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Australian Safe Loading

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)

142 views125 pages

Australian Safe Loading

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AMSLOT Manual Index

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Australian Australian manual of safe loading,

Manual of Safe
Loading ocean transport and discharge
practices for dry bulk commodities
Index
Alumina
Ammonium Sulphate
Bauxite
Bentonite (Extremely Hygroscopic)
Cement
Cement Clinkers
Clay
Coal (See also Appendix II)
Coke
Diammonium Phosphate (D.A.P.)
Dolomite
Ferro Alloys
Ferrosilicon
Fly Ash
Granulated Slag
Gypsum
Hot Briquetted-Red Iron (H.B.I.)
Iron Ore
Iron Ore Pellets
Limesand
Limestone

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AMSLOT Manual Index

Magnesia (Deadburned)
to top Magnesite
Magnetite
Manganese Ore
Millscale - Iron Ore (Sinter Feed)
Mineral Concentrates
Monoammonium Phosphate (M.A.P.)
Muriate of Potash
Pencil Pitch
Phosphate Rock (Uncalcined)
Pig Iron
Potash
Quartzite
Salt
Scrap Metal
Soda Ash
Sugar
Sulphur
Talc
Triple Superphosphate
Urea
Woodpulp Pellets

to top Appendix I - Maritime Safety Card

Appendix I - Safety Checklist
Appendix I - Recommendations for Entering Enclosed Spaces Aboard Ships
Annex - Example of an Enclosed Space Entry Permit
Appendix II (a) - Bulk Coal Cargoes - Declaration by Shipper
Appendix II (b) - Coal
Annex - Emergency Schedule B 14
Appendix II (c) - Instructions to the Ship's Captain Transportations of Brown Coal
Briquettes
Appendix III - General Requirements for Carriage of Ferrosilicon
Appendix III - Gases Releases from Ferrosilicon Impurities When Water Is Added
Appendix III - Instructions - Quality Control Laboratory - Chemical Division
Appendix IV - Section 9 - Materials Possessing Chemical Hazards
Appendix V - Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI) - Recommended Loading and Carriage
Guidelines

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May 1999
Copyright AMSA

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Alumina

Manual of
Safe Loading
Alumina

CARGO Alumina
SPACE
DESCRIPTION Alumina is a fine, white odourless powder with little or no
moisture content that is used in the production of
aluminium, the preparation of paint and dyeing calico
print.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Fine powder N/A 0.92 - 1.28

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS As for sugar: no residual cargo, including dust, with
particular attention to coal, iron ore, sulphur and
phosphates. All loose rust and scale are to be removed.
Holds must be completely dry before surveyor will issue
certificate.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSMay be loaded in light rain with hatch lids on non-working
holds closed.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo space.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Alumina dust is very abrasive and 'gets into everything'.
Accordingly, take precautions to cover and protect
machinery accommodation and bilge wells from it. If wet,
alumina is unpumpable; good cover on bilge wells to
prevent ingress.
SPACE
CARRIAGE No special precautions.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Maintain protection of accommodation and machinery
against dust.
SPACE

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Alumina

CLEAN UP After discharge there must be a thorough double sweep

and cleaning of high frames and shedders. After hose
down, use portable pump to clear water from holds - not
the bilge pump.

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Ammonium Sulphate

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Ammonium Sulphate

Australian CARGO Ammonium Sulphate

Manual of Safe SPACE
Loading DESCRIPTION Fine granulated, off white or brown crystals. There may
be a slight ammonia like odour. Sulphate of ammonia is
Index a chemical fertilizer.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
2mm - 4mm 360(1) 1.0 - 1.15
SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Must be clean and absolutely dry.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONS Because it will cake and become corrosive when wet,
ammonium sulphate must not be worked in rain.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo space.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS No special precautions.
SPACE
CARRIAGE When carried in bulk a danger of heavy corrosion to
steelwork exists if moisture is introduced by
condensation, cargo sweating or hatch covers leaking.
Close attention must be given to hatch sealing. Do not
ventilate so as to keep moist air to ammonium.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal discharge practices. If cargo has hardened
trimming may be necessary to avoid formation of
overhanging cargo faces.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Holds must be thoroughly cleaned and washed out after
discharge to remove all traces of the cargo. This cargo is
soluble in water.

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Ammonium Sulphate

SPACE
(1) Angle of Repose varies with the source of the material. Refer to IMO Code of Safe
Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes, using the Angle of Repose provided by the Shipper.

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May 1999
Copyright AMSA

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Bauxite

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Bauxite
Australian
Manual of Safe
Loading CARGO Bauxite
Index SPACE
DESCRIPTION A brownish, yellow claylike and earthy mineral that is a
principal ore for aluminium production.

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
70/90% Lumps N/A 0.72 - 0.84
10/30% Powder

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Clean and dry with no cargo residue. Protect bilge wells
against ingress.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSMay be worked in light rain with non working hatches
closed.

SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS No special precautions.

SPACE
CARRIAGE No special precautions.

SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.

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Bauxite

SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep clean.

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Bentonite (Extremely Hydroscopic)

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Bentonite (Extremely Hydroscopic)

Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Bentonite (Extremely Hygroscopic)
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Bentonite is a clay, light fawn in colour. It is sometimes
processed for carriage by extrusion into pencil-like
shapes. Subsequent handling breaks the 'pencils' up into
varying lengths.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Dust to lumps
also pellets 300 to 400 (1) 1.2

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Clean and dry with no residue of previous cargo.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSMust be kept dry. Do not work in rain.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS A property of Bentonite is that it absorbs moisture and
becomes very slippery, making decks dangerous to walk
on. Spread sand on working areas. Cargo can be very
dusty. Persons involved in loading should wear protective
clothing, goggles, and facemasks. Bentonite swells
greatly on absorption of water.

SPACE
CARRIAGE Seal Hatches. No special precautions.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.
SPACE

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Bentonite (Extremely Hydroscopic)

CLEAN UP Residues will stick to bulkheads and should be scraped

off. When washing down make men aware of the slippery
surfaces.
SPACE
(1) Angle of Repose varies with the source of the material. Refer to IMO Code of Safe
Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes, using the Angle of Repose provided by the Shipper.

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Copyright AMSA

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Cement

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Cement
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Cement
Loading SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Cement is a finely ground powder which becomes almost
fluid in nature when aerated or significantly disturbed
thereby creating a very minimal angle of repose. After
loading is completed de-aeration occurs almost
immediately and the product settles into a stable mass.
Cement dust can be a major concern during loading and
discharge if the vessel is not specially designed as a
cement carrier or shore equipment is not fitted with
special dust control equipment.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Fine Powder N/A 0.78 - 0.83
SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Holds should be double swept clean and totally free of
any residues of previous cargoes. In the case of previous
cargoes being carbohydrate or starchy particularly sugar -
holds must be meticulously washed and dried. The
smallest amount of sugar can render the whole cargo
useless.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSDo not load in rain if not being loaded in a totally enclosed
system. Keep non working hatches dosed.
SPACE
LOADING Consideration should be given as to whether cement has
had sufficient time to settle before sailing and guidance
may be sought through the IMO Code of Safe Practice for
Solid Bulk Cargoes, Appendix C.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Ensure hold bilge wells are dry, taped up and made sift
proof. Protect machinery, accommodation, and equipment
from dust ingress. Persons involved in loading should
wear protective clothing, goggles and dust filter masks, if
not a closed circuit loading.
SPACE

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Cement

CARRIAGE Hatches must be sealed. Shut all vents and access ways.
DO NOT pump bilges in cement holds unless absolutely
necessary.
SPACE
DISCHARGE If using grabs and not discharging in a closed circuit
system ensure the vessel is again protected against dust
ingress and personnel are wearing the appropriate
protective clothing, goggles, and face masks.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Before washdown begins, holds, decks, houses,
machinery etc. should be thoroughly swept and all
residues removed. Pay particular attention to bilge wells
and framework in holds. Final clean up of equipment and
in particular portholes can be undertaken easily by wiping
down with a mild acid, such as vinegar, and then hosing
down.

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May 1999
Copyright AMSA

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Cement Clinkers

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Cement Clinkers
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Cement Clinkers
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Cement is formed by burning limestone with clay. This
burning produces rough cinderlumps that are later
crushed to a fine powder to produce cement. The rough
cinder lumps are called clinker and are shipped in this
form to avoid the difficulties of carrying cement powder.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Omm - 40mm N/A 0.61 - 0.84
SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Holds should be double swept clean and totally free of
any residues of previous cargoes. In the case of previous
cargoes being carbohydrate or starchy particularly
sugar-holds must be meticulously washed and dried. The
smallest amount of sugar can render the hold cargo
useless.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSDo not load in rain. Keep non working hatches closed.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Make sure bilge wells are dry; cover with burlap. Protect
machinery, accommodation, and equipment from dust
ingress. Persons involved in loading should wear
protective clothing, goggles and dust filter masks.
SPACE
CARRIAGE Hatches should be sealed. Shut all vents and access
ways. DO NOT pump bilge wells in cement holds unless
absolutely necessary.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Make sure that machinery, accommodation and
equipment is again protected from dust. Normal grab
discharge.

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Cement Clinkers

SPACE
CLEAN UP Before washdown begins, holds, decks, houses etc.
should be thoroughly swept and all residue removed.
Final clean up of equipment and in particular portholes
can be under-taken easily by wiping down with a mild
acid, such as vinegar, and then hosing down.

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Copyright AMSA

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Clay

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Clay
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Clay
Loading
Index SPACE
DESCRIPTION Clay is usually light to dark grey and comprises 10% soft
lumps and 90% soft grains. The material is usually moist
but not wet to the touch. Moisture is up to 18%.

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS

SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE

REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
0mm - 150mm N/A 0.66 - 1.34

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.

SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Holds should be clean, dry, and free of contamination.
Iron ore, rust and coal residues should be strictly guarded
against.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSDo not load in rain. Keep non working hatches closed.

SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Keep dry. The moisture content should be kept as low as
possible otherwise the material will go 'gluggy' and thus
extremely difficult to handle.
SPACE
CARRIAGE Seal hatches to keep cargo dry. No other special
precautions.
SPACE

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Clay

DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.

SPACE
CLEAN UP Scrape and sweep out hold carefully: clean bilge wells
before washing out.

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Copyright AMSA

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Coal (See also Appendix II)

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Coal (See also Appendix II)

Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Coal (See also Appendix II)
Loading
SPACE
Index
DESCRIPTION Coal is a natural, solid, combustible material consisting of
amorphous carbon and hydrocarbons.

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
mainly up to
N/A 0.79 - 1.53
50mm

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix B. Material hazardous in Bulk.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Holds should be swept clean and clear of residues of
previous cargoes.

SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSNo special precautions. Coal can be loaded in rain.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.

SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Make sure bilge wells are dean and covered with burlap.
Refer to Appendix II(b) and the general requirements for
carrying hazardous bulk cargoes contained in the IMO
Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes.

SPACE
CARRIAGE Ensure the requirements of the IMO Code of Safe
Practice of Solid Bulk Cargoes are complied with.

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Coal (See also Appendix II)

SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep clean and hose out.

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May 1999
Copyright AMSA

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Coke

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Coke
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Coke
Loading
Index SPACE
DESCRIPTION Coke is used in steelmaking as a heat energy source in
blast furnaces. The carbon it contains helps with the
reductive process that turns iron oxide into metallic iron.

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS

SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE

REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Fines up to
N/A 1.25 - 2.93
120mm

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.

SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Holds should be swept clean and dear of residues of
previous cargoes.
SPACE
No special precautions. Coke can be loaded in the rain.
WEATHER PRECAUTIONS

SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Coke is very light and will cubically fill holds. Cover bilge
wells with burlap. Coke will float and clog bilge lines,
strums and scuppers if precautions are not taken.

SPACE
CARRIAGE No special precautions.

SPACE

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Coke

DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.

SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep clean and wash clean. Watch for blocked bilge
wells and scuppers.

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Copyright AMSA

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Diammonium Phosphate (D.A.P.)

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Diammonium Phosphate (D.A.P.)

Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Diammonium Phosphate (D.A.P.)
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION DAP is a processed fertiliser designed for use on grain and with
other mixtures on cane and horticulture. It is odourless and
comes in the form of grey granules. Depending on source it can
be dusty.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
2mm - 4mm 350 - 400 (1) 1.10 - 1.20

SPACE
IMO Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess chemical
CLASSIFICATION hazard.
SPACE
HOLD Clean and dry with no residues of previous cargoes.
CLEANLINESS
SPACE
WEATHER DAP is hygroscopic and will harden and cake in high humidity.
PRECAUTIONS Do not work this cargo in rain and keep non-working hatches
closed.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the cargo
spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS No special precautions.
SPACE
CARRIAGE When carried in bulk, DAP in humid conditions will set hard in
the hold. Condensation, cargo sweating, and leaking hatch
covers must be carefully watched. Pay close attention to hatch
sealing and cargo ventilation.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge. Trimming will be necessary to avoid the
formation of overhanging cargo faces.
SPACE

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Diammonium Phosphate (D.A.P.)

CLEAN UP Holds must be swept clean and then washed out to remove all
traces of this cargo. Pay particular attention to bilge wells.
SPACE
(1) Angle of Repose varies with the source of the material. Refer to IMO Code of Safe
Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes, using the Angle of Repose provided by the Shipper.

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Copyright AMSA

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Dolomite

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Dolomite
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Dolomite
Loading
Index SPACE
DESCRIPTION Dolomite is a light yellow/brown coloured mineral stone,
which is very hard and compact. It is used in steelmaking
as part of a flux mix for producing slag; or a fettling for
containing molten metal in an open hearth. Dolomite fines
are used for the manufacture of refractory bricks.

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS

SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE

REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Fines up to
N/A 0.6 - 0.7
32mm
SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.

SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Sweep dean and clear of residues of previous cargoes.

SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSNo special precautions.

SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS No special precautions.

SPACE
CARRIAGE No special precautions.

SPACE

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Dolomite

DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.

SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep clean and hose out.

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Copyright AMSA

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Ferro Alloys

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Ferro Alloys
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Ferro Alloys
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Extremely heavy cargo. The most common ores in this
category are ferro-manganese; silica manganese and
ferrosilicon (which is dealt with separately).

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Fines to 300mm N/A 0.18 - 0.28

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.

SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Sweep clean and clear of previous cargoes.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSNo special precautions.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces. As the ore is extremely heavy care must be
exercised to ensure that loading is evenly spread across
tank tops to spread the weight. Do not let loader driver
pile ore in centre of hatch during loading.

SPACE
PRECAUTIONS No special precautions.
SPACE
CARRIAGE No special precautions.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Usually by electro-hydraulic grab.
SPACE

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Ferro Alloys

CLEAN UP Sweep clean and hose out.

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Copyright AMSA

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Ferrosilicon

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Ferrosilicon
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Ferrosilicon (containing more than 25% but less than
Loading
90% Silicon) (Including Briquettes) (See Also Appendix
Index III)
SPACE
DESCRIPTION Ferrosilicon is an extremely heavy cargo which, if it
comes into contact with moisture or water may evolve
hydrogen, a flammable gas which may form explosive
mixtures with air and may, under similar circumstances,
produce phosphine and arsine, which are highly toxic
gases.

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Fines to 300mm 0.48 - 0.72
N/A
Briquettes 0.65 - 0.90

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix B. Material possessing chemical hazards.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Must be absolutely clean and dry. Holds must be
inspected by an Australian Maritime Safety Authority
Surveyor, prior to loading.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSMust be kept absolutely dry. A certificate must be given to
the master by the shipper stating that the material has
been stored under cover but exposed to the weather for
not less than three days prior to shipment.
SPACE
LOADING Trim reasonably level to the boundaries of the cargo
spaces. Stow evenly across tank tops. Refer to Appendix
III and IMO Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Refer to Appendix III and IMO Code of Safe Practice for
Solid Bulk Cargoes.
SPACE
CARRIAGE Special precautions - refer to Appendix III.

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Ferrosilicon

SPACE
DISCHARGE Grab discharge - refer to Appendix III.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Double sweep clean - avoid using water because of
danger of gas.

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Copyright AMSA

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Fly Ash

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Fly Ash
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Fly Ash
Loading SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Fly Ash is a fine powder used as a partial cement replacement
material, which becomes almost fluid in nature when aerated or
significantly disturbed thereby creating a very minimal angle of
repose. After loading is completed deaeration occurs over
several hours and the material settles into a stable mass. Fly
Ash dust can be a major concern during loading and discharge
if the vessel is not specially designed as a powder carrier or if
the discharge equipment is not fitted with special dust control
mechanisms.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Fine Powder N/A 0.8 - 1.2
SPACE
IMO Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess chemical
CLASSIFICATION hazard.
SPACE
HOLD Holds should be double swept clean and totally free of any
CLEANLINESS residues of previous cargoes. In the case of previous cargoes
being carbohydrate or starchy particularly sugar, holds must be
meticulously washed and dried. The smallest amount of sugar
can render the whole cargo useless.
SPACE
WEATHER Do not load in rain if not being loaded in a totally enclosed
PRECAUTIONS system. Keep non-working hatches closed.
SPACE
LOADING Consideration should be given as to whether fly ash has had
sufficient time to settle before sailing and guidance may be
sought through the I.M.O. Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk
Cargoes, Appendix C.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Ensure hold bilge wells are dry, taped up and made sift proof.
Protect machinery, accommodation and equipment from dust
ingress. Persons involved in loading should wear protective
clothing, goggles and dust filter masks, if not a closed circuit
loading.
SPACE
CARRIAGE Hatches must be sealed. Shut all vents and access ways. DO
NOT pump bilges in fly ash holds unless absolutely necessary.

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Fly Ash

SPACE
DISCHARGE If using grabs and not discharging in a closed circuit system
ensure the vessel is again protected against dust ingress and
personnel are wearing the appropriate protective clothing,
goggles and facemasks. Protect the cargo from high humidity
and moisture (rain) ingress.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Before washdown begins, holds, decks, houses, machinery etc.
should be thoroughly swept. Pay particular attention to bilge
wells and framework in holds. Then hose down and discharge
in an appropriate manner. (The ash is not toxic; represents
Suspended Solids loading only).

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May 1999
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Granulated Slag

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Granulated Slag
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Granulated Slag
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION This is a residue from steelworks blast furnaces and has
a dirty grey, lumpy appearance.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Up to 5mm N/A 0.9

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Sweep clean.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSMay be loaded in the rain.

SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Slag dust is fine and has abrasive characteristics. Protect
bilge wells and machinery from dust. This material should
not be loaded hot.
SPACE
CARRIAGE No special requirements.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep clean.

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Gypsum

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Gypsum
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Gypsum
Loading
SPACE
Index
DESCRIPTION A natural Hydrated Calcium Sulphate. Insoluble in water.
It is loaded as a fine powder that "clags" into lumps up to
100mm. Gypsum is used in the production of cement,
tiles, plaster and plate glass. Average moisture content is
1% to 2%.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS

SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE

REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
0mm to 100mm N/A 0.67 - 0.78

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazards.

SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Double sweep and hose out after previous cargo.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSMay be worked in light rain - not heavy rain. Close
non-working hatches in rain.

SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS No special precautions.
SPACE
CARRIAGE No special precautions.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge. Gypsum has tendency to cling to
frames, ladders and shedder plates.

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Gypsum

SPACE
CLEAN UP Gypsum is not water-soluble and can be difficult to wash
down. Ensure that decks and holds are shovelled and
swept dean before hosing.

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Hot Briquetted-Red Iron (H.B.I.)

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Hot Briquetted-Red Iron (H.B.I.)

Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Hot Briquetted-Red Iron (H.B.I.) - (Important - see also
Loading Appendix V)
Index *Referred to in B.C. Code as "Direct Reduced Iron -
Briquettes, hot-moulded.
SPACE
DESCRIPTION HBI is a material derived from a densification process
whereby the direct reduced iron (DRI) feed material is
subjected to a hot moulding process by which briquettes
of iron are formed under pressure at a temperature
greater than 650C at time of moulding and has a density
greater than 5.0gms/cm"
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Briquettes 350 - 380 0.35
90mm x 60mm x (approx) (approx)
30mm
(approx)
SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix B. Material Hazardous in Bulk.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Holds must be clean and dry before receiving cargo, and
be free of foreign substances.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSCargo must be kept dry at all times. Loading must ceace
immediately with the onset of rain and hatches closed.
Loading systems must be run after rain so that
accumulations of water are dried off.
SPACE
LOADING Trim reasonably level in the boundaries of the cargo
spaces. The cargo should be loaded in layers of not more
than 2.0 metres deep to ensure that the concentration of
fines in the stow are minimised.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Refer to Appendix V and the IMO Code of Safe Practice
for Solid Bulk Cargoes.
SPACE
CARRIAGE For special precautions refer to Appendix V.
SPACE

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Hot Briquetted-Red Iron (H.B.I.)

DISCHARGE Usually Grab discharge - refer to Appendix V.

SPACE
CLEAN UP Accumulations of dust and fines should be removed as
soon as possible and the ship washed down, preferably
with fresh water.

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Iron Ore

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Iron Ore
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Iron Ore
Loading
SPACE
Index
DESCRIPTION Iron ore vanes in colour from dark grey to rusty red. It varies
in iron content from haematite, (high-grade ore) to iron stone
of the lower commercial ranges.

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS

SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE

REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Fines to 250mm N/A 0.29 - 0.80

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Sweep clean.
SPACE
WEATHER No special precautions. Can be loaded in the rain.
PRECAUTIONS
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to boundaries of the cargo
spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Iron ore cargoes may affect magnetic compasses. Normally,
loading rates are very high, preplanning of ballasting
operation is essential.
SPACE
CARRIAGE No special precautions necessary.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep clean.

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Iron Ore
May 1999
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Iron Ore Pellets

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Iron Ore Pellets

Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Iron Ore Pellets
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Pellets are approximately spherical lumps formed by
crushing iron ore into a powder. This iron oxide is formed
into pellets by using clay as a binder and then hardening
by firing in kilns at 13150.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
6mm - 19mm N/A 0.47

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Sweep clean. Make sure bilge wells are covered with
burlap.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSNo special requirements. Can be loaded in rain.

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Iron Ore Pellets
May 1999
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Limesand

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Limesand
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Limesand
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Limesand is a creamy white to light brown sand with a
high lime content. It is used as part of a flux in blast
furnaces after agglomeration with other fines in the sinter
plant.

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Fine particles 300 - 500 (1) 0.50 - 0.98

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.

SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Sweep clean and remove residue of previous cargo.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSNo special precautions. Can be loaded in rain.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.

SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Dry sand will run readily. Make sure hold bilge wells are
well protected and covered to prevent ingress.

SPACE
CARRIAGE No special requirements.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.
SPACE

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Limesand

CLEAN UP Sweep out and hose down.

SPACE
(1) Angle of Repose varies with the source of the material. Refer to IMO Code of Safe
Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes, using the Angle of Repose provided by the Shipper.

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Limestone

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Limestone
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Limestone
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Limestone varies in colour from cream through white to
medium dark grey. (When freshly broken).

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Fines to 75mm N/A 0.67 - 0.84

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Sweep clean.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSNo special requirements. Can be loaded in the rain.

SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Ensure hold bilge wells are well covered and protected to
prevent ingress.
SPACE
CARRIAGE No special requirements.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep out and hose down.

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Magnesia (Deadburned)

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Magnesia (Deadburned)
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Magnesia (Deadburned)
Loading SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Also known as deadburned magnesite, electrofused
magnesia, magnesite clinker and magnesia clinker. It is
manufactured in briquetted form and is usually white,
brown or grey. It is very similar in size, appearance and
handling to gravel and is dry and dusty. It is used for
refractory purposes.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Approx 30mm to
N/A 0.5
fines
SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard. Deadburned magnesia is natural
magnesite calcined at very high temperatures, which
results in a non-reactive magnesium oxide which does not
hydrate or produce spontaneous heat.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Holds must be very clean and dry as avoidance of
contamination is critical. Grain hold cleanliness conditions
are appropriate. Make sure bilge wells are dry and
covered.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSCargo must be kept dry and loading not to take place
during rain. Non-working hatches to be kept covered at all
times. Cargo must be kept free of any contaminating dust
during windy conditions.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Guard against any possible contamination from other part
cargoes. Prior to loading, a declaration should be
provided by the manufacturer or shipper, stating that the
material has been sufficiently heat treated and is ready for
shipment.
SPACE

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Magnesia (Deadburned)

CARRIAGE Tape all hatches. Guard against condensation and other

water contamination.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge with above weather precautions to
apply.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep clean and hose out.

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Magnesite

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Magnesite
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Magnesite
Loading
SPACE
Index
DESCRIPTION Magnesite is white to yellow in colour. It is dry and dusty
and is used in the manufacture of refractory bricks.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Fines to dust N/A 0.7

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Holds must be very clean. Magnesite is very susceptible
to contamination. Where possible wash out with fresh
water. Make sure holds are dry before loading. Make sure
bilge wells are dry and covered.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSCargo must be kept dry. Do not load in rain and keep
non-working hatches covered at all times.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS After loading cover cargo with clean tarpaulins.
SPACE
CARRIAGE Tape all hatches. Guard against condensation.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge. Do not work in rain.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep clean and hose out.

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Magnesite

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Magnetite

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Magnetite
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Magnetite
Loading
SPACE
Index Very fine black mineral that is used in coal washing
DESCRIPTION
plants.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE T.M.L. ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Fines 9.2% N/A 0.33 - 0.57

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix A. Material that may liquefy.

SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Holds must be absolutely clean and free of all residues
from previous cargoes. Preferably washed out. Ensure
bilge wells are clean and covered with burlap.

SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSNo special requirements, may be worked in rain.

SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS If cargo appears excessively wet before loading, it should
be tested for flow characteristics. Refer to IMO Code of
Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes.
SPACE
CARRIAGE Check holds frequently for any signs of liquefaction.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep clean and wash out.

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Magnetite

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Maganese Ore

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Manganese Ore
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Maganese Ore
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Manganese ore is black to brownish black in colour. It is a
very heavy cargo and is used in the steelmaking process
to harden steel.

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Fine dust to fines - 0.47
N/A
lumps lumps - 0.5

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to Hquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Double sweep clean of other cargo residue. If chrome ore
has previously been carried all traces of it must be
removed before loading manganese ore. The smallest
amount of chrome ore can render a parcel of manganese
ore useless.

SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSNo special requirements. Can be loaded in the rain.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Because of the heavy nature of the ore it is necessary to
ensure that weight distribution is evenly spread over the
tank tops. Protective clothing should be worn, including
goggles and face masks, by persons involved in, loading
and discharge.

SPACE
CARRIAGE No special precautions.

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Maganese Ore

SPACE
DISCHARGE By grab. Usually electro-hydraulic grabs are used.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep clean and hose out.

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Millscale - Iron Ore (Sinter Feed)

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Millscale - Iron Ore (Sinter Feed)

Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Millscale - Iron Ore (Sinter Feed)
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Millscale is an oxide or iron which is recycled as small
grey flakes as a ferrous feed for the sinter plant.

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Small flakes N/A 0.44
6mm to fine grit

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix A. Material which may liquefy. NOTE: Very fine
particle shipments should be treated as concentrates
under Appendices A and B contained in the IMO Code of
Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes.

SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Double sweep clean.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSCan be loaded in rain.
SPACE
LOADING This cargo must be trimmed reasonably level to the
boundaries of the cargoes spaces.

SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Usually the cargo is drained before shipment. If not then
tests must be made to determine the T.M.L. before
loading commences.

SPACE
CARRIAGE Check frequently that the cargo is not becoming fluid.

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Millscale - Iron Ore (Sinter Feed)

SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep clean and hose out.

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Mineral Concentrates

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Mineral Concentrates
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Mineral Concentrates
Loading ● Zinc Concentrates
Index ● Lead Concentrates
● Copper Concentrates
● Low Grade Middlings Concentrates
● Pyrites
SPACE
DESCRIPTION Mineral concentrates are refined ores in which the
valuable components have been enriched by eliminating
the bulk of waste materials. Generally the particle size is
small although agglomerates sometimes exist in
concentrates which have not been freshly produced. In
some concentrates, oxidation may cause self-heating.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
T.M.L. ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
90% of flow 0.35 - 0.60 A.
moisture
point. Values can
vary
over a large
range.
SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Refer to Metal Sulphide Concentrates in Appendix B of
IMO Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Sweep clean and clear of residues of previous cargo.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSMay be loaded and discharged in light rain, unless flow
moisture point is very low.
SPACE

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Mineral Concentrates

PRECAUTIONS Beware of oxidation. Ventilate and test atmosphere

before entry into holds. Breathing apparatus should be
used. Refer to IMO Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk
Cargoes. As particle size, T.M.L., and possibility of
oxidation and self heating are vital factors in the carriage
of concentrates, the Master must ensure that he has all
relevant information before loading from the shipper.

Shipments of Metal Sulphide Concentrates from newly

developed sources should be notified to the Australian
Maritime Safety Authority together with a form setting out
the detailed mineralogical description, chemical analysis,
angle of repose, T.M.L. and history in stockpile etc. For
these shipments, the AMSA Surveyor may require the
Master to perform temperature monitoring of the cargo
during carriage.
SPACE
CARRIAGE Ensure that hatches are watertight. Tape seams if
necessary. Keep a careful check that cargo is not
becoming fluid. The cargo should not be ventilated.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep and wash clean.

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Monoammonium Phosphate (M.A.P.)

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Monoammonium Phosphate (M.A.P.)

Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Monoammonium Phosphate (M.A.P.)
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION MAP is a processed fertiliser designed for use on grain
and oilseed crops. It is odourless and comes in the form
of brownish-grey granules. It can be very dusty.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
2mm - 4mm 350 - 400 (1) 1.0 - 1.1

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Clean and dry with no residues of previous cargoes.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSMAP is hygroscopic and will harden and cake in high
humidity. Do not load in rain and keep non working
hatches closed.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargoes reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Personnel should wear protective clothing and goggles.
SPACE
CARRIAGE Bulk MAP has PH of 4.5 and with high moisture content
can be corrosive. Condensation, cargo sweating and
leaking hatch covers must be carefully watched. Pay
close attention to hatch sealing and cargo ventilation. This
cargo will decompose burlap or canvas cloth covering
bilge wells. Continuous carriage may have detrimental
structural effects over a long period of time.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge practices. Trimming may be
necessary to avoid the formation of overhanging cargo
faces.
SPACE

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Monoammonium Phosphate (M.A.P.)

CLEAN UP Holds must be swept clean and then washed out to

remove all traces of this cargo. Pay particular attention to
bilge wells.
SPACE
(1) Angle of Repose varies with the source of the material. Refer to IMO Code of Safe
Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes, using the Angle of Repose provided by the Shipper.

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Muriate of Potash

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Muriate of Potash
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Muriate of Potash
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Brown, pink or white in colour, muriate of potash is
produced in granular crystals for use in fertilizers. It
is odourless.

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Granular 2mm -
4mm 350 - 400+ (1) 0.9 - 1.0

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Sweep clean and ensure holds are dry.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONS Muriate of potash is hygroscopic and will cake if wet.
Do not load in rain and close non working hatches.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS No special precautions.
SPACE
CARRIAGE Seal hatches to prevent water ingress. Carry out
normal ventilation practices.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge. Trimming may be necessary
to avoid the formation of overhanging cargo faces.
SPACE

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Muriate of Potash

CLEAN UP Muriate of potash is corrosive when wet. Sweep

clean and thoroughly wash out holds and bilge wells.
SPACE
(1) Angle of Repose varies with the source of the material. Refer to IMO Code of Safe
Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes, using the Angle of Repose provided by the Shipper.

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Pencil Pitch

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Pencil Pitch
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Pencil Pitch
Loading SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Pencil pitch is made from Tar produced during the coking
of coal. It is black with a distinctive odour. It is extruded
into its characteristic pencil shape to make handling
easier.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
9mm diameter 220 - 380 (1) 1.25 - 2.0
and up
to 0.7cm long
SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix B. Material possessing chemical hazards. Melts
when heated; combustible; dust may cause skin and eye
irritation.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Holds must be absolutely clean and clear of all traces of
previous cargoes.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSCargo must be kept dry. Keep non-working hatches
closed. Do not load in rain or high winds. To avoid skin
and eye irritations cargo should only be loaded at night.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to boundaries of cargo
spaces.
SPACE

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Pencil Pitch

PRECAUTIONS General Precautions to be observed:

1. Permission to load is not required. However, it is
prudent to have an independent surveyor to attend.
2. Holds should be washed out and dry before
loading.
3. Loading/Discharging should be during hours of
darkness only.
4. Loading/Discharging is to be stopped during rain
and hold covered.
5. Personnel engaged in loading are to be supplied
with approved protective clothing and goggles.
6. Eyewashes and sun screen creams are to be
readily available.
7. Keep personnel in area of loading to minimum.
Make sure that they are aware of all the hazards
involved.
8. Personnel engaged in the handling of pencil pitch
should wash well and keep out of the sun for a few
days.
9. Close the hatch after each nights work and hose
down the ship to remove all dust.
10. If wind is blowing dust about it is recommended
that loading or discharging should cease.
11. Clean up all spillages about the decks whilst it is
still dark.
12. Accommodation ventilation should be dosed. Air
conditioning systems should be on re-cycle mode
when this cargo is being handled - either loading or
discharging.
SPACE
CARRIAGE Tape hatches. Check for condensation.
SPACE
DISCHARGE By grab. Should be at night only. Wash ship down
frequently to keep dust to an absolute minimum.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Wash down holds and whole of ship thoroughly.
SPACE
(1) Angle of Repose varies with the source of the material. Refer to IMO Code of Safe
Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes, using the Angle of Repose provided by the Shipper.

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Phosphate Rock (Uncalcined)

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Phosphate Rock (Uncalcined)

Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Phosphate Rock (Uncalcined)
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Phosphate rock is an ore in which phosphorus and
oxygen are chemically united. Depending on the source, it
is tan to dark grey, dry and dusty. It is used in the
manufacture of Superphosphate.

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Lumps to powder N/A 0.70 - 0.80

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.

SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Sweep clean.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSNo special precautions. Can be worked in the rain.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.

SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Depending on its source this cargo may have a low angle
of repose, but once settled it is not liable to shift.
Personnel should wear protective clothing, goggles and
face masks during loading and discharge.

SPACE
CARRIAGE No special precautions required.

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Phosphate Rock (Uncalcined)

SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep residue and then wash vessel down.

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May 1999
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Pig Iron

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Pig Iron
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Pig Iron
Loading SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Foundry pig iron is cast in 28 grades into 20kg
pigs. Each pig in Australia is approximately 540mm
x 160mm x 67mm. Overseas, pigs might be slightly
smaller. In a random heap, pig iron occupies
approximately 50% of the apparent volume.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
See above N/A 0.28 - 0.30
SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Sweep clean. Clean out bilge wells and cover with
burlap.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONS May be loaded in rain.
SPACE
LOADING Make sure stow is level and brows are in a straight
line athwartships.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Check vessel stability and stresses. Refer to notes
below.
SPACE
CARRIAGE No special precautions. Check lashings, if any,
regularly.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Usually by magnet.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep clean.
SPACE

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Pig Iron

Pig iron is usually loaded from tubs. These are lowered by a crane into the hold and
the contents spilled out. The first few tubs should be lowered onto the tank top to avoid
damage. Bulldoze under overhangs and into the wings.

Separation of grades is an important consideration and adequate, suitable material

should be on hand for this.

Methods of grade separation (within one hold) are:

. Stow different grades at opposite ends of hold.
b. Separate grades using steel products or bolsters or pig tubs (preferably full).
c. Use chicken wire (double run) and plastic over the overstowed grade if
overstow is unavoidable.
d. Never stow an "F" grade and an "SP" grade in the same hatch in bulk.
Grade separation should be, preferably, by a vertical face athwartships, rather than a
horizontal separation. Mark each grade carefully and ensure that trucks servicing each
hold are accurately marked.

The grades are marked with white cloth labels, the grade numbers printed in black. If
more than one grade is loaded in a hold cover each grade as it is completed to avoid
mixing from spillage.

When the cargo is loaded, bulldozers are used to level the stow from wing to wing and
also substantially fore and aft.

To avoid undue stiffness, pig iron, if possible, should be stowed in the 'tween decks' in
tubs or bolsters. The amount depending on the ships stability requirements, bolsters or
tubs available and 'tween deck loading limitations. Any bolsters or tubs stowed on
steel decks require dunnage under them and suitable lashings.
Carriage

No special precautions are necessary during carriage apart from checking any
lashings regularly.
Discharge

Discharge of pig iron is by magnet, or by hand in some overseas ports.

Adjacent grades should be covered when working a magnet to avoid stray pigs mixing.
Care is required when approaching separations as the magnets will tear through
chicken wire easily.

When discharging into trucks, check for residues of other pig that might remain in the
trucks. Ensure trucks are clearly marked with the grade they are carrying and the hold
they are working.

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May 1999
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Potash

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Potash
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Potash
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Brown, pink or white in colour, potash is produced
in granular crystals for use in fertilisers and soaps.
It is odourless.

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Powder - 4mm 330 (1) 0.77 - 1.03

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.

SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Sweep clean and ensure holds are dry.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONS Potash is hygroscopic and will cake if wet. Do not
load in rain and close non-working hatches.

SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of
the cargo spaces.

SPACE
CARRIAGE Seal hatches to prevent water ingress. Carry out
normal ventilation practices.

SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.
SPACE

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Potash

CLEAN UP Potash is mildly corrosive. Sweep clean and

thoroughly wash out holds and bilge wells.

SPACE
(1) Angle of Repose varies with the source of the material. Refer to IMO Code of Safe
Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes, using the Angle of Repose provided by the Shipper.

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May 1999
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Quartzite

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Quartzite
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Quartzite
Loading
SPACE
Index
DESCRIPTION Quartzite is a compact, granular, metamorphosed
sandstone containing quartz. It is white to grey in colour
and its size varies from large rocks to pebbles. It may also
be shipped in semi-crushed and graded sizes.

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
10mm - 200mm N/A 0.64

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.

SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Sweep clean.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSMay be loaded in rain.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.

SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Dust is very abrasive. Operators should wear goggles and
face masks.

SPACE
CARRIAGE No special precautions required.

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Quartzite

SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Double sweep out before wash down.

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May 1999
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Salt

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Salt
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Salt
Loading
Index SPACE
DESCRIPTION Fine white grains.

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS

SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE

REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Grains to 12mm N/A 0.81 -1.12

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.

SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS No residue from other cargoes. All loose rust and scale is
to be removed. Shippers may require holds to be limed
washed with slake lime to surveyors satisfaction of
cleanliness.

SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSSalt is water soluble and must be kept dry.

SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS No special requirements.

SPACE
CARRIAGE Seal hatches and avoid excessive condensation.

SPACE

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Salt

DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.

SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep clean and wash out.

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May 1999
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Scrap Metal

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Scrap Metal
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Scrap Metal
Loading SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION "Scrap" iron or steel covers an enormous range of ferrous
metals, principally intended for recycling.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPO SE FACTOR
m3/t
Varies N/A Varies
SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard. The shipper is required to declare in
writing that the cargo does not include borings, shavings,
turnings or cuttings in a form susceptible to self heating.
NOTE When cargo contains SWARF (fine metal turnings)
refer to Appendix B of the Code of Safe Practice for Solid
Bulk Cargoes.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Sweep clean.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSNo special precautions. May be loaded in rain.
SPACE
LOADING Refer to Note below.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Refer to Note below.
SPACE
CARRIAGE Do not pump bilge wells unless absolutely necessary
because of possibility of oil seepage.
SPACE
DISCHARGE By magnet or spider grab.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Make sure that oil spillages, if any, are cleaned from tank
tops and bilge wells before wash down.
SPACE

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Scrap Metal

NOTE:

"Scrap" iron or steel covers an enormous range of ferrous metals principally intended
for recycling. Scrap is very important in steelmaking and thousands of tonnes of it are
used in furnaces every year.

Handling of scrap varies from magnets to spider grabs, depending usually on the size
of material. Unless the content of a scrap cargo is particularly mentioned, the ship's
officers should expect anything. This may include articles from the size of car bodies
to fine metal turnings swarf . The weight of individual pieces will also vary greatly,
ranging from heavy machinery to tin cans.

Special charter arrangements usually cover ships carrying scrap.

Swarf is liable to spontaneous combustion. See entry for ferrous metal in Appendix B
of the IMO Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes.
Loading

If swarf is included in the cargo a surveyor may attend.

Before loading, the holds should be prepared as per general loading practice and any
areas liable to be damaged by the falling scrap should be protected with dunnage.
This includes decks and coamings in way of the material's path to the holds.
Removing the ship's side rails may be advisable.

A layer of scrap should be carefully placed over the tank top in the square to cushion
any fall out. Magnet and grab drivers should be instructed not to release their loads
too high above the pile.

The usual method of loading is to form a pile along the ship's centre line and use the
slope to roll material into the ends and sides. Every effort must be made to work the
wings and ends to evenly distribute the weight. If this is not done, the light high volume
pieces will roll to the wings and the small heavy pieces will concentrate in the square.

A certain amount of dirt and oil can be expected from old machinery so it is advisable
to check overboard discharges if pumping bilge wells is contemplated. Broken glass
and sharp jagged edges should be avoided by men working near scrap.

A draft survey will inevitably follow completion of the cargo to ascertain tonnage lifted,
especially when loaded from a stockpile. Before hatches are closed, check to see that
no sharp projections could possibly pierce the ship's side.
During Carriage

No special care is required. Do not pump bilge wells unless absolutely necessary,
because of possible oil seepage.
During Discharge

Protect the decks, etc. from fall out. Make sure the crew are aware of broken glass
and sharp edges when cleaning up. Clean up any oil spillages on the tank top or in the
bilge wells. Check carefully for damage.

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May 1999
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Soda Ash

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Soda Ash
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Soda Ash
Loading
Index SPACE
DESCRIPTION Soda ash is composed of white, odourless, sugar like
grains and dust. It is made by the combustion of salt and
limestone. It is used in the manufacture of glass, paper
and detergents.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS

SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE

REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Less than 1mm N/A 0.95 - 1.2

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.

SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Clean and dry and absolutely free of other cargo residue.

SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSDo not work in rain; close hatches that are not being
worked.

SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Soda ash is ruined on contact with oil. It will strip paint
and slowly corrode aluminium if wet. Soda ash is dry and
very dusty so hatch openings during loading should be
kept to a minimum.
SPACE
CARRIAGE Seal hatches. No special precautions.

SPACE

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Soda Ash

DISCHARGE Normally by suction. Can also be by grab.

SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep clean. Residue can be pumped as a slurry during
wash out.

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May 1999
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Sugar

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Sugar
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Sugar
Loading
Index SPACE
DESCRIPTION Depending on type, sugar may be either brown or white
granules, with a very low moisture content to the order of
0% to 0.05%.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS

SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE

REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Up to 3mm N/A 1.0 - 1.6

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.

SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Holds must be clean from previous cargo. Rust scale and
flaking paint removed. Wash out and have dry for
surveyors inspection.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSSugar is highly soluble and therefore must not be worked
in rain. Cover holds that are not being worked.

SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS No special requirements.

SPACE
CARRIAGE Must be kept dry. Seal hatches if leaks are suspected. Do
not ventilate on passage to avoid salt contamination and
variations in moisture content which might cause drying
out and "caking" or an unacceptable moisture increase.

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Sugar

SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.

SPACE
CLEAN UP Double sweep clean and then hose out.

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May 1999
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Sulphur

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Sulphur
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Sulphur
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Bright yellow elemental formed sulphur in bulk is imported
from Canada and U.S. West Coast.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE IMO CLASS ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Slate to 4.1 350 - 400(1) 0.85 - 0.95
10mm
granules &
prills
to 5mm

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix B. Material hazardous in bulk. Easily ignited by
external sources. Not liable to liquefy.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Must be thoroughly clean and washed with fresh water.
Holds should be limewashed on trimming plates and tank
tops. Upper sections should have sound coating of paint.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSNo special precautions can be worked in the rain.
SPACE
LOADING Sulphur is loaded in a damp or wet condition. Trim cargo
reasonably level to the boundaries of the cargo spaces.
SPACE
CARRIAGE Seal hatches tightly. Remove ALL fuses serving holds
and adjacent spaces. Any hold ventilators should have
spark arresting screens fitted. Pump bilge wells regularly
to prevent accumulation of water/acid solution.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.
SPACE

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Sulphur

CLEAN UP There is a possibility of dust explosion, especially after

discharge and during cleaning. It is strongly
recommended that holds are washed out with fresh water
and NOT swept. Ensure that all residues are washed
away and the holds thoroughly dried. Wet dust or
residues will form highly corrosive sulphurous acid, which
is extremely dangerous to personnel and will, of course,
corrode steel.
SPACE
(1) Angle of Repose varies with the source of the material. Refer to IMO Code of Safe
Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes, using the Angle of Repose provided by the Shipper.

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Talc

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Talc
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Talc
Loading
Index SPACE
DESCRIPTION Talc is an extremely soft, whitish, green or greyish
hydrated magnesium silicate. It has a characteristic
soapy, or greasy feel. Talc is used as a filler, coating,
pigment, dusting agent and in ceramics, rubber, plastics,
lubricants and talcum powders.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS

SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE

REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
<12mm N/A 0.7

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.

SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Sweep clean.

SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSNo special precautions. Can be loaded in the rain.

SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces as talc may shift - particularly in smaller
vessels.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS No special precautions.

SPACE
CARRIAGE No special precautions.

SPACE

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Talc

DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.

SPACE
CLEAN UP Sweep clean and hose out.

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May 1999
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Triple Superphosphate

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Triple Superphosphate
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Triple Superphosphate
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION Triple Superphosphate is a fertilizer used for grain crops,
sugar cane and pastures. It is also used in other fertilizer
blends. It is granular form, dark grey in colour and,
depending on its source, can be dusty.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
2mm - 4mm 300 - 350 1.10 - 1.20

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Must be dean and absolutely dry.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSTriple Superphosphate is hygroscopic and will harden and
cake if wet. Do not load in rain and keep non working
hatches closed.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Hold trimming plates and tank tops should be lime
washed to prevent corrosion.
SPACE
CARRIAGE When carried in bulk a danger of add corrosion to
steelwork exists if moisture is introduced by
condensation, cargo heating or hatch covers leaking.
Close attention must be given to hatch sealing and cargo
ventilation. This cargo will decompose burlap or canvas
cloth covering bilge wells.
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge practices. If cargo has hardened
trimming may be necessary to avoid the formation of
overhanging cargo faces.
SPACE

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Triple Superphosphate

CLEAN UP Holds, steel surfaces, deck machinery etc. should be

thoroughly swept clean and then washed down. Pay
particular attention to bilge wells.
SPACE
(1) Angle of Repose varies with the source of the material. Refer to IMO Code of Safe
Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes, using the Angle of Repose provided by the Shipper.

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Urea

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Urea
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Urea (up to 46% Nitrogen)
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION White, granular, odourless commodity that resembles
sugar in appearance, hygroscopic - may be treated with
dolomite or phosphate rock to reduce hygroscopicity.
Urea is used for fertilizer; animal feed and chemical.
Moisture content is less than 1%. Gives off ammonia
odour.

SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
2mm - 4mm 280 - 450 (1) 1.2 - 1.3

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix C. Neither liable to liquefy nor to possess
chemical hazard.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Thoroughly sweep clean and then hose out and dried.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSMust be kept dry. Do not load in the rain.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
CARRIAGE Urea must be kept dry. Use tape to seal hatches. Do not
ventilate so as to keep moist air to a minimum
SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge. Trimming may be necessary to
avoid formation of overhanging cargo faces.
SPACE

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Urea

CLEAN UP Urea does not corrode steel but in a water solution may
strip paintwork. Sweep, hose out and dry holds.
SPACE
(1) Angle of Repose varies with the source of the material. Refer to IMO Code of Safe
Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes, using the Angle of Repose provided by the Shipper.

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Woodpulp Pellets

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Woodpulp Pellets
Australian
Manual of Safe
CARGO Woodpulp Pellets
Loading
SPACE
Index DESCRIPTION The pellets are brown in colour; very hard and cannot be
easily squashed. They are light and are about half the
size of a bottle cork. The pellets are made of compacted
woodchips.
SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIZE ANGLE OF STOWAGE
REPOSE FACTOR
m3/t
Approx. 15mm x
N/A 3.07
20mm

SPACE
IMO CLASSIFICATION Appendix B. M.H.B. - material possessing chemical
hazard. Some shipments may be subject to oxidation
leading to depletion of oxygen and increase of carbon
dioxide in cargo and adjacent spaces.
SPACE
HOLD CLEANLINESS Clean and dry with no residue of previous cargo.
SPACE
WEATHER PRECAUTIONSNo special precautions. May be loaded in rain.
SPACE
LOADING Trim cargo reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo spaces.
SPACE
PRECAUTIONS Refer to Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes.
Separate as for Class 4.1 materials as woodchips can be
easily ignited by external sources; is readily combustible
and can ignite by friction. Entry of personnel into cargo
spaces is not permitted until all safety precautions have
been taken. In dry weather, dust which settles on deck,
will dry out quickly and is easily ignited by naked flame,
e.g. cigarette; no smoking or naked flame is to be
permitted in vicinity of loading operation.

SPACE

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Woodpulp Pellets

CARRIAGE Keep well ventilated.

SPACE
DISCHARGE Normal grab discharge.
SPACE
CLEAN UP Double sweep clean and wash out.

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May 1999
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Appendix I - Maritime Safety Card

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Appendix I - Maritime Safety Card

Australian Appendix ISPACE
Manual of Safe Maritime Safety Card
Loading (entering cargo spaces, tanks pump rooms, fuel tanks, cofferdams, duct keels,
ballast tanks and similar enclosed compartments).SPACE
Index
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
Do not enter an enclosed space unless authorised by the master or a responsible
officer and only after all the appropriate safety checks listed overleaf have been
carried out.

The atmosphere in any enclosed space may be incapable of supporting human life. It
may be lacking in oxygen content or contain flammable or toxic gases. This also
applies to tanks which have been inerted.

The master or a responsible officer MUST ensure that it is safe to enter an enclosed
space by:
1. ensuring that the space has been thoroughly ventilated by natural or
mechanical means;
2. testing the atmosphere of the space at different levels for oxygen deficiency
and harmful vapour where suitable instruments are available; and
3. requiring breathing apparatus to be worn by all persons entering the space
where there is any doubt as to the adequacy of ventilation or testing before
entry.SPACE
WARNING

Where it is known that the atmosphere in an enclosed space is unsafe, it should only
be entered when it is essential or in an emergency. All the safety checks overIeaf
should be carried out before entry and breathing apparatus must be worn.
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING

It is important that all those entering an enclosed space wear suitable clothing and that
they make use of protective equipment which may be provided on board for their
safety. Access ladders and surfaces within the space may be slippery and suitable
footwear should be worn. Safety helmets protect against falling objects and, in
confined space, against bumps. Loose clothing, which is likely to catch on
obstructions, should be avoided. Additional precautions are necessary where there is
a risk of contact with harmful chemicals. Safety harnesses, belts and lifelines should
be worn and used where there is any danger of falling from a height.

There may be additional safety instructions on board the ship - make sure that they
are made well known to all concerned.

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Appendix I - Maritime Safety Card
May 1999
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Appendix I - Safety Check List

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Appendix I - Safety Check List

Australian Appendix I
Manual of Safe Maritime Safety Card
Loading (extract from IMO Code of Safety Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes, 1999).
Index SAFETY CHECK LIST

Before entering any enclosed space all the appropriate safety checks listed below
must be carried out by the master or responsible officer and by the person who is to
enter the space.
SECTION 1 - To be checked by the master or responsible officer

1.1 Has the space been thoroughly ventilated and, where testing equipment is
available, has the space been tested and found safe for entry?

1.2 Have arrangements been made to continue ventilation during occupancy of the
space and at intervals during breaks?

1.3 Are rescue and resuscitation equipment available for immediate use beside the
compartment entrance?

1.4 Have arrangements been made for a responsible person to be in constant

attendance at the entrance to the space?

1.5 Has a system of communication between the person at the entrance and those in
the space been agreed?

1.6 Are access and illumination adequate?

1.7 Are portable lights or other equipment to be used of an approved type?

When the necessary safety precautions in Section 1 have been taken, this card should
be handed to the person who is to enter the space for completion.
SECTION 2 -To be checked by the person who is to enter the space

2.1 Have instructions or permission been given by the master or a responsible officer
to enter the enclosed tank or compartment?

2.2 Has Section 1 been completed as necessary?

2.3 Are you aware you should leave the space immediately in the event of failure of
the ventilation system?

2.4 Do you understand the arrangements made for communication between yourself
and the responsible person in attendance at the entrance to the space?

SECTION 3 - Where breathing apparatus is to be used, this section must be

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Appendix I - Safety Check List

checked jointly by the responsible officer and the person who is to enter the
space.

3.1 Are you familiar with the apparatus to be used?

3.2 Has the apparatus been tested as follows?

1. Gauge and capacity of air supply

2. Low pressure audible alarm

3. Face mask - air supply and tightness

3.3 Has the means of communication been tested and emergency signals agreed?

Where instructions have been given that a responsible person be in attendance at the
entrance to the compartment, the person entering the space should show their
completed card to that person before entering. Entry should then only be permitted
provided all the appropriate questions have been correctly checked.

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Appendix I - Recommendations for Entering Enclosed Spaces Aboard Ships

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Appendix I - Recommendations for Entering Enclosed Spaces

Aboard Ships
Australian
Manual of Safe
Loading Appendix I
Index Recommendations for Entering Enclosed Spaces Aboard Ships

PREAMBLE

The object of these recommendations is to encourage the adoption of safety

procedures aimed at preventing casualties to ships personnel entering enclosed
spaces where there may be an oxygen deficient, flammable and/or toxic atmosphere.

Investigations into the circumstances of casualties that have occurred have shown that
accidents on board ships are in most cases caused by an insufficient knowledge of, or
disregard for, the need to take precautions rather than a lack of guidance.

The following practical recommendations apply to all types of ships and provide
guidance to seafarers. It should be noted that on ships where entry into enclosed
spaces may be infrequent, for example, on certain passenger ships or small general
cargo ships, the dangers may be less apparent and, accordingly, there may be a need
for increased vigilance.

The recommendations are intended to complement national laws or regulations,

accepted standards or particular procedures which may exist for specific trades, ships
or types of shipping operations.

It may be impracticable to apply some recommendations to particular situations. In

such cases, every endeavour should be made to observe the intent of the
recommendations, and attention should be paid to the risks that may be involved.
1. INTRODUCTION
The atmosphere in any enclosed space may be deficient in oxygen and/or
contain flammable and/or toxic gases or vapours. Such an unsafe atmosphere
could also subsequently occur in a space previously found to be safe. Unsafe
atmosphere may also be present in spaces adjacent to those spaces where a
hazard is known to be present
2. DEFINITIONS
2.1 "Enclosed space" means a space which has any of the following
characteristics:

.1 limited openings for entry and exit;

.2 unfavourable natural ventilation; and

.3 is not designed for continuous worker occupancy,

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and includes, but is not limited to, cargo spaces, double bottoms, fuel tanks,
pump-rooms, compressor rooms, cofferdams, void spaces, duct keels,
inter-barrier spaces, engine crankcases and sewage tanks.

.2.2 "Competent person" means a person with sufficient theoretical

knowledge and practical experience capable of making an informed
assessment of the likelihood of a dangerous atmosphere being present
or subsequently arising in the space.

.2.3 "Responsible person" means a person authorised to permit entry

into an enclosed space and having sufficient knowledge of the
procedures to be followed.

to top 3. ASSESSMENT OF RISK

3.1 In order to ensure safety, a competent person should always make a
preliminary assessment of any potential hazards in the space to be entered
taking into account the previous cargo carried, ventilation of the space, coating
of the space and other relevant factors. The competent person's preliminary
assessment should determine the potential for the presence of an
oxygen-deficient, flammable or toxic atmosphere.

3.2 The procedures to be followed for testing the atmosphere in the space and
for entry should be decided on the basis of the preliminary assessment. These
will depend on whether the preliminary assessment shows that:

there is minimal risk to health or life of personnel entering the space;

there is no immediate risk to health or life but a risk could arise during the
course of work in the space; and

a risk to health or life is identified.

3.3 Where the preliminary assessment indicates minimal risk to health or life or
potential for a risk to arise during the course of work in the space, the
precautions described in sections 4, 5, 6 and 7 should be followed as
appropriate.

3.4 Where the preliminary assessment identifies risk to life or health, if entry is
to be made, the additional precautions specified in section 8 should also be
followed.

4. AUTHORISATION OF ENTRY
4.1 No person should open or enter an enclosed space unless authorised by
the master or nominated responsible person and the appropriate safety
procedures laid down for the particular ship have been followed.

4.2 Entry into enclosed spaces should be planned and the use of an entry
permit system, which may include the use of a checklist, is recommended. An
Enclosed Space Entry Permit should be issued by the master or nominated
responsible person and completed by a person who enters the space, prior to
entry. An example of the Enclosed Space Entry Permit is provided in the annex.

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Appendix I - Recommendations for Entering Enclosed Spaces Aboard Ships

to top 5. GENERAL PRECAUTIONS

5.1 The master or responsible person should determine that it is safe to enter
an enclosed space by ensuring:

.1 that potential hazards have been identified in the assessment and as far as
possible isolated or made safe;

.2 that the space has been thoroughly ventilated by natural or mechanical

means to remove any toxic or flammable gases, and to ensure an adequate
level of oxygen throughout the space;

.3 that the atmosphere of the space has been tested as appropriate with
properly calibrated instruments to ascertain acceptable levels of oxygen and
acceptable levels of flammable or toxic vapours;

.4 that the space has been secured for entry and properly illuminated;

.5 that a suitable system of communication between all parties for use during
entry has been agreed and tested;

.6 that an attendant has been instructed to remain at the entrance to the space
whilst it is occupied;

.7 that rescue and resuscitation equipment has been positioned ready for use
at the entrance to the space, and that rescue arrangements have been agreed;

.8 that personnel are properly clothed and equipped for the entry and
subsequent tasks; and

.9 that a permit has been issued authorising entry.

The precautions in .6 and .7 may not apply to every situation described in this
section. The person authorising entry should determine whether an attendant
and the positioning of rescue equipment at the entrance to the space is
necessary.

5.2 Only trained personnel should be assigned duties of entering or functioning

as attendants or as members of rescue teams. Ships' crews should be drilled
periodically in rescue and first aid.

5.3 All equipment used in connection with entry should be in good working
condition and inspected prior to use.

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to top 6. TESTING THE ATMOSPHERE

6.1 Appropriate testing of the atmosphere of a space should be carried out with
properly calibrated equipment by persons trained in the use of the equipment.
The manufacturers' instructions should be strictly followed. Testing should be
carried out before any person enters the space and at regular intervals
thereafter until all work is completed. Where appropriate, the testing of the
space should be carried out at as many different levels as is necessary to
obtain a representative sample of the atmosphere in the space.

6.2 For entry purposes, steady readings of the following should be obtained:

.1 21 % oxygen by volume by oxygen content meter, and

.2 not more than 1 % of lower flammable limit (LFL) on a suitably sensitive

combustible gas indicator, where the preliminary assessment has determined
that there is potential for flammable gases or vapours.

If these conditions cannot be met, additional ventilation should be applied to the

space and re-testing should be conducted after a suitable interval. Any gas
testing should be carried out with the ventilation to the enclosed space stopped,
in order to obtain accurate readings.

6.3 Where the preliminary assessment has determined that there is potential for
the presence of toxic gases and vapours, appropriate testing should be carried
out using fixed or portable gas or vapour detection equipment. The readings
obtained by this equipment should be below the occupational exposure limits
for the toxic gases or vapours given in accepted national or international
standards. It should be noted that testing for flammability does not provide a
suitable means of measuring for toxicity, nor vice versa.

6.4 It should be emphasised that pockets of gas or oxygen deficient areas can
exist and should always be suspected even when an enclosed space has been
satisfactorily tested as being suitable for entry.

to top 7. PRECAUTIONS DURING ENTRY

7.1 The atmosphere should be tested frequently whilst the space is occupied
and persons should be instructed to leave the space should there be a
deterioration in the conditions.

7.2 Ventilation should continue during the period that the space is occupied and
during temporary breaks. Before re-entry after a break, the atmosphere should
be re-tested. In the event of failure of the ventilation system, any persons in the
space should leave immediately.

7.3 In the event of an emergency, under no circumstances should the attending

crew member enter the space before help has arrived and the situation has
been evaluated to ensure the safety of those entering the space to undertake
rescue operations.

8. ADDITIONAL PRECAUTIONS FOR ENTRY INTO A SPACE WHERE THE

ATMOSPHERE IS KNOWN OR SUSPECTED TO BE UNSAFE

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8.1 If the atmosphere in an enclosed space is suspected or known to be

unsafe, the space should only be entered when no practical alternative exists.
Entry should only be made for further testing, essential operation, safety of life
or safety of a ship. The number of persons entering the space should be the
minimum compatible with the work to be performed.

8.2 Suitable breathing apparatus, e.g., of the air-line or self-contained type

should always be worn, and only personnel trained in its use should be allowed
to enter the space. Air-purifying respirators should not be used as they do not
provide a supply of clean air from a source independent of the atmosphere
within the space.

8.3 The precautions specified in section 5 should also be followed, as

appropriate.

8.4 Rescue harnesses should be worn and, unless impractical, lifelines should
be used.

8.5 Appropriate protective clothing should be worn particularly where there is

any risk of toxic substances or chemicals coming into contact with the skin or
eyes of those entering the space.

8.6 The advice in paragraph 7.3 concerning emergency rescue operations is

particularly relevant in this context.SPACE

to top 9. HAZARDS RELATED TO SPECIFIC TYPES OF CARGO

9.1 Dangerous goods in packaged form

9.1.1 The atmosphere of any space containing dangerous goods may put at
risk the health or life of any person entering it. Dangers may be flammable,
toxic or corrosive gases or vapours that displace oxygen, residues on packages
and spilled material. The same hazards may be present in spaces adjacent to
the cargo spaces. Information on the hazards of specific substances is
contained in the IMDG Code, the Emergency Procedures for Ships Carrying
Dangerous Goods (EMS) and Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). If there is
evidence or suspicion that leakage of dangerous substances as occurred, the
precautions specified in section 8 should be followed.

9.1.2 Personnel required to deal with spillage or to remove defective or

damaged packages should be appropriately trained and wear suitable breathing
apparatus and appropriate protective clothing.

9.2 Bulk liquid

The tanker industry has produced extensive advice to operators and crews of
ships engaged in the bulk carriage of oil, chemicals and liquefied gases, in the
form of specialist international safety guides. Information in the guides on
enclosed space entry amplifies these recommendations and should be used as
the basis for preparing entry plans.

9.3 Solid bulk

On ships carrying sold bulk cargoes, dangerous atmospheres may develop in

cargo spaces and adjacent spaces. The dangers may include flammability,

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Appendix I - Recommendations for Entering Enclosed Spaces Aboard Ships

toxicity oxygen depletion or self-heating, which should be identified in shipping

documentation. For additional information, reference should be made to the
Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes.

to top 9.4 Oxygen depleting cargoes and materials

A prominent risk with such cargoes is oxygen depletion due to the

inherent form of the cargo, for example, self-heating, oxidation of metals
and ores or decomposition of vegetable oils, animal fats, grain and other
organic materials or their residues. The materials listed below are known
to be capable of causing oxygen depletion. However, the list is not
exhaustive. Oxygen depletion may also be caused by other materials of
vegetable or animal origin, by flammable or spontaneously combustible
materials, and by materials with high metal content:
1. grain, grain products and residues from grain processing (such as
bran, crushed grain, crushed malt or meal), hops, malt husks and
spent malt;
2. oilseeds as well as products and residues from oilseeds (such as
seed expellers, seed cake, oil cake and meal);
3. copra
4. wood in such forms as packaged timber, roundwood, logs,
pulpwood, props (pit props and other propwood), woodchips,
woodshavings, woodpulp pellets and sawdust;
5. jute, hemp, flax, sisal, kapok, cotton and other vegetable fibres
(such as esparto grass/Spanish grass, hay, straw, bhusa), empty
bags, cotton waste, animal fibres, animal and vegetable fabric,
wool waste and rags;
6. fishmeal and fishscrap;
7. guano;
8. sulphidic ores and ore concentrates;
9. charcoal, coal and coal products;
10. direct reduced iron (DRI);
11. dry ice;
12. metal wastes and chips, iron swarf, steel and other turnings,
borings, drillings, shavings, filings and cuttings; and
13. scrap metal
9.5 Fumigation

When a ship is fumigated, the detailed recommendations contained in

the Recommendations on the Safe Use of Pesticides in Ships" should be
followed. Spaces adjacent to fumigated spaces should be treated as if
fumigated.
10. CONCLUSION
Failure to observe simple procedures can lead to people being unexpectedly
overcome when entering enclosed spaces. Observance of the principals
outlined above will form a reliable basis for assessing risks in such spaces and
for taking necessary precautions.

*Refer to the recommendations on Safe Use of Pesticides in Ships, approved

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Appendix I - Recommendations for Entering Enclosed Spaces Aboard Ships

by the Maritime Safety Committee of the Organisation by circular

MSC/Circ.612, as amended by MSC/Circ.689 and MSC/Circ.746.

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Annex - Example of an Enclosed Space Entry Permit

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Annex - Example of an Enclosed Space Entry Permit

Australian
Manual of Safe Example of an Enclosed Space Entry Permit (Acrobat Reader needed)
Loading
Index

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Appendix II (a) - Bulk Coal Cargoes - Declaration by Shipper

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Appendix II (a) - Bulk Coal Cargoes - Declaration by Shipper

Australian Bulk Coal Cargoes - Declaration by Shipper (Acrobat Reader needed)
Manual of Safe
Loading
Index

Getacro.gif
(1090 bytes)

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Appendix II (b) Coal

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Appendix II (b) Coal

Australian Appendix II (b) Coal
Manual of Safe (See also Appendix A of the B.C. Code)
Loading
BC No. IMO Class MFAG Table Approximate EmS No.
Index No. stowage
factor
(m3/t)
010 MHB 311,616+ 0.79 to 1.53 B14

Properties and characteristics

1. Coals may emit methane, a flammable gas. A methane/air mixture containing
between 5% and 16% methane constitutes an explosive atmosphere which can
be ignited by sparks or naked flame, e.g. electrical or frictional sparks, a match
or lighted cigarette. Methane is lighter than air and may, therefore, accumulate
in the upper region of the cargo space or other enclosed spaces. If the cargo
space boundaries are not tight, methane can seep through into spaces adjacent
to the cargo space
2. Coals may be subject to oxidation, leading to depletion of oxygen and an
increase in carbon dioxide in the cargo space (see also section 3 and appendix
F of the B.C. Code).
3. Some coals may be liable to self-heating that could lead to spontaneous
combustion in the cargo space. Flammable and toxic gases, including carbon
monoxide, may be produced. Carbon monoxide is an odourless gas, slightly
lighter than air, and has flammable limits in air of 12% to 75% by volume. It is
toxic by inhalation, with an affinity for blood haemoglobin over 200 times that of
oxygen.
4. Some coals may be liable to react with water and produce acids which may
cause corrosion. Flammable and toxic gases, including hydrogen, may be
produced. Hydrogen is an odourless gas, much lighter than air, and has
flammable limits in air of 4% to 75% by volume.
Segregation and stowage requirements
1. Boundaries of cargo spaces where materials are carried should be resistant to
fire and liquids.
2. Coals should be "separated from" goods of classes 1 (division 1.4), 2,3,4, and 5
in packaged form (see IMDG Code) and "separated from" solid bulk materials
of classes 4 and 5.1
3. Stowage of goods of class 5.1 in packaged form or sold bulk materials of class
5.1 above or below a coal cargo should be prohibited.
4. Coals should be "separated longitudinally by an intervening complete
compartment or hold from " goods of class 1 other than division 1.4.

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Appendix II (b) Coal

Note:
For the interpretation of the segregation terms see paragraph 9.3.3.

* For comprehensive information on transport of any material listed, refer to sections

110 of this Code.
+ Refer to paragraph 6. 1. 1. (Asphyxia) of the MFAG.

to top General requirements for all coals

1. Prior to loading, the shipper or his appointed agent should provide in writing to
the master the characteristics of the cargo and the recommended safe handling
procedures for loading and transport of the cargo. As a minimum, the cargo's
contract specifications for moisture content, sulphur content and size should be
stated, and especially whether the cargo may be liable to emit methane or
self-heat.
2. The master should be satisfied that he has received such information prior to
accepting the cargo. If the shipper has advised that the cargo is liable to emit
methane or self-heat, the master should additionally refer to the "Special
precautions".
3. Before and during loading, and while the material remains on board, the master
should observe the following:

.1 All cargo spaces and bilge wells should be clean and dry. Any residue
of waste material or previous cargo should be removed, including
removable cargo battens, before loading.

.2 All electrical cables and components situated in cargo spaces and

adjacent spaces should be free from defects. Such cables and electrical
components should be safe for use in an explosive atmosphere or
positively isolated.

.3 The ship should be suitably fitted and carry on board appropriate

instruments for measuring the following without requiring entry in the
cargo space:

.3.1 concentration of methane in the

atmosphere;

.3.2 concentration of oxygen in the

atmosphere;

.3.3 concentration of carbon monoxide in the

atmosphere; and

.3.4 pH value of cargo hold bilge samples.

These instruments should be regularly

serviced and calibrated. Ship personnel
should be trained in the use of such
instruments. Details of gas measurement
procedures are given at the end of this entry.

.4 It is recommended that means be provided for measuring the

temperature of the cargo in the range 00C to 1000C. Such arrangements
should enable the temperature of the coal to be measured while being
loaded and during the voyage without requiring entry into the cargo
space.

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Appendix II (b) Coal

.5 The ship should carry on board the self-contained breathing apparatus

required by SOLAS regulation 11-2/17. The self-contained breathing
apparatus should be worn only by personnel trained in its use (see also
section 3 and appendix F of the B.C. Code).

to top .6 Smoking and the use of naked flames should not be permitted in the
cargo areas and adjacent spaces and appropriate warning notices
should be posted in conspicuous places. Burning, cutting, chipping,
welding or other sources of ignition should not be permitted in the vicinity
of cargo spaces or in other adjacent spaces, unless the space has been
properly ventilated and the methane gas measurements indicate it is
safe to do so.

.7 The master should ensure that the coal cargo is not stowed adjacent
to hot areas.

.8 Prior to departure, the master should be satisfied that the surface of

the material has been trimmed reasonably level to the boundaries of the
cargo space to avoid the formation of gas pockets and to prevent air
from permeating the body of the coal. Casings leading into the cargo
space should be adequately sealed. The shipper should ensure that the
master receives the necessary co-operation from the loading terminal
(see also section 5 of the B.C. Code).

.9 The atmosphere in the space above the cargo in each cargo space
should be regularly monitored for the presence of methane, oxygen and
carbon monoxide. Details of gas monitoring procedures are given at the
end of this entry. Records of these reading should be maintained. The
frequency of the testing should depend upon the information provided by
the shipper and the information obtained through the analysis of the
atmosphere in the cargo space.

.10 Unless expressly directed otherwise, all holds should be surface

ventilated for the first 24 hours after departure from the loading port.
During this period, one measurement should be taken from one sample
point per hold.

If after 24 hours the methane concentrations are at an acceptably low

level, the ventilators should be closed. If not, they should remain open
until acceptably low levels are obtained. In either event, measurements
should be continued on a daily basis.

If significant concentrations of methane subsequently occur in

unventilated holds, the appropriate special precautions as described in
section 2.2.1 should apply.

.11 The master should ensure, as far as possible, that any gases which
may be emitted from the materials do not accumulate in adjacent
enclosed spaces.

.12 The master should ensure that enclosed working spaces, e.g.
storerooms, carpenter's shop, passage ways, tunnels, etc. are regularly
monitored for the presence of methane, oxygen and carbon monoxide.
Such spaces should be adequately ventilated.

.13 Regular hold bilge testing should be systematically carried out. If the
pH monitoring indicates that a corrosion risk exists, the master should

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Appendix II (b) Coal

ensure that all bilges are kept dry during the voyage in order to avoid
possible accumulation of acids on tank tops and in the bilge system.

.14 If the behaviour of the cargo during the voyage differs from that
specified in the cargo declaration, the master should report such
differences to the shipper. Such reports will enable the shipper to
maintain records on the behaviour of the coal cargoes, so that the
information provided to the master can be reviewed in the light of
transport experience.

.15 The Administration may approve alternative requirements to those

recommended in this schedule.

to top Special Precautions

1. Coals emitting methane
If the shipper has advised that the cargo is liable to emit methane or analysis of
the atmosphere in the cargo space indicates the presence of methane in
excess of 20% of the lower explosion limit (LEL), the following additional
precautions should be taken:

.1 Adequate surface ventilation should be maintained. On no account

should air be directed into the body of the coal as air could promote
self-heating.

.2 Care should be taken to vent any accumulated gases prior to removal

of the hatch covers or other openings for any reason, including
unloading. Cargo hatches and other openings should be opened
carefully to avoid creating sparks. Smoking and the use of naked flame
should be prohibited.

.3 Personnel should not be permitted to enter the cargo space or

enclosed adjacent spaces unless the space has been ventilated and the
atmosphere tested and found to be gas-free and to have sufficient
oxygen to support life. If this is not possible, emergency entry into the
space should be undertaken only by trained personnel wearing
self-contained breathing apparatus, under the supervision of a
responsible officer. In addition, special precautions to ensure that no
source of ignition is carried into the space should be observed (see also
section 3 and appendix F of the B.C. Code).

.4 The master should ensure that enclosed working spaces, e.g.

storerooms, carpenter's shops, passage ways, tunnels, etc. are regularly
monitored for the presence of methane. Such spaces should be
adequately ventilated and, in the case of mechanical ventilation, only
equipment safe for use in an explosive atmosphere should be used.
Testing is especially important prior to permitting personnel to enter such
spaces or energising equipment within those spaces.
2. Self-heating coals
.1 If the shipper has advised that the cargo is liable to self-heat, the
master should seek confirmation that the precautions intended to be
taken and the procedures intended for monitoring the cargo during the
voyage are adequate.

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Appendix II (b) Coal

to top .2 If the cargo is likely to self-heat or analysis of the atmosphere n the

cargo space indicates and increasing concentration of carbon monoxide,
then the following additional precautions should be taken:

.2.1 The hatches should be closed immediately after

completion of loading in each cargo space. The hatch
covers can also be additionally sealed with a suitable
sealing tape. Surface ventilation should be limited to the
absolute minimum time necessary to remove methane
which may have accumulated. Forced ventilation should
not be used. On no account should air be directed into the
body of the coal as air could promote self heating.

.2.2 Personnel should not be allowed to enter the cargo

space, unless they are wearing self-contained breathing
apparatus and access is critical to the safety of the ship or
safety of life. The self-contained breathing apparatus
should be worn only by personnel trained in its use (see
also section 3 and appendix F of the B.C. Code).

.2.3 When required by the competent authority, the carbon

monoxide concentration in each cargo space should be
measured at regular time intervals to detect self-heating.

.2.4 If at the time of loading, when the hatches are open,

the temperature of the coal exceeds 550C, expert advice
should be obtained.

.2.5 If the carbon monoxide level is increasing steadily, a

potential self-heating may be developing. The cargo space
should be completely closed down and all ventilation
creased. The master should seek expert advice
immediately. Water should not be used for cooling the
material or fighting coal cargo fires at sea, but may be used
for cooling the boundaries of the cargo space.

.2.6 Information to be passed to owners

The most comprehensive record of measurements will

always be the log used to record daily results. The coal
cargo monitoring log for the voyage should be faxed, or the
appropriate content should be telexed to the vessel's
owners.

The following minimum information is essential if an

accurate assessment of the situation is to be achieved.
. identity of the holds involved; monitoring results
covering carbon monoxide, methane and oxygen
concentrations;
b. if available, temperature of coal, location and
method used to obtain results;
c. time gas samples taken (monitoring routine);
d. time ventilators opened/closed;
e. quantity of coal in hold(s) involved;

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Appendix II (b) Coal

f. type of coal as per shipper's declaration, and any

special precautions indicated on declaration;
g. date loaded, and ETA at intended discharge port
(which should be specified); and
h. comments or observations from the ship's master.

to top Procedures for gas monitoring of coal cargoes

.1 Observations

Carbon monoxide monitoring, when conducted in accordance with the following

recommendations, will provide a reliable early indication of self-heating within a coal
cargo. This allows preventive action to be considered without delay. A stead, rise in
the level of carbon monoxide detected within a hold is a conclusive indication that
self-heating is taking place.

All vessels engaged in the carriage of coal should carry on board an instrument for
measuring methane, oxygen and carbon monoxide gas concentrations (general
requirements for all coals, section 3.3 in the coal entry, appendix B), so that the
atmosphere within the cargo space may be monitored. This instrument should be
regularly serviced and calibrated in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
When properly maintained and operated, this instrument will provide reliable data
about the atmosphere within the cargo space. Care needs to be exercised in
interpreting methane measurements carried out in the low oxygen concentrations
often found in unventilated cargo holds. The catalytic sensors normally used for the
detection of methane rely on the presence of sufficient oxygen for accurate
measurement. This phenomenon does not affect the measurement of carbon
monoxide, or measurement of methane by infrared sensor. Further guidance may be
obtained from the instrument manufacturer.

to top .2 Sampling and measurement procedure

.2.1 Equipment

An instrument is required which is capable of measuring methane,

oxygen and carbon monoxide concentrations. The instrument should be
fitted with an aspirator, flexible connection and length of tubing to enable
a representative sample to be obtained from within the square of the
hatch. Stainless steel tubing approximately 0.5m in length and 6 mm
nominal internal diameter with an integral stainless steel threaded collar
is preferred. The collar is necessary to provide an adequate seal at the
sampling point.

A suitable filter should be used to protect the instrument against the

ingress of moisture as recommended by the manufacturer. The presence
of even a small amount of moisture will compromise the accuracy of the
measurement.

.2.2 Siting of sampling points

In order to obtain meaningful information about the behaviour of coal in a

hold, gas measurements should be made via one sample point per hold.
To ensure flexibility of measurement in adverse weather, however, two
sample points should be provided per hold, one on the port side and one
on the starboard side of the hatch cover. Measurement from either of
these locations is satisfactory.

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Appendix II (b) Coal

Each sample point should comprise a hole of diameter approximately

12mm positioned as near to the top of the hatch coaming as possible. It
should be sealed with a screw cap to prevent ingress of water and air. It
is essential that this cap is securely replaced after each measurement to
maintain a tight seal.

The provision of any sample point should not compromise the

seaworthiness of the vessel.

.2.3 Measurement

Ensure that the instrument is calibrated and working properly in

accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Remove the sealing
cap, insert the stainless steel tube into the sampling point and tighten the
integral cap to ensure an adequate seal. Connect the instrument to the
sampling tube. Draw a sample of the hold atmosphere through the tube,
using the aspirator, until steady readings are obtained. Log the results on
a form which records cargo hold, date and time for each measurement.

.2.4 Measurement strategy

The identification of incipient self-heating from measurement of gas

concentrations is more readily achieved under unventilated conditions.
This is not always desirable because of the possibility of the
accumulation of methane to dangerous concentrations. This is primarily,
but not exclusively, a problem in the early stages of a voyage. Therefore
it is recommended that holds are initially ventilated until measured
methane concentrations are at an acceptably low level.

.2.5 Measurement in unventilated holds

Under normal conditions one measurement per day is sufficient as a

precautionary measure. However, if carbon monoxide levels are higher
than 30 ppm then the frequency should be increased to at least twice a
day at suitably spaced intervals. Any additional results should be logged.

If the carbon monoxide level in any hold reaches 50 ppm a self-heating

condition may be developing and the owners of the vessel should be
notified.

.2.6 Measurement in ventilated holds

If the presence of methane is such that the ventilators are required to

remain open, then a different procedure should be applied to enable the
onset of any incipient self-heating to be detected.

To obtain meaningful data the ventilators should be closed for a period

before the measurements are taken. This period may be chosen to suit
the operational requirements of the vessel, but it is recommended that it
is not less than four hours. It is vital in the interests of data interpretation
that the shutdown time is constant whichever time period is selected.
These measurements should be taken on a daily basis. If the carbon
monoxide results exhibit a steady rise over three consecutive days, or
exceed 50 ppm on any day, the owners of the vessel should be notified.

to top

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Appendix II (b) Coal
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Annex - Emergency Schedule B 14

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Annex - Emergency Schedule B 14

Australian Emergency Schedule B 14 (Acrobat Reader needed)
Manual of Safe
Loading
Index

Getacro.gif
(1090 bytes)

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Appendix II (c) - Instructions to the Ships Captain Transportation of Brown Coal Briquettes

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Appendix II (c) - Instructions to the Ship's Captain Transportation of

Brown Coal Briquettes
Australian
Manual of Safe Appendix II (c)
Loading Instructions to the Ship's Captain Transportation of Brown Coal Briquettes
Index 1. INTRODUCTION

The transportation of brown coal briquettes is subject to the International Maritime

Organisation (IMO) 'Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes' 1990, ed., Appendix
B. The following instructions are specifically for the transportation of brown coal
briquettes and cover all items in the above IMO Code.

Brown coal briquettes are manufactured by pressing dried coal particles into
compressed blocks. Briquettes are easily ignited and are a free burning fuel. In bulk
quantities, they are liable to spontaneous heating, but do not emit methane.

The underlying principle is that the briquettes are shipped in sealed holds, thus
denying the briquettes access to sufficient atmospheric oxygen to sustain combustion.
In fact, after sealing the holds, the briquettes consume the atmospheric oxygen initially
present, to form an inert gas atmosphere of residual atmospheric nitrogen and carbon
dioxide. To maintain this safe transport condition, forced or natural draft ventilation of
the hold(s) must not be permitted at any stage during the voyage prior to discharge.
Unlike, other coals, brown coal briquettes do not emit explosive gases (methane)
during transport, eliminating any need to ventilate the hold(s) prior to discharge.

It is essential to note that during the voyage, the sealed hold(s) do not contain
sufficient atmospheric oxygen to sustain life. Therefore the hold(s) must not be
entered under any circumstances without the aid of breathing apparatus. Even after
opening the hold(s) for discharge, the oxygen level should be 21% before entering the
hold(s).

to top 2. PREPARATION OF THE VESSEL FOR LOADINGSPACE

1. Before accepting the vessel, a Marine Surveyor from the Australian Maritime
Safety Authority may inspect the vessel for seaworthiness, especially the
rubber seals on hatch covers and seals on ventilators.
2. All cargo spaces and bilge wells should be clean, dry and any residue or waste
material from previous cargo should be removed, including removable cargo
battens, before loading. It is also recommended that the bilge wells be
protected by placing a sheet of burlap over the bilge well cover to prevent
briquette dust blocking the pumps.
3. All electrical cables and components situated in cargo spaces and adjacent
spaces should be free from defects and safe for use in a dusty environment, or
positively isolated.
4. All ventilators, shafts and doors leading to and from the holds are to be closed
and sealed to reduce air circulation to a minimum during loading and to prevent

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Appendix II (c) - Instructions to the Ships Captain Transportation of Brown Coal Briquettes

any circulation of air after the hatches have been closed.

5. Ascertain if the Australian Maritime Safety Authority requires temperature or
gas readings in the cargo hold during the voyage. Procure and install
equipment if required. If temperature readingsare required, then an acceptable
method is to place a three point thermocouple loom three metres below the
deck surface, immediately prior to filling the hatch square and exiting through a
closed hatch cover for measurement using a digital thermometer. If gas
readings are required, then an acceptable method is using a Dreager CO2/O2
tube.

to top 3. LOADING THE VESSEL

i. Warning notices against smoking and the use of naked flames should be
posted in the cargo space area. No smoking, burning or chipping or other
sources of ignition should be allowed in the vicinity of cargo spaces or adjacent
spaces.
ii. During loading, briquettes should not be stowed adjacent to steam pipes.
iii. Briquettes should not be dropped further than one metre from the grab to
minimize the creation of fines.
iv. If possible holds should be loaded without interruption. The maximum advisable
loading time for an individual hold is six days. Based on past loading
experience, hot spots seldom develop in the first few days but a half filled hold
that is kept open for six days or more can expect hot spots to develop.
v. Briquettes which show signs of steaming in wharf stockpiles should not be
loaded.
vi. If a 'hot spot' (i.e. steaming) is noticed in the hold during loading, then unload
the 'hot spot' region onto the wharf. Spread the 'hot spot' region out on the
wharf to allow heat removal. Check the area in the hold with a temperature
probe (0.5 metres insertion) and if the temperature is below 550C continue
loading. If the temperature is more than 550 C, repeat digging out. Act quickly
and decisively.
vii. Ensure that the briquette surface is trimmed reasonably level to the boundary
wall to prevent air ingress. This is not required in a fully filled hold.
viii. Broken stowage (i.e. half filled holds) should be avoided.
ix. Close the hatch covers immediately after completion of loading in each hold.
The hatch covers can also be additionally sealed with a suitable sealing tape
(such as 'Ramneck"). Recheck that all ventilators are closed as no ventilation is
permitted during transport.
4. MONITORING THE CARGO DURING THE VOYAGE
i. If requested by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority, monitor the cargo
temperatures twice daily and compare with air and sea temperatures.
ii. If requested by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority, monitor the hold
atmosphere twice daily.
iii. Return the completed log of temperature/hold atmosphere information to the
Australian Maritime Safety Authority upon arrival at the destination port.
iv. If a large increase in temperature (i.e. 500C increase in 3 days) occurs relative
to air/sea temperatures, then recheck hatch covers and ventilators for leaks and
re-seal where necessary.
v. Under no circumstances should the hatches be opened or the hold entered
during the voyage.

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Appendix II (c) - Instructions to the Ships Captain Transportation of Brown Coal Briquettes

5. PREPARATION FOR DISCHARGE

i. Prior to opening the hatches, at least one water hose with a fine spray nozzle
must be in readiness for each hold. Salt water is acceptable if no other water is
available.
ii. Only open the hatches immediately prior to commencement of discharge. The
cargo may mist noticeably on a cool day, but this is harmless. Brown coal
briquettes, unlike coal, do not emit methane during transport and so there is no
risk of explosion. Under no condition should the holds be ventilated prior to
discharge.

to top 6. DISCHARGE OF THE CARGO

i. To prevent excessive dust during discharge, the cargo surface should be
sprayed with a light cover of water.
ii. If any personnel must enter the hold or work on the surface of the briquettes
during discharge, then the hold atmosphere has to comply with an oxygen level
of 21%. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gas levels should be measured.
The recommended threshold level for carbon monoxide is 50 ppm (55 mg/m3).
The recommended threshold level for carbon dioxide is 5,000 ppm
(9,000mg/m3). Carbon dioxide is a product of coal oxidation. If diesel
bulldozers, etc. are used in the hold they should be fitted with catalytic
converters to reduce carbon dioxide, odour and particle emissions. Compliance
with local regulations is required

During unloading, attention should be paid to the cargo for signs of 'hot spots'
(i.e. steaming). If a 'hot spot' is detected, then spray the affected area with
water and remove the 'hot spot' immediately to prevent spreading. Spread out
the 'hot spot' area on the wharf away from the remainder of the cargo.

iii. If the discharge is interrupted for more that eight hours, then the hatch covers
and all other ventilation should be closed.

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Appendix III - General Requirements for Carriage of Ferrosilicon

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Appendix III - General Requirements for Carriage of Ferrosilicon

Australian
Manual of Safe
Appendix III
Loading
General Requirements for Carriage of Ferrosilicon
Index
1. The compartment to contain ferrosilicon may be inspected by a surveyor of the
Australian Maritime Safety Authority before commencement of loading.
2. Two sets of self-contained breathing apparatus must be carried in the ship - in
addition to normal fire-fighting equipment.
3. At least two gas detectors, suitably calibrated to indicate the presence of
hydrogen, phosphine or arsine, must be available on board, together with
instructions for their use. Measurements must be taken at least once during
every eight hours at each outlet ventilator and in any other accessible space
adjacent to the compartment where the ferrosilicon is stowed and the results
entered in the log book. Facilities must be provided to make accurate
determinations of the gas concentrations at each outlet ventilator without
danger to the operator.
4. Ferrosilicon must be stored under cover, but exposed to the weather for not
less than 3 days prior to shipment.
5. Consult the IMO Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes if other
dangerous goods are to be carried in conjunction with Ferrosilicon.
6. A certificate stating the percentage of silicon present in the consignment is to
be produced by the shipper before commencement of loading.
7. Ventilation fans are to be in operation at all times from commencement of
loading until the compartment is free of ferrosilicon.
8. The bilge wells are to be in a clean, dry condition before commencement of
loading. The bilge timbers are to be in good condition and covered with double
hessian.
9. The bilge wells must be opened up and the compartment washed out after
unloading. A gas check by a chemist must be made before washing out begins.
10. In older vessels it could be advisable to pump out the ballast in tanks adjacent
to a compartment containing ferrosilicon. ( In case of leaks.)

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Appendix III - General Requirements for Carriage of Ferrosilicon

to top DETAILED REQUIREMENTS

Prior to loading the cargo compartment is to be inspected by a surveyor of the

Australian Maritime Safety Authority for compliance with requirements.

The provisions of the IMO Bulk Cargoes Code are the basic requirements for the
carriage of ferrosilicon in bulk in the holds of dry cargo ships. The following are
amplifications of the Code requirements:
1. Bilge wells are to be clean and dry before commencement of loading and
covered with hessian to preclude entry of the ferrosilicon. Where the bilge
suction valve of the compartment is located in the machinery space the valve is
to be opened up and if necessary the valve lid and seat lapped to a fine finish.
After re-assembly the valve is to be locked shut and a notice placed adjacent to
the valve warning against opening without the master's permission.
2. All pipes passing through the compartment must be in good order and
condition. Hold atmosphere sampling units must be effectively blanked off.
3. Electrical circuits which are unsuitable for use in an explosive atmosphere are
to be isolated.
4. Ventilator trunkings must be in sound condition and so arranged to preclude
interconnection of the hold atmosphere with other cargo spaces,
accommodation or work areas.
5. Mechanical ventilation fan motors are to be either explosion proof or arranged
so that the motor is not located in the direct path of the hold atmosphere
exhaust.

to top Operational Requirements

i. No smoking or naked flame is to be permitted on deck in the vicinity of the hold
or in the hold itself during loading or unloading.
ii. Any portable lighting must be safe for use in an explosive atmosphere.
iii. The cargo must be dry and work is to cease during wet weather conditions and
the hold covered.
iv. Sets of self-contained breathing apparatus are to be available for immediate
use together with lifeline and a gas detector.
v. Prior to commencing unloading the hold atmosphere is to be tested by a
qualified chemist for the presence of toxic and flammable gases.
vi. Checks for contaminant gases are to be carried out by a qualified chemist at 30
minute intervals while persons are in the hold.
vii. Entry into the hold is to be prohibited when gas concentrations exceed the
Threshold Limit Values, for phosphine (0.03ppm) for arsine (0.05ppm) or where
the oxygen level is below 18%.

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Appendix III - Instructions

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Appendix III - Instructions

Australian Appendix III
Manual of Safe Instructions
Loading
Index
QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY - CHEMICAL DIVISION

USE OF DREAGER GAS DETECTOR TO MONITOR LEVELS OF ARSINE AND

PHOSPHINE IN ATMOSPHERE IN SHIPS' HOLDS CONTAINING BULK
FERROSILICON

to top OPERATION OF DREAGER GAS DETECTOR

1. Check hand pump for correct operation, i.e. check that pump is airtight by
operating pump with unopened detector tube in position.
2. Break off both ends of gas detector tube using the attachment on the
handpump.
3. Insert detector tube in handpump with the arrow on the tube pointing toward the
pump.
4. With 20 strokes of the pump for arsine (or 10 strokes for phosphine) draw the
atmosphere to be tested through the detector tube.
5. Read the length of the grey-violet discolouration from the printed scale. Scale
values - ppm AsH3, or PH3.

The maximum allowable concentrations for safe exposure for eight (8)
hours per day, five days per week are;
Arsine 0.05 ppm.
Phosphine 0.3 ppm.
6. Detailed information on the tubes are included in the packet.

to top TESTING PROCEDURE

1. Each eight hours test the atmosphere in the hold containing the ferrosilicon,
preferably at the fan exhaust. Test for both arsine and phosphine

N.B. If testing has to be carried out through an access opening, the

exhaust fan should be turned off during testing. On no account should
the access opening be entered to carry out testing - hold the gas
detector inside the access opening from outside.
2. Each eight hours test the atmosphere, through an access opening, in the
spaces adjacent to the hold containing the ferrosilicon.

3. Record in a note book all test results, including time date and atmosphere
sampled.

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Appendix III - Instructions

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Appendix IV - Materials Possessing Chemical Hazards

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Appendix IV - Materials Possessing Chemical Hazards

Australian Appendix IV
Manual of Safe Section 9 - Materials Possessing Chemical Hazards (Extract from IMO Code of
Loading Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes - 1990 Edition)
Index 9.1 General

9.1.1. Solid materials transported in bulk which can present a hazard during
transportation because of their chemical nature or properties are listed in Appendix B.
Some of these materials are classified as dangerous goods in the International
Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), others are materials which may
cause hazards when transported in bulk.

9.1.2 It is important to note that this list of materials is not exhaustive. It is therefore
essential to obtain currently valid information about the physical and chemical
properties of the materials to be shipped in bulk prior to loading whenever such
shipment is contemplated. When materials not listed in Appendix B are carried which
fall within the classification of 9.2.2, the ship concerned should carry evidence of the
approval of the competent authority for their transport.

9.1.3 Where consultation with the competent authority is required prior to bulk
shipment of a material, it is equally important to consult authorities at the ports of
Ioading and discharge, concerning requirements which may be in force.PACE

to top 9.2 Classes of hazard

9.2.1 The classification of materials possessing chemical hazards and intended to be

shipped in bulk under the requirements of this Code should be in accordance with
9.2.2 and 9.2.3.

9.2.2 Classification
Chapter VII of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as
amended, sets out the various classes of dangerous goods. For the purpose of the
Code it has been found more convenient to designate these classes in accordance
with the IMDG Code and to define in greater detail the materials which would fall
within each class. Additionally, "Materials Hazardous only in Bulk" (MHB) are defined
in this section.

9.2.2.1 Class 4.1: Flammable solids

These materials possess the properties of being easily ignited by external. sources
such as sparks and flames and of being readily combustible or of being liable to cause
or contribute to fire through friction.

9.2.2.2 Class 4.2: Substances liable to spontaneous combustion

These materials possess the common property of being liable to heat spontaneously
and to ignite.

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Appendix IV - Materials Possessing Chemical Hazards

9.2.2.3 Class 4.3: Substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases.
These materials possess the common property, when in contact with water, of
evolving flammable gases. In some cases these gases are liable to spontaneous
ignition.

9.2.2.4 Class 5.1: Oxidising substances (agents)

These materials although in themselves not necessarily combustible may, either by
yielding oxygen or by similar processes, increase the risk and intensity of fire in other
materials with which they come into contact.

9.2.2.5 Class 6.1: Poisonous (toxic) substances

These materials are liable either to cause death or serious injury or to harm human
health if swallowed or inhaled, or by skin contact.

9.2.2.6 Class 6.2: Infectious substances

These materials contain viable micro-organisms or their toxins which are known or
suspected to cause disease in animals or humans.

9.2.2.7 Class 7: Radioactive Materials

These materials spontaneously emit a significant radiation. Their specific, activity is
greater than 70k Bq/kg (2nCi/g).

9.2.2.8 Class 8: Corrosives

These materials possess in their original state the common property of being able to
more or less severely damage living tissue.

9.2.2.9 Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles

These materials present a hazard not covered by other classes.

9.2.3 Materials hazardous only in Bulk (MHB)

These materials, when carried in bulk, present sufficient hazards to require specific
precautions. For example, materials which are liable to reduce the oxygen content in a
cargo space and those materials liable to self-heating or which become hazardous
when wet, are regarded as belonging to this group (see also 3.2.3, 3.2.4 and 3.2.5).
These materials may not be listed in the IMDG Code.

to top 9.3 Stowage and segregation requirements

9.3.1 General requirements

9.3.1.1 The potential hazards of the materials listed in Appendix B and falling within
the classification of 9.2.2 and 9.2.3 entail the need for segregation of incompatible
materials.

9.3.1.2 In addition to general segregation as between whole classes of materials,

there may be a need to segregate a particular material from others which would
contribute to its hazard. In the case of segregation from combustible materials this
should be understood not to include packaging material, ceiling or dunnage; the latter
should in these circumstances be kept to a minimum.

9.3.1.3 For the purpose of segregating incompatible materials, the words "hold" and
"compartment" are deemed to mean a cargo space enclosed by steel bulkheads or
shell plating, and by steel decks. The boundaries of such a space should be resistant
to fire and liquid.

9.3.1.4 When two or more different incompatible materials are to be transported in

bulk, the segregation between them should be at least equivalent to that described
under "separated from" (see 9.3.4).

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Appendix IV - Materials Possessing Chemical Hazards

9.3.1 5 Where different grades of a material are transported in bulk in the same cargo
space, the most stringent segregation provisions applicable to any of the different
grades should apply to all of them.

9.3.1.6 When materials in bulk and dangerous goods in packaged form are to be
transported, the segregation between them should be at least equivalent to that
described in 9.3.3.

9.3.1.7 Incompatible materials should not be handled simultaneously. In particular,

contamination of foodstuffs should be avoided.

Upon completion of loading one such material, the hatch covers of every cargo space
containing it should be closed and the decks cleaned of residue before loading of
other materials is commenced. When discharging, the same procedures should be
followed.

9.3.1.8 To avoid contamination, a material which is indicated as toxic should be

stowed "separated from" all foodstuffs (see 9.3.4).

9.3.1.9 Materials which may evolve toxic gases in sufficient quantities to affect health
should not be stowed in those spaces from where such gases may penetrate into
living quarters, work areas, or ventilation systems.

9.3.1.10 Materials which present corrosive hazards of such intensity as to affect either
human tissue or the ship's structure should only be loaded after adequate precautions
and protecting measures have been taken.

9.3.1.11 After discharge of materials for which toxicity is indicated, spaces used for its
transport should be inspected for contamination. A space which has been
contaminated should be properly cleaned and examined before being used for other
cargoes, especially foodstuffs.

9.3.1.12 After discharge of materials, a close inspection should be made for any
residue which should be removed before the ship is presented for other cargo; such
an inspection is particularly important when materials having corrosive properties have
been transported.S

to top 9.3.2 Special requirements

9.3.2.1 Materials of classes 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3

9.3.2.1.1 Materials of these classes should be kept as cool and as dry as reasonably
practicable and should be stowed clear of all sources of heat or ignition.

9.3.2.1.2 Electrical fittings and cables should be in good condition and properly
safeguarded against short circuits and sparking. Where a bulkhead is required to be
suitable for segregation purposes, cable and conduit penetrations of the decks and
bulkheads should be sealed against the passage of gas and vapour.

9.3.2.1.3 Materials liable to give off vapours or gases which can form an explosive
mixture with air should be stowed in a mechanically ventilated space.

9.3.2.1.4 Prohibition of smoking in dangerous areas should be enforced, and clearly

legible " NO SMOKING " signs should be displayed.

9.3.2.2 Materials of class 5.1

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Appendix IV - Materials Possessing Chemical Hazards

9.3.2.2.1 Materials of this class should be kept as cool and as dry as reasonably
practicable and should be stowed clear of all sources of heat or ignition. They should
also be stowed "separated from" other combustible materials.

9.3.2.2.2 Before loading materials of this class, particular attention should be paid to
the cleaning of the cargo spaces into which they will be loaded. As far as reasonably
practicable, non-combustible securing and protecting materials and only a minimum of
dry wooden dunnage should be used.

9.3.2.2.3 Precautions should be taken to avoid the penetration of oxidising materials

into other cargo spaces, bilge wells, etc.

9.3.2.3 Materials of class 7.

9.3.2.3.1 Cargo spaces used for the transport of Low Specific Activity Materials
(LSA-1) and Surface Contaminated Objects (SCO-1) should not be used for other
cargoes until decontaminated by a qualified person such that the non-fixed
contamination on any surface when averaged over an area of 300 square centimeters
does not exceed the following levels:

4Bq/cm2 (104uCi/cm2)
for beta and gamma emitters and the low toxicity alpha emitters natural
uranium, natural thorium, uranium -235 or uranium 238, thorium - 232,
thorium-228 and thorium-230 when contained in ores, physical or
chemical concentrates, radionuclides with a half-life of less than 10 days;
and

0.4Bq/cm2(10-5uCi/cm2)
for all other alpha emitters.

9.3.2.4 Materials of class 8 or materials having similar properties.

9.3.2.4.1 These materials should be kept as dry as reasonably practicable.

9.3.2.4.2 Before loading these materials, attention should be paid to the cleaning of
the cargo spaces into which they will be loaded and in particular whether these spaces
are dry.

9.3.2.4.3 Penetration of these materials into other cargo spaces, bilge wells, and
between the ceiling boards should be prevented.

9.3.2.4.4 Particular attention should be paid to the cleaning of the cargo spaces after
unloading, as residues of these cargoes may be highly corrosive to the ship's
structure. Hosing down of the cargo spaces followed by careful drying is preferred.

9.3.3 Segregation between bulk materials possessing chemical hazards; and

dangerous goods in packaged form

Unless otherwise required in this section or in the individual entries in Appendix B,

Getacro.gif segregation between bulk materials and dangerous goods in packaged form should be
(1090 bytes) in accordance with the following table.

Dangerous goods in packaged form (Acrobat Reader needed)

For packaged dangerous goods the individual schedules of the IMDG Code should be
consulted for additional requirements with regard to stowage and segregation.

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Appendix IV - Materials Possessing Chemical Hazards

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Appendix V - Hot Briquetted Iron (H.B.I.) Recommended Loading and Carriage Guidelines

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Appendix V - Hot Briquetted Iron (H.B.I.) Recommended Loading and

Carriage Guidelines
Australian
Manual of Safe
Loading
Appendix V
Index
Hot Briquetted Iron (H.B.I.)
Recommended Loading and Carriage Guidelines

1. GUIDELINES

The purpose of these Guidelines is to provide practical guidance to shipmasters and

terminals to ensure that appropriate practices and precautions are adopted for the
safe loading, carriage, and discharge of HBI.

The scope of these guidelines is to act as a core document from which charterers,
ship and terminal operators will develop specific and detailed instructions for the areas
of their responsibility describing how the standards of these Guidelines are to be
applied and maintained.

To ensure compliance with Australian law these Guidelines should be read in

conjunction with the BC Code and with Marine Orders Part 34.

2. DESCRIPTION

HBI is derived from Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) by a hot moulding process in which.
briquettes of iron are formed under pressure at temperatures greater than 6500C. The
density of the briquettes is consistently greater than 5 gms/cm3.
3. REGULATIONS

The following Regulations are administered by AMSA and are applicable to all vessels
engaged in international voyages to or from Australian ports and in Australian
interstate voyages. Intrastate voyages within Australian states are the responsibility of
the relevant State Marine Authority.
● Marine Orders. Part 34, Cargo & cargo handling - solid bulk cargoes Issue 3 of
1997, pursuant to S.425(1AA) of the navigation Act, 1912, and
● International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), supplement Solid
Bulk Cargoes (BC Code) published by the International Maritime Organisation
(IMO) pursuant to the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1974
(SOLAS)SPACE

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Appendix V - Hot Briquetted Iron (H.B.I.) Recommended Loading and Carriage Guidelines

to top 4. PRE-LOADING REQUIREMENTS

Any vessel not fulfilling all of the pre-loading Guidelines of 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.5 is to be
rejected for loading until able to conform. Guidelines of 4.4 are to be noted as
complied with, or not complied with.

4.1 Cargo Holds - before commencement of loading

4.1.1 Holds are to be clean and dry with all previous cargo residues removed and
cargo battens/timber removed;

4.1.2 Surrounding structure is to be water-tight, and adjacent tanks to cargo holds are
to have been tested;

4.1.3 Bilge suction's have been tested and found efficient; and

4.1.4 Bilges, bilge wells or both must be clean, dry, and covered with gauze sufficient
to prevent entry of HBI chips and briquettes.

4.2 Hatchcovers, Vents, and Accessories - before commencement of loading

4.2.1 Hatchcovers are watertight and have been tested;

4.2.2 Ventilators and hatches giving access to holds are watertight and have been
tested.

4.3 Shippers Responsibilities - before commencement of loading

4.3.1 The ships master has been supplied by the shipper with details of the properties
and characteristics of the cargo as required by Marine Orders, Part 34 and the
provisions of the BC Code.

4.4 Ship Preparation - before commencement of loading

4.4.1 Holds have been washed down, preferably with fresh water, and be dry;

4.4.2 Decks should be washed down with fresh water in order to remove salt
accumulation wherever likely to have contact with HBI fines or dust;

4.4.3 Sensitive electronic equipment, satellite communication and radar aerials are to
be protected by dust-proof coverings;

4.4.4 The ship has cleaning and removal equipment in place for dealing with HBI dust
and fines;SPACE

4.5 Ballast

4.5.1 Where possible, adjacent ballast tanks, other than double bottom tanks, should
be kept empty.

file:///D|/pdf/app5hbi.htm (2 of 5) [11/14/1999 4:40:25 PM]

Appendix V - Hot Briquetted Iron (H.B.I.) Recommended Loading and Carriage Guidelines

to top 5. LOADING AND STOWAGE

Guidelines relating to loading and stowage are to be noted by surveyors for the
shipper as being compiled with or not compiled with.

5.1 Loading and Storage

5.1.1 Temperatures of HBI being loaded are to be observed and recorded by shippers,
surveyors;

5.1.2 When loading, cargo should be evenly distributed and concentrations of fines in
the stow minimised. Cargo should be loaded in layers, each of a nominal height of 2.0
metres deep, to assist fines distribution;

5.1.3 When each successive pour is complete, the cargo temperature is to be

regularly checked and a record of surface temperatures kept for each hold;

5.1.4 Loading sequences are to be planned to maximise periods of rest between pours
in each hold;

5.1.5 In fine weather, hatches are to be kept open between pour sequences to assist
ventilation of holds;

5.1.6 If "hot spots" form in the stow, they are to be continuously monitored until
stabilised and temperatures decline;

5.1.7 "Hot spots" which fail to stabilise are to be removed by grab when exceeding
750C.
5.1.8 Loading of HBI is to be stopped and conveyors cleared on HBI whenever rain
occurs and all hatches closed during any rainfall;

5.1.9 When resuming the loading of HBI after rain, conveyor belts are to be run clear
of the hatch until free of water.

5.2 Terminal Practices - Prior to and during loading

5.2.1 HBI at the point of loading is not to exceed a temperature of 650C and its fines
content is not to exceed 5% (under 4mm) by mass;

5.2.2 Open storage is acceptable prior to loading, however, HBI being loaded should
be free of visible moisture;

5.2.3 Conveyor belts are to be dry and free of residues from cargoes handled
previously.

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Appendix V - Hot Briquetted Iron (H.B.I.) Recommended Loading and Carriage Guidelines

to top 6. POST LOADING

Events following loading are to be noted by Shippers surveyors, as far is

practicable

6.0.1 The final form of stowage and temperatures for each hold is to be observed and
recorded prior to the final closing of hatches;

6.0.2 Vessels carrying HBI should not proceed to sea until cargo temperatures are
observed to be stable;

6.0.3 Heating which may occur in the cargo usually subsides, but surface
temperatures should not be permitted to rise over 750C without intervention;
6.0.4 Hatches when closed for sea are to be watertight, and sealed to prevent water
ingress.
7. OCEAN CARRIAGE

7.1 On the voyage

7.1.1 Accumulation of HBI dust, fines and chips are to removed after completion of
loading and washdown and cleaning measures carried out as soon as practicable after
departure from the port;

7.1.2 Hatches are to remain secured and water tightness maintained;

7.1.3 Entry of water into holds from any cause is to be prevented;

7.1.4 Bilges and bilge wells are to be regularly monitored to ensure that they are dry
during the voyage and no free water exists in the holds. Should water be detected in
any quantity, it must be removed as a matter of priority and the source of ingress
located and sealed.

7.1.5 Surface ventilation of the HBI cargo is to be carried out in fine weather and dry
conditions.

7.1.6 No smoking, naked lights, or hotwork is to be permitted on the main deck in the
way of cargo vents.

to top 8. GENERAL

8.1 Personnel

Entry of personnel into spaces containing HBI should not be permitted until the master
is satisfied that it is safe to do so after taking all safety precautions.
8.2 Measuring Equipment

All measuring equipment used in the loading, stowage, and monitoring of HBI cargo
should be subject to a programme of checks and calibration.
8.3 Contingency Plans

8.3.1 When in port the terminal operator should ensure that contingency plans are in
place to enable the prompt removal of any overheating HBI cargo. For this purpose
grabs and hoisting equipment are to be available;

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Appendix V - Hot Briquetted Iron (H.B.I.) Recommended Loading and Carriage Guidelines

8.3.2 in ports handling HBI, a suitable area should be nominated for the reception,
open air storage and passivating of HBI cargo removed from a ship;

8.3.3 For the vessel at sea, it is the responsibility of the master and owner to ensure
that contingency plans are in place to redirect the vessel to the nearest port able to
provide a means of promptly removing an overheated portion of HBI cargo. (See 6.0.3
above).

to top 8.4 HBI Cargo Discharge

Precautions 8.4.1, 8.4.2, and 8.4.3 are to be carried out before discharge
commences.

8.4.1 Sensitive electronic equipment, satellite communication and radar aerials are to
be protected by dust-proof coverings;

8.4.2 Decks should be washed down with fresh water wherever likely to have contact
with HBI fines or dust;

8.4.3 The ship has cleaning and removal equipment in place for dealing with HBI dust
and fines.

to top
May 1999
Copyright AMSA

file:///D|/pdf/app5hbi.htm (5 of 5) [11/14/1999 4:40:25 PM]

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