Estimation of Hardness

Estimation of total, permanent and temporary hardness of water
(EDTA method)
Expt. No.:
Date:
Aim:
To estimate the amount of total, permanent and temporary hardn n the
collected sample of water. A standard solution of ……………. EDTA ed.
Principle:
Hardness in water is due to the presence of dissolve alts of calcium and
magnesium. It is unfit for drinking, bathing, washing a it also forms scales in
boilers. Hence it is necessary to estimate the a nt of hardness producing
substances present in the water sample. On is estimated, the amount of
chemicals required for the treatment of wate n be calculated.
The estimation of hardness is bas complexometric titration. Hardness of
water is determined by titrating with andard solution of ethylene diamine tetra
acetic acid (EDTA) which is a co xing agent. Since EDTA is insoluble in water,
the disodium salt of EDTA i t n for this experiment. EDTA can form four or six
coordination bonds with tal ion.
1. Total hard ss
Total h ness is due to the presence of bicarbonates, chlorides and
sulphat f cium and magnesium ions.
tal hardness of water is estimated by titrating the water sample against
ED using Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) indicator. Initially EBT forms a weak EBT-
2+
/Mg2+ wine red coloured complex with Ca2+/Mg2+ ions present in the hard water.
On addition of EDTA solution, Ca2+/Mg2+ ions preferably forms a stable EDTA-
Ca2+/Mg2+ complex with EDTA leaving the free EBT indicator in solution which is
steel blue in colour in the presence of ammonia buffer (mixture of ammonium
chloride and ammonium hydroxide, pH 10).
Eriochrome Black-T + Ca2+/Mg2+ Eriochrome Black-T-Ca2+/Mg2+
(Wine red)
Eriochrome Black-T-Ca2+/Mg2+ + EDTA EDTA-Ca2+/Mg2+ + Eriochrome Black-T

(Wine red) (Steel blue)
2. Temporary hardness
Temporary hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium nd
magnesium ions. It can be easily removed by boiling.
When water is boiled, temporary hardness produci stances
(bicarbonates) are precipitated as insoluble carbonates or droxides. This
precipitate can be removed by filtration. (The filtrate is used in th xt step)
Eriochrome Black-T + Ca2+/Mg2+ Eriochrome Blac T-Ca2+/Mg2+
(Wine )
Eriochrome Black-T-Ca2+/Mg2+ + EDTA E Ca2+/Mg2+ + Eriochrome Black-T

(Wine red) (Steel blue)
3. Permanent hardness
Permanent hardness is d the presence of chlorides and sulphates of
calcium and magnesium ions. s type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
The filtrate obtained fro bove step contains permanent hardness producing
substances and is est ated against EDTA using EBT indicator.
Procedure:
The b ette is filled with standard EDTA solution to the zero level, following
usual p tions.
1 Estimation of Total Hardness

20 ml of the given water sample is pipetted out into a clean conical flask. 5 ml
ammonia buffer and 2 drops of EBT indicator are added and titrated against EDTA
from the burette. The end point is the change of colour from wine red to steel blue.
The titration is repeated to get concordant titre value.
2. Estimation of Permanent Hardness
100 ml of the given sample of water is pipetted out into a clean beaker and
boiled for 20 minutes. It is then filtered to remove the precipitate formed due to the
decomposition of temporary hardness producing salts. The filtrate is made up to 100
ml in standard measuring flask (SMF) using distilled water.
20 ml of the made up solution is pipetted out into a conical flask, 5 m
ammonia buffer and 2 drops of EBT indicator are added and titrated against e
EDTA. The end point is the change of colour from wine red to steel blue. T ation
is repeated to get concordant titre value.
3. Temporary Hardness
The temporary hardness is calculated from the total and ermanent hardness.
Temporary Hardness = Total Hardness Perm ent Hardness
Result:
The collected water sample contains
Total hardness = ppm
Permanent hardness = ppm
Temporary hardness ppm
Titration-1 Estimation of Total Hardness
Standard EDTA vs Water sample

Volume of hard water Burette Reading Volume of EDTA Indicator
sample (ml) Initial Final solution
(ml)
Titration-2 Estimation of Perman t Hardness
Standard EDTA X Boiled water sample

Volume of boiled water Burette Readin Volume of EDTA Indicator
sample (ml) Initial nal solution
(ml)
Calculation
1 ml of 0.01 M EDTA 1 mg of CaCO3
V1 ml of EDTA V1 mg of CaCO3
Calculation of total hardness

Volume of EDTA solution consumed = ………… ml
Volume of hard water taken = …………. ml
Volume of EDTA solution consumed X1000

Total hardness = ppm
Volume of the hard water taken
= ………………….. ppm
Calculation of permanent hardness

Volume of EDTA solution consumed = ………… ml
Volume of boiled water taken = ……. ml
Volume of EDTA soluti nsumed X1000

Permanent Hardness = ppm
Volume of the d water taken
= ………… . ppm
Calculation of temporary ness

Temporary hardness of t ven sample of water = Total hardness - Permanent hardness
= ……………….. ppm
Viva Questions
1. What is hard water?
2. What is saline water?
3. Saline water is not hard water. Why?
4. Which causes hardness to water?
5. How is water classified based on the degree of hardness?
6. List the types of hardness present in water
7. State the salts responsible for temporary and permanent hardness o er
8. How is temporary hardness removed?
9. How is permanent hardness removed?
10. What is meant by softening of water?
11. How do you express the total hardness of water?
12. What is EDTA?
13. Why is disodium salt of EDTA preferred to ED r estimation of hardness?
14. What is a buffer solution? Give an exampl
15. Why is ammonium hydroxide-ammo m chloride buffer added during the
determination of hardness of wate
16. Why is the colour of solution red before titration and blue colour at the
end of titration?
17. What is ppm?
18. Why is hardnes f water expressed in terms of calcium carbonate
equivalent?
19. Mention th disadvantages of hard water for industrial purpose.
20. List the hods of determining hardness of water.
21. Wh t he significance of this experiment?

Estimation of Hardness

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Estimation of total, permanent and temporary hardness of water

Eriochrome Black-T-Ca2+/Mg2+ + EDTA EDTA-Ca2+/Mg2+ + Eriochrome Black-T

Eriochrome Black-T-Ca2+/Mg2+ + EDTA E Ca2+/Mg2+ + Eriochrome Black-T

1 Estimation of Total Hardness

Standard EDTA vs Water sample

Titration-2 Estimation of Perman t Hardness

Standard EDTA X Boiled water sample

Calculation of total hardness

Volume of EDTA solution consumed X1000

Calculation of permanent hardness

Volume of EDTA soluti nsumed X1000

Calculation of temporary ness

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