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SUMMER – 19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Database Management System Model Answer Subject Code: 22319

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given
in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the
examiner may try to assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more
Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components
indicated in the figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may
vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the
assumed constant values may vary and there may be some difference in the
candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner
of relevant answer based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program
based on equivalent concept.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 M
a Define : 2M
(i) Instance (ii) Schema
Ans (i) Instance: The data stored in database at a particular moment 1 M for each
of time is called instance of database. Definition
(ii) Schema: Design of a database is called the schema. Schema
is of three types: Physical schema, logical schema and view
schema.
b List any four advantages of DBMS. 2M
Ans  Controlling Redundancy ( ½ M for any
 Maintaining Integrity advantage)
 Inconsistency can be avoided
 Data can be shared
 Restricting unauthorized access
 Providing Backup and Recovery
 Concurrency Control
 Better security.
c State any two E.F. Codd’s rule for RDBMS. 2M
Ans 1. The Information rule: All information in an RDBMS is represented ½ M for each
logically in just one way - by values in tables. rule , ½ M each
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2. The Guaranteed Access rule: Each item of data in an RDBMS is proper

guaranteed to be logically accessible by resorting to a combination of statement
table name, primary key value, and column name.
3. The Systematic Treatment of Null Values rule: Null values
(distinct from an empty character string or a string of blank characters
and distinct from zero or any other number) are supported in a fully
relational DBMS for representing missing
4. The Dynamic Online Catalog Based on the Relational Model rule:
The database description is represented at the logical level in the same
way as ordinary data, so that authorized users can apply the same
relational database.
5. The Comprehensive Data Sublanguage rule: A relational system
may support several languages and various modes of terminal for data
definition, view definition, data manipulation etc.
6. The View Updating rule: All views of the data which are
theoretically updatable must be updatable in practice by the DBMS.
7. The High-level Insert, Update, and Delete rule: The capability of
handling a base relation or a derived relation as a single database to
perform all DML operations.
8. The Physical Data Independence rule: Application programs and
terminal activities remain logically unchanged whenever any changes
are made in either storage representations or access methods.
9. The Logical Data Independence rule: Application programs and
terminal activities remain logically unchanged when information
preserving changes of any kind are made to the base tables.
10. The Integrity Independence rule: Integrity constraints must be
definable in the RDBMS sub-language and stored in the system
catalogue and not within individual application programs.
11. The Distribution Independence rule: An RDBMS has distribution
independence. Distribution independence implies that users should not
have to be aware of whether a database is distributed.
12. The No subversion rule: If the database has any means of handling
a single record at a time that low-level language must not be able avoid
the integrity rules which are expressed in a higher-level language that
handles multiple records at a time.
d List DCL commands. 2M
Ans DCL is Data Control Language: 1 M for each
command
1. GRANT

2. REVOKE
e Define Normalization and list its types. 2M
Ans Normalization is a process of organizing the data in database to avoid 1 M for
data redundancy, insertion anomaly, update anomaly & deletion definition, 1 M
anomaly. for the types

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Types of normalization are :

 First normal form(1NF)

 Second normal form(2NF)
 Third normal form(3NF)
 Boyce & Codd normal form (BCNF)
 Fourth normal form(4NF)

f Write syntax for creating synonyms with example 2M

Ans 1 M for correct
Syntax to create synonym: syntax, 1 M for
CREATE SYNONYM SYNONYM_name correct
FOR Table_name; example

Example to create synonym:

CREATE SYNONYM offices
FOR locations;

g State any four PL/SQL data types. 2M

Ans 1. NUMBER or NUMBER(P,S) ½ M for each
2. PLS_INTEGER data type
3. CHAR
4. RAW
5. ROWID
6. VARCHAR2
7. DATE

2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a Explain overall structure of DBMS with the help of diagram. 4M
Ans Components of DBMS structure are classified in 3 categories as: 2 M for correct
1. Query processor : diagram, 2 M
Embedded DML pre compiler: It converts DML statements embedded for correct
in application. explanation
Program to normal procedural calls in host language.
DML Compiler: It translates DML statements of high level language
into low level instruction that a query evaluation engine understands.
DDL interpreter: It interprets DDL statements and records them in a
set of tables containing metadata.
Query evaluation Engine: It executes low level instructions generated
by DML compiler and issued by query processor to select efficient ways
to execute query.
DDL interpreter. It has following components,

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2. Storage Manager Components :

Transaction manager: It ensures that the database remains in
consistent state despite of the system failure and that concurrent
transaction execution proceeds without conflicting.
File Manager: It manages the allocation of space on disk storage and
data structures used to represent information stored on disk
Buffer Manager: It is responsible for fetching data from disk storage
into main memory and deciding what data to cache memory.
3. Disk storage :
Data files: It stores the database.
Data Dictionary: It stores metadata that hold particular values.
Indices: Provide fast access to data items that hold particular values.
Statistical data: It stores statistical information about the data in the
database.

b Explain difference between delete and truncate command with 4M

example.
Ans DELETE Command :
 It is DML (Data Manipulation Language) command.

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 It is used to remove all or specific records of table. (2 M for proper

 WHERE clause can be used to remove specific records. explanation of
 Syntax: each
DELETE FROM Table_name; command) or
OR (any 4
DELETE FROM Table_name differences)
WHERE Condition;

 Example:
DELETE FROM Employees
WHERE Emp_id=100;
 ROLLBACK command can be used to get deleted record.

TRUNCATE Command :
 It is a DDL( Data Definition Language) command
 It is used to remove all records permanently.
 WHERE clause can be used as it removes all records.
 Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE Table_name;
 Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE Employees;
 ROLLBACK command cannot be used to get records.
 New records can be added into a table as structure remains
intact.

OR

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DELETE TRUNCATE
It is DML(Data It is a DDL( Data
Manipulation Language) Definition Language)
command command
It is used to remove all or It is used to remove all
specific records of table. records permanently.
WHERE clause can be used WHERE clause can be
to remove specific records. used as it removes all
records.

Syntax: DELETE FROM Syntax: TRUNCATE

Table_name; TABLE Table_name;
OR
DELETE FROM
Table_name
WHERE Condition;

Example: DELETE FROM Example: TRUNCATE

Employees TABLE Employees;
WHERE Emp_id=100;
ROLLBACK command can ROLLBACK command
be used to get deleted cannot be used to get
record. records. New records can
be added into a table as
structure remains intact.

c Write and explain syntax for creating view with example. 4M

Ans A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields in a 2 M for correct
view are fields from one or more real tables in the database. syntax, 1 M for
explanation,
View has two types: 1 M for correct
example
1. Simple view: The fields in a view are fields from one table in the
database.

2. Complex view: The fields in a view are fields from more than one
table in the database. You can add SQL functions, WHERE, and JOIN
statements to a view and present the data as if the data were coming
from different table.

CREATE VIEW Syntax

Create view view_name As

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Select column1, column2…

From table_name
Where condition ;

Example
Create view mumbai_customers AS
Select customer_name,contact_name
From customers
Where city=’Mumbai’;

d Explain PL/SQL block structure with the help of diagram. 4M

Ans. PL/SQL Block Strucure : PL/SQL block
structure 2M,
Explanation
2M

Explanation of PL/SQL Block Strucure:

Declaration section

A block begins with declarative section where variables, cursors

are declared. It is an Optional block.

Execution section

Executable SQL or PL/SQL Statements are needed to write here

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for the execution. It is mandatory block.

Exception section
It is used to handles the exceptions. It is an Optional block.

End statement
It is used to indicate termination of PL/SQL block. It is mandatory.

3 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a State and explain 2NF with example. 4M
Ans A table is said to be in 2NF if both the following conditions hold: State : 1M
Explanation
 Table is in 1NF (First normal form) with example:
 No non-prime attribute is dependent on the proper subset of any 3M
candidate key of table.
 San attribute that is not part of any candidate key is known as
non-prime attribute.
 Example: Suppose a school wants to store the data of teachers
and the subjects they teach. They create a table that looks like
this: Since a teacher can teach more than one subjects, the table
can have multiple rows for a same teacher.

teacher_id Subject teacher_age

111 Math’s 38

111 Physics 38

222 Biology 38

333 Physics 40

333 Chemistry 40

CandidateKeys:{teacher_id,subject}

Non-prime attribute: teacher_age The table is in 1 NF because each

attribute has atomic values. However, it is not in 2NF because non-
prime attribute teacher_age is dependent on teacher_id alone which is a
proper subset of candidate key. This violates the rule for 2NF as the rule
says “no non-prime attribute is dependent on the proper subset of any
candidate key of the table “To make the table complies with 2NF we
can break it in two tables like this:
teacher details tab

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teacher_id teacher_age

111 38

222 40

333 40

teacher_subject Table:

Teacher_id Subject
111 Math’s

111 Physics

222 Biology

333 Physics

333 Chemistry

b Explain any four aggregate functions with example. 4M

Ans An aggregate function is a function where the values of multiple rows Any 4
are grouped together as input on certain criteria to form a single value of aggregate
more significant meaning. functions with
example : 1M
Aggregate functions are : each
1) Count()
2) Sum()
3) Avg()
4) Min()
5) Max()

1. Count () - 1) It returns number of rows from the given table if no

attribute is mentioned.
2) If some attribute is mentioned, it gives total number of not null values

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for that attribute.

Eg :Select count(*) from emp;
Returns total number of records from emp table.
1) Select count(telephone) from emp;
Returns total number of employees having telephone numbers.
2. Sum() - It give total of all values from a numeric attribute of the
given table,
Eg :Select sum(salary) from emp;
Returns total salary drawn of all employees from the emp table.
3. Avg () - It gives average of all the numeric values of the given
attribute from the table.
Eg :Select Avg(salary) from emp;
Returns average salary of employees from emp table.
4. Min () - It gives minimum of all the values of the numeric given
attribute from the table.
Eg :Select Min(salary) from emp;
Returns minimum salary value from emp table,
5. Max () - It gives maximum of all the values of the numeric given
attribute from the table.
Eg :Select Max(salary) from emp;
retunes maximum salary value from emp table,

c Explain exception handling in PL/SQL with example. 4M

Ans Exception handling in PL/SQL: Explanation :
2M ,
An exception is an error condition during a program execution. PL/SQL example :2M
supports programmers to catch such conditions using EXCEPTION
block in the program and an appropriate action is taken against the error
condition.

There are two types of exceptions −

 System-defined (built in) exceptions

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 User-defined exceptions

The general syntax for exception handling is as follows :

DECLARE
<declarations section>
BEGIN
<executable command(s)>
EXCEPTION
<exception handling goes here >
WHEN exception1 THEN
exception1-handling-statements
WHEN exception2 THEN
exception2-handling-statements
……
….….
END;

Raising Exceptions

Exceptions are raised by the database server automatically whenever

there is any internal database error, but exceptions can be raised
explicitly by the programmer by using the command RAISE. Following
is the simple syntax for raising an exception

DECLARE
exception_name EXCEPTION; BEGIN
IF condition THEN
RAISE exception_name;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN exception_name THEN
statement;
END;
You can use the above syntax in raising the Oracle standard exception
or any user-defined exception.
Example :
DECLARE
A number:=20;
B number:=0;
C number;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(‘First Num : ’||A);
dbms_output.put_line(‘Second Num : ’||B);

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C:= A / B;
--Raise built in Exception if B is 0
dbms_output.put_line(‘ Result ’ || C);-- and then Result will not
be displayed
EXCEPTION
WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THEN
dbms_output.put_line(‘ Trying to Divide by zero :: Error ’);
END;

d Explain states of transaction with the help of diagram. 4M

Ans diagram : 1M,

explanation :
3M

Active –the initial state; the transaction stays in this state while it is
executing
Partially committed –after the final statement has been executed.
Failed - after the discovery that normal execution can no longer
proceed.
Aborted – after the transaction has been rolled back and the database
restored to its state prior to the start of the transaction. Two options after
it has been aborted: restart the transaction - can be done only if no
internal logical error kill the transaction Committed –after successful
completion.

4 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M

a State difference between relational and hierarchical model. 4M
Ans Relational model Hierarchical model. Any 4
A database model to manage data A structure of data organized in differences :
as tuples grouped into a tree like model using parent 1M each
relations(tables) child relationships.

Arranges data in tables Arranges data in tree like

structure

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Represents both “one to many” Represents “one to many”

and”many to many” relationships. relationship

Easier to access data Difficult to access data

Flexible Less flexible

Example : Example :

b List the SQL operations and explain range searching operations 4M

between and pattern matching operator ‘like’ with example.

Ans Types of SQL operators : List of

operators : 2M,
1) SQL Arithmetic Operators between
2) SQL Comparison Operators operator : 1M,
Like operator :
3) SQL Logical Operators 1M
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on
numbers. They are +,-,*, / and %.
Comparison operators are used in between two variables to compare
their values. They are <,>,<=,>=,=,!=or <>,!< and !>.'
Logical operators are used for the Boolean results in sql queries for
comparison of values from the attributes of the tables. Eg: Any, Exists,
All, Like, Between, In etc.
Between operator: The BETWEEN operator is used to search for
values that are within a set of values, given the minimum value and the
maximum value inclusive of both the limits.
Eg: select * from emp where salary between 40000 and 50000;
This will results in rows from emp table where salary falls in the range
of 40000 to 50000.

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Like operator :
The LIKE operator is used to compare a value to similar values using
wildcard operators. It uses two wild characters as ‘%’ and ‘_’ where ‘%’
represents all characters of the pattern and ‘_’ represents one single
character from pattern.
Eg :
Select ename from emp where ename like ‘S%’;
This will return all employee names starting with ‘S’.
Select ename from emp where ename like ‘_a%;
This will return all employee names whose second character is ‘a’.

c Explain cursor with example. 4M

Ans A cursor is a temporary work area created in system memory when a Explanation :
SQL statement is executed. A cursor is a set of rows together with a 2M, example :
pointer that identifies a current row. It is a database object to retrieve 2M
data from a result set one row at a time. It is useful when we want to
manipulate the record of a table in a singleton method, in other words
one row at a time. In other words, a cursor can hold more than one row,
but can process only one row at a time. The set of rows the cursor holds
is called the active set.
Each cursor contains the followings 4 steps,

1. Declare Cursor: In this part we declare variables and return a set

of values.
2. Open: This is the entering part of the cursor.
3. Fetch: Used to retrieve the data row by row from a cursor.
4. Close: This is an exit part of the cursor and used to close a
cursor.
5. Eg:

Declare
enumemp.eno%type;
enemp.ename%type;
Cursor cur is select eno, ename from emp where jobname = “mgr”;
Begin

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Open cur;
Loop Fetch cur into enum,en;
Exit when cur%NOTFOUND;
Dbms_output.put_line(„emp num ‟||enum||‟ emp name „||en);
End loop;
Close cur;
End; /
The example shows fetching multiple records using cursor. A cursor is
a temporary work area created in system memory when a SQL
statement is executed. A cursor is a set of rows together with a pointer
that identifies a current row.
In the example, the cursor is defined to hold the rows as defined by the
select query. Once the cursor is defined, the next step is to open the
cursor. When the cursor is opened, it is ready to retrieve the rows. This
is done using the fetch statement. Since there are many rows, a loop is
used to display the values of all the rows. Once the rows are fetched, the
cursor should be closed.

d State the use of database trigger and also list types of trigger. 4M

Ans Use of trigger Use : 3M List

of types : 1M
Trigger: A trigger is a stored procedure in database which automatically
invokes whenever a special event in the database occurs. A trigger can
be invoked when a row is inserted into a specified table or when certain
table columns are being updated.
Triggers are written to be executed in response to any of the following
events −
A database manipulation (DML) statement (DELETE, INSERT, or
UPDATE)
Database definition (DDL) statements (CREATE, ALTER, or DROP).
A database operation (SERVERERROR, LOGON, LOGOFF,
STARTUP, or SHUTDOWN).
Triggers can be defined on the table, view, schema, or database with
which the event is associated.

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Triggers can be written for the following purposes –

 Generating some derived column values automatically
 Enforcing referential integrity
 Event logging and storing information on table access
 Auditing
 Synchronous replication of tables
 Imposing security authorizations
 Preventing invalid transactions
Types of trigger

 DML Triggers
 DDL Triggers
 Logon Triggers

e Explain recovery techniques with example. 4M

Ans When recovering the database, it is must redo the effects of the previous Explanation :
transactions. This is called Rolling Forward or simple Forward 3M,
Recovery. Not all but some active transaction that didn’t complete Example 1M
successfully needs to rollback, when the disk drive crashed. Such kind
of rollback is called Backward Recovery.

The Redo Log and Rolling Forward (REDO operation)

The redo log is a set of operating system files that record all changes
made to any database buffer, including data, index, and rollback
segments, whether the changes are committed or uncommitted. The redo
log protects changes made to database buffers in memory that have not
been written to the data files.
The first step of recovery from an instance or disk failure is to roll
forward, or reapply all of the changes recorded in the redo log to the
data files. Because rollback data is also recorded in the redo log, rolling
forward also regenerates the corresponding rollback segments.

Rolling forward proceeds through as many redo log files as necessary to

bring the database forward in time. Rolling forward usually includes
online redo log files and may include archived redo log files.

After roll forward, the data blocks contain all committed changes as

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well as any uncommitted changes that were recorded in the redo log.

Rollback Segments and Rolling Back (UNDO operation)

Rollback segments record database actions that should be undone during
certain database operations. In database recovery, rollback segments
undo the effects of uncommitted transactions previously applied by the
rolling forward phase. After the roll forward, any changes that were not
committed must be undone. After redo log files have reapplied all
changes made to the database, then the corresponding rollback segments
are used. Rollback segments are used to identify and undo transactions
that were never committed, yet were recorded in the redo log and
applied to the database during roll forward. This process is called rolling
back.

(Descriptive example can be considered)

5 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M

a Draw an E-R diagram of library management system considering 6M
issue and return,
Fine calculation facility. Consider appropriate entities.

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Ans Correct
entities: 2M,

correct
symbols: 2M,

Correct
relationships:
2M

b Consider the table 6M

Student (name, marks, dept, age, place, phone, birthdate). Write
SQL query for following.
i)To list students having place as ‘Pune’ or ‘Jalgaon’
ii)To list students having same department(dept) as that of
‘Rachana’
iii) To change marks of ‘Rahul’ from 81 to 96.
iv) To list student name and marks from ‘Computer’ dept.
v) To list student name who have marks less than 40.
vi)To list students who are not from ‘Mumbai;
Ans select name from Student where place= ‘Pune’ or place=’Jalgaon’; Each Correct
(OR) Query : 1M
select name from Students where place in(‘Pune’,‘Jalgaon’);
ii)select name from Student where dept=(select dept from student where
name=’Rachana’);
iii)update Student set marks=96 where name= ‘Rahul’;
v)select name,marks from Student where dept=‘Computer’;
iv)select name from Student where marks<40;
v)select * from Student where place != ‘Mumbai’;
c Create simple and composite index. Write command to drop above 6M
index.
Ans Create simple index Simple index
Syntax: Create index index_name on <tablename><column name>; 2M,
(OR)
Composite

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E.g.: Create index idx_empno on employee (empno); index: 2M

Create composite index:
Syntax: Create index index_name on <tablename><Column_name1, Drop index 2M
Column_name2>;
(Note: Either
(OR) syntax or
E.g.: Create index idx_ename_eno on employee (ename, empno);
example can be
considered.
Drop Index:
Syntax: Drop index <index_name>; Any other
(OR) example
E.g. (Assuming idx_empno created on employee table) allowed.)
Drop index idx_empno;

6 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 M

a i) Write a command to create table student(RNO,name marks,
dept) with proper datatypes and RNo as primary key 6M
ii) Write a command to create and drop sequence.
Ans i) create table student Correct query:
( 3M
RNO number(5) constraint student_RNO_pk primary key,
name varchar2(20), Create
marks number(4), sequence : 2M
dept varchar2(20)
Drop sequence
);
:1M
(OR)
create table student (Note: For (ii)
( Either syntax
RNO number(5) , or example can
name varchar2(20), be considered.
marks number(4),
dept varchar2(20), Any other
constraint student_RNO_pk primary key(RNO), example
); allowed)

ii) Create Sequence:

Create sequence <seq_name>
Start with [initial value]
Increment by [value]
Minvalue [minimum value]
Maxvalue [maximum value]
[cycle/no cycle]
[{cache value / No cache}]
[{order / No order}];

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(OR)

(Creating sequence for Employee number of emp table.)

Create sequence emp_eno_seq

start with 1
increment by 1
maxvalue 100
no cycle
no cache;

Drop sequence:

Drop sequence<Sequence Name>;

(OR)
Drop sequence emp_eno_seq;
b Write a PL/SQL program to calculate factorial of a given number. 6M

Ans DECLARE Correct

num number:=&num; Syntax:
fact number:=1; 3M,Correct
BEGIN logic : 3M

while num!=0 (Note: Any

loop other logic can
fact:=fact*num; be considered)
num:=num-1
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(‘Factorial =’||fact);
END;
/
(OR)
DECLARE
num number:=&num;
fact number:=1;
i number;
BEGIN
for i in 1..num loop
fact:=fact*i;
end loop;

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dbms_output.put_line('Factorial='||fact);
END; /

c Write SQL command for following 6M

i)Create user
ii) Grant privileges to user.
Iii) Remove privileges from user.

Ans i)Create user Each correct

command: 2M
CREATE USER <username> IDENTIFIED BY <password>;
(Note: Either
(OR)
syntax or
CREATE USER RAJ IDENTIFIED BY RAJ123; example can be
considered.
ii) Grant privileges to user. Any other
GRANT <privilege list> ON <relation name or view name> example
TO<user list>; allowed)

(OR)
(assuming table Employee for granting permissions to user ‘RAJ’
for select, insert, update and delete privilege)
GRANT SELECT, INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE ON
EMPLOYEE TO RAJ;

Iii) Remove privileges from user.

REVOKE <privilege list> ON <relation name or view name >
FROM <user list>;

(OR)
(assuming table Employee for revoking permissions to user ‘RAJ)
REVOKE SELECT, INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE ON
EMPLOYEE FROM RAJ;

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