DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY - GUWAHATI

ME 616 : Computational Continuum Mechanics

2018-2019, IInd semester

ASSIGNMENT - 5 Kinematics

1. Determine the condition on the spatial shear direction s and material shear plane normal
N so that an arbitrary simple shear defined by F = I + γ s ⊗ N is volume preserving.
2. Consider the three-dimensional mapping defined by
√
x1 = 3 X1 + X2 , x2 = 2 X2 , x3 = X3 .

(i) Calculate the deformation gradient, FiJ = xi,J .

(ii) Compute the components of the right Cauchy-Green tensor CIJ = FkI FkJ . Express
your result in matrix form.
(iii) Compute the principal values and directions of the right Cauchy-Green tensor.
(iv) Determine the polar decomposition FiJ = RiI UIJ i.e., find the components of R
and U in Cartesian coordinate system. Hint: Use spectral decomposition of U to
find U.
(v) Consider a unit circle centered at the origin in the reference configuration. Plot
the final shape of the circle due to the imposed mapping (approximately but with
correct dimensions of lengths and angles).

3. Consider the following mapping

x1 = (1 + p) X1 + q X2 , x2 = q X1 + (1 + p) X2 , x3 = X3 ,

where p > 0 and q > 0 are constants.

(i) If this mapping is applied homogeneously to a cube (with sides a0 ) then draw the
shape of the cube (complete with necessary dimensions) in the deformed configura-
tion.
(ii) Calculate the deformation gradient F. Derive the condition the constants p and q
need to satisfy so that the deformation is (a) invertible and (b) incompressible.
(iii) Compute the components of the right Cauchy-Green tensor CIJ = FkI FkJ . Express
your result in matrix form.
(iv) Compute the components of the right stretch tensor.
(v) Compute the components of the rotation part of F. What can you say about the
nature of the mapping?
(vi) If the constants p and q are functions of time. Then verify that ḞiJ = lij FjJ . Here,
lij = vi,j is the velocity gradient tensor.

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4. The deformation of a plate in circular bending is given by

X1
x1 = (X2 + R)) sin ,
R 
X1
x2 = X2 − (X2 + R) 1 − cos
R
x3 = X3 .

where L is the length of the plate and R is the radius of curvature.

(i) Given a rectangular plate in the reference configuration with length L in the 1-
direction and height h in 2-direction, draw the shape of the plate in the deformed
configuration for some radius of curvature R.
(ii) Determine the deformation gradient at any point in the plate.
(iii) Determine the Jacobian of the deformation at any point in the plate.
(iv) Use the result for the Jacobian to show that the plate experiences expansion above
the centerline and contraction below it.
(v) Determine the element of oriented area at the end of the plate in the deformed
configuration.
(vi) Use the result for the oriented area to show that planes in the reference configuration
remain plane in the deformed configuration.

5. In a two-dimensional finite strain experiment, a strain gauge gave stretch ratios α of 0.8
and 0.6 in the X1 and X2 directions, respectively, and 0.5 in the direction bisecting the
angle between X1 and X2 .

(i) Find the expression for stretch of an element which is oriented along the unit vector
N in the reference configuration.
(ii) Determine the right Cauchy-Green tensor and the Green Lagrange strain tensor.
(iii) Determine the new angle between the elements initially parallel to the axes.
(iv) Determine the Jacobian of the deformation.

6. Consider uniaxial strain case where the stretch is given by λ1 . Find the expression for
Green’s and Almansi strain.

7. Considering one-dimensional case show that for small deformation all the strain measures
converge to the same value (see Chapter 1, Equations (1.6) and (1.8)).

8. A deformable body undergoes rigid body rotation by a finite angle value θ about one
of its point (identified as the origin). Find the deformation mapping x = ϕ(X). Also,
show that engineering strain is not a valid strain measure where as the Green’s strain E
remains valid for all magnitudes of θ. Consider 2D motion only (i.e., in X1 -X2 plane).

9. Consider the three-dimensional mapping defined by

3 1
x1 = 4 − 2 X1 − X2 x2 = 2 + X1 − X2 , x3 = X3 .
2 2
(i) Calculate the deformation gradient. Express your result in matrix form. Is the
deformation isochoric ?

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 (ii) Compute the components of the right Cauchy-Green tensor and finger tensor. Ex-
press your result in matrix form.
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(iii) Calculate the stretch which a unit material vector N = { , }T undergoes due to
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the deformation.
(iv) Consider two material vectors N 1 = {1, 0}T and N 2 = {0, 1}T . Determine the
angle between these two vectors after deformation.
(v) Determine the principal stretches and material and spatial principal directions.

10. If the deformation gradients at time t = t1 and t = t1 + ∆t are F 1 and F 2 respectively.

Then, find the incremental change in the deformation gradient (∆F ) between the two
configurations. Using the deformation mapping shown in example 4.5 (page 102 Chapter
4), for X {0, 0}T , t1 = 1, ∆t = 1 show that the obtained incremental change is correct
by pushing forward material vector N 2 = {1, 1}T to t1 n2 and t1 + ∆t n2 and checking
that t1 + ∆t n2 = ∆F t1 n2 . Calculate the velocity gradient tensor and rate of deformation
tensor at time t = t1 .

11. Determine the condition for a small material vector dX to exhibit zero extension in terms
of deformation gradient F and unit vector N along the material vector.

12. Consider the planar (1-2) deformation for which the deformation gradient is
 
F11 F12 0
F = F21 F22 0 
0 0 λ3
where λ3 is the stretch in the thickness direction normal to the plane (1-2). If dA and
da are the elemental areas in the (1-2) plane and H and h the thickness before and after
deformation, show that
da J
= j and h=H ,
dA j
where j = det(Fkl ), k, l = 1, 2.

13. Show that

1
C −1 N α = Nα ,
λ2α
kF T nα k = λα .

14. The motion of a body, at time t, is given by

1 t t2
 

x = F (t)X; F (t) = t2 1 t  ;

t t2 1
 
−1 t 0
1
F −1 (t) = 3  0 −1 t  ;
t −1
t 0 −1
Find the velocity of particle (a) initially at X = (1, 1, 1) at time t = 0 and (b) currently
at x = (1, 1, 1) at time t = 2. Using J = dv/dV , show that at timet = 1 the motion is
not realistic.

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15. For a pure expansion the deformation gradient is F = αI, where α = α(t) is a scalar.
Show that the rate of deformation is
α̇
d= I.
α

16. Show that at the initial configuration (F = I) the linearization of Ĉ in the direction of
a displacement u is
1
D Ĉ = 2[ε − (trε)I].
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