically displaced 120
degrees from each other, fed by
balanced three phase source
 A rotating magnetic field with
constant magnitude is produced,
rotating with a speed
120 fe
nsync  rpm
P
Where fe is the supply frequency and
P is the no. of poles and nsync is
called the synchronous speed in
rpm (revolutions per minute)
Synchronous speed
P 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
12 500 600



Contd…a Fc
b’ 1.5
c’
Fa F t = t0= t4
1 F
c Fa Fc
b 0.5
a’ Fb 0
Fb
-0.5
t = t0= t4 -1
-1.5
-93 10 113 216
F Space angle () in degrees
Fb Fc
a Fb
b’ a a
c’ b’ b’
c’ c’
Fa
b c
F b c b c
a’ Fc ’ Fc a’
a Fb
t = t2 t = t3
t = t1
F
Principle of operation
 This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and
produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
 Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short
circuited, for both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and
induced current flows in the rotor windings
 The rotor current produces another magnetic field
 A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of
those two magnetic fields
 ind  kBR  Bs
where ind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the
magnetic flux densities of the rotor and the stator
respectively
Induction motor speed
 At what speed will the IM run?
 Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
 If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the
same speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the
rotor will appear stationary to the rotating magnetic
field and the rotating magnetic field will not cut the
rotor. So, no induced current will flow in the rotor
and no rotor magnetic flux will be produced so no
torque is generated and the rotor speed will fall
below the synchronous speed
 When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field
will cut the rotor windings and a torque is produced
Induction motor speed
 So, the IM will always run at a speed lower
than the synchronous speed
 The difference between the motor speed
and the synchronous speed is called the
Slip
nslip  nsync  nm
Where nslip= slip speed

nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
The Slip
nsync  nm
s
nsync
Where s is the slip
Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the above
eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesn’t have units
Torque
 While the input to the induction motor is electrical
power, its output is mechanical power and for that
we should know some terms and quantities related
to mechanical power
 Any mechanical load applied to the motor shaft will
introduce a Torque on the motor shaft. This torque is
related to the motor output power and the rotor
speed
 load 
Pout 2 nm
N .m and m  rad / s
m 60
Horse power
 Another unit used to measure
mechanical power is the horse power
 It is used to refer to the mechanical
output power of the motor
 Since we, as electrical engineers, deal
with watts as a unit to measure electrical
power, there is a relation between horse
power and watts
hp  746 watts
Torque-speed characteristics
Applicable to
both squirrel
cage and slip-
ring Induction
motor

Torque-speed characteristics
Applicable to
slip-ring
Induction motor
Effect of rotor resistance on torque-speed characteristic


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EEE 1001

Basic Electrical and Electronics

 Course Name : Basic Electrical and

 Course Code : EEE 1001

 To get adequate knowledge of the Electrical

 To get a fundamental idea on electronic

 Solve problems on simple DC and AC circuits

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

 Having an ability to apply mathematics

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

 Final Assessment Test (40 %)

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

 Tuesday : 03.00 p.m. – 04.30 p.m.

 Wednesday : 11.00 a.m. – 12.00 noon

 Thursday : 03.00 p.m. – 04.30 p.m.

 Friday : 12.00 noon – 01.00 p.m.

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

much lower (about 43 ohms)

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

"Electric Light." World Book

"Tungsten." A History of "The development of tungsten, melting at 3410 °C, as a

"When electric current flows through the filament, it heats

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

 Kirchoff‟s voltage law: In any

 Determine the value of e.m.f.

 Use Kirchhoff‟s laws to

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

 Find all the currents in Figure if

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

 Find “i” in the circuit in shown in figure

Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai

 Find “io” in the circuit of figure using