Biology Researchers and Invention

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SrNo Researcher Invention

1 Alexander Penicillin was discovered February 14, 1929
Fleming 6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955

2 Howard Martin American virologists, worked on virus Retrovirus

Temin After receiving the Nobel Prize in 1975
3 Adolf Engler and Proposed that monocots are more primitive than
Karl A.E. Prantl dicots.
Propose Phylogenetic system of classification with-
Hutchinson
who had been the first to use phylogenetic principles
4 T.O. Diener discovered Free infectious RNA

5 Takhatjan Gave phylogenetic classification of plant kingdom of

Flroa Armenia
6 Huxley Father of Neotaxonomy
The term “ New Systematics” was introduced 1940
7 A.V. first saw and described a live cell.
Leeuwenhoek Bacteria were discovered.
he is commonly known as "the Father of
Microbiology"

8 William Bertram Proposed three phase of taxonomy, alpha, beta and

Turill omega
Mathematical classification of leaf shapes.
9 Carolus Linnaeus Sweden First great taxonomist
Father of taxonomy
Systema Naturae Tenth edition was published in -
1758
He proposed An artificial system of classification
Binomial nomenclature, Scientific classification

10 Theophrastus Father of botany.

First to use Artificial system of classification
11 Zinder and Discovered a new type of gene transfer mediated by
Lederberg a virus. They called this process transduction.

12 Herbert F. Four kingdom classification was proposed

Copeland
13 W.N. Staley Tobacco mosaic virus/ virus was crystallized for the
first time ,also showed that TMV remains active even
after crystallization.
14 Aristotle Known as ‘Father of Zoology’
Author of book “Scala Naturae”
First to discover Fertilization
15 Jean-Baptiste Book “Philosophie Zoologique” published in1809
Lamarck Proposed the idea of fixity of species
16 Bentham and Natural classification
Hooker

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 Biology Researchers and Invention
17 Robert Harding Latest classification of biological kingdom 5-kingdom
Whittaker classification in 1969
18 Ernst Haeckel The scientist who created the group Protista for both
unicellular plants and animals
Coined many terms in biology, including
anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, stem
cell, and Protista , plastid
The biogenetic law of “Ontogeny repeats phylogeny”
19 Comte de Buffon Written encyclopedic ”Histoire Naturelle”
The book having binomial nomenclature for the first
time
20 Camp and Gilly The term "biosystematics” was coined in 1943

21 Ernst Mayr A species was defined as a “species are groups of

interbreeding natural populations that are
reproductively isolated from other such groups."

Was awarded the Balzan Prize in 1983, the

International Prize for Biology in 1994, and the
Crafoord Prize in 1999. three prizes, regarded as
triple crown of biology
Also known as Darwin of 20th century

22 John Ray Scientist who developed ‘key’ for identification of

animals
Coined the term species
23 Paul Ehrlich gave 'rivet popper hypothesis'
24 Sir J.C. Bose Proposed a Pulsation theory of ascent of sap
Is mechanism for the ascent of sap in 1927
25 Engelmann Discovery of Action spectrum of photosynthesis was
in 1883
26 Daniel Israel The process of photophosphorylation was discovered
Arnon
27 Otto Heinrich A decrease in photosynthetic rate with increased
Warburg. availability of oxygen is called .- Warburg effect

28 Hatch and Slack discovered alternate method of carbon fixation C4 -

cycle
29 Peter Dennis awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his
Mitchell, discovery of the Chemiosmotic mechanism or
Chemiosmosis of ATP synthesis
30 Melvin Calvin Scientist awarded Nobel Prize in 1960 for tracing the
path of carbon in photosynthesis
31 Frederick Frost Blackman proposed the limiting factors determines
Blackman the rate of photosynthesis in 1905
32 Jan Ingenhousz Who discovered that green plant parts and light are
essential for photosynthesis
33 Ernst Munch Put forward Pressure Flow Hypothesis or Mass flow
hypothesis in 1930.
34 Katherine Esau books Plant Anatomy and Anatomy of Seed Plants

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 Biology Researchers and Invention
35 Hans Krebs Invented urea cycle and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
or citric acid cycle is named after him as Kreb cycle
36 Marshall and 2005 Nobel Prize was awarded discovery of
Warren Bacterium Helicobacter pylori causing peptic ulcer.

37 Edward Jenner Father of Immunology - The term vaccine was

introduced
38 James Phipps pioneer of smallpox vaccine
and Ali Marvow

39 Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux, developed the first
rabies vaccination in 1885

The theory that life only comes from the reproduction

of preexisting life. This was proven by Louis Pasteur
in 1862.

Swan-Necked Flask Experiment in the early 1860s to

prove that particles in the air (germ theory).
39 Henry Charlton The term biogenesis was coined
Bastian
40 August Proposed theory of “continuity of germplasm"
Weismann
41 Miller and Urey Oparin - haldane's view on the origin of life was first
experimentally proved by experimental proof that
organic compounds formed the basis of evolution
42 Karl Ernst von Introduced von Baer's law to explain the details of
Baer embryo development
43 Hardy – Genetic equilibrium - Which initiated study in
Weinberg population genetics and related fields

44 Darwin Theory of pangenesis " Origin of Species is wrote in

1859
Reproductive fitness Origin of species
45 Sewall Wright introduced Concept of genetic drift
46 Father Saurez One of the greatest advocates of the theory of special
creation was -
47 Thomas Robert Famous book of Population
Malthus.
Gave the principle that population tends to multiply
more rapidly than food supply –
He gave a statement "Human population grows in
geometric ratio while food materials increases in
arithmetic proportion

48 Oparin-Haldane The chemical evolution of life

49 Hugo de Vries Used Evening Primrose (Oenothera Lamarckian) for
Mutation theory basically suggesting a form of
saltationism.

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 Biology Researchers and Invention
Mendel's work was got republished in 'Flora' by - De
vries

50 Lederberg replica plating experiment to show the genetic basis

of adaptation
51 Van Helmont Supported theory of spontaneous creation
52 Birbal Sahni Famous Paleontologists/ palaeobotanist of India Who
worked on Fossil plants
53 Thomas Hunt Gave Mutation theory based on work over Oneothera
Morgan lamarckiana
was awarded Nobel prize for contribution of the role
that the chromosome plays in heredity

Scientist who was awarded Nobel prize for finding

genes to be linearly arranged on chromosomes
Described the phenomenon of linkage and crossing
over

54 Oparin and Coacervates were experimentally produced

Sidney Fox

55 Theodosius Wrote the book " Genetics and Origin of Species" in

Dobzhansky 1937
his 1973 essay "nothing in biology makes sense
except in the light of evolution"
56 Francesco Redi founder of experimental biology, he disapproved
abiogenesis for the first time
57 Herbert Spencer first used the phrase 'Survival of fittest'

58 Joel Asaph Allen Given Allen’s rule -predicts that endothermic animals
with the same body volume should have different
surface areas that will either aid or impede their heat
dissipation. Warm blooded animals of cold climate
have small extremities.

59 Gause Gave Law related to Competitive exclusion

60 W. W. Garner discovered photoperiodism

and H. A. Allard
61 Moore The term phytochrome was introduced by –

62 Nawaschin Who discovered double fertilization in Lilium and

Fritillaria - (1898)

63 J.B. Farmer and Coined the term meiosis in 1905

J.E.S. Moor
64 Rudolf Ludwig Proposed the famous generalization
Carl Virchow " all cells are derived from pre-existing cells".
“Omnis cellula e cellula”
He coined scientific terms, chromatin
65 Howard and Pelc Discovered Cell cycle

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 Biology Researchers and Invention

66 Oscar Hertwig Discovered Meiosis

67 Hayes and Discovered Plasmids

Lederberg
68 Christian de The discoverer of lysosome
Duve
69 Robert Brown In 1811, discovered – Nucleus
Microtubules were discovered
70 Robert Hook coined the term cell in – 1665
Author of historically significant book Micrographia

71 Schleiden and proposed cell theory in 1838 – 39

Schwann
72 Singer SJ, Put forward Fluid mosaic model of cell membrane
Nicolson GL
73 Metchnikoff Put forward phagocytosis theory.
74 Keith R. Porter, Ribosomes were first seen
Albert Claude,
Brody Meskers
and Ernest F.
Fullam
75 Benda Gave name mitochondria
76 Waldeyer Coined the term chromosome
77 Singer and Proposed fluid mosaic model “extrinsic proteins are
Nicolson's loosely associated with intrinsic proteins and can be
easily separated”
78 Walther Coined the term chromatin
Flemming
79 Dr. Joachim proved the existence of morphogenetic
Hämmerling demonstrated that the nucleus contains the genetic
information and controls development
80 Knoll and Ruska constructed the first scanning electron microscope
(SEM)
81 Karel Purkinje Coined term protoplasm
82 George Beadle proposed that genes control production of enzymes
and Edward
Tatum

83 Francis Crick Proposed central dogma

84 Seymour Benzer Coined the terms cistron, recon and muton–
85 Hershey and Experiment that proved DNA to be genetic material of
Chase bacteriophage

86 Friedrich Discovered Nucleic acids

Miescher
87 Jacob and operon model of gene regulation and organisation of
Monod procaryotes was proposed
Nobel Prize for operon model
88 Nirenberg and Whose experiments cracked DNA and discovered
Mathaei triplet nature of genetic code

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89 Holley Proposed Clover leaf model of tRNA in 1968.

90 Francis Crick Who proposed Wobble hypothesis

91 Hargobind Discovery of DNA ligase. Who deduced code for
Khorana amino acids from Serine and leucine
was a awarded Nobel Prize
92 Taylor Pea chromosome replication to be semiconservative
93 Johannsen Coined the terms phenotype and genotype gene
94 Hershey and Experiments on Viral DNA
Chase
95 Holley, Discovered Genetic code
Nirenberg and
Khorana
96 Meselson and Experimental proof of semiconservative replication of
Stahl DNA -
97 Watson , Crick Shared the Nobel Prize for DNA structure in 1962
and Wilkins
98 Matthew Invented the technique of density gradient
Meselson and centrifugation and used this to prove that DNA is
Franklin Stahl replicated semi-conservatively
99 George Gamow Triplet code, solving the problem of genetic coding
gave rise to important models of biological
degeneracy
100 Frederick Griffith demonstrated bacterial transformation, whereby a
bacterium distinctly changes its form and function.
101 Rosalind contributions to the understanding of the molecular
Franklin structures of DNA, RNA, viruses,
102 Beadle and Genes carry information for making proteins
Tatum
103 Jacob and operon concept
Monod
104 Howard Martin Nobel Prize for Reverse transcription shared with
Temin Renato Dulbecco and David Baltimore.
105 Severo Ochoa Who was awarded Nobel prize for in vitro synthesis of
polyribonucleotides in 1959
106 Avery, MacLeod Found out DNA transforming principle of
and McCarty Pneumococcus
107 Landsteiner Blood groups
108 Alfred Russel Theory of Organic evolution
Wallace
109 Barbara Mc is famous for her work on – Maize; Nobel Prize for
Clintock discovering "mobile genetic elements" or jumping
gene/transposable DNA elements 1983
110 Mary Lyon Lyon's hypothesis is connected with - Number of barr
bodies
111 Walter Sutton Discovered chromosomal basis of heredity
112 Henking X-chromosome or X-body was first observed (1891)

113 C.B. Bridges in 1922 proposed the Genic Balance Theory for sex
determination

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 Biology Researchers and Invention
114 H. J. Muller Nobel prize for X-rays induce sex-linked recessive
lethal mutations – 1927
115 Reginald Punnett discovered genetic linkage
and Edith
Saunders
116 E.O.Wilson the father of sociobiology" and "the father of
biodiversity"
117 Gregor Johann known as the "father of modern genetics"
Mendal Austrian monk
work was rediscovered in – 1900 btCarl Correns from
Germany

118 Karl Lohmann Discovered ATP

119 Fischer Key and lock hypothesis of enzyme action

120 Buchner Biocatalysts were found accidently in Yeast extract by

121 Arber and Nobel Prize in 1978 for working on enzymes

Nathans
122 Eduard Adolf Given modern laws of plant cytology: "New cell
Strasburger nuclei can only arise from the division of other
nuclei." and originated the terms cytoplasm and
nucleoplasm.