De

Calculus
Definition:
Calculus is the mathematical study of change ,in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and
algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. It has two major branches,
differential calculus (concerning rates of change and slopes of curves), and integral calculus (concerning
fundamental theorem of calculus. Both branches make use of the fundamental notions of convergence of
infinite sequences and infinite series to a well- defined limit. Generally considered to have been founded
in the 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz, today calculus has widespread uses in science,
engineering and economics and can solve many problems that algebra alone cannot.
Calculus is a major part of modern mathematics education. A course in calculus is a gateway to
other, more advanced courses in mathematics devoted to the study of functions and limits, broadly
called mathematical analysis. Calculus has historically been called "the calculus of infinitesimals", or
"infinitesimal calculus". The word "calculus" comes from Latin (calculus) and refers to a small stone
used for counting. More generally, calculus (plural calculi) refers to any method or system of
calculation guided by the symbolic manipulation of expressions. Some examples of other well-known
calculi are propositional calculus, calculus of variations, lambda calculus, and process calculus.

Application of Calculus

1. Design and analysis of algorithms. Algorithm design is a specific method to create

a mathematical process in problem solving processes. ... In computer science,
the analysis of algorithm is the determination of the of the computational complexity
of algorithms, that is the amount of time, storage and/or other resources necessary to
execute them. The behavior of a combinatorial algorithm on very large instances is
often most easily analyzed using calculus. This is especially true for randomized
algorithms; modern probability theory is heavily analytic. In the other direction,
sometimes one can design an algorithm for a discrete problem by considering a
continuous analogue, using calculus to solve the continuous problem, and then
discretizing to obtain an algorithm for the original problem. The simplest example of
this might be finding an approximate root of a polynomial equation; using calculus,
one can formulate Newton's method, and then discretize it
2. Scientific computing is the science of solving problems with computers. The
problems themselves usually arise from other disciplines such as mathematics,
engineering, biology, physics, chemistry and other natural sciences. As a
consequence, scientific computing is interdisciplinary by nature. The dividing line
between scientific computing and the sciences from which its problems originate is
best described by what scientific computing is not -- and what it is.
De

Anton is a massively parallel supercomputer. It is a special-purpose system for molecular

dynamics (MD) simulations.

 Computing Pi to 22.4 trillion digits[1] is not scientific computing. Developing algorithms to

efficiently compute to any precision is scientific computing.

 Running a Molecular dynamics simulation with 1,000,000 atoms for 100 nanoseconds
is not scientific computing. Developing models and algorithms to efficiently simulate large
particle systems is scientific computing.
 Computing the eigenvalues of a 1,000 x 1,000 dense, complex matrix is not scientific
computing. Developing efficient and accurate methods to determine the eigenvalues of any
large, dense, complex matrix is scientific computing.
 Running an all-against-all sequence alignment of every genome known is not scientific
computing. Developing realistic and efficient models for sequence evolution is scientific
3. Computer Graphics/Image Processing, and here you will also need Analytic
Geometry and Linear Algebra, heavily! If you go down this path, you may also want
to study some Differential Geometry (which has multivariate Calculus as a minimum
prerequisite). But you'll need Calculus here even for very basic things: try searching
for "Fourier Transform" or "Wavelets", for example -- these are two very
fundamental tools for people working with images. Computer Graphic are pictures
and films created using computers. Usually, the term refers to computer-generated
image data created with the help of specialized graphical hardware and software. It is
a vast and recently developed area of computer science. The phrase was coined in
1960, by computer graphics researchers Verne Hudson and William Fetter of Boeing.
It is often abbreviated as CG, though sometimes erroneously referred to as computer-
generated imagery (CGI). Some topics in computer graphics include user interface
design, sprite graphics, rendering, geometry processing, computer animation, vector
graphics, 3D modeling, shaders, GPU design, implicit surface visualization with ray
tracing, image processing, computational photography, scientific visualization,
and computer vision, among others. The overall methodology depends heavily on the
underlying sciences of geometry, optics, physics, and perception. Computer graphics
is responsible for displaying art and image data effectively and meaningfully to the
consumer. It is also used for processing image data received from the physical world.
Computer graphics development has had a significant impact on many types of media
and has revolutionized animation, movies, advertising, video games, and graphic
design in general.
De

4. Optimization, non-linear mostly, where multivariate Calculus is the fundamental

language used to develop everything. But even linear optimization benefits from Calculus
(the derivative of the objective function is absolutely important.
In computing, optimization is the process of modifying a system to make some
features of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources. For instance, a computer
program may be optimized so that it runs faster, or to run with less memory
requirements or other resources (see Space-time tradeoff), or to consume less energy.
This is a branch of software engineering.
The optimization can have sense at different levels, from the lowest (development of circuits,
writing of machine code designed especially for the architecture) up to the highest levels of
making of implementation, use or design of algorithms.
The optimization is generally recommended to leave until the end of the process of development,
since the premature optimization can introduce new errors (generally more difficult to detect for
being of algorithmic nature).
The optimized system may be a single computer program, a collection of computers or even an
entire network such as internet.
5. Probability/Statistics. These cannot be seriously studied without multivariate Calculus.
6. Machine Learning, which makes heavy use of Statistics (and consequently, multivariate
Calculus)
7. Data Mining and related subjects, which also use lots of Statistics ; • Robotics, where
a programmer will need to model physical movements of a robot, so he will need to
know partial derivatives and gradients. • Analysis of Algorithms, where an analyzer
uses the notion of limit right from the start;
8. Robotics, where you will need to model physical movements of a robot, so you will need
to know partial derivatives and gradients.
9. Discrete Math and Combinatory (yes!, you may need Calculus for discrete counting!) -
- if you get serious enough about generating functions, you'll need to know how to
integrate and derivate certain formulas. And that is useful for Analysis of Algorithm
Similarly, Taylor Series and calculus can be useful in solving certain kinds of recurrence
relations, which are used in algorithm analysis.
10. Stochastic simulation. In Stochastic Simulation, we are often interested in
estimating the expected value of a random variable. The expected value of a
continuous random variable is an integral over the real numbers. To estimate this
quantity, we use the Monte Carlo method which consists of generating instances of
this random variable from pseudorandom uniform variables. From these uniform
variables, we can generate random variables from a given distribution by inverting
the cumulative distribution function which is defined itself as an integral.

11. CALCULUS is that part of mathematics which has unique importance in almost
every field of education Specially in CSE. The discovery of calculus is considered as
one of the major success in the field of mathematics.
De

Analytical Geometry
Definition:
Analytical Geometry is the study of geometry using a Coordinate system. This contrasts
with Synthetic geometry. classical mathematics, analytic geometry, also known as coordinate
geometry or Cartesian geometry
Analytic geometry is widely used in physics, and , enginerring, and also in aviation, rocketry,
space science, and spaceflight. It is the foundation of most modern fields of geometry,
including algebraic. Differential ,discrete and computational geometry
Usually the Cartesian coordinate system is applied to manipulate equations for planes, straight
lines, and squares, often in two and sometimes in three dimensions. Geometrically, one studies
the Euclidean plane (two dimensions) and Euclidean space (three dimensions) As taught in
school books, analytic geometry can be explained more simply: it is concerned with defining and
representing geometrical shapes in a numerical way and extracting numerical information from
shapes' numerical definitions and representations. That the algebra of the real numbers can be
employed to yield results about the linear continuum of geometry relies on the Cantor-Dedekind
axiom.