Supplementary Material

Y. Xu, A.T. Zehnder

The supplementary material includes a sample script code for ABAQUS Explicit user material

subroutine (VUMAT) written in FORTRAN 77.

**********************************************************************************
! VUMAT Subroutine Written in FORTRAN 77 for Use as ABAQUS Explicit user material
!
! This script works for cases of plane strain, axisymmetric or 3-D. (the
! script for plane stress is written separately.)
!
! To run this script, type “abaqus job=<input file name> user=<vumat file
! name>” in cmd window. In the input file, define all model material
! parameters under *User Material.
!
! The parameters should be provided in the order of (nG, g_i (i=1:nG),
! tao_i (i=1:nG), G_0, K_0, A_v, Q_v, m, h0, g0, omega, eta_cv, s_cvprime,
! s_0prime, beta, temp_ref, C1, C2, phi, a1, b1, a2, b2, Ah1, Qh1, Ah2, Qh2)
! as defined in the above tables. Lines 117-152 of the code below list
! all material parameters read from ABAQUS.
!
! Note that viscoelastic parameters g_i=G_i/G_0. The material moisture
! concentration phi is treated as a material parameter in this vumat, instead
! of a field variable.
!
! The code contains 5 main sections:
! Lines 1-29 : default ABAQUS vumat header;
! Lines 30-89 : variable declarations;
! Lines 90-194 : necessary pre-processing including constant definitions
! (lines 94-99), dimension allocations (lines 100-115),
! material parameter readings (lines 117-152), and solution
! dependent variable readings (lines 153-194);
! Lines 195-319 : main part of vumat, applying constitutive equations to
! update stress;
! Lines 320-412 : utility subroutines.
!
! The material model is used for thermosetting polyimides at high temperature
! and/or high humid environments. The model includes linear viscoelasticity,
! state variable viscoplasticity, hydrolytic degradation and plasticization.
**********************************************************************************
! Default header and interface link to ABAQUS Explicit (DO NOT CHANGE)
**********************************************************************************
1 subroutine vumat(
2 C Read only
3 + nblock, ndir, nshr, nstatev, nfieldv, nprops, lanneal,
4 + stepTime, totalTime, dt, cmname, coordMp, charLength,
5 + props, density, strainInc, relSpinInc,
6 + tempOld, stretchOld, defgradOld, fieldOld,
7 + stressOld, stateOld, enerInternOld, enerInelasOld,
8 + tempNew, stretchNew, defgradNew, fieldNew,
9 C Write only
10 + stressNew, stateNew, enerInternNew, enerInelasNew )
11 C
12 include 'vaba_param.inc'
13 C
14 C All arrays dimensioned by (*) are not used in this algorithm
15 C
16 dimension props(nprops), density(nblock),
17 + coordMp(nblock,*),
18 + charLength(*), strainInc(nblock,ndir+nshr),
19 + relSpinInc(*), tempOld(nblock),
20 + stretchOld(*), defgradOld(*),
21 + fieldOld(*), stressOld(nblock,ndir+nshr),
22 + stateOld(nblock,nstatev), enerInternOld(nblock),
23 + enerInelasOld(nblock), tempNew(nblock),
24 + stretchNew(*), defgradNew(*), fieldNew(*),
25 + stressNew(nblock,ndir+nshr), stateNew(nblock,nstatev),
26 + enerInternNew(nblock), enerInelasNew(nblock)
27 C
28 character*80 cmname
29 C
30 **********************************************************************************
31 ! VARIABLE DECLARATIONS
32 **********************************************************************************
33 C Constants
34 C
35 real*8 zero, one, two, three, third, half, twoThirds
36 real*8 ten, threeseconds, nearOne
37 real*8 kB, TC2K, RGas
38 C
39 C Material parameters
40 C
41 integer ComN ! Number of stress (strain) components (3D: ComN=6;
42 ! strain or axisymmetric: ComN=4)
43 integer ProN ! Number of terms in Prony series (viscoelasticity)
44 real G0, K0 ! Shear and bulk moduli
45 real, dimension(:) ,allocatable :: gi, taoi ! Normalized Gi and
46 ! time constants
47 C
48 real TempRef, C1, C2 ! WLF parameters
49 real Av, Qv, mm, hh0, gg0, omega, etacv, scvstar, SS0, beta
50 ! parameters for viscoplasticity
51
52 real Phi, a1, b1, a2, b2 ! parameters for plasticization
53 real Ah1, Qh1, Ah2, Qh2 ! parameters for hydrolysis
54 C
55 C Solution dependent state variables
56 C
57 real*8, dimension(:,:) ,allocatable :: eiOld ! viscoelasticity
58 real*8, dimension(:) ,allocatable :: eOld ! viscoelasticity
59 real*8 EQPStrainOld, SSOld, etaOld ! viscoplasticity
60 real*8 hyIntEOld, hyIntpOld ! hydrolysis
61 C
62 C Field variables read from last iteration
63 C
64 real*8 TempNewi, TempOldi
65 real*8, dimension(:) ,allocatable :: StressOldi, StressNewi
66 real*8, dimension(:) ,allocatable :: StrainInci
67 real*8 densityi, EnerInternOldi, EnerInternNewi
68 C
69 C Internal variables for viscoplasticity
70 C
71 real*8 VolEStrainInc, EQStress
72 real*8, dimension(:) ,allocatable :: DevStressOld, DevEStrainInc
73 real*8 scv, seta, dss, deta, EQPStrainInc, Termdep, Saddon, SSOldF
74 integer i,j,k
75 real*8, dimension(:) ,allocatable :: PStrainInc, EStrainInc
76 C
77 C Internal variables for viscoelasticit
78 C
 79 real*8 hathOld, hathNew, hathDiff
80 real*8 athInvOld, athInvNew, athOld, athNew
81 real*8 dtao
82 real*8, dimension(:) ,allocatable :: DevStressInc
83 real*8 Termdei1, Termdei2, dei
84 C
85 C Internal variables for plasticization and hydrolysis
86 C
87 real*8 hE, hp, alphap, alphaE, SSOldS, G0S, K0S
88 real*8 lambdaE, lambdap, lambdaInf, kkE, kkp
89 C
90 **********************************************************************************
91 ! ALLOCATIONS
92 **********************************************************************************
93 C
94 parameter( zero = 0.d0, one = 1.d0, two = 2.d0, three = 3.d0,
95 + third = one/three, half = .5d0, twoThirds = two/three,
96 + threeseconds = three/two, ten = 10.d0, kB = 1.3806488e-23,
97 + TC2K = 273.15d0, nearOne = 0.999d0, Rgas = 8.31441d0,
98 + lambdaInf = 0.4d0)
99 C
100 C Dimension allocations
101 C
102 ProN = props(1) ! Number of Prony terms
103 ComN = nshr + ndir ! Number of Components
104 allocate(gi(ProN))
105 allocate(taoi(ProN))
106 allocate(eiOld(ProN,ComN))
107 allocate(eOld(ComN))
108 allocate(StressOldi(ComN))
109 allocate(StressNewi(ComN))
110 allocate(StrainInci(ComN))
111 allocate(DevStressOld(ComN))
112 allocate(DevEStrainInc(ComN))
113 allocate(PStrainInc(ComN))
114 allocate(EStrainInc(ComN))
115 allocate(DevStressInc(ComN))
116 C
117 C Material properties read from Abaqus input file
118 C
119 do j = 1,ProN ! viscoelasticity
120 gi(j) = props(j+1)
121 taoi(j) = props(ProN+j+1)
122 enddo
123 G0 = props(2*ProN+2)
124 K0 = props(2*ProN+3)
125 C
126 Av = props(2*ProN+4) ! viscoplasticity
127 Qv = props(2*ProN+5)
128 mm = props(2*ProN+6)
129 hh0 = props(2*ProN+7)
130 gg0 = props(2*ProN+8)
131 omega = props(2*ProN+9)
132 etacv = props(2*ProN+10)
133 scvstar= props(2*ProN+11)
134 ss0 = props(2*ProN+12)
135 beta = props(2*ProN+13)
136 C
137 TempRef= props(2*ProN+14) ! WLF
138 C1 = props(2*ProN+15)
139 C2 = props(2*ProN+16)
140
141 C
142 Phi = props(2*ProN+17) ! Plasticization
143 a1 = props(2*ProN+18)
144 b1 = props(2*ProN+19)
145 a2 = props(2*ProN+20)
146 b2 = props(2*ProN+21)
147 C
148 Ah1 = props(2*ProN+22) ! Hydrolytic degradation
149 Qh1 = props(2*ProN+23)
150 Ah2 = props(2*ProN+24)
151 Qh2 = props(2*ProN+25)
152 C
153 **********************************************************************************
154 ! PREPROCESSING
155 **********************************************************************************
156 C
157 do i = 1,nblock ! loop over each Gauss point
158 C
159 C Temperature
160 C
161 TempOldi = tempOld(i)
162 TempNewi = tempNew(i)
163 Temp = (TempOldi + TempNewi)/two ! in degree C
164 C
165 C Solution dependent state variables for viscoelasticity
166 C
167 do k = 1,ComN
168 eOld(k) = StateOld(i,ComN*ProN+k)
169 do j = 1,ProN
170 eiOld(j,k) = StateOld(i,(j-1)*ComN+k)
171 enddo
172 enddo
173 C
174 C Solution dependent state variables for viscoplasticity
175 C
176 EQPStrainOld = StateOld(i,ComN*ProN+ComN+1)
177 SSOldF = StateOld(i,ComN*ProN+ComN+2)
178 etaOld = StateOld(i,ComN*ProN+ComN+3)
179 C
180 C Solution dependent state variables for hydrolytic degradation
181 C
182 hyIntEOld = StateOld(i,ComN*ProN+ComN+4)
183 hyIntpOld = StateOld(i,ComN*ProN+ComN+5)
184 C
185 C Other preprocessings
186 C
187 Saddon = ss0 * (one - beta * (Temp - TempRef)) ! state variables
188 ! start from zero
189 SSOld = SSOldF + Saddon ! Old state variable s
190 StressOldi = StressOld(i,1:ComN)
191 StrainInci = StrainInc(i,1:ComN)
192 densityi = density(i)
193 EnerInternOldi = EnerInternOld(i)
194 C
195 **********************************************************************************
196 ! VISCOPLASTICITY
197 **********************************************************************************
198 C
199 call DevCal(StressOldi,DevStressOld,ComN) ! obtain deviatoric stress
200 call EQStressCal(DevStressOld,EQStress,ComN) ! obtain equivalent stress
201 scv = scvstar * (one - beta * (Temp - TempRef))! temperature dependent "s"
202 C
203 C Moisture effect on strength
204 C
205 hp = min(max(ap * Temp + bp, zero),nearOne)
206 alphap = one - hp * Phi ! plasticization
207 lambdap = one/(hyIntpOld + one/(one-lambdaInf)) + lambdaInf ! hydrolysis
208 SSOldS = SSOld * alphap * lambdap
209
210 EQPStrainInc = Av * exp(-Qv/(kB*(Temp + TC2K))) *
211 + (EQStress/SSOldS)**mm*dt ! equivalent strain increment
212 StateNew(i,ComN*ProN+ComN+1) = EQPStrainInc + EQPStrainOld
213 C
214 C Update state variables ss, eta
215 C
216 seta = scv * (one + omega * (etacv - etaOld))
217 dSS = hh0 * (one - SSOld/seta) * EQPStrainInc
218 deta = gg0 * (SSOld/scv - one) * EQPStrainInc
219 StateNew(i,ComN*ProN+ComN+2) = dSS + SSOld - Saddon
220 StateNew(i,ComN*ProN+ComN+3) = deta + etaOld
221 C
222 C Update state variables for hydrolytic degradation
223 C
224 kkE = Ah1 * exp(-Qh1/Rgas/(Temp + TC2K)) ! rate constant for
225 ! modulus degradation
226 kkp = Ah2 * exp(-Qh2/Rgas/(Temp + TC2K)) ! rate constant for
227 ! yield degradation
228 StateNew(i,ComN*ProN+ComN+4) = hyIntEOld + Phi * kkE * dt
229 StateNew(i,ComN*ProN+ComN+5) = hyIntpOld + Phi * kkp * dt
230 C
231 C Zero dividend protection
232 C
233 if (EQStress - zero .le. 1E-10) then
234 Termdep = zero
235 else
236 Termdep = threeseconds/EQStress*EQPStrainInc
237 endif
238 C
239 do j = 1,ComN
240 PStrainInc(j) = Termdep * DevStressOld(j) ! plastic strain increments
241 EStrainInc(j) = StrainInci(j) - PStrainInc(j) ! elastic strain
242 ! increments
243 enddo
244 C
245 **********************************************************************************
246 ! VISCOELASTICITY
247 **********************************************************************************
248 C
249 call DevCal(EStrainInc,DevEStrainInc,ComN) ! obtain deviatoric strain inc.
250 VolEStrainInc = EStrainInc(1) + EStrainInc(2) + EStrainInc(3)
251 ! volumetric strain increment
252 C
253 C Moisture effect on stiffness
254 C
255 hE = min(max(a1 * Temp + b1, zero), nearOne)
256 alphaE = one - hE * Phi ! plasticization
257 lambdaE = one/(hyIntEOld + one) ! hydrolysis
258 G0S = G0 * alphaE * lambdaE ! long term shear moduli
259 K0S = K0 * alphaE * lambdaE ! bulk moduli
260
261 do k = 1,ComN
262 DevStressInc(k) = two * G0S * DevEStrainInc(k)
263 enddo
264 C
265 C Reduced time
266 C
267 hathOld = C1 * (TempOldi - TempRef)/
268 + (C2 + TempOldi - TempRef) ! -log10(atheta)
269 hathNew = C1 * (TempNewi - TempRef)/
270 + (C2 + TempNewi - TempRef) ! -log10(atheta)
271 hathDiff = hathNew - hathOld
272 athInvOld = ten**(hathOld)
273 athInvNew = ten**(hathNew)
274 athOld = one/athInvOld
275 athNew = one/athInvNew
276 if (hathDiff .le.1E-8) then
277 dtao = dt/((athOld + athNew)/two)
278 else
279 ! for highly nonlinearity case
280 dtao = (athInvNew - athInvOld)/hathDiff/log(ten)*dt
281 endif
282 C
283 C Refer to ABAQUS theory manual for detailed algorithms of computational
284 C viscoelasticity
285 C
286 do j = 1,ProN
287 Termdei1 = taoi(j)/dtao*
288 + (dtao/taoi(j) + exp(-dtao/taoi(j)) - one)
289 Termdei2 = one - exp(-dtao/taoi(j))
290 do k = 1,ComN
291 dei = Termdei1 * DevEStrainInc(k)
292 + + Termdei2 * (eold(k) - eiold(j,k))
293 StateNew(i,(j-1)*ComN+k) = eiOld(j,k) + dei
294 DevStressInc(k) = DevStressInc(k) - two * G0S * gi(j) * dei
295 enddo
296 enddo
297 C
298 C Update stress and state variables
299 do k = 1,ComN
300 StateNew(i,ComN*ProN+k) = eOld(k) + DevEStrainInc(k)
301 StressNewi(k) = StressOldi(k) + DevStressInc(k)
302 enddo
303 C
304 do k = 1,3
305 StressNewi(k) = StressNewi(k) + K0S * VolEStrainInc
306 enddo
307 C
308 C Energy calculation
309 C
310 call EnergyCal(StressOldi,StressNewi,
311 + StrainInci,densityi,EnerInternOldi,
312 + EnerInternNewi,ComN)
313 C
314 StressNew(i,1:ComN) = StressNewi
315 EnerInternNew(i) = EnerInternNewi
316 enddo
317 return
318 end subroutine vumat
319 C
320 ***************************************************************************
321 ***************************************************************************
322 ! The following subroutine is used to calculate the strain energy
323 C
324 subroutine EnergyCal(StressOld,StressNew,StrainInc,
325 + density,EnerInternOld,EnerInternNew,N)
326
327 implicit none
328 C
329 integer N
330 real*8 Half, two
331 real*8 StressOld(N),StressNew(N),StrainInc(N)
332 real*8 density, EnerInternOld, EnerInternNew
333 real*8 stressPower
334 parameter(Half = .5, two = 2.0)
335 C
336 stressPower = half * (
337 1 ( stressOld(1)+stressNew(1) )*strainInc(1)
338 1 +( stressOld(2)+stressNew(2) )*strainInc(2)
339 1 +( stressOld(3)+stressNew(3) )*strainInc(3)
340 1 + two*( stressOld(4)+stressNew(4) )*strainInc(4))
341 if (N .gt. 4) then
342 stressPower = stressPower + half * (
343 1 + two*( stressOld(5)+stressNew(5) )*strainInc(5)
344 1 + two*( stressOld(6)+stressNew(6) )*strainInc(6))
345 endif
346
347 enerInternNew = enerInternOld
348 1 + stressPower / density
349 C
350 end subroutine EnergyCal
351
352 ***************************************************************************
353 ***************************************************************************
354 ! The following subroutine is used to calculate the deviatoric matrix from
355 ! a 3*3 or 2*2 symmetric matrices
356 !
357 ! For 3D, 6 independent components are stored as the following way:
358 ! Ma(1;3) are the diagonal terms.
359 ! Ma(4:6) are the off-diagonal terms.
360 C
361 subroutine DevCal(Ma,DevMa,N)
362 implicit none
363 C
364 real*8 one, three, onethird
365 integer i, N
366 real*8 Ma(N), DevMa(N)
367
368 real*8 trace, pressure
369 parameter(one = 1.d0, three = 3.d0, onethird = one/three)
370 C
371 C For 3d, plane strain, axisymmetric
372 C
373 trace = Ma(1) + Ma(2) + Ma(3)
374 pressure = onethird * trace
375 do i = 1,3
376 DevMa(i) = Ma(i) - pressure
377 enddo
378 DevMa(4) = Ma(4)
379 if (N .gt. 4) then
380 DevMa(5) = Ma(5)
381 DevMa(6) = Ma(6)
382 endif
383
384 end subroutine DevCal
385 ****************************************************************************
386 ****************************************************************************
387 ! The following subroutine is used to calculate the equivalent stress.
388 ! Ma has to be symmetric.
389 subroutine EQStressCal(Ma,EQ,N)
390 implicit none
391 C
392 real*8 zero, two, threeseconds
393 integer i, N
394 real*8 Ma(N), Mag, EQ
395 parameter(zero = 0.d0, two = 2.d0, threeseconds = 1.5d0)
396 C
397 Mag = zero
398 C
399 do i = 1,3
400 Mag = Mag + Ma(i) * Ma(i)
401 enddo
402 C
403 Mag = Mag + two * Ma(4) * Ma(4)
404 if (N .gt. 4) then
405 Mag = Mag + two * Ma(5) * Ma(5)
406 Mag = Mag + two * Ma(6) * Ma(6)
407 endif
408
409 C
410 EQ = sqrt(threeseconds * Mag)
411 end subroutine EQStressCal
412 **********************************************************************************