Practical 1

• Creating database

SQL command:
SQL> create database school;

Output:
Query OK, 1 row affected.

• Using database

SQL command:
SQL> use school;

Output:
Database changed.

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 Practical 2

• Creating Table in a SQL based database:

SQL command:
SQL> create table student(name varchar(23),roll_no
number(12),class varchar2(12),address varchar(23));

Output:
Table created.

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 Practical 3

• Describing a table structure:

SQL Command:
SQL> describe employees;

Output :
Name Null? Type

---------------------------------- -------- -----------

EMP_ID NUMBER(5)

EMP_NAME VARCHAR2(20)

DEPT_ID NUMBER(10)

DEPT_NAME NAME(12)

SALARY NUMBER(21)

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 Practical 4

• Inserting values in table:

SQL Command:
SQL> insert into
student(name,roll_no,class,address)values(‘Prabhat',06,'BCA',Hat
limore');

Output:
1 row created.

Or

SQL Command:

SQL> insert into student values('kishore',01,'BCA','Nagri');

1 row created.

Output:
1 row create.

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 Practical 5

• For viewing data in table:

SQL Command:
SQL> select * from student;

Output:
NAME ROLL_NO CLASS ADDRESS

----------------------- ---------- ------------ ----------

Prabhat 06 BCA Hatlimore

Kishore 01 BCA Nagri

Amarjeet 30 BCA airwan

Vinay 08 BCA barnoti

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 Practical 6

• Renaming table:

SQL Command:
SQL> rename student to candidates;

Output:
Table renamed.

• Drop command to delete a database or table from a database:

SQL Command:
SQL> Drop table student;

• Truncate command to truncate table:

SQL Command:
SQL> truncate table employees;

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 Practical 7

• Selecting Distinct values from a table:

SQL command:
SQL> Select DISTINCT * from student;

Output:
NAME ROLL_NO CLASS ADDRESS

------------------ -------- ------------ ----------

Prabhat 06 BCA Hatlimore

• Ordering select query results

SQL command:
SQL> SELECT * FROM STUDENT ORDER BY name;

Output:
NAME ROLL_NO CLASS ADDRESS

----------------------- ---------- ------ ---------------

Amarjeet 30 BCA airwan

Atinder 04 BCA
sawanchakDushyant 34 BCA
jagatpur

Kishore 01 BCA Nagri

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 Practical 8

• Altering table structure in a database

Adding new table

alter table student drop column name;

Dropping a column
alter table student drop column name;

Modify a existing column

alter table student modify(name varchar(22));

• Using “NOT NULL”

SQL command:
SQL> create table student name varchar2(12), roll_no number(12)
primary key, class varchar2(21) NOT NULL, dob date);

or
SQL> create table student(name varchar2(12), roll_no number(12)
constraint pk_roll primary key ,class varchar2(21) not null,
dob date);

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 Practical 9

• Key constraints

Foreign key

SQL Command:
SQL> create table department(dept_no number(10)
primary key,dept_name varchar2(25),dept_loc
char(5,e_no number(11), foreign key(e_no) references
employee (e_no);

Primary key

SQL Command:
SQL> create table student1(roll_nonumber(12)primary
key,dobdate,name varchar2(20),class
varchar2(2),e_mail varchar2(20));

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 Practical 10

• “Count” command

SQL Command:
SQL> select count(*) from employees;

COUNT(*)

----------

• Sum function

SQL Command:
SQL> select sum (salary) from employees;

SUM(SALARY)

-----------

295000

• MAX function

SQL Command:
SQL> select max(salary) from employees;

MAX(SALARY)

-----------

75000

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• MIN function

SQL Command:
SQL> select min (salary) from employees;

MIN(SALARY)

-----------

55000

• AVG function

SQL Command:
SQL> select avg(salary) from employees;

AVG(SALARY)

-----------

59000

• LIKE operator

SQL Command:
SQL> select emp_id,name,dept_id,salary from employees where
name like 'a%';

EMP_ID NAME DEPT_ID SALARY

------ ------- ----------- ---------

3 anku 4 55000

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• IN operator

SQL Command:
SQL> select emp_id,name,dept_id,salary from employees where
dept_id in(20,22);

EMP_ID NAME DEPT_ID SALARY

---------- -------------------- ---------- ----------

2 sonu 22 55000

3 panku 22 75000

• BETWEEN operator

SQL Command:
SQL> select emp_id,name,dept_id,salary from employees where
dept_id between 22 and 30;

EMP_ID NAME DEPT_ID SALARY

--------- -------------------- ---------- ----------

2 sonu 22 55000

3 panku 22 75000

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 Practical 11

Design A University Database Using an Entity-Relationship Diagram

Database developers involved in the task of designing a database have to translate real world
data into relational data, i.e. data organized in the form of tables. First they have to understand
the data, then represent it in a design view and then translate into a RDBMS. One of the
techniques that is great to use is the E-R diagram. Most of the developers who are involved in
data base systems might already be familiar with it or atleast heard about it. I am going to try to
briefly explain the concept and give an example to understand it.

What is E-R Model?

This model was first introduced by Dr.Peter Chen in 1976 in a paper titled "The Entity-
Relationship Model- Toward a Unified View of Data". The most useful thing in this model is, it
allows us to represent data in the form of a diagram popularly known as E-R diagram and from
this diagram we can map the data into a relational schema. First I will try to informally define
some terms used in this model.

In the E-R model all the above listed terms are represented in a diagrammatic technique known
as the E-R diagram.

Properties or attributes of an entity are shown in ellipses and are attached to their respective
entity by a single solid line. In this diagram I am showing properties for only student entity for
the sake of clarity of the diagram.

The relationship between entities are shown as diamonds and the entities which are a part of the
relationship are connected to the diamond by a solid line labeled either '1' or 'M' indicating
whether the relationship is one-to-many, one-to-one or many-to-many.

All the regular entities represented by a rectangle can be translated into base tables.

There is a 1-M relationship between University and College and 1-1 relationship between Dean
and College. So primary key in table University will be a foreign key in table College and
primary key in table Dean will be foreign key in table College. The rest of the tables also follow
the same pattern.

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14
Table - University

UID (primary key) int

Name varchar (20)
Chancellor varchar (20)

Table - College

CID (primary key) int

University (foreign key references UID in University table) int

Dean (foreign key references DeanID from Dean table) int

Name varchar (20)

Table - Dean

DeanID (primary key) int

Name varchar (20)
Age int

Table - Department

DID (primary key) int

College ( foreign key references CID in College table) int
Chair (foreign key references PID in professor table) int
Name varchar (20)

Table - Professor
PID (primary key) int
Department ( foreign key references DID in Department table) int
Name varchar (20)

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 Table - Course

CourseID (primary key) int

Department ( foreign key references DID in Department table) int
Name varchar (20)

Table - Section

SectionID (primary key) int

Course ( foreign key references CourseID in Course table) int

Professor (foreign key references PID in professor table) int

Name varchar(20)

Table - Student

StudentID (primary key) int

Department ( foreign key references DID in Department
int
table)
Name varchar (20)
DateofEnrollment smalldatetime
TelephoneNumber varchar(20)

There is only one many-to-many relationship in the above diagram and that is between section
and student. That means a student can register for many sections and a section has many
students. To establish this relationship we will create a new table called Student_Registration.

Table - Student_Registration

Student (foreign key references StudentID in Student table) int

Section ( foreign key references SectionID in Section table) int

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 Practical 12

Hospital Database Schema and ER Diagram

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Hospital

Hosp-id Primary Key

HCity int

HAddress varchar

Hos-Name Varchar

Pat-id int (Foreign key references to Pat-id of Patient table)

Doc-id int (Foreign key references to Doc-id of Doctor table)

Patient

Pat-id Primary Key

PName varchar

PAddress varchar

PDiagnosis varchar

Record-id Int (Foreign key references to Record-id of Medical Record table)

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Pat-id Primary Key

Hosp-id Int (Foreign key references to Hosp-id of Hospital table)

Medical Record

Record-id Primary Key

Problem varchar

Date_of_examination date

Pat-id Int (Foreign key references to Pat-id of Patient table)

Doctor

Doc-id Primary Key

DName varchar

Qualification varchar

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Doc-id Primary Key

Salary int

Hosp-id Int (Foreign key references to Hosp-id of Hospital table)

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