Handbook of Modern Arabic

H AND B O O K
MODE RN ARAB I C
CON S I ST IN G OF A
PRA CTI CA L GRA MMA R,

W I TH
NUMEROUS EXAMPLE S ,
DIALOGUES ,
AN D
NEW S PAPE R E XT R AC T S
IN A EUROPEAN TYPE .
FR AN C I S W . N E W M AN ,
E ME R I TU S PR O FSSO O F N I S I T C O LL
E R U V ER Y EGE , LON DON ; FOR MER L Y
F LL O W O F A LL IO L C O LL
E B EGE, OXFOR D .
NO TTI NG HAM
S TE V E N S ON , B AI LEY ,
S MI TH ,
8, L I STE R GAT E .
K
H ER T F O RD
P R IN T E D BY ST E PH E N A ST I N
U AND S O N S .
AR A B I C i s t a lk e d di ff ere n t ly l
i n A g ier s, i n M al ta , i n
Eg yp t , in S y ria B a g dad
,
in ,
a nd a m o n b
g th e Ara s o f
th e de s ert N o w h ere i s t h e A ra b i c o f th e K o ra n a nd
.
1
o f p o etr y s p o k e n T h e di ff ere n c e o f t h e O ld a nd ne w
.
i s s i m ilar i n m an y re s pe c t s t o t h at b etwee n t h e G ree k

of H om er a n d t h e G ree k dia l e c t s at t h e tim e o f
Xe no p h o n . N o m o der n c a n witho ut p eda ntr y a n d
a b s urdit y s pea k i n t h e O l der dia l e c t W he n b e c om .
p o s e s p o etr y h e m a y write a s H ariri i f h e c a n ; j u s t

, ,
a s a n A t h e n ian o r Al ex a n dria n i f h e ch o s e t o ad o p t
,
d a c tyl i c h exa m eter s m i gh t u se t h e dia l e c t O f H o m er

,
.
W h e n th e Ara b n ow write s pr o s e h e ob s c ure s t h e ch a sm

,
w h i ch s ep arate s h i s dial e c t f r o m t h e a n c ie nt by o m itti ng ,
th e v o we l p o i nt s w h i ch u s ed t o di s ti ng ui s h th e c a ses o f
,
th e n o u n a nd th e m oods o f th e v er b W h i l e l e a r ne d
.
m e n s tru ggl e t o fo rb id t h e p h ra s e M O DE R N A R A B I C a nd ,
wil l h av e it th at th e l a n g ua g e h a s n o t ch a n g ed (a s i f
ch a n g e we re no t a n e c e s s ity o f n ature a nd a c onditi on
S ee P S. .
iv E
PR F A CE .
of
g r o wt h ) t h e y ,
y et di s ti n c t ly c o nf e ss t h at t h e s e fi n a l
v owel s are no t a nd m a y no t b e sounde d B ut th eir .
o m i ss i o n so m utilate s t h e O ld g ra mm ar a s i n it s e lf t o ,
c onstitute a ne w dial e c t M o re o v er t h e w o rd s i n u se
.
h a v e l ar g ely ch ang ed e s p e c ially t hos e i n m ost f re que n t

,
re c urre nc e A h u g e m a ss of m ean i ng s h a v e b e c om e
.
O b s o l ete Th e di c ti on arie s m i s ch ie v o u s ly h eap t o g et h er

.
,
with o ut di stinc tio n th e s e n s e s w h i ch b e l on g t o di ff eren t

,
a es or p la ce s a n d c a ll t h at A b v ’
g ,
ra i c E e n c on
.
c erni ng t h e T h ou sand a nd O ne Ni gh t s w h i ch i s m o re ,
re c e n t t h a n t h e age e steem ed cl a ss i c a l t h e l ear ned M r

, .
L a ne c o nf e ss e s th at it i s o f te n i m p o ss i bl e o u t of ,
twe nt y o r m o re si gni fi c a ti ons w h i ch are b o rn e by one

A ra b i c w o rd t o b e s ure w h i ch wa s i n te n ded by t h e
”
,
auth o r . H e de cl are s t h at t h e s tyl e o f t h at b ook i s

n eit h er cl a s s i c a l no r i s it t h at O f f a m i l iar c o nv er s ati o n
, ,
b ut i s al m o st a s difi e r e nt fr om t h e one a s f rom t h e o th er .
I h o p e t h at I n eed no f urt h er de f e nc e f o r i ns i s ti ng t h at
t o l ear n t h e M o der n A ra b i c i s no t to l earn t h e An c ie n t ,
a nd t o l ear n t h e An c ie n t i s n o t t o l ear n t h e M o der n .
Al th o u g h th e l o c a l dia l e c t s di ff er c o n s idera bly t h e ,
diff ere n c e i s s uper fic ia l a s i n o ther c a s e s o f p r o v in

,
c i a li sm . W h e n A rab s write a v er y u n p rete n di n g l etter ,
t h e y l a y a s ide a p art o f th eir l o c a l p e c u l iarity M e r .
c a n t i le l etter s f r o m S y ria t o B a dad r B u s so ra

g o , o r ,
T u ni s are a r o u g h rep re s e ntati on o f M o dern A ra b i c

, ,
a s di s ti n c t o n t h e o ne ha n d fr o m t h e pu rel y l o c a l
dia l e c ts o n the o t h er f r o m th e c la s s ica l l a ng u a g e
, .
P R F A CE E . V
C a ta f a g o l i h Arab i c D icti n ary e v idently ai m

’
s E ng s -
o s
at th i m ar k A f ull er nd f ar ri ch er ex h i b iti
s . a f th e on o
s a m e i i n t h e Ara b new p ap er ; w h i ch w h et h er pu b
s s s ,
li h d i n Al g ier at B eir ut are i n a d ia l e c t

'
s e s or d o ,
an
s tyl e cl ely a l i k e T t h i m y b e a dded n u m er u

os . o s a o s
p u bl i c ati n f re c e nt y ear w h i ch ex h ib it th e A ra b
o s o s, s
s tru ggl i g t p ut fi p r v i c ia l i m
n o nd a u m e a
O o n s ,
a ss
c m m n m edium f t h u gh t S u ch i wh at I under
o o O o . s
s ta n d by M der n A ra b i c nly i t wa n t f v we l p int

o ,
o s o o o s
l ea v e m any m i n r p r bl em u n lv ed I f any e h
s o o s so . on as
ur g en t need t u n der ta d L a c a h ire ta lk h e m u t g

o s n n s ,
s o
i nt L a c a h ire t l earn it
o n s h e m u t g t Al gier
o : so s o o s,
or t oAl epp t l ear n t h e l c a l dia l e c t

o, o B ut if h e o .
wi h t l earn E ngl i h h e will d b e t t l ear n fi r t

s o s , o s o s ,
n eit h er t h e j ar g n f p ea a nt
o o t h e p etr y f
ou r s s, n or o o
S pe nc er C h au c er
or S u ch ea y p r e . fam il iar l n s os or a
g gua e edu c
asated E n
g l i h m e n m u t b e h i bse g i n u se , s s
ni n
g .H e wi ll a f terward g w it h ad v a n ta g e i n t s o o
a ny p e c ia l fi e l d f E gl i h
s Tho a m e ap p l ie t
n s . e s s o
A ra b i c .
A p e c u l iarit y f t h e pre e nt H a n d b k i i t
o
y s -
oo s s s s
t m ti p re f ere nc e f a E ur p ea n t y p e
e a c o nd i t e ff rt t o ,
a s o o
p t
u t h at t y pe n a b a i w h i ch
o h u l d re m v
s se a ll bj s o o o ec
ti n t i t perm a nent
o o s Th i h b een a f a v urite
u se . s as o
o bj e c t with th e writer f m re t h a n t h e th ird p art f or o o
a c e tur y a fter hi ear ly experie nc e f th e g rea t

n ,
s d o an
n eed l e di ffi c ul tie w h i ch t h e c urre nt i m per fe c t m d e

ss s o
o f writi ng A ra b i c i n v lv e H e did n t t h e n kn w
o s. o o
1.
vi PR F A CE E .
t h at V o l ne y h a d l ong s inc e p rom ul g ated t h e s a m e doc

tri ne : b ut t h e m om e nt t h at a E ur o pe an u n der s ta n d s
t h e n at ure of t h e c a s e it n eed s not e v e n ex perie n c e to
,
s h o w th e h ard s h ip n o w ratuit o u sly i nfl i c te d o n t h e

g
l earner W h at w ou l d b e thou gh t of a n E ngl i sh
.
tea ch er s c o m m on s e ns e i f w h e n a F re n ch m an de s ire d
’
-
, ,
t o l ear n E ngl i s h h e s h o ul d i ns i s t on te a ch i ng it h i m by
,
a fo rm of writi ng w h i ch om itted Sh o rt v o wel s ? N a y ,
i f a F re nch m an i gnoran t of E n gl i s h de s ired to rea d

, ,
E ngli s h sh o rth a n d we s h o u l d re g ard it a s a n i ns anit y

,
i n hi m t o re f u s e t o l ear n o u r l a ng ua g e a nd o ur l on g
h an d fi r st I f anyone deny t h i s f urth er ar g u m ent i s
.
,
u s e l e s s Th e s o l e rea l q ue stion i s th at of f a c t : does

.
t h e c urren t l iterature om it v o we l s I t d o e s ex c ept f o r ,
p o etr y ; a nd t h e v o we l s o f p o etr y do no t S h o w t h e
a c tua l p r on u n c iati o n o f pr ose a nd o f c u l ti v ated s p ee ch .
At pre s e n t a l ear n er i s t h r o w n o n t h e di c ti on ar y t o fi x
m an y o f t h e v o we l s : a nd s i n c e i n l earn i ng l a ng ua g e s
we m u s t fo r g et m u ch a n d we re m e m b er o n ly by ,
fre q ue nt repetitio n h e m a y h a v e t o l oo k o ut i n hi s
,
di c ti on ar y t en ti m e s t o kn o w h ow t o p r o no u nc e o ne
w o rd e v e n i f th e c ontext S h o w h i m i t s m ea ni ng Th e n
, .
,
a l a s ! th e b e s t m o dern di c tionar y (th at of B ooth or ) i s

1
s e l d om p o in ted i n c on s e q ue n c e o f whi ch a s I a m n ow ,
aware I u s ed of te n t o p ut wr ong v o we l s to t h e w o r ds
,
w h i ch I l ear n ed f r om t h at di c ti onar y W h en th e .
1
O ly F r
n ench - Ar abi c : n look out a n Arabi c word i n i t ;
one c a n ot nor
i ndeed i n C ataf ago, wi th his alp h ab eti c arrange ment .
PR F A CE E .
g ra m m ati c a l a na ly s i s o f a w o rd i s a l read y kno w n,

’
g ra m m ati c a l ru l e s wi ll o f te n s ettl e t h e sh o rt v o we l s ; b ut
h ow to a n a ly ze t h e w o rd i s p erh a p s t h e v er y p r obl e m
,
t o b e s olv e d ; o r w h et h e -
r t h e w o rd i s t o b e a c ti v e o r .
p a ss i v e i s d o ub ted M o re o v er s o f ew o f t h e p e o p l e are
,
.
,
edu c ated t h at t h eir e nu n c iati o n i s v er y ob s c ure T o

,
.
l earn th e tr ue v o we l s by t h e ear i s to t h e fo rei gner a ll ,
b ut i m p o ss i bl e W h e n t h e b ook s a nd e v e n t h e di c
.
t i o na r i e s a l i k e e v ade t o i nf o r m h i m w h e n c e i s h e t o ,
l earn ? G ra nt th at e v er y one will wi sh ultima tely to

read t h e n ati v e s h o rt h a n d ; s ti ll t h e Sp eedie s t wa y t o ,
attain t h e p o wer i s by fi r s t l earni ng t h e l a ng ua g e i n

,
longh and ex a c tly a s i f we were dea l ing with E ngl i s h

,
.
S o m e y ear s b a ck I p ri n te d a h a n d b i ll o n t h i s s u bj e c t ,
ex h ib iti ng a s y s te m o f E ur o p ea n tra nsl iterati on a n d ,
clos ing with th e follo wi ng p a ss a g e

IV . ADVANTA GE S A E URO P E AN TYP E — I I t w ill Split
or .
the di ffi cult i e s t o E ur op e an s l e arnin g Arabic a nd to Ar abs ,
le arning a E ur ope an t ongu e W e sh a ll b e abl e to grapple .

,
first w ith th e languag e and after wa r ds with th e Arab typ e

,
an d th e Ar ab c onv e r s e ly 2 What i n c ontemplatin g n e w

. .
lite rature i s of high imp ortance — i t will l e ss en the e xp ens e ,
of p rinti ng 3 I t w ill giv e t o the Ar ab s c a pit al l e tt er s

. .
,
Roman lett er s and Italic s ; f or many reasons v aluabl e espe

, ,
c i a lly in f a cili t ating ref e r ence by a m ere glance o f th e ey e ,
a nd i n prev e nting pr op e r nam e s fr o m bei ng mi st ak e n f or un
known c omm on w ord s 4 B y a m ore p e rf e ct punctuati o n

. .
,
an d by qu ot ati o n m arks o ur type h a s a dvantag e o v er ev e n

,
th e m o st c ar e f ully p ointed Arab t e xt in e as e and quick ,
n e s s of r e ading M uch great er i s i ts advantag e i n ea se a nd

.
v iii PR FA C E E .
c e rtai nty over a n unp oint e d text 5 I t will aid for e igner s
'
. .
and n atives t o e nl arg e their v ocab ul ary At p re sent w ith an .

,
unp oint ed t e xt e ven th e native i s apt t o mak e ridicul ou s or

,
di s gusting blund e rs if h e dare t o put v ow e l s at ran do m t o

,
a w ord pre vi ou sly unknown 6 I t will enable Arab s to write . .
f ore ign n am e s unchanged or n e arly un ch an ged as E u ropean s

, ,
do . Now th e ir att e mpts at for ei gn nam e s ar e ludi c r ou s a nd

, ,
inv olv e en orm ou s e rror 7 Small Arab type s stra in the eye s
. .
of r e ad er s painfully ; a n imp ort ant t opic t o B agdad Syria , ,
a n d Egypt w here w e ak e y e s a nd blindne ss are s o t er rible

,
a sc ourg e 8 F e w of e v e n prof e ss e d sch ol a rs e v e r gain th e

. .
s am e i ntimat e familia rity wi th an alphab e t t otall y f or eign a s ,
w ith th e i r own I f th e Arab s nee d Europ e an instructors

.
,
i f th e y n ee d E urop e an s t o c o op erat e i n pr oducing f or th e m -
a n ew lit erature ( wi thout whi ch they c a n la ws no na ti ona l

r es ur r ec tz on) — th e y mu s t b e w illin g t o acc e pt ou r alph ab e t
’
B y it th ey will multiply a hundr e df old th ei r ai d from E urop e ,
a nd w ill f a cilit a t e th e ir own acc e s s t o Eur op e a n lit e r atu re .
9 B y duly w ritin g th e do uble syst e m of v o w e ls the im a gina

.
,
ti on of Arab r eader s will be s et m or e up on them to th e ,
c e rtain s oft e nin g of Arab elo cutio n a nd a gre at l e s se ni ng of ,
its f ati gue At p r e s ent fr o m th e habit of w riting c onso

.
,
n a nts o nly th e int ens e e ff o rt t o disti nguis h th e m l e a ds t o

,
a sp a sm odic and hid e ou s harshn e ss quite nee dle ss wh en th e ,
di st inctive v o w e l so und s a re duly heard 1 0 S o al s o th e

'
. .
fore i gn er wh o oft e n p rove s p erman ently unabl e t o e xec ute

,
so m e of th e c ons onants c orre ctly will y e t — by cultiv ating , ,
th e v ow e l s oun ds c a re fu lly i n w hich h e i s m o r e apt — att ain

, ,
a p ronunciation al ways int elligibl e neve r ridiculou s a nd at , ,
a sh o rt di stanc e will see m to sp e ak c orr e ctly For v ow els are .
h e ard furth er and cl e are r th an c ons onan ts 1 1 What e v e r . .
d e v e l op s int ell e ct excite s z e al f or re s ear ch i nt o antiquity

"
, .
A r e ally n e w Lit er atu re i n E uro p ean type u nder E u r op e an

, ,
influ e nc e will not make the student s of th e old li t erature

,
P R EFACE . ix
fewer ; but will e nabl e th em to pur su e it m or e f ruitfully ,

with min ds m or e p ow erf ul t o s e l e ct and t o fuse .
I di s trib ute d t h i s h a nd b i ll i n m a ny q uarter s a nd r e ,
c e i v e d s e v era l l etter s O ne l ear n e d g e nt l e m a n b rie fl y

.
rep l ied t h at h e c o u l d n o t s ee a ny u s e i n m y pr o p o s e d
ch a ng e —entire ly i gno ring th e e l e v en u se s whi ch I
,
h a d e nu m erated S im il ar reb u ffs c am e fr om o th er

.
q uarter s I s up p os e th ere fo re I m u st c ount on no thing

.
, ,
b ut O p p ositi on f rom th e l ear ned wh o s ee m t o m e di s ,
p o s ed m u ch t o u n derrate t h e difli c ulti e s whi ch th e y

h a v e surm ou nted or i ndi sp ose d to sm ooth t h e wa y of
,
l ear ners W h e n th e fi el d of l earni ng i s i nfi nite it i s

.
,
wit h m e a c ri m e t o i nc rea s e diffic u l ty I do n o t write .
f o r t h e l ear n ed b ut to aid t h e u nl ear n ed : h e nc e I ap p ea l

,
t o t h e l atter a l on e — t o t h o se wh o h a v e g oo d s e ns e b ut ,
n o a cq uai nta nc e wit h t h i s p arti c u l ar l a n g ua g e .
I h a v e b een a l ear n er o f l a n g ua ge s f o r m o re t h a n
fi f ty y ear s p a s t a nd h a v e l ear n ed m u ch o f a f ew la n
,
g gua e s ,
a l it t l e o f m a ny I k no w w h at m a k e s t h e m
.
ea sy a nd w h at h ard : a nd I p o s iti v e ly atte s t t h at t h i s

,
Ara b i c t yp e i s a n e no r m o u s a nd g ratuit o u s i nc rea s e o f

diffic u l t y ; p re e m i n e nt ly a s to w o rd s i n w h i ch t h e
-
v o c al i z ation i s really u nc ertain —in wh i ch c a s e o ne i s ,
e v er l earni ng a nd u nl ear ni ng a nd wr on gly (p er h ap s ) ,
bl am i ng o ne s m e m or y I t i s a s toni sh ing th at eith e r

’
.
p r o te s t o r rea so ni ng s h o u l d b e n ee ded on a m atter so

p l ain . S up p os e u s no t t o b e l earn er s b u t a l read y ,
l earned W e ta k e up a b o ok — sa y a new spaper a nd

.
, , ,
X E
P R FAC E .
t r y to rea d it T o p ut th e ri gh t v o we l s i s im p o ss ibl e
.
,
u n ti l t h e e y e h a s gl a nc ed f o rward i n t h e s e nten c e ; f or
it m a y c ontai n h a lf a d o z e n w o rd s wit h d o u b t ful v o we l s ,
w h i ch c a n only b e ad j u s ted by stud y i ng th e w h ol e I f .
t h e t h ree w o rd s A B C b e d o u b tf u l ea ch depen d s on
, , ,
t h e o th er t wo a s well a s o n t h e w o rd s wh i ch h a v e no
,
do u b t .F o r i ns ta nc e I n c eteb m ea n s I f h e sh a ll h a v e
1
,
written E nnw ceteb Th at h e h a s writte n ; I n cottb I f

, ,
i t sh a ll h a v e b ee n writte n ; E nna c ottb Th at it wa s ,
written ; E nna cotob T hat b ook s a n d I nna cota o

'
, ,
V erily b o ok s— o r — A s f o r b o o k s a nd w h i c h o f t h e s e
i s c o rre c t dep en d s o n wh a t i s c o m i n g Th e text write s

, .
a ll si x per fe c tly a l ik e T h u s e v er y ti m e o n e re fer s t o a

.
s e n te n c e i t [ m s to be s tudi ed a new Th e p a p er g e n eral l y

‘
.
,
blot s i f one tr y t o i ns e rt v o we l p oi nt s i n i nk he nc e I
,
fi n d it tak e s l e s s ti m e t o write ou t i n f ul l with m y o wn ,
p e n a w o r k w h i ch I wa n t t o s tud y t h a n re f er t o t h e
, ,
u n p ointed Arab i c tex t W h y n ati v e s m a k e li gh t o f

.
t h i s it i s n o t m y p art t o ex p l ai n bu t w h ate v er f a c i l it y
, ,
t h e y h a v e it i s non e th e ea s ier t o fo rei gn er s I f t h en

, .
, ,
we (o r il l iterate n ati v e s) de s ire t o b e c om e ex p ert i n th e

Sh o rt h a n d it i s wi se fi r s t t o l earn th e l a n gu a g e
-
,
t ho r o u gh ly i n long h a n d At p re s e n t it i s di ffi c u l t o r
-
.
i m p o s s ibl e t o ge t p r o s e w o r k s th at h a v e t h e v o we l
p o i nt s m ar k ed Th e de fic ie n cy o f st o p s t h e a b se n c e
.
,
o f p are n t h e s e s a n d t h e m i n l i n o f w o rd s a ra v ate
, g g gg ,
o t h er di fli c ulti e s .
y also be read E nn t b H e groaned h e wrote

1 It m a ce e
, , ,
PR F A CE E . xi
k w h i ch I h a v e tak en n m y elf c ann t b e

Th e ta s o s o
d e per fe c tly by m
on I f a l ear ned Ara b c u l d h a v e e. o
e th u ia m f it nd h ad ( per h ap
n s s or m e m y h av e)
,
a as s so a
as k ee n n ear f th e E ngl i h F re nch nd I tal ian

a or s , ,
a
so u d n I h a v e ; nd h ad bee n edu c ated i E ur p ea n

s as a n o
g ra m m ar I have ; d k ew
as we ll I w h ere an n as as ,
E ur pean are apt t g wr ng nd w h at t h e y n eed

o s o o o ,
a
h e w ul d exe c ute th i ta k b etter th an I N f rei gn er

o s s . o o
ca n k n w i n de l i c ate c a e
o ,
w h at v c a l i z ati n i n s s, o o s, o
th e w h l e b t n i th peda ti c
o ,
es v u l g ar I n
fi
e er n nor . ca
b ut ll t th e p r u c iati n a nc ti ned by F ari by

co a e on n o s s o s,
O de P er c e v a l by Ch b n
. by D B raine by L é n
, er on e a u, e ,
o
a nd H el t Side by ide w it h m y wn rem i i c e nc e

o ,
s o n s s
a nd m y wn M S S writte o i n Sy ria d B a g dad . n an ,
m ak i g a ll wa n c e f
n a F re ch o nd t h e pe c u l iar or n e ar , a
de fic ie cy f c ertai n im p l e h rt v we l i n F rench
n o s s o o s .
A fter a ll t h e de l i c ate c a e are f ew nd ex c epti n a l

,
s s a o .
I m bl i g ed t gi v e dire c ti n f
a o pr nun c iati
o d o s or o on , a n
m y dire c ti h a v e n prete nc e t b e p erf e c t B ut if

on s o o .
t h e y c u l d b e per fe c t th e y w ul d ti ll b e i n u ff i c ien t
o , o s s .
N E ngl i h m a n
o n l ear n f r m a b
s k t p r n u nc e
ca o oo o o o
F re ch c rre c tly nd t h e a m e i tru e f Arab i c

'
n o ,
a s s o ,
w h eth er a n ati v e write it a f rei gner , or o .
T h ed u c ated n ati v e t h e m e lv e v ary a m ng t h e m

e s s s o
s e lv e e pe c ia lly c n c ern ing t h e fi n nd

s, s v wel ;
o e a coa r se o s
a di ti c ti n w h i ch exi t b ut i n t ckn w l ed g ed i n
s n o s s, s o a o
writi ng e v e n w h e n v we l p i nt are added

, B etween o o s .
a a nd t h ere i fte n m u ch u n c ertai nty ;

e s o w h eth er a s,
PR FAC E E .
to sa
y J a di e d, J l
f
a di e da (ne w , o r Jedi e d,
) . J e d i e de ; f .
b ut it i s no m o re i m p o rta n t t a n t e ue sti o n w et er h h q h h
comma nd, h uld b e p r
ba sket, s o on o u n c ed wit h th e b r a d o
I ta l ia n f M idd l e ex
a o wit h n arr w s i n m i dl a d
,
or o a, a s n
a nd n rt h er n c u ntie
o In m e f t h e e detai l I
o s . so o s s
p er h ap h a v e n t attai ned c n i te ncy f p e ll ing

s o o s s o s .
N e v ert h e l e n t ly i ss, v we l y te m i m m
o on s o ur o s s ea s u r
a bly uperi r t t h eir b ut

s o ore g ard t y pe f s, n as s s or co
s on a nt re ur c e are reall y g reat G ree k g i v e

s, o ur so s . s
us th ree l etter 8 A I ide nti c a l wit h w 5 6 H e b rew

s,
‘
C
,
( a q uare t yp e ea i ly h arm ni z e d wit h t h R m a )

s ,
s o e o n
g i v e fsur l etter
o D 3 h V ide n ti c a
s,l wit h b u
C z ,
o .
E gl i h i n C Q X h
n s ,
t h ree up er fl u u l etter ; we
, ,
as s o s s
m y ad d l ng 5 f ld E n
a o
g l i h I t n
o ly re m ai
o n t s . o s o
u se s u ch re ur c e j udi c i u ly
so s o s .
I n I dia E ur pea n t y p e
n are exten i v e ly u ed t
o s s s o
wri t e t h e n ati v e l a g ua g e O mi i arie e m p l y

n s . ur ss o n s o
the m in Af ri c a i n th e P a c ific nd e v er y w h ere e l e

, ,
a s ,
with m re ol e kill Th bj e c ti n ur g ed by m e
or ss s . e o o s so
o f t h e l earn ed are a t n i h i gly uper fic ia l u ch

s o s n s , s a s,
that it i a g ain t t h e g e iu f a l a ng ua g e t b ri g
s s n s o o n
i n a f rei g n a l p h a b et
o T h e y m i gh t ee m t t h i nk . s o
th at t h e A rab i c a l p h a b et h ad g r wn t f th e il o ou o so
wit h th e l a ng ua ge N t ri u ly it w adap t d f r m . o o o s , as e o
t h e C fi by t h e v er y cl um y m eth d f p i nt
u c, u ch s o o o s, s
as we fte n e m p l y up n R m a n l etter
o o Th i ngl e o o s . e s
P h eni c ia n a l p h a b et h
o b een m di fi ed i t G reek as o n o ,
1
In Al pp I lway h ard J di d i B gdad (I thi nk ) J di d
e o a s e e e , n a a e .
PR FAC E E . xiii
C o pti c ,
h ari c E tru c an nd R man ; a l
G h e e z , Am ,
s , a o so
i nto E tra g e l S y rian

s n C fio S y ria c
-
S a m arita n ,
u c, , ,
H e b rew nd Ara b i c
, a V er y f w l ang ua g e i ndee d
. e s
h a v e h ad n a l p h ab et m ade f t h eir ex p re
a nd or ss u se a
if t h ere were m re u ch t h e y w u l d nly v ex

o s th e ,
o o us
m o re .
V ol ne y s u gg e s ted t h e ri gh t th i ng b ut hi s ch ara c ter s ,
did no t at a ll h ar m oni z e wit h R o m a n t y p e Th e l etter s .
o u h t to adap t t h e m s e lv e s a l s o t o I ta l i c s a nd b e ea s y
g ,
f o r j o i ni ng h a nd if p o s s i bl e, To dots t h ere are g ra v e .
o bj e c ti on s A s in gl e do t c a nno t b e l ar g e e no u g h t o
.
s tri k e t h e e y e wit h o ut b ei n u l y : t h e p ri n ter t h ere

, g g
fo re i s s ure i n th e long r un to m a k e it h urt fully sm all .
Al s o i n M S it ea s ily l o ok s l i k e a bl o t a n d m i s ta k e s
.
,
ari se a s t o w h i ch l etter it i s m ea nt t o a ff e c t h e n c e it
i m p e de s q ui ck writi ng A z ero i s b etter th a n a do t ;
.
y et t h i s blo ts i n writing a nd i s no t so goo d a s a c on ,
t inu o us trai n of t h e p e n B e s ide s a s I n o w kno w .

, ,
u nl e s s a prin ter c ut n e w t y p e s t h e z er o p u sh e s t h e ,
l etter s ap art Acc ent s a nd th e a p ostr op h e are wa nte d

.
, ,
f o r t h eir o wn purp o s e s a nd i n m ap s a ll s u ch t h i ng s
,
are m i s ch ie v o u s I f ne w t y p e s m us t b e c ut it i s we ll
.
,
to m a k e t h e fo r m s a s p er f e c t a s m a y b e .
Th e o bj e c t s t o b e g ai n ed by a sy s te m o f E ur o p ea n
tra ns l iterati on are s o g reat t h at th e e l e v e n ar g u m e nt s ,
qu oted ab o v e rath er all ude t o t h an de v e lo p th em .
S om eth i ng m o re m u s t b e h ere a dded A so u n d kno w .
l ed ge of ge ograp hy l ie s at th e b a si s of m o dern c u l ture ,

i
x v E
PR F A C E .
a nd f or it M AP S are n e c e ss ar y W ithout t h i s kn o w
.
l ed ge th e O riental s m u st rem ain a s ch i l dren with wea k , ,
e m pt y a nd de l u si v e idea s c on c ern i n g o th er nati ons

,
i n c apabl e o f re c ei vi n g i nstru c ti on by b ook s o r n ew s

pap er s B ut wh o wi ll en g ra v e m ap s f or T ur k s A rab s
.
, ,
a nd P er s ia ns i n t h e t y p e o f t h eir n ati v e M SS w h at .
pu bl i sher i n P ate r nos t er Row o r N ew Y o r k wi ll u n der

ta k e t h e s pe c u l ati on And i f s u ch m ap s exi sted w h at ,
n ati v e s ee k ing i nfo rm ati on w o ul d b e a bl e t o read t h e m ,
tra v er s ed by d o t s inn u m era bl e i n irre g ul a r dire c ti ons

An Ara b m a y a ffo rd t o turn i nt o e m bro ide i y s a c red ‘
text s wit h w h i ch h e i s f a m i l iar ; b ut i f o ne i n ter l a c e

i n a m a p fo rei gn na m e s u n kn own t o h i m t h e y m u s t ,
b e uninte lli gibl e i n su ch a ch ara c ter O nly m ap s wi t h

.
a v er y few na m e s su ch a s are i n our ch il dre n s s ch ool s

,
’
,
c ou l d be l e gibl e Th e A rab v owe l p oi nt s utterly

.
,
i nsuffic ien t a s t h e y are t o ex p re s s fo rei gn n a m e s w o u l d ,
e nta n gl e th e p r obl em w o r s e th a n e v er ; f or t h e oh ,
j e c t i on s t o u s i n
g t h e m a nd t o di s pe ns i n
g wi t h t h e m are
a l i k e p ower fu l . B ut we m a y furth er a sk I s I N D I A ,
n e v er t o re c ei v e m o der n c u l t i v ati on or i s a n y on e
i ns a ne e n ou gh to su g ge st th at t h e E ngl i s h G o v ernm e n t
wi ll go t o th e ex pen s e o f m ap s i n th e D e v a n a g ari a nd
T a m i l ch ara c ter — a ch ara c ter f ar l e s s e m b arra s s i ng
th an t h at o f A rab ia : I t wi ll b e rep l ied Of cour se
,
a ll In dia ns wh o de s ire W e s ter n c u l ti v ati on m u s t l earn

t o read t h e n a m e s on E ur o p ean m ap s B y th e s am e
’
.
rea son we are cl aim ing n o t h i ng g reat i n ex pe c ti ng ,

P RE F A CE . XV
Arabs t o m k e th em elv e m a ter f tw k ind f

a s s s s o o s o
ty p e nd l ear ni ng t tra n l iterate M t e v ide nt i it

,
a o s . os s ,
t h at th w r l d c a nn t a ff rd t i n du l g e i n ep arate
e o o o o s
atl a e f s s A ra b ia f
or B en g al f t h e S ut h f I ndia
, or ,
or o o ,
f or B ur m a f C h in a , F a ll t h e e pe p l e a p
or . or s o s re
re q ui ite f c u l ti v ati n i t l ear n t h e h

s o t
o nd s, o c a r a c er s a
u se t h e m ap f E ur p e N t i n dee d
s o l ng g ;
o . o o ur a ua es
t h at w u l d b e a c nditi n t h ard t f u lfil a c n diti n

o o o oo o ,
o o
w h i ch n de p t c u l d e nf r c e B ut if a b n fi nt
o s o o o . e e ce
S u l ta n were t e ta bl i h ch l f o Ara b
s nd were t
s s oo s or s, a o
tea ch A ra b i c i n t h e m t h r u gh a E ur p ea n ty p e l ely o o so ,
t h i c u l d n t b e fel t
s o a h ard h ip i n a c u ntr y w h ere
o as s ,
o
SO v er y m all a fra c ti n f th e n ati v e n p t ri gh t

s o o s ca u
vo wel t t h e Si m p l e t n ati v e text

s o s .
And t h i du c e m int a p l iti c a l rem ar k E n gl a n d

s se s e o o .
at v a t ex pe n e u tai n n em b a y at C n ta n ti n p l e
s s s s s a ss o s o ,
a n d a fl eet i n th M editer nea n f e th e a k e (it i ra , or s s
s aid ) f E ng li h i nt
o t in th e E a t
s W h en w i n
er es s s . e
q uire wh at i ntere t are i n tended n thing e l e i di s s ,

o s s s
c v erabl e b ut th at we de ire t m ai ntain i n Turk e y

o s o
g d
oo wi ll t c m m er c e
o o ur re l i g i n o n d m ,
o ur o , a o ur c o
m n i t i n wit h I n dia M n n t t h e l ea t c ute i n ”

u ca o s . e o s a
t h e E n gl i h P ar l ia m e nt h a v e a v we d t h eir b e l ie f t h at
s o
our dip l m a cy nd o fl eet h a v e n te n de n cy t

a our s o o
p r m te t h i
o o
g d wi ll s b ut “
rat h er
oo t h e c n trar y ,
o .
W ith ut v e nturi ng n
o l ar g e a que ti n n m y b e o so s o ,
o e a
perm itted t a ert t h at if h a lf t h e ex pen e f

o ss ,
s o ou r
M edit rra nea n fl eet were retre n ch ed

e nd t h e m ne y ,
a o
xvi E
PR F AC E .
S pe nt u n der t h e dire c tion o f ou r C O N S U L S in f ree s ch ool s

f o r t h e n ati v e p o pu l ati o n o f T ur k e y —t o i n s tru c t t h em,
i n G e o g rap h y a nd t h e e l e m en ta r y k no w l ed g e t o w h i ch
it i s t h e k e y by t h e i nter v en ti on o f t h e E ur o pea n
,
ch ara c ter a nd E uro pea n m ap s — i t wou l d do m o re i n

fiftee n y ear s to p rom o te th e intelli genc e a nd p ro s perity
o f T ur k e y a nd wit h it a ll t h e so l id a nd l e iti m ate
, g
i ntere s t s o f E n gl an d th a n a m b a ss ad o r s a nd fl eet s c a n
,
do i n fiv e h u n dre d y ear s .
P S S in c e t h e a b o v e wa s i n t h e p ri nter s h an d s I
’
-
. .
,
h a v e s e e n t h e rem ark abl e s tate m ent s o f M r P al g ra v e .

,
t h at i n the N E o f A ra b ia w h i ch h e h a s O p ene d t o o u r
. .
,
kno wl ed g e t h e p e o p l e p re s er v e i n daily ta lk t h e fi na l
,
v o wel s o f c la ssi c al Arab i c S inc e no di sc u ss i on of s u ch

.
a t o pi c c a n here fi nd pla c e it m u s t s u fli c e t o re m ar k
,
th at if t h e p e o p l e of th at re g i on ta lk t h e l a n g ua ge
c urren t 13 00 y ear s a go i n M e cc a it i s no w a s tri c tl y ,
l o c al p e c ul iarity I n n o c a s e c a n th e p o p ul ation Sp rea d

.
,
o ver the v a s t s urf a c e h it h ert o k n o w n ad o p t t h e a n c ie n t ,
dia l e c t a s t o i t s fi na l v o we l s o r a s to w o rd s a nd t h eir
, ,
c urren t s ense s .
xviii CONTE NTS .
16 . D egenera te Verb s
17 . Adv rb a nd C onj uncti ons
e s
18 . Anci ent C ase s of th e N oun
PAR T I II . P RAXI S .
Tabl es of Pl ral
u s
E r i
xe c ses on o f
l
S ma l T a lk wi th out Ve b s r
At t h e Close of a J ourney
At t h e C a avans era i
r
O n D ess e t r
Ta lk wi thaC oo k on C ateri ng
W i th Mlt ru e ee s o n aJ r ou ney
C p ti c
o Fe as t
T wo T rad m es en
C l hi r d hi C m r
ot e an s us to e
Wi th a T il r a o
A St ti r wi th a P p r M r hant
a one a e e c
Sp i m
ec f Pr wi h f w V rb s
en o ose t e e
N w pap r E t t
e s e x ra c s
V L
E QU I A E NTS HE RE U SE D F O R THE AR AB C HAR AC TE R S .
HANDBOOK OF MODERN ARABIC .
P AR T I . P R O N U NC IATI O N AND W RI TI N G .
1 . VO WE L S O UN D S .
l . Pronoun cerdinaril y as i n mutable coa chman or ne arly

a o , ,
a s u i n mud T hus B ann c offee b e an ; M add h e str e tc h e d ;

.
, ,
-
,
R abb lord ; ar e s ounde d as E nglish bun ma d r ub

, , , .
Y et w ith strong h ( II) a nd Ain ( s ) th e a i s sharp ened

int o F r ench a of sa lon ; whi ch happ e n s i n som e o th e r w ords
n ot e a sy t o e num e rat e a s Ana I ; Aah r back ( so und it , , , ,
An a )
-
P erhap s h in Aahr affe cts th e a
. .
2 S h ort e is f or the m o st p ar t s o un ded n early a s i n men

.
,
bell onl y n ot qui t e so cl e ar

, (Wh e th e r indisti nctn e s s i s .
h e re any vi rtue may b e j udg e d dif f e r e ntly i n di fferent

,
pr ovin c e s ) T hu s J e b al a m ountain ; B el a d a district ;

.
,
-
,
-
,
Me d i e na a city ; Ce b i e r gre at
-
, [ Th e E nglishman must -
, .
not p r on oun ce Jé bal B elad nor M idi ena Ci bi er ] Thu s

-
, , ,
.
al so E1 th e ; T e ll hill ; Ent e th o u ; E mt e when ? Bel but

, , , , , , .
Nev erth e l e ss c lik e a i n m a ny w ords tak e s a s e c ond

, , ,
s oun d viz that of E nglish a i n ma n w hich is a sound not

,
.
, ,
normal i n F rench and I talian Thi s sh ar p ened sound of e .

2 HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC .
may be hear d e sp e cially ( 1) i n c onnection w ith c or h ; a s in ,
E cb ar gr e ate r ; E c Oer m o re ; L e c t o th ee : wh e r e L e e is t o
, , ,
b e s ounde d a s E ngli sh la ck a nd Be c ( in th e e ) lik e E n gli sh ,
ba ck (.2 ) I n c e rtain c o nt r ast s such a s N ete s b rea th N ef s , , , ,
self ; B ere d hail B ard c old ; th e sec on d e of th e di s syll abl e

, , ,
i s sharpe ne d s o that a n E ngli shman mi ght w ri t e N e f as -

,
Be r a d Indeed in sasel h oney I always he ard the e a s our

-
.
, ,
sh arp a .
3 I f certai nty c ould be attain e d it might b e w ell t o w rit e

.
,
d e f or the sharp er s oun ds of Sh o rt a and e ; thu s w e sh ould

hav e Ana I ; 25am back ; E nte th ou ; Ber a d or B ored
, , , ,
h ai l ; B éc i n ( or with ) th ee I a whil e atte mpt e d thi s but

, .
,
found to o many doubtful cas e s a nd t oo much unc e rtainty ,
w h e th e r I w a s pursuing l aw s o f th e l anguag e or pro vincial

acc ent O n th e wh ol e I think that h a nd c tend t o m odify
.
,
e int o sh a rp En glish a as 3 t e n ds t o sh a rp e n a : thus E m

,
‘
,
E mma but ; E m r aff a ir T h e re are not l e ss th a n f our

‘ ‘
or ; , , .
diff e re nt s ounds of th e s e t wo sh o r t v o wel s w hich th e Arab s ,
eith e r o mit or expre s s by th e single mark which th e y call

,
F a t ll a .
4 .L ong a ( a ) is at l e ast a s broad as in fa ther ma sh of the , ,
S outh of Engl a nd I ndee d with Q th e a i s apt t o t ak e the

.
de e p s ound o f o u r a n a w in ha ul ba wl S o t oo i n the w ord , .
Alli h G od which a n E nglishman w oul d b e apt t o write

, ,
U l lauh
-
.
5 L on g e ( é ) is a s th e v o we l i n ( la/r e t ea r ha ir thei r
.
,
/
, , ,
ther e I t i s p robably old Greek n e arly French e or (5

.
, .
M any English f amili e s or e v en c ounti e s so minc e th e a in

r a sp b as ket c a s tle c omma nd as t o yi e ld the s oun d o f thi s é
g , , , ; ,
but in the So uth of E ngland it i s onl y heard before r .

RAN DB oox or MOD E RN ARABIC . 3
6 . Sh ort i i s with us in li ttle p i n Thi s sound b ein g

as .
unknown t o the F r ench ( wh o are pron e to say leetle p een) ,
o ne i s apt t o be mi sl e d by Fr ench notati on which aim s t o
t ra nscrib e Arabic I n M in from ; Li to ; Tilf wast e ;

.
, , ,
Me l i c king ; Si nn a to oth ; M a f rih sunset ; Menzil lodging ;

-
, , , ,
th e sh ort i i s a s cl e a r a s in E nglish [ I n many w o rds th e .
vulgar are quit e indistinct m e rging it in o u or e Thu s , , , .
I al ways h e ard B el a without ; which F aris write s B i l a f or

,
th e E nglish le arn e r Th e w or d is a mode rn f ormati o n ; but

.
anal o gy requi re s B il a so I foll o w Faris And i n s om e o ther

,
.
w ords i n spite of p rovincialism I cling to th e clas sical ki sr a

, , ,
wh ere w e h av e cl a s sic al gui danc e ] O b se rve —never to p r o ,
nounce fi nal sh ort e a s i .
7 L ong i i s a s in E nglish ma chi ne

. I t may b e w ritten .
i t o s ave Spac e ; but t o e c o n o mize the circum fl e x I w ri te i e ,
f or it a s in o u r f ie ld
,
T hu s Ti e n fi gs ; Me di ena city ;
.
, ,
Fe ti e le w ick [ not Fi ti eli rath e r Fe t i elé]

, ,
-
.
8 Sh o rt 0 i s ordi narily a s o ur 0 0 i n g ood

. Y e t when .
acc ented i n a cl osed syllabl e it i s r ath er the F rench 0 a s ,
O c t éb writ e tho u ; Kob z b re ad

, ,
.
9 O ur l on g 0 i n s tone acc o rding t o C a ta f a go i s not Arabic

.
, ,
at all Y e t th e C hristians and J e w s in Al epp o pr etty cl e arly

.
sa
y Foa m a d ay ( with the v ow e l s ound of Engli sh boa t) ;
,
s o L oa n a c ol our etc I n strictne ss thi s i s a D iphth on g

, , . .
E nglish 0 a i s onl y an app roximation t o it y e t it is a n a p ,
p roximation which w ill ne v er be misunderst ood I n fact .

,
th er e ar e h ere t wo s ound s which I w ri te cu a u Of the s e , , .
eu appr o a che s t o 0 a 0 i n boa t bone a nd a n t o on in our s ound

, , , ,
.
Th e Arabic utt e ran c e i s her e l e ss pure and sin gl e than th e

Engli sh ; two v owel s ar e heard in imp erfe ct c ombination .
4 HANDBOOK O F MOD E RN ARAB IC .
Thu s Ye um , day ( nearly Yoam) D au butt ermilk (nearly , ,
D ow ) . I n fact D aw a m e dicine i s soun ded exactly a s

, ,
E ngli sh D ow a [ c o mpar e dower ] and mi ght i n Arabic be

-
,
w ritt en D aua with out i mpr opri e ty .
10 Sh ort u i s intended f or F r ench at i n bur ea u

. I n Syria .
b oth 0 and i often d e generate int o a ; e speci ally wh en 0 i s

r epeat e d Thu s th ey say Ontoh f or C otob b o ok s ; Jub on f or
.
,
J ob on ch e e se Fulf ol f or Folf ol pepper ; Mux m ox f or

, ,
M ox m ox apric ot s
, .
1 1 D ott e d 6 repre sent s the G erman s ound n e arly F r ench

.
,
c u i n heur eux j eune ,

In Syria u i s oft en c orruptly sounde d 6
.
,
‘
a s F OM a f o r FuA
,
I a silver ; H 6 s fin f or Hus zm h ors e
, , ,
.
1 2 B y ui I r e pre sent the l on g F rench u in lune perhap s

.
,
old Gr ee k
‘
Ut.
1 3 Th e diphth ong on i s t o b e sound e d a s i n F r ench or i n

.
,
E ngli sh y ou Thi s might b e w ritt e n a to s av e spac e ; but

.
th e f e w e r c i r c um fl ex e s the b e tt e r .
14 Th e diphth ong Cu i s a ve ry ob scure sound but p e rh a p s

.
,
is that of F r e nch oeu in s oew si st e r C ompare old I onic m,

. v .
15 Th e diphth on g a i i s very ne ar to English i in fi r e ti le ;

.
,
a s K air goo d ; K ail h ors e s ; F ai r o ther N o one c an be

, , , .
'
misun de rst ood or c a n s ee m absu rd wh o exactly utt e r s h e re

, ,
th e E ngli sh v o we l Yet th e M ohamm e dan Arabs giv e som e

.
w h a t m o re o f th e double s ou nd .
1 6 Th e s am e r emark appli e s t o the diphth ong c i

. N e ver .
t h ele ss it i s all but id e ntic al with E nglish ci , ey in vei l gr ey , , ,
w hich is th e s am e sound a s in ma i d p a le Thus L e i l ni ght , .

, ,
w ould b e written Lal e or Lail or L e yl by an E ngh sM a n

, , .
Th e c ombinati on s i e ui ; c i a t on , (In ; cu au ;
, mi ght , ,
w ith e qual grammatic al pr opriety be written i y uy ey a

y , ,
6 H AN DBOOK or MOD E RN ARABIC .
with Arabic al one B ut f or certain l anguag e s into whi ch

.
A r abic e nte r s — a s Z ouave P e rs ian T ur ki sh — this i s oh

, , , ,
j e c ti onable ; since G i s th e r e w ant e d f or i t s English soun d ;

a nd it s ee m s a pity t o wa ste G ree k I wh en w e hav e it to ‘
,
o u r hand E v en i n Ar abic En gli sh G is often us e ful f or

.
,
writing prop e r name s as in Gi éna ( Gui a na ) Gi eni a ( Gui nea ) , ,
I n gli e z ( E ng li sh) I n gi lterr a (E ng la nd ),

Indeed in a fe w .
A rab nouns the E n glish hard g i s h e ard : thu s Na r gi e l f or

N a rj i el c o c o anut ; D ongola a h e ron I t i s r e gard e d a s
, ,
.
a p e culiarity of th e Egyptian di al e ct a lway s t o hard en th e

Ji e m ( ) into Gi em whi ch i s an app ro ach to Hebre w B ut
E
.
,
no furth e r n otic e will b e h e r e t ak e n o f thi s .
2 0 F b d j a r e s ound e d a s i n English ; only p erhap s

.
, , , ,
the d is slightly dental a s with F r ench and I talian s For j ,

.
the F r e nch writ e ( y the German s dsch w hich ar e t oo clum sy

, ,
f or t r ansliterati on a nd grammatic all y obj e ctionabl e e sp e ci a lly

, ,
w h e n the l e tt e r has t o b e d oubl e d F inally a h er e r e p re s e nt s .

,
E nglish sh a s i n P o rtugue se not with out hi storical e xcu se ;

, ,
f or x of Latin st oo d f or Gr ee k 5 and the repres e ntativ e of ,
this i n Ph eni cian a nd Egyptian seem s to have deg enerate d

in to th e sh and sh B ut c onv eni enc e is h ere the chi ef argu
.
ment We can not afford to w a st e the x

. .
2 1 P an d V ar e f ound only i n foreign w o rds as V ap our

.
, ,
a st e amb o at which wi ll prob ably p rov e an in evi table noun

, .
M are eb a nfir (fir esh i p ) sugge sts a different thing I n such

- -
.
nam e s a s P e te rsburg P ar i s V i enna V alpar ais o w e n ee d

, , , ,
P and V [ Al so in P e rsian Turki sh Zou a v e th e soun ds of

.
, , ,
E nglish tch an d F r ench j ar e f o und a s well a s th e h ar d ,
English g Th e s e thre e a re all mark e d i n Turki sh type by

.
a tr ip le dot ( ) which in M S i s habitually imi tated by th e

a
,
.
HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC . 7
circumfl e x Ye t I thi nk that f or tch it i s be st t o add th e

t op of T t o C m ak ing a f orm al m o st i de ntic a l with E
, ?
and f or ; u se j wi th an a rrowh e ad at t op 1 ,
A tri pl e dot h a s none of th e di sadvantag e s in printing whi ch

a singl e dot inv olv e s I t i s not mistak en f or a blo t on th e
.
M S an d it is l e gibl e wi th out being so lar ge a s t o app e ar a n

.
ugly sp ot in the typ e s Henc e I thi nk that c j g s ur .

, ,
m ount e d by a t ripl e dot will not ill r ep re sent d if ”

,
o ccasi o n r e quir e in Indian or Afr ic an lan guages N ever

, .
th ele ss if P ( b e adopt e d f or
,
our s imple G g s uffice s f or
P ersian Gai j
2 2 Th e s e v en f e minin e or fi ne c on s on ant s are s z t A
.
, , , ,
c h S nev er h a s the sound of a but is e v e ry wh ere sharp

, , , .
T i s slightly de ntal and i n Algi e rs t e nds t o de g e n er at e int o

,
ts a s w i th th e K ab ai ls or Alg er ine Berb er s

,
A A i s as in .
m o dern G reek o r our flat th i n the thi s C i s ne arly ou r h

, ,
.
,
but f orwa rd er in th e m outh and m o re mincing ; a s i s th e ,
ca se with s s t al so Th e Turk s int e rp o s e sh ort i afte r 0

, ,
.
,
s ayi ng n e a rly
( i n E ngli sh ortho gr aphy ) k i ean or k y e a n f or
c én B ut th e Be doui ns s ound 0 a s our ch i n chill cha nt
.
, ,
la tch ; a nd th e l e arne r wh o has n o opp ortunity of hearing

th e tru e s oun d of Q wi ll do b e st to give to 0 i ts B edoui n
p ro nunci ati on ; oth e r wi s e h e w ill alm o st in e vit ably c onfo und
it w ith Q E v e n at B agdad th e Be douin sound p re v ai l s at
.
,
le a st b efo re e and i and it is i n p e rf e ct an al o gy with the s oft

,
s o und of
j which i s alm ost univ er sal b e y ond E gyp t H is
'
'
, .
p erh aps ide ntic al with E ngli sh h F inally ( which is call e d .
H amz e ) i s a m ere hi a tus W e are made aware of it e v en .
i n E nglish wh e n w e di stin gui sh

, an
‘
ic e puddi ng fro m “ ”
“
a nic e p uddi ng ; but a n Arab wo uld wi sh to write
”
8 HANDBOOK OF MOD ERN ARABIC .
Anti chu s I t ali a wher e it s e em s to u s ab surd to reck on

‘
o ,
‘
,
th e hiat us a s a c onsonant I n such a w or d a s Ye s el ( he ‘

.
a sk s ) th e c onsonantal p o wer of the hiatus i s le ss ob scure

,
.
2 3 B etw ee n d o r 6 a nd a the Ha mze i n m od e rn p r o

.
nunci a ti on g ene rally b e c ome s y ; thu s M i rs é a ( an ch or) i s

‘
M i rs éy a E v e n M a ( w at e r ) i s p ronounc e d M a y ; and so we
‘
.
may write it th e radical l ett e rs b ei ng mwy Th e M oh am

, .
m e dan e mak e H amze a udibl e i n Xai ( thing) S om etim e s

‘
.
the H amze betwe en v ow e ls chang e s t o w ( a nd i s s o writt en

by the Arab s) e sp e c i ally wh en the pr e c e din g v o wel i s 0 or
,
on as Mow ellif ( a comp o ser ) f or M o elli f

‘
.
24 Th e s e ven ma s culin e or c oars e c onsonan t s c o rr e sp ond

.
w ith th e f e mi ni ne e ach t o e a ch Th e y are x 5 T A q ll 3

,
.
, , , , , ,
3 5 T A Q II S
, , , ,
Th e t wo first ar e a p outing s and s
, , . .
T h e lips are protrude d a nd ( nativ e s sa y ) th e t on gu e mu st be

,
put betwe en th e te e th with much dange r of bi ting it T h e , .
fo rm of x i s b orr ow e d from Heb rew 2 Th e c o ar se t ( T ) i s .
familiar t o us i n I r ish b ro gu e wh en wa ter i s p ronoun ced , .
Th e uppe r gum s ( or e ven th e palat e ) mu st b e t ouched by

a br oad mas s of the t on gu e and th e lips opened ; whil e i n the ,
fi ne t the r oot of the tooth is t ouched by the m e r e p oi nt of the

t on gu e and th e lip s d rawn cl o se r Th e A is n e arly dth of
, .
E nglishm e n y e t it i s n ot a d ouble s ou nd but a c o ars e A

, ,
forme d by a thick tongue on th e g um ; whil e in fin e A the

t o ngue delicate ly t ouch e s the edge of th e fo r e t ooth Q i s .
far d eep e r in the thro at th an ou r h (a s c i s forwa rder i n the

m outh than h) a nd is v ery soft —wholly fr ee fr om v i br a ti on
, ,
.
Th e f or eigne r fin ds h i s thro at s oon t o bec o me s o re at the r oot

o f th e t on gu e fr om a fr equent utt e rance of Q I t is thought .
to be heard fr o m the r oc k s when they sa y ca w ; hence Q a q

HANDBOOK O F MOD ERN ARABIC . 9
( pr onounced Qa wq ) i s Arabic f or the crow generic all y ,

.
S tron g h ( H) i s oft e n h e ard f r o m I ri shm en I t i s whe e zin g .
a nd guttural with som ethi n g of a w i n it at the b e ginni n g o f

,
a wo rd a s i n o ur rare nam e Whew ell T h e force of air in

,
.
the th ro at i s c onsiderable an d i s stran gely prolon ged when it

,
ends a w o rd a s M eli ell ( good) R a11 ( he went ) T h e l e tter

, ,
.
Ain ( s ) i s not m e rely a hi atu s lik e H amze but a mu s cular , ,
upwa rd j e rk of the ch e st and stomach acc omp ani ed with an ,
e l e vati on of mu s ical note t o the v ow e l It may b e call e d .
a sp a smodi c emp has i s s uch a s a s tuttering m an execut e s

, ,
when at la st h is v ow e l struggl e s out ; a s S arab ( Arab s ) Ma s z ,
( g oats
), R ob s ( qu a rt e r ) A f o.reign e r at fir st b e li e v e s it i s
a v ow e l ; and it i s as much a s e mi vowel a s 8 s t h which -

, , ,
we s e e m abl e t o sound by them selve s Grammatically it i s .
t reat e d a s a pur e c ons onant .
2 5 I n a few w or ds eith er th e r e i s c onf u si on bet we e n 5 an d

.
I or 5 h a s chang e d i t s sound Aahr ( the back ) AOh r ( n o on )

, .
, ,
AOlm e ( darkne ss ) Na I uif ( clean) S a l m ( b o n e ) ; a nd i n

, ,
Syria II af a I ( h e p reserve d) are pronoun c e d with l th ough

-
,
writt e n (i n Arab characte r ) with 5 B ut 5 a1im

( ty rannical ) b alm ( tyr anny ) a re so und e d with 5 a s th o ugh
, , ,
it w ere a diffe rent r oot fro m ZSOlm e ( da rk ne ss ) [ I n classical

'
dictionaries Na lluif i s dir ty a nd Na guif c lea n 1]

, ,
2 6 T h e t e rmi nati ons i e q

. iek i e r ar e uttered a s if
-
,
-
,
-
,
a sh ort a w e r e inte rp o sed b e fore the fi nal c ons onant [ T hi s .
i s Pa t fl a fur ti ve of H eb re w ] I t i s peculiarly imp o rta nt i n

exp re ssing i e q a s S a ti e q ( S ati e a q) old ; si nce it at once
-
,
-
,
di scrimin at e s Q fro m C Possibly i e ll ou ll equ al ly have

.
-
,
-
th e furtive a Th e l e arne r mu st m ost car e fully l e arn t o

.
di stingui sh the terminations i e s , i ell , i ch a s i n K ani e s

- - -
, ,
s ham eful ; M eli ell good ; C eri eh u npleas ant I n i e s the

, ,
.
-
m u s cle s of utt e ran ce j e rk upwards M eli ell mu st be c onc e iv e d

.
o f by th e E nglishman a s M eli é t hhh with l ong c ontin u e d,
wh ee zing ; and Ceri eh a s Ceri ehi with final i pronounced ,
very r apidl y .
2 7 Th e tru e s oun d o f O and A as explained ab ove i s

.
, ,
retaine d a t B agdad i n f amili ar talk ; al so by the Be douins ,
a nd in readi ng the K o ran or p o e try No one c an b e mis .
under sto od when he adheres t o the c orrect sounds ; and they

ar e s o e a sy t o a n E ngli shman that h e O ,
ught from the b e
ginni ng t o b e punctili ou sly accurate T o c o rrupt 6 into 8 or
.
t A in to 2 or d c onfuse s w o r ds e sse ntiall y diff e r e nt a nd i s

, , ,
a really mischi evou s d epravati on of the languag e th ough ,
s yst e matically practi s e d by man y e ve n of the l e arn e d To .
m e rge E ngli sh thi n in t o ti n or si n br ea the int o br eez e or br eed,

,
i s j u st th e c orr upti on he r e dep re cated .
2 8 D o ubl e c on s on an t s f oll o wed by a v ow el mu st be d welt

.
on ,
a s i n I tali an ter r a bella,
.An E n glishman i s apt t o
n e gl e ct an d i nd ee d not t o u nderst and thi s
,
Y e t w e have it in .
mea nness soulless whi ch w e never pr onoun c e mea ness s ouless ;

, , ,
no r do we c onf ound ni c e s i z e w ith ni ce ey es but w e sou nd ,
double 8 in th e middle of th e f orm e r Only at the end of .
a w ord a doubl e c onsonant cannot be utter e d I t r e mains .
doubl e f or m ere gr ammatical r e a son s ; a s M odd (extend) .
2 9 T h e c o mbi nation nb i s pr op e rly soun d e d m b a s i n

.
,
Zenbi el (b a sket ) pronoun c e d Z e m bi el I t s plural i s Zeni bi el

,
.
,
wh e r e n reapp e ars [ I n Syr ia I us e d to h ear Jan b Jen bi

.
’
,
’
,
as if wi th a sh ort v ow e l e li de d inst ea d of Jambi ( at my S ide )

, .
Thi s i s p erhap s c omparable t o pro vi ncial E n gli sh umb i r ella ,
m u sh a room .
]
30 . combin ati on s dt At At Ot T t are all s ounde d

Th e , , , , , as
tt but f or grammatical r e a sons they are not so wri tte n .
3 . R E L AT I ON O F VOWE L S TO C ON S ONANTS .
31 Vo w el s ar e of th ree cla sses which ( imitating native

.
,
gramm ar s ) I c all F a thi te s Ki sri tes Dh a m m i te s Th e y a re

, , .
thu s a rra ng e d
Sh or t .
F a thi tes
SP E CIA L D I PH T H ONG S .
Th ereis no gr a mma ti ca l dif f ere nce b e tw ee n a fi ne and i ts

c o rre sp ondi ng coar se v o w e l or diphth on g Th e ch oic e b e .
tween th e t wo i s d e t ermine d by th e natu re of th e c ontigu ou s

c o ns onants H ence even i n p oi nted A r a bi c they a r e not di s
.
ti ngui shed ort e or a i s call e d F a tll a s h ort i or u K isra

[ Sh
.
, ,
h ort C Aa mm a j O ne genera l rule must gui de

'
s a or us .
Ther e i s a c lose a fi ni ty between the c oar s e c onson a nts a nd the

c oar se vowel- s ounds .Ev en so ; th e rule h olds but imp e rfe ctly
of Q , whi ch onl y with Fathi tes and diphth ongs take s the
c oar se soun ds .
Learn e d gr ammars do not alway s lay str e s s on the double

soun d of th e v ow e l s if th e y n ame it Ob e r lei tner inde e d
,
.
, ,
s ay s
(5 4 Th e v o w e l s have a doubl e s ou nd e mpha t ic
, ,
with the e mphatic c on sonant s soft with the other lette rs ,

.
T hi s double s ound i n p r ac ti ca l utter a nce needs p eculi ar c a r e,
les t wor ds unli ke in sense Perc ev al

be f
con ounded .
”
C a u s s in d e
i n h i s sh ort but v aluabl e m o de rn g ramm ar lays chi ef st re ss ,
o n th e di ff er ence of a d fro m c é Of the r e st he s ay s

, ,
.
m e r ely , Th e guttur al and emphatic l e tt e r s give t o the

“
vowel s a vague soun d whi ch we cannot e xpre ss by our

vowel s .
”
3 2 T o a for e ign er the Arab c onsonant s ar e s o difficult

.
,
that unl e ss h e anxi ou sly attends t o th e acc o mpanying v ow e l s

h e h a s a p oor chanc e of av oidin g ridi cul ou s am biguitie s .
Vow e l s are m or e e a sily h e ard than c onsonants ; and if we

sound th e m ri ghtly our e rr o rs i n the c o ns onant s wi ll o ft e n
e s cape th e e ar Hence t o wr i te thi s di stincti on of v owe ls

.
,
and let it impres s im a gination a nd memo ry is to u s of fi rst ,
i mp o rt an c e Ev en b e fore the s ame c onsonant n th e Arab s

.
sa y Ana I
( ) Enté ( th o
,
u ) th ough th e y w rit e th e fi r,
st v ow el
of e ach w o rd alik e Every Europ e an writ e s A in the former

.
w ord E i n th e l atte r Al so M an ? ( wh o ? ) i s sou n de d with

, .
th e vow e l of o ur bun none r un I n regard t o the neutr a l

, , .
c onsonant s th ere i s gr e at un certainty whether th e c o ar se or

the fine vo wel s are to be u sed E ven c once rnin g Q before .
T éb , rep ent d e T ri b , w a s
nice .
T er c e h e l e ft ;
,
T a r a q b e k no ck e d
,
.
C él he m e as r e d ;
,
u Q al he said
,
.
C é s, cup ; Q AS h e m e as ur e d
,
.
S e hil e a sy ;,
S éllul s e a c o a st
,
-
.
Fi c r th ought ;
,
Fa qr p o v e rty
,
.
H e dd h e demolish e d ;
,
H a dd a limit , .
He rab h e fl e d ; ,
Harb war ,
.
C e wi he b rande d ;
,
Qa wi stro ng ,
.
‘
emal h e h op ed ; ,
S amal h e w ork e d, .
So as to diff e rence of m ere v owel

D hn gr e as e ;
o ,
Dahi n gre asy , .
Xoub di lut e ; ,
X a ub s ultri ne s s ,
.
N our lust re ; ,
N aur a bl ossom , .
Dain a debt ; , D ien ( th e ) faith ,

.
II a rr h eat ; ,
H Orr fr e e w ell b orn , ,
-
.
T ufl a y oung child ; T a f a l p ot te r s clay

’
.
, ,
S aj al has t e ; S aj il u r g e nt ; S uj l calf
, , , .
D ibb creep ; ,
D obb a b ear , .
If th e Arab e v er have w i t erc urse with the f reigner

s ne n o o ,
w ith r e n e w e d cultivati d i c r eas e d r e fin e m e nt it i p

on a n n ,
s ro
babl e that th e ir h ar sh c ns n ant will b e greatly s fte n e d o o s o .
A day may c m e w h e th e w rd T ui ( clay ) T i e n ( figs )

o n o s n , ,
w i ll b e disti guish e d by th e v w el al ne
n L am d o s o , as o an
L m i English
oo n I t i tr ly strange that a sy t m f
. s u s e o
w ri ti n g w hi ch ( at i t b e st ) m ak
,
fi t t disti ng ish
s e s no e or o u
such v w e l differenc e s sh l d b e imagi e d p e rf e ct

o ,
ou n .
3 5 He bre w is b e li e ved by G
. i t hav e had f nda e s e n us o u
mentally th e am e t ipl e di stincti

s f v wel r Arabic ; but on o o s as
HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABI C . 15
When the M as ore te s analyz e d the pronu nciati on m o r e care

fully th e y gre atly inc re as e d th e numb e r of vo w el mark s
,
.
I n E nglish s ome c ons onan ts chan g e the s ound of v owel s .
W alt e rs the so und of a t o o i n w asp what watch warp , , , ,
w an der etc ,
R aft e r c i u a i ea 6 o ft en change s th eir
.
, , , , , ,
sounds . O b e tween w and r tak e s th e s am e sound a s e i u , , .
S uch phenom e na m ay aid a n E nglishma n t o un de r stan d h ow

Arab c o n sonants may m o dify the v owel s .
3 6 O f th e n eutr a l c on s on ants d h as a sp e ci a l affinity f or

.
a r ath e r tha n e : th e sam e is som etim e s visibl e of n b j , ,

.
Thu s w e hav e ( w ith s ound a s i n E n glish D umb ) D am ( bl oo d )

‘
not De m ; B ann ( c off ee b e an ) n ot Be n n D ii bbe (bea stY‘not

D ebbe ; Jabb ( a n a rtificial we ll ) not Jebb ; J anb ( a side ) not
Jenb When nati ves wr i te th e se di stinctions of v ow e l s th e y
.
,
may eli cit som e g eneral law s at p resent un kn own Y e t it .
may be s af ely laid down th at R K I in c o mm on w ith Q , ,

‘
, ,
hav e a n affi nity f or the c oars e Fa thi t es ( a d) and f or th e ,
c oa r s e D iphth ongs ( a i c u) With these exc e pti on s th e

, .
,
n eutral c o ns on ant s incline t o the fin e v o w e l s oun ds ; and

none o f th e m e v er assum e 6 Cu ui We might a dd u but , , .
,
f or th e Syrian pronun ci ati on C utob F ulf ol e tc m e nti on e d , ,

.
,
ab ov e i n Art 1 0 I al so u se d to h e ar Juf n ( e y e lid ) ; f or

. .
which Freytag h a s Jef n Jifn J ofu a s if lab ouring i n vain t o

, , ,
expre ss the sound .
37 W y
. ar e called w e ak c onsonant s and the oth er
, , ,
t wenty fi v e strong Wh en a w e ak c ons onant cl ose s a syllable

-
,
.
,
it i s sometimes dr opped and may be den o t e d by th e ap o stroph e

, ,
as Ram a ( h e thr e w) f or R amay [ C a taf a go u s e fully int ro

’
.
Th e a i s sh o tene d into a r b ef ore th e dou e c onsona nt bl

Thi s i s
a rlr r ra r
.
gene a ule I t i s w i tten a,

. not a , f or g mm a ti c a ea sons l .
HAN DBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC .
duc e d thi s ap ostr Op h e

] . B ut g e n e rally the weak c a ons on n t
c oal e sc e s with the o v w el thu :b e c me d 6 d s a
‘
,
‘
e o , ,
an i
’
( w hich i s rare
) is soun de d i Thu M i ya ( a hu dr e d )
c. s
‘
n :
Mi e y a = Mi yy a B ut a w .
,
c w, a
y, y,
c ar e identical with the
diphth ong s a u cu a i c i , , , .
4 . THE PR O CE SS O F T R AN S L I TE RAT I ON .
38 . Rul e stran slit e rati on are h er e gi v en ; y e t th e ir

f or
application sh oul d b e j udi ci ou sly p o stp on e d until som e ,
famili a rity with w ords h a s b e e n gain e d Th o s e wo rd s and .
c ombinations with whi ch th e pupil is al re ady w ell acquainted

Sh ould al one b e writt en in Arabic character .
Th e E ur ope an t e xt has fir st to b e prepar e d by the foll owi ng

m o difi cati on s Sin c e the Ara b s do n ot wr i te th e disti n cti on
.
o f fin e and c oar s e v o w e ls we mu st throw that di stinction ,
aw ay He nc e
.
( 1) C ha ge n c u, cu to aw ; on, on to ow ;
a i, ci a
y i s, ui iy ;
a sol a
’
, e
’
ay ; i d, ud iy d ;
final i iy ; i cy i y y ; i a to i y a .
( 2) F in l which are femi i e t rmi ati

a a, e, may be n n e n ons ,
d tt e d t r e pr e e t 3 ( d tt e d h)
o o s n o .
O bs rve thate i ( the n l y sh rt v w el th e rem i i g )

a, ,
o o o o s n a n n
ar e t b e e xpre e d by a v w e l p int ( F tfl Ki ra A m m )
o ss o o a a, s , a a
att a ch e d t th e p di g l tt
o If l ett er p rec e de ( i if
r ec e n e er . no . c .
the i b gi th e w rd) Elif must b e w i tte t

a, ,
o e n y th o , r n, o ca r r e
vow lp i t
e P tfl
o n . the l e tt r Kisra d it but f
a a 18 ov er e , un er , o
the sam e f orm ; as u na ; u ni . Z e mma ( ) o is a c omma

HANDBOOK OF MOD E R N ARABIC . 17
over the l e tt er ; a s 6 no Ci rc u m fl e x e d d é i n g e n er a l are .

, ,
de n ote d by E li f l w ith F a t ll a ov er th e p r eceding l e tt e r ; but .
at th e b e gi nni ng o f a wo r d th e Eli f re c e iv e s inst e ad a circum

fl e x to l e ngth e n it ,
A ft er a ddi ng E lif thu s t o all w o rds that n e ed it inc orp orat e ,
th e p a rticl e s Wa F a La E th e articl e El and th e pr e

, , , , ,
p o sitions B i C e Li with the word following ; eve ry E ur op e an

, , ,
c o ns onant b e ing e xp re ss e d ( f ro m th e T abl e in th e F r ontis

pi e c e ) by th e c o rr e sp on ding Arabic c on s onant Th e le a rn e r .
w ill p erh ap s at fir st m ake err o r s ab out E lif w hich al o ne i s ,
a nom al ous .
Th e particl e s M a A e ( of H éAe ) hav e Elif ( l) f or a fin al

,
l e tt er I n a f ew w ords ( a s Allfi h Go d ; L eein but ; H éAe

.
, , ,
this ; O eléO thr ee ) th e Eli f f or d 6 i s irr e gularly omitte d in

, , , ,
Ar abic t e xt Final h dott e d ( 3) i s w ritt en f or femi nin e i a

.
,
- c or , at c t fin al
-
, B ut to e v e ry plural v e rb of 3 r d p e rs
-
,
. .
e n di ng in on Elif is arbitrarily adde d

, .
Las tly th e adv erbi al t ermi nati on a n cn is not to b e

,
-
,
-
,
d e n ot e d by u in th e t e xt but by l with doubl e P a tfl a , .
3 9 F or the actu al juncti on of th e Arabic lett e r s a f e w

.
,
de tails w ill b e us e ful Th e or der of the l e tt er s i n a w o r d i s

.
th e r e v er s e of English ; viz fro m right t o l e ft Th e l e tt er s .

, .
6 ,
l ar e n e v e r j oin e d t o one f oll owin g he nc e
, ,
th e y r e main n early unchan g e d ( exc e pt when are som e tim e s

c ombine d) E lif i s j oin e d at th e b ottom t o a lett e r b e for e it
.
,
a s U bet ; a nd Lam E lif ( ld ) has the fo rm t or 3 -

.
M ost of the c ons onants e nd with a fl ou rish which h a s to b e .
cut off in j uncti o n : thu s b e c om e s

E
I ni tial h i s w ritt en
a but h j o in e d at e ach si de i s M i n the mi ddl e of a w ord
, 6 °
i s a loop falling bel ow the line 8 ( Ain ) j o ined on b oth si des .
9 .
is j oine d on one side it i s s: wh e n initial and t when

a ,
fi nal Th e l e tt ers req ui re th a t a l e tt e r p re cedin g

E C t
.
’ ’ ,
s hall mount a bove them henc e it b e c om e s sometime s unc e rtain

t o w hich a dot b e l ongs Wh en I is f ollow e d by m the l oop
.
,
o f m i s gen e rally thro wn o ut t o th e ri ght a s L( lm) A double ,

.
c onsonant i s not writt e n t wice in th e t e xt but re c e iv e s ,
a m a rk like w o ver it call e d tcxti ed Th e same m a rk is

, .
placed over I of the articl e El wh en it is a s similat e d t o the ,

r
c on sonant foll owi n g T hu s O mmi i s 33 ) , Om e m i s A )

(
.
,
L5
El x ams i s
M AJ)
It i
a go o d rul e ext e nsive ly us e d t o r e tain th e t wo d ot s
s , ,
un Hf der
( g ) at the e nd of a w ord w h e n th e
y is s o u n d e d , ,
a nd o mit the d ot s when the y i s mut e ; which is her e writt e n

’ ’
a ,
e .
I t r e mains at pti t mit ll th e v w el p i t

o on o o a o o n s .
Exp e rtn e ss i y w typ e

n an ly h e
ne e d by practice c a n on e ar n .
T h l e arn e r may g t parti al h elp fr m th e w rd in a later

e e o o s
secti writte i alt er at typ e

on, n n n e .
PA RT II .
—ON G R AM MAR .
1 . NO UN S AND AD JE C TI VE S .
G END E R OF NouN s Arabic N ou ns are mas culine o r

1 . .
feminin e often ar bitrarily a N am e s of things f e mal e ar e

, . .
n aturally f e minin e b S o are nam e s of c ou ntrie s t ow ns . .

, ,
a nd vil l a g e s 0 S o ar e the names of th e d ouble m e mb e rs of

. .
th e b ody a s Ye d han d ; R ijl f oo t

,
d S o are the c oll e ctiv e
, ,
. .
n ou ns t e ch nic ally call e d br ok e n plur a l s c S o a re m o st . .
n ou ns e nding i n d é a S a r a a staff ; Ci s é ’
c a c : as , , , , , , ,
g a rm ent ; M arse harb our ; Milh e mu sic al instrument ; ’

,
Medi ena city ; M elic e qu een

, ,
.
Fe minin e s in a e have lost t from the end Tho se i n , , .
a
’
c
,
h ave g e n erally l o st y and th o se i n d e sometime s w
’
, , , , ,
s om etime s I n c e rt ai n i nfl ex i ons they regain th e ir l o st

c on sonant .
2 Th e f e min ine of a no un i s sometime s formed fr om the

.
masculi n e by addi ng a or c a s C elb a do g ; f C elb e C elba , .

,
S amm fath e r s b ro th er S amm a fath e r s si st e r ; K AI m oth er s

’ ’ ’
, , , ,
br oth er K ai la m other s si ster ; Jadd gran dfather Ja dda

, ,
’
, , ,
grandmoth e r B ut f or the c omm one st relati ons a nd nobl e r

.
ani mals th e f e mini ne h a s a n ind ep end e nt n am e; a s Hus fin ,
h ors e F ar a s mare ; E sed lion L eb ou a li one ss

,
‘
,
‘
[ Th e , , , .
f e mal e h or se b ein g c omm one r than the male th e Ar ab s sa y ,
mare wh e n th e sex i s not th ought of : a s H ave y ou no

”
,
mare t o rid e ? W e s imilarly say c ow s She e p ; not bull s

”
, ,
ram s T o d e fine the f eminine ide a M a re if error b e f e ared

.
, ,
th e di minutive F or ai se ( fill y ) s ay s Ka z i mir sk i i s u se d f or , ,
M are ]
3 Th e AD JE CTIVE f oll ow s i t s noun and agr ee s wi th it i n
.
,
gender I t s f emi nin e i s ordinari ly formed by a ddi ng a c

.
,
.
R a j olqawi a strong m an , .
M ar a j am i ele a b e autiful woman

‘
, .
3 abi s emi e n a fat b oy , .
D arb we si k (a ) a dirty road ,

.
M elic j ali el a majestic kin g, .
B int xa pi er a a little gi rl , .
J a riya na lluilc a slende r dam sel ,

.
Di r f a si e ll a a spaci ou s h ou se
, .
C elb m onAi a troubl e s o m e do g

,
.
M elice j a li ele a maj e stic queen ,

.
[ M ar a w om an i s clas sical an d is th e onl y word

‘
, , ,
I heard fr om the people ( Do not c onfoun d it wi th M arra

.
,
a single time unc fois ) I n m odern p r ose th e learne d

,
”
.
,
'
‘
appear alway s to write I mr fi a a woman ] ,
S ome adj e ctive s e nd i n i ( u nac cent e d) which i s sh orte ne d ,
fr om i cy a s Q awi stron g f or Q awi ey ; I ngli e z i English f or

, , , , ,
I ngli e z i ey I n the f e mi ni ne the acc e nt fall s on thi s s yllabl e

.
,
a nd the y c ome s back ; a s Q a wi é a I ngli e z i é a

y y ,
.
A dj ectiv e s of the type S ab our ( patient ) do not fo rm a nv

‘
s p e cial f e minine nor do th o s e which n aturall y hav e no

,
m a sculin e ; a s Hém il II Abil pregnant , , .

~
22 H AND BOOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC .
Th e foll owing ar e of either ge nder

Arm s silzi fl ,
P e ac e s e lm ,
Auth o rity S OlT An , s olll
C utlas kanjar ,
Road darb ,
( F u ll ) D ay A O Il a S oil M ould Oera

,
’
, ,
’
He av en sem fi ‘
,
S tat e f l ai l ,
K nif e si c c i en ,
S tewp o t qi dr ,
Musk mi s c ,
T ongue li s én ,
N ap e qif a ,
Way T a ri e q ,
N eck s a ,
Womb r a fl um ,
.
Path sebi el ,
5 DUAL OF N OUN s — All noun s f orm a r e gular dual

. .
[ I n .
B arbary only names of things naturally doubl e Thi s i s a s .
H ebrew ] Th e classical dual h a s t wo case s —ab solute case

i n ci n en ; oblique cas e in a i n ei n ; but in c onv e rs ati on the
‘
, ,
ab solute i s never heard F e mi nine s that have l ost t w y .

, , ,
r esume it in the du al I nd e ed th os e i n a c are tr eated a s

.
,
’
,
’
,
if th e y had a lway s l ost y a nd th os e i n d e a s if they had , , ,
l ost w Thu s .
Ra j ol e i n t wo m en
-
, J ebal e in two m ountain s -
,
M ar at ein two women

‘ -
,
M e di ena t e in tw o citi e s -
,
Me lic ein two ki ngs

-
, Y e d a in t wo hand s -
,
M eli c t ei nfi“ t wo qu eens

’
-
Rijl ein two fee t -
,
Pet ey ein two lads t wo

-
, Milh ey e in two mu sical i n
,
-
,
y oun g m en St r um ents
S ay aw ai n t wo staff s
-
, Ri da w ein t wo mantle s -
,
.
M a r se y ei n t wo harb ours
-
, C i sew ei n t wo garments -
,
.
6 . Th e P LURAL S of Nouns a nd Adj e ctive s are g enerally

I mperfect and irregular : a s Xai a thing p l Ax y fi things ;
‘ ‘
, , .
,
Or M l
e
’
c et ei n .
I ns en ,a hum an b e ing p l N és m en Ni s é Ni s wa or Ni sw dn ,
.
, , , , ,
w om e n ; C el b a dog Cil fib do gs M o st of what a re calle d

, , ,
.
plurals ar e c o ll e ctive noun s f e minine ; a s in E nglish from , ,
a Ste e d c o m e s a Stud from C ord C or da ge , , .
O n e f o r m of I mp e rfect plu r al l ooks lik e a cla ssical dual ,
but h a s a v ow e l change in the penultima ; a s N i r fir e ; ,
Ni e r fin fi re s I propo se to call this th e F alse D ual Th e

,
. .
t opic of the imperf e ct plural s must b e p o stp one d .
7 P E RFE CT PL U RA L S — M o st feminine n oun s i n

. d (3 .
, ,
make a r e al or p e rfe ct plural i n (i t ét s o do man y f eminin e s ,
i n a c ; e sp e cially wh en f ormed fr o m a ma s culi ne

,
T hu s .
f rom Melic f Melice qu e e n p l M eli c ét qu ee n s ; f rom

, .
, ,
.
,
B a f l f Ba gala p l B a pal fit f e m al e mul e s

, .
,
Alm o st the only
.
, .
masculin e n ouns which m ake a p e rf e ct plural are tho se which

d e n ot e trade sm e n Th e se ar e of th e f orm K abb az bak er
.
,
B aqq al greengroc e r Th e n ominative ought to b e in c a n ;

,
.
but p opul arly i en s e rv e s f or all c a s e s ; a s Ka bb zt z i en bak e rs ‘

, .
8 . AR T ICL E — E l the i s ind e clinabl e , a nd p re c e de s i t s

, ,
n ou n Before fourteen c onso nants fancifully t erm e d Luna r

.
, ,
El r etain s i t s f ull p ronunciati on B ut b efo re x S z x 5 r .

, , , , , ,
t 0 d A T A n ( which w ith l are call e d Sola r ) l by a n

, , , , , , , , ,
unfortunat e sl ovenly pr onunciation tak e s the s ound of the

c onsonant f ollo wing a nd is p opularly lo st to the e a r Thu s
, .
,
El die n th e faith is s ou nde d E d di en I put a z ero under Z

, ,
.
t o mar k thi s change [ Th e printer i s f orc e d at pr e sent t o

.
u s e a dot f or a z er o] T hu s
E l xams the sun B ut El qamar the m oon

, ,
E l dzi r th e h o u s e ,
El b e it th e dw e lli ng ,
E l r a s th e h e ad El m e lic the kin g

‘
, ,
RI da rb the r o a d ,
El eelb the dog ,
.
24 HANDBOOK OF MOD ERN AR ABIC .
Th e bliteration of the soun d of l which h a s invade d half of

o ,
th e Arabic is univ e rsa l i n Hebr e w [ Wh e th e r th e lik ene ss

, .
o f E l to La tin Ill e b e accident a l i s curi o us matte r f or in qui ry ,

.
C omp are 0 123 thes e A é l i c that y onder ; Art 2 8 b elow ]

, ,
- -
,
. .
E l i n s o m e c omb i nati ons m ean s thi s ; as Ely e um to da y ; ,

-
El en ( at) thi s Sea son no w ; E ls é s a thi s i nst ant In such

‘
, , ,
.
w o rds I w ri te i t as i n c omp o siti on .
O u r i ndefini te a rticl e A An i s unders tood w ith out ex , ,
p re ssion .
9 Th e articl e El mu st be added to the adj e ctiv e as w e ll

.
a s t o th e n oun ; a s E l r a ol c l T a wi e l the tall m a n

j ,
B e f o re ,
.
th e adj ectiv e it then diffe rs little fro m a r e lativ e pro n oun

“
the m an who ( is ) t a ll F emi nine a of th e noun re gains i t s
.
”
t b e fo r e E l .
E l n eh r cl a s far the y e ll o w ri ver ,

.
E l j fir i y a t el j a m i ele th e b eautiful da ms e l , .
El j éb a l c l x dm ik th e l ofty m ount ai n ,
.
E l doroub c l w ési k a the di rt y ro ads , .
E l T a s ti m c l Taiyib the nic e f o od , .
El c elb c l x ari s th e ill natur e d do g ,

- .
E l dfir c l c ebi era th e gr e at h o u s e ,

.
El c ilfib c l m ouAi y a the mischi e vous d o g s , .
O ccasi onally e
a for ign adj ctive p eced e r e its n u Thu
s o n . s,
( B agda d ) loc us: b e it a , g ood h ou se . Esp e i ally i T urki sh

c n
title s a s , El bda qa wwas

,
'
o n s
,
the chief b wm an Th e E1 i .
not r e p ea t e d .
A s mall numbe r of substantives are curr e nt i n th e se ns e of

a dj e ctiv e s a nd th e s e al ways pr e c e d e th e n o u n
,
Th e m os t .
imp ortant to be here nam e d are 0 0 11 Jam i e s all ; Cilé , , , ,

HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABI C . 25
both ; Sou
‘
,
ill e vi l ;
th e r Thus S ou kabar ill
,
‘
T air , o .
,
‘
,
n e w s bad n e ws ; S o u h akt ill luck ; F ai r x a i anoth e r

‘ ‘
, , ,
thin g i c quit e a diff er e nt affair T h e Opp osit e phra s e i s

,
. . .
,
F ar ad xai one thi ng a Single thi n g i c it i s all one it

‘
, , ,
. .
,
c om e s to the same it do e s not matte r [ I n Ba gda d they sa y

,
.
,
F a rad ba pl a mul e B ut thi s i s de gen e rate styl e ]

, .
”
.
10 T h e r e i s a type call e d the N O U N OF U N IT Y which i s

.
,
o fte n de ri v e d f r om a no un expre ssing a mat e ri al frui t or , ,
s mall ani m al s c ollectiv e ly Th e type i s s imply that of .
a f e min i n e i n a c T hu s -
,
- .
K ob z b re ad ; Kobz e a bit of bread

, ,
.
L a llm m e at L a ll m a a piece of meat

, ,
.
S emu butt er ; S e mne a piece of butt e r

, ,
.
Zebi eb raisin s ; Z ebi eb e a r ai sin

, ,
.
S fina b gr ap e s ; S finab a a gr ape

, ,
.
K aja r tr ee s ; K aj ara a tre e

, ,
.
Na m l an ts ; N amle a n ant
, , .
T Oub brick ; T ouba a brick

'
.
, ,
M aez goats ; Ma sz e a goat, , .
Arabic h a s many c o llective noun s as K ail h o rse s ; Ibl , , ,
camel s ; Ma s z go at s ; B aqa r o xen ; Ai m sh e e p ; M eh é

, , , ,
dee r ; T ai r bi rd s B ut th e y do not al ways yi eld a no un o f

, .
uni ty D icti o nari e s t e ll u s that B aq ar a i s a noun of uni ty

.
,
a nd mean s an OK a s w e ll a s a cow ; but th e p e ople s e e m t o
u s e B aqara sol e ly f or a c o w whi ch h a s no other sp e cific ,
name . N B — S inc e w e c an sa y El k ob z e the piece of br ead

. .
, ,
the noun of uni ty onl y suggest s A An accidentally but doe s , ,
not expr e ss it .
1 1 I f the article h e expre ssed before the sub stanti v e but

.
,
26 HANDBOOK O F MOD E RN ARABIC .
o mitted b e fore the a dj e ctiv e th e adjective bec om e s a pre di cate , ,
a nd i s or a r e i s u ndersto o d ( M ixed exampl e s 1) .
E 1 fl ar r e l x a di e d E l z e m an T a wi el
, ,
th e intense h e at the tim e i s l ong

. .
El j e bal x zi mik ’
, E l raj ol na jj a r ,
th e m oun tain i s l ofty the m an i s a carp ente r . .
E l xaj arat e l x fimi k a E l aul a d m o uAi a , ,
th e l oft y tr e e . th e ch i ldr e n a r e mi s chi evou s .
‘
El e e s f éI u a ,
E l h éwa b a ri d ,
th e cup ( glas s ) i s emp ty the air is c old . .
E l s occ e r Taiyib ,
El q ad a ll el f éri r '
the sug ar i s ni ce th e e mpty gobl e t

. .
El leil el b dr id ,
El k a di m lléI ur ,
the c old night .th e s e rvant i s ready .
El b db m eft oull , E l darb T a wi el( e ) ,
th e doo r i s op e n the ro ad i s l ong

. .
E l x ehr el q fibi l E l T a ri e q c l s fimm a

, ,
the appro achi n g m onth th e public w a y . .
El l eil m oAli m , El b e l ad ba s a id ,
the di strict i s di sta nt .
‘
El e mr el m ohi m m El c ilab w e s i k a
, ,
the imp ortant affai r the do gs a r e di r ty

. .
‘
E l x ai m o pi mm El llai T c l s emic o
, ,
th e thi ng is v ex ati ou s th e thick w all . .
E l x a bb é c m os e c c er
‘
A x y é Il a qi era
.
, ,
p e tty matte rs . the win dow i s shut .
‘
Em r xa s b , El ri e Il x a di ed a ,
a di fli c ult ( gri ev o u s) affai r . the wi nd i s inte ns e .
‘
El emr e l xa sb ,
Jih éd s aguim ,
th e grie vous affai r . a mi ghty e nte rprize .

Th e foll owing li st of adjective s m ay be c onveni ent

Gr e at c ebi er ,
Quick s e ri e s ,
S m all Na pier ,
S l o w b AT u ,
M ighty s aga , H ot sok n fi drr , ,
P etty Ila qi er C old b dri d (b a rdrz n) ‘
, ,
M uch c eOi er ( M any )

, Warm défi ( daf y fin) ,
Little qali el ( Fe w )
,
T e pid f étir ,
L ong T a wi el ( Tall )
,
W e t m abloul ,
S ho rt qa xuir,
Moi st r aT ub ,
High s ali ,
Dry y abi s ,
L ow , W AT u ni x i f
B r ad
o , s ar i e I Clea n, na l uif ( lo )
N arr w o , Aa i y i q D i rty , w é sik
Wi de we si es ,
N ice T aiyib,
Deep s ami e q
,
N asty c eri eh ,
S hall o w x fiy if ( C a taf a go )
,
S alt m ali fl
,
T hick se m i e c ,
B itter m orr ,
T hi n r a qi e q
, S w ee t ( d ulcis ) ,
ll o lou
F at semien
, ( su a v i s
) ,
s aAi b
Lean na lluif
,
S our, fi dm uA
He avy a i e l ,
A cid , ll dm i z
Light k a fi ef ,
F ull ,
m e l én
‘
S tron g qawi ey , Empty f i ri f ,
W e ak Zla s ui f
, De ar ( Ali ,
I nte nse x a di ed , C h e ap r ak i e x ,
Gentle la T ui f , V al uable n efi es ,
H ard ( stiff cruel ) qfisi , ,

Wo rthless s af ax ( rubbi sh ) ,
S oft laiyin
, G oo d m eli e ll
,
‘
Sharp Il iadd , B a d, r é di e y
B lunt c ell , B etter ,

a ll sen
Exc e llent j ai y i d ,
Happy ,
s e s ui d
Vi l e r eAi el ,
Wre tch e d ,
m e sc i en
U s eful n zi f us ,
‘
H al e fi ,
sa
U s el e s s b ai T ul ,
’
S ick , m ar i e A
Nobl e naj i eb ,
Rich , pa n i ey
Vul gar h em j i ey ,
P o or ,
f a qi e r
S up e ri or ( in quali tY) ,
N ear qari e b,
ra fi e s D istant b a s ui d ,
Inf e i r dani r o ey Ancient qa di e m ,
Wi e a qil
s ,
s Old ( thing ) s a ti e q ,
S tupid , beli ed New j a di ed

,
L e arned s fili m , D ifficult painf ul xa sb , ,
I gnoran t j éhil ,
Easy s ehil ,
S kilful m ehi r , Arduous s as i er ,
C lum sy pa xi em , Sli ght b e iyi n ,

.
e we must add a f w rem rkable adj e cti v e f the type

T o thes e a s o
A h b which e xpres the primary l

x e ,
b dily d f t s co o ur s or o e ec s .
R d ll m
e ,
a B lue q ar ,
ez ra
Gr ee n k ll ,
G re y h b
a ar ,
ax e
Y e ll w a far o Whi te by A
, s , a a
B r w e maro n, B l ck w d s a ,
es a .
B li d a ma n ,
Left ha de d s w l ’
-
n , ax a
O eyed a w r
ne - B rn lame j ,
s a o ,
asra
D eaf ,
B ald a la
a T ra x , s s
D umb akra ,
Lepr u b s o s, a r a zr.
T hey ar e d e cli ed All m r e d ; f II m A; p l II m ; n as ar , . a r . o r
ly th at th e plural f Aby l white i B i A by a law f

on o a , ,
s u ,
o
euph ony ,
f or B oy I .
4 . Ha soud ,
e
vi ou s ; S a m oul activ e ; R a ll oum me r ciful
n , , .
( Thi s typ e denot e s fulness a s our te rmi nati on f ul an d ,

-
Latin eaus ) -
.
5 Xa pf fil bu sy d e v ot e d t o bu sine ss ; M ec c ér s wi ndl e r
.
, , , .
( T hi s type d e n ot e s ha bi t a nd i s v e r y c o mm o n t o ex ,
p re s s trade sm e n ; a s N aj 3Ar carp e nte r ) ,

.
6 Allm a q fatu ou s ; Esm a r black ; Akra s dumb ; were

.
, , ,
t reat ed i n Art 12 . .
7 Xir ri e r villai nou s ; S i c c i er ve ry drun k e n

.
, ( This ex , .
pre sse s energy I n the classical lan gu a ge th e re are

.
s e v e r al o ther typ e s f or e n er gy e sp e ci ally th e type ,
Mi qffir very de s olat e ; M iq da m v e ry p rompt ; M i c té m

, , ,
v e ry s e cr e tive ; Mi s qam v e r y sickly ) ,

.
8 B a rdai n s e n sibl e of c ol d ; J a u s iz n hun gry ; S aT x fin thi r sty ;

‘ ‘
.
, , ,
T e sb dn w e ary ; M el én full ; D af y fin s e n sibl e of warmth

‘
, , , .
9 Adj e ctiv e s of r ela ti on e nd i n i cy ; a s H em j i e y vul gar

.
-
, ,
fr o m H e mj p opulac e ,
.
10 V ari ous p ar ticiples ar e f ormed by initial M which mu st

.
,
b e af t er war ds clas sifi e d .
Of the s e th e tw o m o st imp ortant have the typ e s

a Ma sloum kn own ; M a x poul bu si e d bu sy ; M eAcour
.
, , , ,
a foren a m e d ; M a k xOux peculi a r prop e r , , .
b M ot s ub tir e s om e ; M o uAi ( y ) mi s chie vo u s ; M o Omi n

.
, , ,
c ostly ; M oOm ir f ruitful : in which h e ad w e includ e M o pim m

, ,
vex atiou s (f or M O pm i m ) ; Moh i eb fri ghtful (f or M ohy i b) , .
S a s b di fficult ; We s r rugg e d ; e xhibi t the firs t typ e i n

‘
, ,
a rude r stat e i n which ( a s i n E ngli sh ) p a r ti cip le and g er und

,
are c onfoun de d ( For th e re i s no c ommone r typ e of the

.
g erun d i s of th e v e rb al no un of acti on ) In f a ct the

,
. . .
,
languag e exhibit s S ehi l or Sehl le vel easy ; Wa s ur or , ,

HANDBOOK OF MOD ERN ARABIC . 31
Wa s r rugg e d ; S aA i b or SaAb sweet ( water ) with out di s

, ,
criminati on .
Obs l — Th e adj e cti ve of r elati on h a s no fix e d typ e onl y

. .
,
a fixed ter mi na ti on : f or it add s i cy to a noun of any typ e -
w hate v e r Thu s f ro m Me lc a ki n g p l M ol o n e we have

.
, , ,
.
,
b o th Melc i e y a nd Molo uci ey r o yal r e gal , , .
Obs 2 —Th e W e st ern l e ar ne r ne e ds p e culiar vi gil ance in

. .
r e gard t o th e s e ns e of Arabic adj e ctive s O ur adjectiv e s .
habitual ly t ak e t wo s ens e s active a nd passive ( s om etim e s

m or e ) e v e n i n the fi atte st p ro se with out our b e ing aw ar e
, ,
of an ythi ng figurati ve Thus we sa y a wi s e man a wise .

, , ,
law ; h e was doubtf ul ; a doubtf ul question ; but th e Arab s ,
s aying B aj o l s a qil a wi s e m an w ould on no a cc ount make

, ,
s a qil the e pithet of a law ; but M a s oul

q ( made wisely ? )
wi ll do So a m an w h o i s doubtful i s wh o d oubts i s
.
, . .
,
Xé c i c ; but a doubtful qu e sti on i s Ma x c ou c I n th e s e e x -

.
ampl e s th e Arab s in fact us e active and passive participl e s .
14 An adj e cti ve may b e f oll o w e d by a C O M P LE M E NTARY

.
N OUN whi ch is adv e rbial in us e Th e noun i s e ith e r p re

,
.
ced e d by Rl or takes a n en ( the Adv erbial C a se Art 15 8 )

,
-
,
-
,
.
a s i ts inflecti on T his is similar t o th e idi o m f a miliar i n

.
G ree k a nd Latin ( a s Os humer os qu e D eo similis ) where we

, ,
s upply a s to or so m e equival e nt pr e p o siti o n

,
i n of In , ,
classic al Ar ab style this idi o m ab ounds t o s ati e ty .
Gebi e r c l s Om r , T a wi el el j
a ni ll a ,
’
gr eat of ag e . long i n th e wings .
el xOura S aguim qo wwa te n

’
II a s e n , ,
h an ds om e of figure . mighty in stre ngth .
H add c l T araf ,
S a di e m c l r a llm a ,
sharp at the end . v id
o of m ercy .
So wh en the adj e ctiv e lik ewi se i s pr e ceded by El ; a s :

El boy out c l j em i ela t el binéi the hou s e s ( which ar e ) ,
b e au tiful in build .
Ei e s e d ! S agui m el k alqa m ohi eb c l s o ura m ok a wwi f e l

‘
, ,
d
( y i la .
Wh at a li on mighty of build frightful of fi gur e formidabl e , ,
o f on s e t .
B aj ol r a xui n el sa ql x a di e d c l r fiy x e bim c l n e fs
, ,
.
A m an s olid of i nt ell e ct v eh e m ent o f purp o s e e n ergetic of

, ,
spirit .
15 . adverb sh ould pro perly foll ow the ad jective

An which
it m odifie s or the adj e ctiv e with i ts c ompl em ent ; a s
, ,
As far j i dda n , T a wi el c e Oi e r a n,
y e ll ow ve ry l ong in exc e s s , t oo tall .
‘
Cebi e r e l s Omr j i ddan, S e mi e c x a i e n,
'
old very . som e what thick .
M y adve rb s ( de rived f rom noun or adj e ctiv e ) e nd i n a n

an -
or - ten ; but i n v ulgar A rabic this t ermi nation i s o ft e n

dr opp e d and the adv e rb prece de s th e adj e ctive
, T hu s at .
A l epp o Q awi m eli e ll ( for t b on )

,
ve ry good f or M eli e ll , ,
”
j i dd an A.na x ow a i y a m ar i e ll I am a w e e bit ill f or An a

,
-
,
”
m a ri eA x a i en I am so m e what ill B ut thi s may b e call e d

;
.
,
slan g .
Pe culiar att ention i s i n thi s stage due to Ji ddan v ery ; ,
‘
Xa i e n somewhat ; C e Oi er a n much t oo much ; Qa li ela n
, , , ,
s canti ly but littl e a little

,
Fa a ,
only ( f or which v ulgarly ,
B es in Syria) ; a nd Fair not ( befor e a n a dj ecti ve) ; a s F a ir

,
‘ ‘
m eli e ll not g o od ; I a i r r fil u di spleased ; I a i r Taiyib un
, , ,
plea sant .
HANDBOOK OF M ODE RN ARABIC .
Ko b z f a a , E l d a rb pair T awi ele ,
b re ad only . th e ro ad i s no t l ong .
‘ ‘
K ob z q ali e l f a a , El e m r s a s h x ai e n ,
a li ttl bread onlye . th e affa ir i s so m e what difficult .
‘
El m e c én pair qa r i e b , El om onr pair xa sba ,
the place is no t n ear . the aff airs a r e not difficul t .
2 . C O M PO S I TE ST AT E O F NO UN S .
16 .
( S ta tus ) English
c ons tr uc tus c ombine t wo nou ns
. Th e ,
a s S e a Sid e G o ld watch so a s t o mak e th e fo r m

-
,
-
,
er a virtual
a dj e ctiv e Th e Arab s do the s am e thing i n principl e ; only
.
,
a s th e i r adj e cti ve follows i t s no un ; it i s the latt e r of th e t w o
which they mak e a dj e ct i v a l Thu s fr o m Ka z i ena tr e asury .

, ,
a nd Aur i
q leave
,
s pape r s they make ,
A u r A k a z i e na t re a s ury
q ,
-
,
s c ri p .
Th e o rd e r b e ing the rev er s e t o that of Engli sh we imagi ne .
th e w o rd of b et we en th e two no uns as S c rip ( of ) tr e asu ry ,

.
T h e par ticl e of i s wantin g t o the A rab s ; yet they h ave

s e veral m o des of supplying it whi ch wi ll be afte r ward s s tat e d , .
17 Wh en b oth nouns are l e ft i ndefini te one may g e n e rally

.
,
hear b e tw ee n th e m the v o w e l a or c ; a s A ur érq a k a z i ena ‘

- -
.
S o : K a i x a x a sr clo th ( of ) hair i c s a ckcl oth ; T ek t e melic

- -
, , . .
- -
,
thr one ( of a ) king ; Jild a j zi m ou s l eather ( of ) buff al o I n

- -
,
.
fact it i s oft en hard t o utt e r the w ords with out some v ow e l

,
of u ni on .Not onl y so but a v owel ( wh e th e r a i or c ) i s

, , ,
her e s tr i c tly c la ss i ca l ; th ough i is obj e ctionabl e t o th e vulgar

a s s ee ming t o m e an my and o a s se e mi ng t o m e an hi s T o
, .
w ri t e a or e here s e em s irr e p ro vable ; but th at it i s n e ce ssary

cannot be pre tended This intermediate v ow el if we wr it e
.
,
it will be c omp arable t o t i n F rench A t i l which h a s c ome

,
- -
,
o ut of the Latin H a be t i llc .
If w e de sire t o m ar k strongly that th e sec ond noun i s in

d e finite w e may inse rt befor e i t W il llud a cert ain ; as Ci t éb
, , ,
w dfl ud qa si e s a b ook of a certain pri e st

,
N B —Wfillud . . .
after i t s noun is the emphatic num e r al O ne unus a si ngle ; , , ,
a s Q a si e s w fill u d one pri e s t ,

B efore the noun it i s le ss .
,
e mphatic and an s w e r s t o gui da m a certain , .
1 8 M uch o ft e n e r the n ou ns a r e b oth de fin e d ; then El

.
,
j oins them a nd appli e s t o b oth ; a s Jild el j tlm ou s the hid e

, ,
- -
,
( of ) the bu ff a lo Here El seems to m e an Of nearly a s i n

.
,
Art 14 w h e r e it wa s j oined t o a c ompl e m e ntary noun

.
, .
S ome c o mp ound s have b e c om e fixed a s th o ugh sin gle ,
‘
w ords : thu s Ra s e m fil capital ( i n trade ) ; or Re sm zi l
- -
,
’
li t e rall y c ap ut r ei h e ad ( o f ) pr op erty : al so Qi llet el ba k t

,
- -
,
defici e ncy o f luck i s ill luck C ompare such fixed phrase s

,
. .
- .
a s M an of w ar Ai de d e camp i n We st e rn t on gu e s
- -
,
- -
, .
19 M o r e exampl e s
.
S eb a b cl m o s ui b a , Ma k z en c l t éj ir ,
the cause of th e disa st e r the w ar eh ouse of the merchant . .
Wof our el a plfil Joloud woll Oux

, ,
th e abundanc e of the crops skins of wild a nimals . .
Aur fiq c l k a z i e na , Aur fiq e l j
x a ar a ,
the s crip of th e treasury . the l e ave s of the t ree .
‘
O m our cl m em le c e , D fir el
j i nfin ( P ar a di se) ,
the affairs of the kingdom . th e h ou se of the gardens .
Awfim i r c l melic ,
S erier e l s olT an ,
the c omm an ds of the kin g . th e throne of the sul tan .
‘
M a k z e n t éj i r , Em i er e l éi ( C olonel ,
)
a war e h ou se of a merchant . prince of a regiment .
B a pl el qa si e s , Qi s fix c l j m dy a ,
th mule of e the prie st . th e p uni sh m ent of th e off e n ce .
B a pl w fifl ud qa si e s , Nasur cl m ai lia '
a mule of a c rtain pri e st e . the ov e rs e er of financ e .
20 . If
the form e r of t wo noun s i n c omp o siti on be a fe mi
ni ne i n a e it r e sum e s or may r e sume ) i t s l ost t in c om
-
, (
-
,
p o sition ; a s Ri x fiqa agi li ty ; but Ri q a t c l s a s éc i r th e

, , , ,
agility of th e soldiery This is u ndoubt e dly th e classical and .
th e ve ry ancient meth od ; in fact it i s Hebrew wh e r e th e ,
f e minine in a h chang e s into a t i n like e a se Th e Arab s

- -
.
al s o su rm o unt th e ir h ( s) w i t h th e t w o dots of th e ir t whi ch

prov e s th e idi om t o b e o l de r than th e p res ent o rth o graphy ;
f o r if th os e wh o fixed it had s ounde d th e t i n a ll r e l ati ons
o f the no un th e y w ould hav e rep re s ented it by a n o rdinary t
, .
Thu s th e t sh ould n ot b e al w ays s o un de d — p e rhap s only ,
befor e the a r ti cle E l or befor e a nother no un i n c omp os i ti on O n

, .
th e o th er hand I fo und inst ructor s i n Al e pp o t o di ff er much

, ,
wh e th e r t Sh ould be s oun de d e ven i n the latt e r case ; and

C h e rbonn e a u Lé on a nd H élot ar e ve ry in c on sist e nt in the
, ,
matt e r i n their tran sli t e rations B ut I b e lieve th e t sh oul d .
alway s b e sounded i n these two c onnection s .
T urkish w ord s in a (a s B a x d, A pit ) a nd a f ew A rabic w o rd s

in a change d into
,
as d-
a t II a leb -a t i n c o mp o siti on ; , ,
P a sha of Alepp o ( Esp e cially D ony a w orld Sky weath e r ;

.
, , ,
J onwa within ; B arra with out — p opular w o rd s )

, , ,
.
21 . If
the s e c ond noun i n c omp ositi on b e adj e ctival ,
obscurity may r e sult ; thu s I bn f a qi e r sugg e st s A p oo r s on

; ,
not A son of a p oo r ( man )

,
T o e xp r e ss the latt er w e may .
,
p r e fix B a j o l ( m an
) or Wfifl u d ( ) t o Fa qi er ; a s I bn a
one -
.
36 HAN DBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC .
r a ol- f a
j qi er O nl y in thi s p osition if the nouns ad mit an
.
,
a dj e ctiv e of the sam e g ender and number it i s unc e rtain t o ,
which the adj e ct iv e bel ong s T hu s I os Oun c l x aj ar a t c l .

,
‘
T a wi e le i s eith e r T h e b o ugh s of the t a ll tr e e or T h e l on g

, , ,
b ough s of th e t ree ; si nce th e imperfe ct plural i s tre ated

g rammati cally as a feminine B ut .
K ail ( a ) s a se er cl k a fi ef a th e light h or se of the army

- -
, .
Rej a c l né s c l Oébi t the firm h ope of th e m en

, .
K a z i e na t el melic c l s aguim the tr e a sury of the mighty king , .
M a j lis el te n5ui m fit el s éli th e high B oard of Arrangem ent s , .
Wo c ela e l selT ana t c l fik fim th e august mini st e rs Of the ,
e mpi re .
K a z i ena t c l m elic e l f zi Aua th e e mpty t r ea sury o f th e ki ng

, .
22 Wh e n th e former noun is a dual i t s n is elide d ; thu s

.
, ,
Y e da in t w o h a nds ; Y e dai far a s th e (t wo ) f o re f ee t o f

’
-
, ,
a m are ; Y e dai c l m e lic the ( two ) hands of the king

’
, .
J firi y a t e i el m e lic e the two dams e ls of the qu ee n

’
, .
23 If adj e ctival w rd
. an pre c e de its no un ( a s
o c an fi tly
a sup e rlativ e may ) it equ ally well pre cede s a c omp ound
,
thu s since Aww al y oum ( the fi r st day ) i s c or re ct so i s

, ,
A w w al y eu m c l s e n e ( the fi r st da y of —th e y e ar )
- -
th ough it - -
is e qu ally good t o s ay Yeum el s ene c l awwal [ O n the ,

- -
.
sam e p rincipl e w e r e ad i n L oqm a n s Fabl e s h éAi h j or z et e l ’

,
IlaT a b thi s bun dl e of w o o d ; alth ough j or z e t e l fl a T a b h éAi h

,
app ears to b e n o rmal Art ,

.
24 . Thr ee
ev en m or e nouns may be strun g t o g e ther
and
in c omp osition ; but onl y the last c an take the article ( or

a p o ss e s siv e pr onoun ) and thi s m ak e s th e m a ll definite
‘
.
,
38 HAND BOOK OF MOD E RN ARAB IC .
B el, n ay b ut e ve n : Lat . a t, or Germ . s onder n.
Au , or .
I mma— au ,either—or .
I mma— ‘
em wh e th e r— or
,
.
I nc én— e m — a u w h e th er— or — or
’
.
,
I mm a wailla either (wh eth er ) —or el se

— ‘
,
.
— y fi eith er— or I
[ C a t af a g o h a s Y A fi nd it i n R obi nson
, .
Crus oe but ne ver h ea rd it Y a or i s P ersian and Tur kish ]

, .
, ,
.
26 . A ch eh w a q Aa g old a nd s ilver ,
.
R aj Ol T a wi el wa qawi a m an tall an d strong ,

.
I mma c ebi er a u Na pi e r eith er gr e at or little ,

.
E lwfin bi el w a s oud w a Ilo m r w a k oI r c ol ours white ,
a nd black a nd r e d a nd
g re en .
Her e the c onne ctive particl e i s rep e at e d Oft en er than with u s ,

and thi s is p op ul ar B ut i n ca re ful S tyl e th e y ar e Often fond
.
o f m ere app o siti on a s the Latin s

,
di sre garding particl e s of ,
c onn e cti on Thu s

.
Be it ll a sen m eci en m ottaqi n el biné

, , ,
A h ous e hand so me su bstanti a l p e rfect of buildin g

, , .
Fa h a s idiom atic us e s i n which it see ms to b e r edundant ,
lik e the E nglish inte rj e ction We ll ! throw n in t o gain time

f or the S p e ak e r I t oft en occur s at the ap odosi s or re sp ons e
.
,
and m ay b e re ndered Th en .
2 7 T wo n ou ns u nit e d by Wa ( a nd) may fo rm the second

.
part of a c omp oun d a s ,
II OSD cl llOqoul w a cl i fiI
' '
p y ,
the be auty of th e fi e l ds and w ood s .
E w fini e l Ae h eb w a c l q Aa ,
the v ele ss s of gold and si lv e r .
B ut make such a uni on the for mer part of a c omp oun d

to
( as Tors wa s eif e l m e diena th e shi e ld a nd s wor d of th e

, ,
ci ty ) i s not app ro ved Th e standard orde r i s : Th e shi e ld of

.
th e city and i ts sw or d T ors c l m e di en a w a seif oh e ( Of th e

, , .
p ron oun w e Shall pr e s ently sp e ak ) Th e nece ssity of thi s .
f o rmula i s a n u npl e as ant c onstrai nt .
A c omp osite noun may b e c om e th e c omplem ent t o a n

a dj e ctiv e with th e syntax of Art 14
, T hu s F ari s ( N at . . .
Hist ) h a s El j i bzil el c e Oier a (t) xaj ar e l xan a uber the

’
- -
,
m ountains which ar e pl e ntiful i n pi ne tr e e s ; ju st a s w e ”
m ay sa y Ce Oi er c l x aj a r pl e ntiful i n t ree s B ut obscurity

, , .
Of syntax accumul at e s thr ough th e barbarou s de fici ency of

the language i n this and other s mall m att ers .
3 . D E M ON ST RAT I VE S AND E M PH AT I C P R ONO UN S .
28 . are th r e e a s Hic I ste I lle i n

Th e de m onstr a ti v c s , , , ,
Latin ; a nd o riginally referr e d t o th e thr ee p e rsons m e anin g ,
T hi s of mi ne ( or this her e) Th a t of thi ne a nd That of hi s

, , ,
( or that y onder )
,
B ut th e s ec ond class na tural ly ab ounding
.
m o st i n di a l o gu e h a s nearly ext e rminat e d th e third i n the

sp oken lan guag e .
fi r st cla sse s exc ept i n Afri ca are gene rally

T h e t wo , , c om
p ounde d with the particl e Hé L O ! b e h old ! ,
m A é , H éAe ,
. thi s ; A ec , H eAé c , that ; A éli c , th at .
f. A i e , Ti e , H éAi h ; A i e c , Ti ec ,
He ti e c ; T il e .
p l . H é l d,
the se ;
‘
o
( O l th o s e
zi li c
) .
a dv H ona, . H
eb on a , here ; H on é c , th er e ; H i li on n c , th e r e y ond er .
Ce Aé , H éc e Aé , so ; C eAéli c , thu lik e wise

s, .
40 HANDBOOK or MOD E RN ARABIC .
Al so , pronouns of 3 rd p e rson
H ua h e
H ou , o
( H mma ) th
,
e y ( m ) H om o ,
.
Hie Hiya h
, ( H ) H a th e y ( f )
,
s e on onn ,
29 O may c nj ectu r e that 0 15 i r e ally the plural f

. ne o s o
El which rigi ally m ay hav e mea t H ( ill e ) but 0 15 d

, o n n e an
O lfili ee m t be enti rely b l et e Wright in hi grammar

c s o o so .
,
s
o f i t Arabic
a nc en ay that Olfili i e xtr e m ely rare b ing,
s s c s ,
e
E v e A éli d Ti l e a re call e d
‘
suppla t d by Olfi i n e high
c . n c an
“
s tyl e by C ”
i D e P e rc e val ; ev e rthel e th ey m ay b
a u ss n n ss e
h e ard wh e n str ng e mpha i is e e ded Th classic l du l

o s s n . e a a
m Hé i
.
f H ét i ( th e e t w ) is u d r st d but little
Ae n , . e n s o n e oo ,
us e d Th same i tru e f th e dual H m i ( they t w th em

. e s o o r o,
tw ) oBe sides th ere ar e ma y variati ns f l c al di al e ct

.
,
n o o o ,
w ith which it may b e u wi s e i this t g e t bu rde n a n n s a o
l ea r er T h e y will b e e asil y picked up

n . cca i Th se on o s on . o
that h e r e w i tt n d w cann t be misu der t d

ar e r d
e o n o n s oo ,
an
are cla s sical .
3 0 C l o s e ly akin to the dem onstrative s is H ét ( hi th e r !

.
brin g th ou ! ) whi ch is in fl e ct e d l i k e an imp e rative m s H et ; . .
f s H eti ; p l H étou F ari s gi v e s the w o rd in p opular c on

. . . .
v ers ation s o w e may pr e sum e that it is p opula rly un de rs tood

.
.
,
O r dinarily one hear s Ji eb Ji ebi Ji ebou ( brin g ) w hi ch is a , , ,
verb pur ely m odern .
3 1 An o th e r r e markable d e m onstrative i s A ou f A et
.
, .
p l .A e wi e n f p l A e w fit,
A m ong the T a
.
y Ar ab s it is sai d
. .
t o s e rve a s the r elative Qui I n classical u se it i s lik e the .
G ree k article i n cert ai n c onn e cti on s with a g e nitiv e ; a s

A ewi e h i m) -
,
th ose wh o a re h i s B ut in gen e ral
v e .
,
prefix e d to a noun it means endowed wi th ; thu s fr om S aql , , ,

inte llect A ou sa ql inte llig e nt

, Thi s i s at once classic al
, }
and p opular Th e n of A ewi en naturally v anish e s i n the

.
c o mp o site sta te ; thu s N é s Ae wi e s a ql int e llige nt m e n ,

’
, .
From Jem al b e auty Mar a Aét j em irl a beautif ul w oman

‘
, , , .
Wh en I ai r ( Art 15 ) i s us ed t o expr e s s n e gation b efore su ch

‘
.
a c o mp o und it change s A ou to A i e a s F a ir Ai e s a ql not

, , ,
int elli g ent Se e 15 7 bel ow

. .
Ve ry num erou s comp ound adj e ctiv e s in E nglish are para

phras e d i n Arabic by h elp of A ou T hu s Th e Sharp h e ad e d .
,
-
whal e el f aT o u s Aou c l r a s el ll zi dd ; Th e gold e n ey e d duck

,
‘
-
,
e l b aT T Aou c l s ain e l Aeh e b i e a

y S o t oo o u r a dj e ctiv e s .
form e d i n cd fro m a noun ; a s Th e cre sted duck e l b a T T

-
, ,
Aou c l T Orr a So after C oll a s H ur fa a trade A o u llu rf a

.
, , , ,
a tr ade sm an C oll Ai e llurf a e v e ry trad e sman

,
I n certai n , .
cas e s Aou als o change s to Aé as will aft er ward s be said , .
Th e w o rds S dh ub ( c ompani on ) an d Eh l ( folk ) a re a st onish

‘
i ngly u s e d t o replace Aou i n this i di o m T his app e a r s e very .
way i n bad ta ste and und e sir abl e ; y e t it exi st s a s a fact .
Withi n limits Ehl i s quit e go od ; as E hl c l i e m dn th e

‘
,
‘
, ,
h ous eh old of f ai th i c tru e b e li e v er s SO a s chool Of

, . . .
philo s ophy is Ehl S ab at i n high e r style h a s Arb fib ( lords )

.
i n this idi o m as Arb zi b c l x a rr l ords of w ick e d ne ss i c the

’
. .
, , , ,
‘
wicked S O in GN : Arb zi b el w o qouf w a el u T léI s m e n of
. .
,
u nde r standing and of study ; Ar bdb el Ilun af the craftsm en ,
( x p i m s ) Ehl el kibra exp e rt s

a oc va e , .
A é A o u must hav e a r eal th ough di stant r elati on t o

, , , ,
E nglish T he which may be trac e d thr ough I n do G e rmanic

,
-
and H e br aeo Af rican tongue s

-
.
With a prop e r name the de mon strative ne e d s to be ,
thro wn b ehi nd ; a s I stenboul h éAe this ( city ) C onstantinople

, ,
.
42 HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN ARA BIC .
O b s erve , —
that H éAe j me an s th i s
( i s ) a ma n T O
r a ol ,
.
express T hi s ma n w e must insert the ar ticle b e tw e e n a s i n

, ,
p ros e Gr e ek ; H éAe el raj 0 1 [ I n Syria a nd B arbary H eAe e l .
i s vul garly Sh ort e n e d int o He l inde clinable which c onf ounds

it w ith the int er ro gative particl e ( Art F or far ther .
emphasis th e y s ay Hel r aj ol h i m thi s very m an ] ,

.
33 . If T his , T h at
b e j oine d t o the second of t wo
,
i s to
c omp os it e no uns nothin g ne w a ri s e s I sm h éAe
‘
,
T hey sa y .
,
c l xai
‘
th e nam e ( of ) this thing ; S eb a b h éAe c l x o pl the
, ,
caus e ( of ) this busin e ss e xactly a s Aw amir c l m e lic c l k a i y i r

, ,
th e c omman ds ( o f ) the b e ni gn king N ay e v en if Thi s or .

,
T hat b e is o lat e d w e c a n s a y S eb a b h éAe the cau s e ( of )

, , ,
thi s ; Li e j l Aéli c o n acc ount ( of ) th at

‘
, .
B ut if T his Th at have to be j oine d t o the for mer no un

, , ,
it i s b ett er to thro w th e dem on strativ e to th e end a s T hi s , ,
s on
( )
of the kin g I bn e l m e lic h é Ae ; wher
,
e H ed e agr ee s
wi th I bn not w ith Melic [ I n 2 3 it h a s b een noted th at

,
.
L o qman in a c ertain phras e violates thi s rul e ] .
I t is als p opul ar t o adopt Tu rki sh idio m s o f ar a s t o sa y

o ,
T hi s king his s ou Th e son of thi s ki ng ; thu s

” ”
f or
, ,
leavi ng hing w ith out any r e gim e n at all I t is a lib e rty .
w hich add s on e m o r e el e m e nt of v agu ene ss t o a sy ntax

al re ady v e x atiously v ague .
34 W e p r o ceed to Spe ak on the sub stitut e s f or ou r

.
C O P UL A V E RB ; i s are ; i s not are not I t h a s app e are d

, , .
that i s a r e ar e ve ry oft e n und e rst ood Ye t we ca n not sa y

, , .
,
H éAe c l s a T T ar f or This ( is ) the dr uggist ; f or the w ords

, ,
will m ean Thi s dr uggi st I n such cas e s we must us e Ho u

,
.
h
( )e or H ie ( sh e
) f or i s an d H orn f H e nna
( th ey ) f or ar e
, , .
,
.
HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC .
“
43
In fact H ou als o stands f or a m ar t which s tri k in gly te sti fi es

‘
, , ,
t o th e l o s s of its original s e n s e Th e l e arner mu st habituat e .
him se lf to th e s e u se s of H on Hi e H e m H enn a H oua

‘
, , ,
.
,
H iy a Homma ar e mor e emp h a ti c than H ou H i e Hem a nd

, , , , ,
s ee m t o b e a m o dern impr o v e m ent ( C de P e rc e val r e m arks . .
o n H e nn a a s used f or th e ma s culine ; but thi s i s cl e a r ly i n
admissibl e ) .
35 . E xampl e s
H éh ona m ii y s aAi b , h er ( is ) s w t water

~
e ee .
H éAe c l m a y h ou b dr i d j idda n, this wat r i s v e ry c old e .
H e n ri el k ob z h ou Taiyib h ere th e bre ad i s good ,

.
H oné c el m ay m e rr the re the w ater ( i s ) bitt e r ,

.
H on éli e el kamr leAi eA y ond e r th e wi ne ( is ) delici ou s ,

.
H éAe c l neb i c A ll Olou c eOi er a n this t e ddy ( is ) t oo s w ee t

'
.
,
A éli c fl us fin j a i yi d y ond er on e ( is ) a n e xc ell e nt h o r s e

,
.
A éli c el ll u s iz n h ou j a i y i d y o n de r h o r se i s e xcell e nt
‘
.
,
Tilc c l dfir hi e lla s ena j i ddan y ond e r h ou s e i s v ery h an dso me , .
T il e e l kail k a fi ef e y ond e r h or s e s ( are ) light ( s w ift )

,
.
A éli c e l b a pl c l all m ar m eli ell y onder r e d mul e ( is ) g ood , .
H e Aé c h a pl m eli e ll that ( h e r e i s ) a fi ne mul e

, , .
H éola h e m n é s m il all thes e ar e goo d m en ,

.
C e llo xai h ond c owai y i s eve rythin g h e re I s pr etty

‘
.
,
H éAe h ou m i Ol h e Aé c thi s is lik e that

“
.
,
H éAe e l sem n m filifl c e Oi er a n this butter is t oo s alt , .
N B —M eli e ll i n Old style is fa i r

. . x but lik e e ach O f
‘
,
xa
'
oe ,
th o s e w ords h a s chan ged i ts s ens e to G ood i n g ener al E a st

, .
o f Syri a f or G oo d they s e em t o pr e f e r Z e i i n Z e in w hich

y , ,
m e an s Adorn e d F i n e For M fiy ( wat er ) at Al e pp o th e y u se

, .
‘
M wai i c th e diminutive MOwaiy S ee Ar t: 8 4 b elow

’
, . . . .
HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC
-
.
36 . mit i s oft en l e av e s the syntax obscure ; to omit

To o
ther e i s i s w o rs e For th e latte r th e b e st di re ct s ubstitu te i s

.
,
Ye uj a d lite rally it i s found ( = i t e xi st s it c an be h ad ) or

, ,
th e p ar ticiple M anj o ud foun d ; as El s Ofr y ouj a d ( or m an , ,
j oud) h on é c the ( re d) stag i s found th e r e F or i s w e may

,
.
so m e tim e s say S zi r is b ec ome I n cl assical styl e not quite

‘ ‘
, , .
,
Obs olete w e hav e al so the f ollowing sub stitut e

,
Inni I am ; , I nne c th ou art ; I nn eh o h e is , .
I nn ena , w e ar e ; I nn e c om ye a r e ; I nn eh om th e y are
, ,
.
( Se e 55 bel ow ) .
Q olt, enna h éAih c l s ef a ra i nnehc m enfl o u se , I s ai d ,

tha t
thi s v oyage is ver i ly unl ucky .
[ I n Barb
th e imperativ e RA see ! i s used to th e sa me
ar
y ,
eff e ct : R fini ( see me ! i s ) I am ; Réc th ou art ; R éh h e . .

, ,
is e tc I n the B agdad pash a lic th e y sa y c cou f or Th e re i s ;

,
.
,
‘
which p erhap s m e an s Hé c om 10 f or y o u ! I n Alepp o -

,
“ ”
( what i s w o rst of all ) th ey say Fi eh i i n i t to m e an T he re , , ,
i s 11 y a
, All th e se meth o ds b e ing pu re ly l o cal are di s
.
, ,
pl ea sin g to the learne d an d to al l wh o aspi re to a uni vers al ,
Arabic ]
37 “
Is n o t, Ar e not ,
”
ar e Lei s f , . L ei se t , p l Le i s ou . .
These are clas sic al and still ,

p ul a r ar e : M ii in u se . M re p o o
’
h ou f M fr hi e i s n ot ; p l M a h e
, .
,
n ot M 5 i s th e . m a re
, . .
m o dern par ticle of neg a ti on L R g e n e ra lly that of p r ohi bi ti on ; ,
but it i s hi ghly inc onv eni ent that M 5 is als o int e rr o gative
a nd relativ e N e v e rth e le ss e ven in anci e nt A ra bic M 5 ana
.
, ,
.
h o u mean s Non e go sum I am not [ M a h ou i s c ontr a cted .
t o M ou in S yri a ; and Ma h ou xai ( i s not a thin g i s i s not

’ ‘
.
, .
a whit i s not at all ) into

,
40 . Exampl e s
Ana bar dé n"
j iddan, N allna ho rn f o qa r zi ,
I ( am ) v ery c ld o . w e are p oor .
S a e ent e j
‘
s é a u s rn, L es tom p y d,
a ni
p erh ps th u ( art ) hu
a o ng ry . y e ar e n ot rich .
A na l e st fi s aT x n, M a ana h ou Aou m fil ,
I am t thir ty no s . I am not w ealthy .
Ent e ql
Aou s a ,
R obb a m a ente k dy if ,
th u a rt i t ellige t
o n n . p o ssibly tho u ( a rt ) a f ra id .
L sn a wi m dl
e Ae e
’
, An a m fi k ery if a
‘
w e ar e t w e althyno . I am not afr aid at a ll .
A na h l m elic
ou e , Ent e j e s e ur c e Oi e r a n,
I am the king
‘
. th ou art too darin g .
L e st k adim
an a , S as e e nté pair j e s e ur ,
I am t a e rva t no s n . p e rhaps tho u ar t not darin g .
E te h
n lm
ou e lli m os a ,
th u art th e t e acher
o .
Th e w ord as so ciate d by us with the dem onst ra

s uch is
ti v e s ; so al so i s s a me S uch i s c omp ou nde d o f s e like i n .
-
Engli sh ( s olch e swi lk e s wa leik s ) a nd the Ar ab s als o e x

, ,
-
,
pr e ss it thu s at larg e by m i Ol h éa e or mi Olih éAe which , , ,
v irtu ally b e c ome s a single w ord and might b e SO w ritt en , .
I f a noun follows El mu st c ome b e tw een a s Mi Oli h éAe c l

, ,
r aj e l such a m a n
,
H ow sa me is t o be e xp r e s s e d will
.
pr e sently app ear I n high e r styl e : F r om such ke e p al oof

.
,
”
t eb zi s ad s an a m Oél h é w ola ( S abat ) li t fromth e s e Sp e cim ens

’ ‘
.
,
th e se ex ampl e s S uch a c on
. di ti on of thin gs a s this ll fila ,
”
r wh f l ld w
A pe son o ee s c o or arm i s ba r ddn, da f an ; but t h i ng th a t
y a
i inp a r ts ld w rmth i bé i d
co or a s r défi ; a s, mfi y ba
ri d, c old wat e ; r i da r
a warm ma tl
,
dafi, n e .
'
Ce h éAih a co n dition ( such ) as thi s . H re e s uch is

un d er sto od .
N TE RR O G AT I VE S s4 . I .
4 2 Th I t e rr gativ e P ti l
. e n may fir t be att ded t
o ar c es s en o .
I Engli h w put th e n mi ativ e aft e r th e v e rb (

n s e I it ? o n a s, s
H as h e d thus disp e n e with a pa ticle

an T h Latin s r . e s u se
A n, - U trum Num ; d esp e cially i writing th e se a re

n e, ,
an ,
n ,
nee ded f p erspicuity I Arab t lk th e t n e f v ic e

or . n a ,
o o o
suffic e t de n t e th at a qu e sti i ask e d ; y t P a i and

s o o on s e r s
K ayat (tw e xtremes ) agr ee in e xhibiting th e i t e rr g ativ e

o n o
p t icl e E He l ? i a
ar s t e xt e mphatically m de r n Thus c on o n .
H f
eu i ll a xu Hé lei
,
ll ill Ae s sa u ,
h e is e l qu e nt o this i t tru e
. s no .
E h f i ll ou as u E fa l e is h é ll i ll Ae s a u
is h e l qu e t ?
e o i t th e n thi tru e
n s no s
Hel e nt e l fi ? e H l l bi
s aT T fi? r e c xa sa
art th th e dr ggist en i th e b y hale and w e ll

u s o
I Ob l D i al it ee ms that
n er . wh e th e r is al way e xpr
. s ed “
s e ss
by h l i e i di r e ct as well
nna , n i ndi r ect int err gati ( B ut as o on .
i 2 d D i al h l wi th ut i
n n .
) e o nna .
4 3 If . alt ernativ e i put ( as i Latin Ut m ) the

an s n ru -
an
w r d O whi ch i tr duc e th e e c d member is e xpress e d

o r, n o s s on ,
by Em ; as :
akl ar ? em e z r a q ? E h ou
is it gre en ? or blue ?
Th e part icle F a ( th e n ) o ft en f oll o w s th e inte rr o gative E ;
thu s w ith n e gative s we have E lzi E f a la E m a— P -
’
- - -
‘
E f a l e is
- -
is it n ot i s it n o t
“
th e n B ut f o r th e
p a s t time
L e m r eplac e s L A; a s Au e lem or wa s it n ot
? - -
48 HANDBOOK OF MO D E RN ARABIC .
44 . I
t rro gative S ubs ta ntive : M ai n ? M anAe ? wh o ? M a ?
n e
M fiAe ? what ? A dj ec t ive m Ei Eiyo ; f E i B iya ; whi ch ? .

, .
,
wh at ? a s : E i raj e l what m a n ? which m an ? E i y a mar a

,
‘
,
what w o man ?
I n asking a qu e sti on th e w o rd p er hap s hap ly i s o ft e n
, ,
add e d as : E la s alla
,
I s haply [ M a s a se en y e c o un
’
h éAih ( S abat ) what ma y thi s be ? p ,

.
S abat has ManAe ? f or Wh o ? i n the fo rmul a

,
ManA e ell eAi s a y y a r e c s a lai na Ilfic i m e n ?

qui s ( e st) qui f e cit te supe r nobis pro judi c e ?
Thi s i s anal ogo us to M éAe
A dver bs Ein wh ere ,
C ém , h o w m u ch ? h ow many ?
I la ciu whith e r ?
‘
, C eif , h ow ?
M in e in w h e nc e
‘
,
Em
’
te , wh e n
45 Em t e i s c omp ound e d of E m e t e Th e cla ssical Me te

.
’
.
i s e ith e r int e rro gat iv e or r e lativ e I n m od e rn us e Me t e i s .
g ene rally r elative and e v e n so it i s rar e r than Lemm a

, , ,
w hen ; a nd E m te e xpress e s wh e n ? int e rr o gativ e ly Y e t

’ ”
.
th e y sa y II at te m et e ? until w h en ? h ow l ong ?
,
E i ( what ? w hich ? ) is of b o th numb er s as w e ll a s g end e r s .
I n S yria t h e y use E ina lik e gui s na m M ime what ? w ell

, .
,
sup er s e de s Ma which h a s t oo many s en se s I n S yria als o

, .
E ix ( i c E i x ai w hat thin g ? ) i s pr e v a l e nt ; but thi s ought

’ ‘
. .
,
not t o be f o ll ow e d by a n oun since it h a s the noun xai

"
,
W ithin it .
46 . foll ow ing a noun may m ean of

Man as ,
“
,
Be it m én h e Ae ? h ouse ( of ) wh om (i s) thi s ? but it i s surely

b e tt e r t o say Li m an h éA e c l bait ? to wh om (b el ongs) thi s
,
h ous e
HANDB OOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC . 49
M an h u ? ar e ft e h e ard e p e ci ally wh e n th e
M anon ? o o n ,
s
w rd sta d al n e ; inde e d cla sically M

o n s o u ? is n mi ativ e s ,
ano o n ,
and Ma i accusativ e Th latt r i bs l e t e

n . e e s o o .
Ma adverbially may qu alify an adj e ctiv e with th e e se

, , ,
s n
H w ! i adm i rati
o n Ma ana m i ! h w w re tch e d
on : a s, e s c en o
I ( am) !
47 . r
Th e w o ds M a n , Ma
admit of b e c oming i n
,
C e m, “
defini t e inst e ad of int e rr ogativ e ; i s m e an s ome a ny a cer ta i n

”
. .
, ,
qua nti ty T o sugg e st th e right s e ns e I find it us e ful t o c opy

.
,
Gre ek acc e ntu atio n ; a nd writ e M an M a Cém when th e y , , ,
are int e rr o gativ e ; and Man M a C ém wh en th e y are i n , , ,
d e fi ni te I n fact it i s natu ral t o el ev ate th e music al t one

.
,
wh en w ords are int err o gative .
M an, Ma E i E i C if admi t
, ,
n, e ,
als o of b e c omin g R ela ti ves,
as w ill af te rw ard be t ed s no .
M an h ou is th e r e ?
h on é c ? wh o
Ei Ila i w fin h ou h i m ? what animal is thi s
E i m ar a ? Ein a ma r a ? Ei y a t i mr é a
‘ ‘ ‘
what w oman ?
‘
E 19. c fl a d h on a ? i s not any on e here ?
E i h ou ( E in a h ou ) e l ha pl el qa wi ? whi ch i s the stron g

mul e
E in el xa bi c l Na pi e r ? wh ere i s th e littl e b oy
He l y ouj a d la llm h onéli c ? i s m eat ( to be) found

yond er ?
E fa lit ente ba r dfin art not th ou then c old
B iy at hi e c l fi Or m at el m e fl sin e ? which i s the be ne
’
fi cent l ady ?
5 . P RE PO SI T I ON S .
49 . Th e primary p re p o sitions sh ould all be learne d at on ce .
They are
B i i n with by , ,
Ma s ( t o ge th er ) with
, .
, .
Ce according t o lik e,
S ala up on a g ain st ,
.
’
, ,
.
F i e in into ,
S and w ith at al ong
, .
, , ,
.
Il a t o ( with m otion) ’
, ( F r e nch s apud
ches
) ,
.
Li t o f or , ,
S a n o ff fr om aw ay f r om
.
, , ,
M in from of ,
c onc e rning
, . .
Of th e s e Ce I S the l ea st p op ul ar
,
I t i s sup ers ede d by M iel .
,
li k e . I t ente rs into C eAé lik e this s o ; H éCCAé thu s so , , , ,
( vulg H ei c ). C e A éli c lik e th a t s o fo rth lik e w is e : and i n , , ,
S yri a ( fro m th e cl a ssical C c ma s elon guc acc o rdi ng a s ) h a s -

, ,
c o me C em irn lik e wis e ag ain I t i s ri ght al s o to s ay

,
“
,
”
,
Ce mi Ol a d i ns tar af t er th e fashion of CeAé is us ed f or

, ,
.
s uc h a s Li c eA é r a ol t o such a m a n Of s uch s or t of this

, , j , ,
‘
sor t m i n j om let h é wola ( S abat )
,
S uch thing s a s is .
,
e xp re s s ed by mi nma in P a ri s Kus fil fl a sm a mi nma 15 y ou .

, .
nobl e qu a liti e s s uch a s ar e n o t f oun d e e Art

j ad S
“
.
,
4 1 ab ove
,
T h e a rticle El c o al e s c e s wi th s ome of th e ab o v e
.
,
making B il C el Fil I la l Lil S ala l [ The vulga r s a y F iel

, , ,
’
, ,
’
.
,
but F il i s clas si cal ] I la and S ala h av e l ost g which th e y .

’ ’
,
so m e time s r e sume .
50 the oth e r prep o siti on s s ome a re Of l e ss imm e diate

. Of ,
imp ortance t o th e l ea rne r yet it m a y be c onv e ni ent t o h a ve ,
a list h ere .
Ab out ( of quantity) na llou Aft er ( of tim e or o rde r ) ba s d , .

, .
Ab ov e f a uq f e uq ,
A gainst Audd , .
, .
A cc ordi n g t o teba s Agr e eably to T ub q , .

, .
HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN ARAB I C . 51
Am on g , * m in om e t l bain In the mi dst of ” w a ST a L

j . .
Ar d Il l
o un ,
au . Like miel c e m iOl
, , .
Be f re ( f tim e ) q abl
o o ,
. N ext after doun F N H ,
. .
Behi d w d kalf
n ,
ar ,
. 17 9 .
Bel w Ben e ath U de r t ellt

o , , n ,
. O pp osit e ,
t oj ah , ti l q fi .
Be side ( at ide f ) lad i l d s o ,

'
a, a en, Ov eragainst ( f a c e t o f a ce
j anb . wit h — vi s d v i s) lluda i z e -
, .
Be ide s m 5 dfi
s ,
. sa . Pro vide d not fl a x a , .
Be t wee bai fie m a bai S ince ( of tim e ) m o nA m OA A

‘
n, n, n .
, , .
C ce rning min ll
on ,
na ou . To g e th e r with s ollba t , .
C ntrary t k ildf
o o, T o w ard s na llOu ,
'
D ri g d wfim T l
u n ,
a , ou . U ntil Till fl a tte ila ll a dd
,
’
, .
Except pa ir k al d ad d wd
, , ,
s ,
se . Within da k il ; vulg j ou
, .
I e xch ge f
n b i dfil b e dal
an or , , . w a ( t ) , I um n .
I n f r ont of , qe ddfim , qob fila (t ) . With o ut k firij ,
I n p re e c e f e m am
s n o ,
‘
. O utsid e of vulg b a rr a ( t ) ,
. .
I pr p r ti
n t ofl b o on o, a se . With o ut ( Lat s i ne) bil d .
, ,
I r e gard t fi e Il qq
n o, a . bi pai r m i n pai r pair ; bi , ,
I n re p e ct t m i qib l
s o, n a . dou n min d ou n ,
.
I nst e ad f m e c e w I o ,
n, sa a ,
s uw aAan san .
51 . Mi Oli (f or C c m i Oli ,
after the likene ss ) is v ery p opular -
i nplace of C e F or li lac are als o sa i d N a gui r Xi bh

‘
. I a ir ,
.
,
b e fore an adj e ctive wa s expl ain e d N ot ; i t s s e nse IVi thout ,
display s analo gy t o G erman a nd Greek in f o rming a negative

a dj e ctive from O hne d w ith out B ut F ai r m e an s dif cr , v ev , .
ence di ver se fr om
, N a ll e u t oward s ab out i s u s e d t o m o di fy , , ,
a sub stantive a s the Latins u se gua s i , as it w e r e in ,

“ ’
B e e und r D ep ui s . e .
1 I n th e mi ds t o f th e p eople waS T a l qaum Sa b — K

' ’
. . .
,
52 HAND BOOK OF MOD E RN ARAB I C .
p opul a r Engli sh a s ort of T hu s II a ul el w e jh n a fl o u

,
“
.
”
,
‘
c e narr e s w a d ar ou nd the face ( i s ) a s i t wer e a black b o rder
, , ,
a sor t of blac k b o rde r A pr e p osition w ill th e n if n ee de d by .

,
th e n oun pr e ce de Na fl o u Thu s F ie na ll Ou xo rr a in a sor t

'
.
, , ,
of bun dl e T h e w o rd N a Il Ou simply a dd s vagu e ness a nd

'
.
,
may influ enc e s e ve r al noun s c oupl e d by W a a nd T Oul c l , .
the len gth of th e bo dy i s abou t

j oOOa na fl Ou Oel éO a dfim
'
q ,
th ree f e et ; but it may equ ally b e ren dere d is towar ds thr e e ,

“
f ee t . T hu s th e w o r d vacill at e s bet we e n pr e p ositi on a nd

”
a dv erb .
Ins om e c onnecti ons S an seem s to mean wi tho ut thus ,
E nt e pani s ann e h E nti pani e y a s ann oh th o u art rich with out ,
it i c th ou c anst disp en se with it

,
. . .
M a ada d S e w a hav e the v e xati u

-
s an o biguity of P r a ter
s am
d Be si de ( s ) m e a i g e ith e r e xc ept in addi ti o n t o

“ ” “ ”
an , nn or .
e
S wa a p opul ar adv erb means
as ,
“
side by side abr ea st , .
”
Ma -
s a da s trictly m e an s what p a ss e s .
”
Lada L a de n m ay b e call e d high sty l e They ar e u sed

, , .
e sp e ci all y (l k e old Gre ek d d) i n such c onn e cti ons a s At

i
,
th e side of th e ki ng ; so Min lada c l m e lic from th e sid e of , ,
the k ing .
U s e s of M in In l o c om otion it is c ontr a sted to Il a ;

52 .
as fr om R ome to L on don ; which ne e ds no farth e r r e

,
”
m a rk : its us e f or of is l e ss r e gular Th e d e fici ency of .
of i n Ar abic is suppli ed partly by c omp o siti on of nouns , ,
p artly by Min and Li p artly by sp e ci al e vasion or p rovi ncial ,
m eth o ds M in diffe rs fr o m S an n e ar ly as Lati n a b or ea:

.
fro m dc S an like de may me an c onc e rning

.
,
M in ex ,
“
.
N
pre ss e s the partitive idea of ca: al so the material of a thi n g .

F ir s m in S i lc c l t ele pr fif , a branch of th e wi r e
'
( of ) th e
t e l e graph .
Wez i er m i n daulat Am eri ec e a minister ,

of th e gov e rn
m e nt ( of ) Am erica .
Jona i ne ti m i n ward my garden o f ros e s , .
53 . What sort of
F or , th ey sa y Eix mi n a s Ei x ,
’
, .
’
m i n Tair ? what sort of bi r d ? ( C omp G e rm Wa s f ur ei n . .
With the partitive Of the A rab s oft en rep e at a noun , ,
inst e ad o f u sin g E fl a d (one ) pronominally thus f o r O ne of

‘
,
th e ki ng s citi e s th e y sa y not onl y Ullda mi n m od on el

’
, , ,
’
m e lic but als o Me di e n a m i n m odon e l m elic ; an d stiff a s

’
, ,
the l att e r app e ar s it i s p opular a s w e ll a s cl a s sical S o f o r

, ,
.
Fi e A et l eil on a c e rt ain ni ght they als o say I n a night of

, , ,
th e nights fi e l e ila min c l le y éli M i n i s als o u sed like

, .
F rench du dela t o m ean S om e A p ortion of ; a s Min

h
, , , , ,
s o cc e r som e sug a r ; e sp e cially i n r e p e titi on

,
Mi nh om —m in ,
h e m s o m e of th e m — a nd oth e r s of th e m
, .
5 4 I n ambiti o us p r os e M i n i s us e d t o satiety in th e pre

.
,
di c a t e of a pr op o siti o n t o make it in de finit e ,

T hu s i nst ea d .
,
of H éA e m ost e lluil thi s i s ab su rd they sa y H éA e m i n el

, , ,
m e st efi uil c ( e st ) ( une ch o s e ) d a b sur de Thu s w e a re m or e

’ ’
.
,
th an e v e r k e pt i n susp ense wh ere the pre dicat e w ill be f ound .
Th e fo rmula M i nma fro m what i s fr om that which i s

, ,
. .
“
,
”
Simil arly abus e d : a s H éA e minma y ollay y i r el b al thi s ( is)

, ,
( a thing ) Of th e things which p e rplex the mind ; wh e r e if ,
m i nma w er e simply l e ft out th e s e nse w ould be c orrect ,
enough and the grammar perfec t Wh en a c o pul a verb ( a s . -
C é n wa s) i s e xpr e s s e d all i s cl e ar though E fl a d ( one ) be

‘
, , ,
‘
o mitte d befo re M i n : as C én m in el omar a he w a s one
( ) Of
‘
, ,
th e prince s erat e p r i nc i p i bu s
,
.
M in ( like fr om) o ft en means b e cause of

our Likewi se “
.
”
,
after a p a ssive ve rb it t ak e s the sense of our by Fr om

, .
,
after the passiv e v erb i s s om e tim e s r e n de r e d by s an Thu s

,
.
,
He w a s c o rrupte d by inf esed m in ; I t wa s c orrupte d fr om,
( a b e tt er state t o a w or se
) i n f e se d s an , .
5 5 U s e s of L i
. I n ge neral Li m e aning to or f or ne e ds
.
, ,
no f ur th er particul ar r e m ark B ut li ke the Latin dativ e it .

, ,
may b e used i n th e p re dicate wh ere p opul ar E nglish us e s ,
th e n o minative Thus : I t i s a ma rv e l to me may b e

.
“
,
c om e I t i s t o m e f or a marvel
,
“
Th e Arab s e ve n s a y E nte .
”
,
i nne c li j fi h i l tho u v erily ar t f or a fool i c th o u art f oo lish

, ,
. . .
H éA e s andi li m os j i z e thi s ( i s ) with me f or a m iracl e

,
.
A gai n a s i n Lati n e ith e r dativ e or g e nitive with E st ( i s )

,
denote s p ossess i on s o Li ( to ) may supply this s e nse ; e sp e ci ally

,
if of t wo r e l at ed nouns the gover nin g i s indefinite an d the

go v e rn e d de finite ; a s A t op of the m ountain A son of the , ,
king ; w e may th e n us e Li f o r English Of sayin g R éi s lil ‘

,
j e bal I bn lil m elic L e i s li l Dro uz di y éna k oxOu r ui y a th e

,
.
,
D rus e s hav e no p e cul iar religion .
Li (f o r ) m e ans al so on a ccount of e speci ally with pronouns .
T hus Li h éA e o n thi s acc oun t ; Li A éli c on that acc o unt ;

, , ,
Li m fiA e ? wh erefore ? L e i x ? why ? ( =Li e i xai ‘’

B ut’
with nouns w e hav e g e ne rally a p araphra se a s i n English ,

.
Li e j l Mi n ej l f or th e s ak e of Li x éin (Min x fin vulg

‘
. .
, , ,
Li seb a b o n acc ount of ; f ro m X ian

because O f
, ,
B i s ebab
.
,
state .
M in j ara i n c ons e quence of

’
, .
5 6 U s e s of B i
. I t e sp e cially e xpre sses the instrument
.
,
or m ode or p ri ce ; a s T o buy a thing

,
'
bi Oe man qa li el a t
, ,
“
,
”
or f or a s canty price ; to slay a man bil seif wi th or by , ,

”
56 HANDBOOK OF MODE RN ARABIC .
the s w ord expre s sing the mo de it f orms a paraphrase

. As ,
f or adverb s a nd p r e p o siti on s T hu s .
Bil c olli e y a i n e nti re ty i c e nti re ly

, ,
. . .
Bi l ziy a da i n surplu s sup e rfl uou sly

, , .
B il pzi y a i n the e xtre me extremely

’
, , .
B il r a pm s an i n spit e of , .
B i m ouj ib i n vi rtu e of , .
B i wfisi T a t by mean s of , .
B i x i dda t by di nt of , .
B i pair B i doun with out

, ,
.
With v e rb s of m oti on B i mu st b e r e nder e d wi th th ough it

, ,
s till is n ot i de nti cal with Ma s

( t o g eth e r wi th ) ; but c ome
w i th a thi n g i s s aid f or brin g it ; to go off with it i s
” “ ” “
t o carry it off M any other v erb s take B i a ft er th e m j ust a s

.
,
in L atin a nd Gr ee k many v erbs govern a p a rticular cas e f or ,
which n o re as on appears T h e i dio matic u s e s of B i are ve ry

.
num e rou s and are a main difficulty

,
.
s6 . SU F FI x P R ONO U S N
.
57 . Th e pers onal pron oun s ,

attach e d t pre p sitions or to
o o
u
no ns , tak e abridg e d form s i n w hich the o rigi nal s are quit e
m hem ;
.
f h on,
.
us , our .
NB — . Af t e r a ver b
. me i s e xpre s sed by
,
“ -
ni . Th e re st
are the s am e afte r a v erb as after a pr ep ositi on .
HAN DBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC . 57 .
In the Sp ok en languag e c om and h om are fr e e ly us e d of ,

- -
b oth gen der s an d the du al s c om €t ( y ou two ) h om fi ( them

,
-
,
-
t wo ) ar e n ot h e ard the f e minin e hé i s ”

,
T o expres s it .
“
,
-
O f t e n us e d I t i s inc onv enient that in sp e aki ng of thi ngs

.
, ,
hé i n classic al style c onst antly mean s them .
T h e suffix like a Gr eek e nclitic oft e n chang e s th e accent

, ,
of the p re c e ding w o rd and som e tim e s here by l ength e n s ,
a v o we l ; thus M elic e que e n Meli éc eti my queen

, At , , , .
o th e r tim e s it cuts o ut a v o w e l ; as S élT a na e mpir e ; S el , ,

~
T an ti my e mpire
’
,
.
T hee Th y af t er a l ong v ow e l i s c f or th e masculine ci

, , ,
-
,
-
f or the f e minine [B ut at B agdad it i s al way s ci ; i n

.
-
Algi er s it see m s m an d f a re the sam e ]

, ,
. . .
58 . S yst em t o exhibit all the f orm s .
Bi c , B iya Li e Liya ,
I le i y a Mi nni
Be e L ee I le i c Mi nne c , Mi ne
B ici ( f ) Lici I le i c i M inni e ( A l p ) e .
B ih i B h , o Lih o , Leh I leih i Mi h M inh

nno , o
Bi h é Li h é , I le i h é M i nh é
Bi n a e tc . I lei n a , Mi nn a
Bi co m , - n . etc . Mi n c om ,
B ib o m ,
-
n . etc .
S andi Ci t ébi
S anda c Ci t éb e c
S andie Ci t ébi c
S ande h C i t é b oh
S a ndah é Ci th éb a h é
S andana , Ci t éb a na ,
etc . etc .
59 . rdi nar il y prono unced 6 as i n Hebrew

H im , h i s , i s o -
, ,
no h b e in g h e a rd ; but aft e r a l on g v ow e l all auth oriti e s bid ,
u s prono unce only h An En glishm an wh o t ri e s to s o un d

- .
- h is apt to turn it i nt o 11
, I thi nk by pronouncing hi wi th .
-
as sh o rt an i a s h e c a n m a nag e he will c ome n ear e st to the ,
s ound
; an d hi afte r all i s classical [ C ,
la ssical rules bid u s ,
.
sa
y hi him hi nna hi ma wh en a v ow el of th e i cla s s pr e
- - - -
, , , ,
c e de s Th e le ar ne r may a t hi s ple asur e s o m odify th e o o f

.
th e se w o rds I ob s e rv e that P a ri s a s al so Lé on and H élot

.
,
.
i n Lo qm a n s F abl e s e qually with C a t af a go gi ve F i e w a qt oh

’
, , ,
I la da roh etc an d do not struggl e f or Fi e w aqt ihi I la

,
.
, ,
ddr ihi e tc Ch erbonn e a u v acill ate s ]

, .
60 . Exampl e s
O mm i mari el a j i ddan my m other i s v e ry ill ,
.
Ab oui ( Abi ) w a ommi ma rl a my f ath e r a nd my m oth er ar e ill ’

, .
Hel a bouc T aiyib i s thy f ath er alive and w e ll ?

Z e uj a ti hie T a iyiba my w ife is aliv e a nd w e ll , .
O mm e c s a se Taiyiba ? thy m other p erhap s i s alive a nd w e ll

C e if fl file c h ow i s thy state ( thy h e alth )
Ei x b e c ? M fiA e b e c
’
what ails th e e ?
L eis xai biya n othi n g ails m e
‘
, .
He l h éA e lec ? is thi s thi ne

M a h ou liya it is not min e , .
H ét ma s andec ! bring wh a t th ou hast .
L e is s an di xai I hav e nothing ’

, .
M i me fi e b éle c ? what is i n thy mind ?

M a h ou xai fi e b ali ther e i s nothing in my mi nd
‘
, .
S alaiya s ai la o n me ( r e st s ) a family
, .
L i h e aul ard s u perr he h a s l itt le children

‘ ‘
,
.
HAN DBOOK OF MODE RN ARABIC ‘
. 59
Lee baqar a th ou hast a fi ne c ow

m eli e lla , .
Lih e qor oun T a wi ele sh e has lon g h orns , .
O mmi hi e m a s ok t ec m y m other i s with thy si st er , .
H éh ona hi e om m e c h er e i s thy m oth e r , .
E i n a b oui ( abi ) el én w h e re ( is ) my fath er ne w ?

‘
Ab ou c fi l belda thy father ( is ) i n t o wn , .
A k o uc l e i s fi e bilédi na thy broth e r is n ot i n o ur c ou ntry , .
S andana a b ou c b eh e na thy fath e r i s with us here ,

.
S al ai ya m or adec c l s a z i ez on m e ( re st s ) thy e st ee med wish ,
i c I w ill try t o p e rfo rm it )

( . . .
Ak ouh r aj ol m eli e ll hi s broth e r i s a g oo d m a n , .
C olloh o m n é s m i lall all of them are good m e n ,

.
C e llo c om A e wi e hi mma all of y o u ar e endow e d with earne st

’
,
ne ss i c a r e e ar nest en er g e tic
,
. .
,
.
Hel ok ti s an da c om el én ? i s my siste r w ith y ou now ?

‘
H on d fik i m a s ok te c h ere i s my broth e r w ith y our si ster , .
Lei s m as ui k ob z Tari I hav e no fr e sh br e ad w i th m e ,

.
M a s ac s a se j f olou s y ou have p erhap s small c a sh with y ou , .
Ei y om a s an d e c h étoh i le i y a w hate v e r th ou has t b ri n g it

, , ,
to m e .
Collom a m a s ac h ét oh ila b o né all th a t i s wi th y ou brin g it

, , ,
hi th e r .
A éli c c l llu s fin e l a h oua l e c ? y ond er h o r s e i s h e not th i ne ?

, ,
Man h ou m a s ac fi l dar ? wh o i s with thee in th e h ou s e ?

M et s andi c ote b I have n o book s , .
L e i s et s and ana aql a m w e hav e no pen s , .
C én liya fik I ha d a bro th e r
‘
, .
F th er Broth er h ave r di c l ‘bw ‘k w y et a e b lutely e x

a a a s r a so
p es d by Ah Ak but i n c m p o i ti n th e w r p pe rs egular] i n
, , , ,
r se o s o ea a r
p opul r tyle Ab ui m y f t h r ; Ak oui m y b r t h er ; though A i i a

, ,
a s as, o a e o
al h d Ab ui i s not cl i cal th ou h Abou foll w d by a n un i

so ea r o
,
a ss g
,
o e o s.
1 S se p / p s is sa id of h pe or fear a nd se rv s to a k a que ti on
.
,
"
a ,
er ra o e s s .
,
60 HAND BOOK OF MOD ER N ARAB IC .
“
particl e C e is n e v e r pr e fix e d to a suffix pron oun W e

Th e .
m ust e nlarg e it into C c m i Oli or M i Oli : thu s H e i s not like

-
,
m e M ir h ou mi Oli ey ( a ) ; H e i s lik e y ou H oua mi Ole c ( or

, ,
m i Oli c ) .
61 . S a n, lik e M in ,p opul ar ly doubl e s i ts n be for e s ome Of

th e s ufiix e s .Li acc ordi ng to cl a ssic al rul e b e c o m e s Le or
, ,
La with suffixe s Th e s ol e t race of thi s s ee m s t o b e i n L oh

.
~
o r L e h o ( n e v e r Lib i f o r to hi m ( Le m eans ver i ly ) C a ta f a go

) . .
write s Lici Lih e Lina Li h e m

, ,
C de P er c e val and De
, . .
Brain e ar e si l ent a s to La h o L ana e tc whi ch my e ar c er , ,

.
,
t ai nl y n e v e r caught Lie L e e are t o b e divi de d L i e L c c

.
, ,
-
,
-
( s o und e d as E nglish la ck ) Liya B iya a re p erh aps m o r e

.
,
e mph atic th an Lie B ie I n Alepp o B oh pre v ails over B ihi

, .
,
yet B ihi i s th ought bett e r Ch er bonn e a u write s B h o e v en .

’
i n p oetry .
6 2 S and i s w ritt e n with h i sr a ( i c a s S und ) by m o d e rn

. . .
lite rati ; y e t C de P ercev al i n do ing thi s de fin e s th e so und

.
, ,
by Fre nch dnd I n e ver h e ard i n thi s w ord any vo we l bu t

.
a cl e ar Fre nch a D ictionari e s e xhibit S and S und S Ond ’
, ,
.
a s on a p ar ; henc e w e have n o m o tiv e t o s truggl e again st th e
p opul a r practic e .
6 3 S e veral particles a s sume pr on o un s suffix

. Inn a ( v e ri ly ) .
Wa s nam e d ab ov e ; E nn a ( that ) doe s the s ame als o L ec i nna ,
ne vertheless : thus L ec i nni yet I ; L e c i nn e c y e t th o u

, , ,
L e c i nn oh yet h e ; L e c i nn ena y e t w e e tc
'
,
Th e v o w el o f
, , .
un i on whi ch app e ar s in S an duh e B a i na na C i t éb a na etc , , ,

.
m u st b e l o ok e d on in th e pr e s e nt S ta ge of th e langu a ge a s
, ,
u r e ly e uph onic A ll p re p o siti o ns e ndin g i n t w o c ons onants

p .
ar e apt t o need thi s v o wel of uni on T h e l e arn e r must no t .
be sedu ce d by the as pect of Qa bl na t o pronounce it Qa balna -

.
pl e asure b e c om e s H i s w ill plea sur e I r ei detoh

’
”
” “
and hi s ,
‘
wa k zi T u rOh
67 . e mpha i th e y y Liya
F or t m e m yself ;
s s sa ,
a na , o
M i c e ente fr m th ee thy e lf e tc Als E iy a a ful

na ,
o s ,
. o ,
as
crum e nabl e s a p r n u i the bliqu e ca e t b e is lated

, o o n n o s o o
thu S s, t iy fia na n I th u ght th ee (t b e ) thy elf

-
ec e c,
“
o o s .
”
E iy fi a h d w iy
c n s t e i ,
th ee w ad re
a ed thee
‘
zi c n es e s u n,
“
e o ,
an
w e call t i d Wh e a v e rb tak e t w p r uns aft e r it

o a .
”
n s o ono ,
on e o f th e m mu t b e thus is l at e d in th e m de r dial e ct
s o o n .
6 8 If a d e m nst rativ e and a u ffix b el ng t

. o un s o o on e no ,
th e de m n trativ e must f ll w as B pli h é

o s this my mul e o o a Ae, .
S imi l arly w ith an a dj e ctive as B pli l m li ll my e xc ell e nt , ,

a c e e ,
mul e N B —Th
. fli . i u de rst d t m ak e the
. e u su x s n oo o no n
defi ni te .
7 . NO UN S O R QUAS I P R ONO UN S
AUXI L I ARY ,
- .
69 I English the u S e lf S ak e Behal f and ther

. n no ns , , ,
o s,
h av e l st much f th e ir ubsta tive natu r e

o S e lf i
o par s n : ,
n
ti lcu a r, h alm st d e g erat e d int a pr un T h s m e i

as o en o ono . e a s
th e c a s e with many Ar ab n un P e culiarly N efs ( ul ) p l o s .

,
so , .
N f o o us g e n er lly A f
or d e duty f S e lf ;
a d A ét n o s, o s or as o ,
ess e nc e p e r ality ; II Al stat e ; R ll pirit p l A w ll ;

,
son ,
ou ,
s , . r
’
iz
an d ev en S i n ey e W e may d d M i l pr p e rty ; H aqq

a ,
. a a , o ,
ri ght ; w hich th ugh abus e d p r vincially ,

ee m t have
o o ,
s o
a l e gitimat e in ha rm ny wi th g d grammar A et p l
u se o oo .
, .
A w fit h
e t ,
m any e ns e
as Be id e s b e ing adj ective
oo s s. s an
pr n un
o o expl ain e d i A t 3 1 ( a s I q l et Il
, as fi e ld n r .
,
ou A o sn , s
d w d wi th beauty )
en o e d ( what i p erh p quit Old , an s a s e
fa hi n e d ) F i ét y m
s o a t i d y ; it i
e A l mucheu ,
on cer a n a s a so
HANDBOOK OF MODE RN ARABIC .
“
63
u sed p olitic ally a s E l A et c l sos i ni e y a the imperial s elf

’
, , ,
( p e rson) El A ew fit c l ci r am th e nobl e p e r sonag e s C at af a go ,

.
s ay s ab so lut e ly A ét a lady Oberl us e s A ét a s in de clinable

, ,
. .
( Iv . L e m ma r a y a A é th om a m OT a rr a di en whe n they ,
sa w thei r
( two ) selves driv e n out .
70 . Exampl e s
‘
S abi rama ’
n ef sohehr a b y thr e w him lf i nt
fil n ,
o se o the river .
El S arab en f O h m th e Arab them e lv e

s o ,
s s s.
Ar e a ll
‘
a na bi éti I w ill g i my pe r s ( my elf )

A ,
o n on s .
Q at e l [ltd -
o h Il O h he lew hims e lf
,
or r ou -
,
s .
Qa1 fie ne f soh , or li fl filoh , he s ai d i n his s oul ( t o him s elf ) .
Y a x c or r o u fl oh , Ya mda fl n e f s oh h e thank s ( he prai s e s h i m

, )
s e lf .
El the h or se h i s prop e rty i c h i s own h orse

fl us fin m filoh , , . . .
E l Ila ql fl a qqi the fi e ld my right i c my own fi e ld, ,

. . .
El e mi e r s a in oh th e p ri nc e him s e lf , .
B ut S ain p e culi upply th e w ord S a me ; a s

ar ly is u se d to s ,
F il y e um s a inoh ( or s ainih i ) i n that day its e lf in that sam e , ,
da y C a t af a go h a s : At the s a me ti m e fi e A et el w a qt
.
, .
Al so GN B i ne fs cl neh ér i n the sa me d ay
. F ie ,
n e f s L ondr a i n L ondon itself A g ai n E lleti hi e li s é n 1151 e l

,
.
,
h Oc oum a which i s th e m o uthpiece o f the g o v e rnm ent i tself

’
, .
GN 2 1 . Met es a piec e of prop erty ( an article a s we say )

.
, , ,
p l E m ti s a is s ai d t o s e rv e e specially i n Af rica a s M 51 t o
.
, , , ,
e xpre ss what is one s own M 511 Me t es a nd II a qq may

.
’
.
, ,
s om e time s c e nduc e t o empha si s and clearn e s s i n c onn e cti on s ,
where at first Sight they are vul g ar sup er fl ui ty T hu s E l .

,
da r fihi m fl a qq e l j ouk means

, the m one y due f or th e , ,
“
w oollen cl oth literally the m one y the right of the cloth

, ,
“
, .
”
71 . B ut
at M o osul or Ba gdad I wrot e down fro m the
m o uths of th e p e opl e th e f oll owing re dundancie s ; sugge sting
th at M 31 h a s b e c ome a m ere pr e p o sition O f , .
D ib s i l II aleb ,
ma Laflm m a l k i nz i e r ,
tr e acl e O f Al e pp o . me at o f h o g .
D ib s m ai l z ebi eb , E l s a ndou q m dl el j e mal ,
tr e acle of raisins . th e b ox of th e cam el .
Z e bich m ai l di bs E l llali eb m ai l l s Obfl ,

’
,
c
rai sin s of t re acle . th e milk of th e m orning ,

i . c . fre sh .
Ne such phr as e olo gy w ould b e admitt e d i n lite r atur e .
Wh ether M il li M filec ,
i n the pr e dicat e f or Min e , ,
Thin e , w oul d p a ss is als o qu e sti onabl e At B ag da d ,

.
in ste a d of th e clas sical H eAi c i t ébi wa h eA é e c i t ébe c this ,

”
i s my b ook a nd that is thy book ( w hich s ee ms t o a n E nglish

,
m a n so v e ry fl a t ) th e y s ay H éA e c i t ébi w a h eA é c malcc
, ,
.
Th ough M ine T hine ,

are e xp re ssibl e simply by Liya ,
Lec ( a s M5 h ou liya it i s n ot min e ) ne ve rth e l e ss

, .
, , ,
H éA e c i t ébi w a h e A é c l e c w ould be wanting i n c ont ras t and

‘
p oin t .
72I t may e em that th ey ev ade the d ubl e genitive

. s ca n o
( )
2 4 by M 31 Met e Ge lb met e l m e lic
or h und th s a s,
’
,
s c ,
a o ,
e
p r p e rty f the ki g B th C d e Pe r c e v l d d e Braine lay

o o n . o . a an
d w n that i
o uch c ecti th e f rme r n u m t b e p r e
n s onn on o o n us -
r
c e de d by El ; which f c u r e i th e ca e wh e thi ng i o o s s s n no s
m eant but th h un d f th e k ing“

eB ut p erhap i the
o o .
”
s n
o pp site ca e th e y w uld p re fix Wi ll d t C lb f fear f

o s o r u o e ,
or o
b e i g th ught t mit E l by accide t

n o o o n .
7 3 W e might e um er at e
. auxiliary dj ti p arti
n as a ec ves or
ip l t ly E Il d W ll d but l M ak ou (b e l gi g
‘ ’
c e s, no on a , a u ,
a so s r on n ,
HANDBOOK OF MO DE RN ARABIC . 65
p p roper ) M eA eour ( af or enamed )

eculi ar , Thu s I bni c l ,
.
,
“
m ak xOu x my prop e r s on my own son ; E l xa bi c l m e a c ou r

, , ,
th e af ore s aid boy I nd eed M eA eo ur s ee m s t o have n on e of .
the stiffn e ss which w e f ee l i n afor es a i d afor ena med but h a s , ,
wi d e curr e ncy Lik e t o it are th e fo rmulas El m o x ai r ilei h i

.
,
’
the allude d t o ; El m oum a ilei h i the hi nted a t the p ointe d a t

-
’
,
-
,
-
.
7 4 S u dda a number ; J omla a gr o up ; a r e u se d lik e the

.
, ,
English sev er a l t o e xp re s s a n indefin it e numb er For th e

, .
pe rio d of some ( aliqu ot ) y e ar s min m odda t c ém s e na A , .
sh ort list Of th e in de fi nite w ords oft e n called p r on o minal
may h ere be c onve ni ent .
All, c e ll , j ami e s ,
c éff a t . O ne— ano th er ; ba s h— ba s h ;
Each c ell w it fl ud
, . m an— m an .
A certain w zi ll u d ( before i t s S ome —o th b a s il— ba s iler

’
,
s
noun ) . m i nh om — m i nh o m ; minhe
Any o n e ( gui sp i a m gui sgua m , ,
—mi nhe .
af t e r I f or a n egativ e ) , S ome ( o ne s ) a li quot ; c ém ,
‘ ’
e ll a d, f: u llda . w irllud .
(p o sitive ly ) er k ra
‘ ‘
Any ei O th e kar f
y om a n
’
, , , . o , pl .
‘ ‘
gui vi s ,
c én , e i y om a C én, ek fira , e k ar i en .
guodvi s . O th e r ( diverse ) , pair — befor e

N one 15 e llad
,
‘
. no n u .
N ot e ven one wala wzi llud ,

’
. Th e Re st , c l s e ir
‘
.
S e ve r al s u dda t j eml a t ( a
, , Se ver l a ,
num ber ) . D iver s, x e tte

’
.
B oth ( a mbo) c ill ei ( classical ,

"
S undr y ,
nom cill é ) or c oll an
.
,
-
. S ome or o ther ,
ma ( aft e r
S om e , b a l (i . c . a p ar t
) . no n u ) .
C a t a f a go (p 19 7) h as 115 wi th one J a nd r
h e w i tes i t i n E ngli sh
letters lei la
.
,
.
66 HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABI C .
O ther s than he i n cla s sical sty le i s variously rend e re d

,
”
,
by M a s a dfihi ( what pas s e s hi m ) M a s ew fih i ( what i s on h i s ,
l e v e l ) and I air oh h i s diver s e

,
‘
T h e r oot s of S add an d
,
S e w a mean In equ a lity and E quality .
B a s h ( not rep e ate d ) i s al so n e w u se d f or one a no ther ; but ,
it se e m s inc orr e ctly

, .
I t w a s state d ( 4 7 ) that Ma n M a may bec om e indefinite ; , ,
hence the Me m— m An ; and Rej a m a some h op e or other

‘
,
.
Th e latter phra se i s fo und i n m o de rn lit er atur e and i s ,
cla ssical F reitag re nd e rs it gua li scunguc B e eth or ( un de r

. .
M om enta néme nt) h as li wa gti md f or a tim e f or some -

,
“
,
”
tim e or other temp orari ly ; and it i s hard Oth er wi s e to

,
e xp re ss Fs h a s bi doun qouti m a wi thout a ny food

. .
“
-
,
”
.
may be ell o j oin md ( s om e or o ther ) by a hyphen t o

[ I t w t
the noun on whi ch it hangs : thu s Li wa qti m a ; r e tai ning ,
-
i Of the P o stp ositive cas e ] .
7 5 F air i s r e ga rd e d a s a substantive by grammari ans

. .
Henc e w ith a suffix I airh om oth ers than th e y ; P air oh ,

‘
, ,
o ther than he ; a nd e ve n a b solu te ly El pa ir s om e one e l s e , , ,
thy di ve r se thy n e ighb our in ethical r elati on S e w a , .

,
S owa ev en li k e i s ridi cul ou sly explain e d in l e xic on s to

’
, , ,
m e an ( 1 ) Th e same ; ( 2 ) Th e Opp osite [ é gal ; m eme ch o s e ;

,
autre] P air x ai qui te an oth e r thin g a di ffer e nt thin g i s

.
‘
, , ,
stron ge r than Xai e kar anoth e r thing a s e c ond thi ng

‘ ‘
So
, , .
with the negative Lei s c e mi Oli h O fie pair m e c én i n no other

, ,
place i s anyt h ing lik e it A t the clos e of a sente nc e L a pair .

, ,
15 pa i r oh nothing e l s e i s u s e d d o gmatical ly f o r
.
, so and so
, , ,
I ai r s ee m s t o b e used f or th e adj e ctival pr on oun N o

‘
only
”
.
( nullu s ) not a ny ; as : Li pair qa xa d m anfi sa f or no purp o s e

, ,
of utili ty —Fs . .
s . N UM E RAL S .
76 . W EIlud f Wfilluda mean s one a s i ngle one a lone

, .
, , , .
S o we have Wa fl di I a l one Wa fl dec th o u a l on e ; Wa lldoh

, , ,
h e al on e ; Wa ll dan a w e alone e tc with al l the suffix p r o , ,

.
,
noun s . L e t u s h ere rep e at : Wdfl u d one ( emphatical ) , ,
fo ll ow s i ts noun ; a s F ie lla ql wfifl ud i n one fi e ld B ut , , .

,
Fi e wfifl ud fl a ql m eanS —in a certai n fi eld B ut b e side s ;, , .
E ll a d f Ufl da i s one i n a pronomin a l u s e ; which may als o

‘ ’
.
, ,
be r e nde red a ny one ( qu i s qu a m qui sp i a m ) ; a s L a e lla d

‘
, , ,
not any ; but W fifl u d s o me one ( ali qui s quidam ) ; Wal a , ,
w fill u d not ev e n one ( n e unu s quid e m )

, .
c oll e ctively tak e plu ral

num eral s f r om
'
77 . Th e 3 t o 10
noun s an d have the p e culi arity that the f e mi nine f o rm
,
l o oks lik e m asculi ne a nd the masculine li k e femin in e Th e .
num er al s fro m 1 1 to 1 9 ar e c o ntract e d i n m o d e rn sp ee ch ,
a nd h a v e a s ti ll sh ort e r vulgar form which i s p rob ably ,
destin e d t o b ec ome standar d S i x i s anomal o u s ; anal o gy .
r e quires S i ds e .
1 wfifl u d, f willluda . . ull da s x ar

( fl u dasx
) .
2 i ene m f i Onet e in , . . i 0na s x ( a r ) .
3 GeleOe f OeleO , . . Oelé Oeta s x ( a r ) .
4 sr b a s a f a rba s , . . ar b a s t a s x a r
( ) .
5 k a m s e f kam s , . .
s itt e f Sitt si tt e t as x a r
6 , . .
( si tt ds x ) .
s eb s a f s e b s
7 ,
. .
( )
seb s a t a s x a r .
’
8 Oe m ani a f Oem dn , . . Oem zi ni a ta s x ar ( Oeman
9 tis s a f ti ss , . . ta s x ) .
10 s a x a ra
f s ax ar ,
. . ti ss at as x (ar ) .
68 HANDBOOK OF MO D ERN ARA BIC .
3
5 u f
n s . sods , pl . e s dfis .
t 90 19 . sob s , pl . e sbas .
fi GolOei n
x
4; Ge m , pl . e Om an .
}
z r ob s , pl . ar b é
is. to ss , pl . e ts é s .
k om s , pl . a k m fis .
1
1 0 s ox r , pl . a s x ar .
Th e final a c of the mas cul in e s fro m 3 to 10 bec ome s

-
,
-
, ,
-at ,
et at lea st b ef or e a v ow e l ; yet I used to h ea r ( I
-
,
b e li e v e ) S itte rij al si x m en ; Si tte t omara si x p ri nce s

,
‘
, ,
.
78 the sake of classi fyi n g the imp e rfe ct plur al s of the

. F or
l anguage th e fo ll o wing tabl e may de se rve to be c ommitted
,
t o mem ory
TPS
.
Y E .
3 sun s OeléO x om ou s ( s olar plural )

,
D or ou b .
4 m oons a rb a s a t a qm fir (luna r plural )

, E sw zi r
’
5 m e n k a m se ( t ) rrj ( manly plura l )

, C i lfib .
6 princ e s Si tte t om ar fi ( prin c e ly plural )

‘
, . W oz e r fi .
7 m e rchant s seb s a (t ) t ojj a r ( m ercantil e plural )

, . C ott é b .
8 h orse s Oe m fini at a fl x un a ( dactyli c plur al )

, E m c i na .
groom s t i s s a ) rolm sn B ldan

q
‘
,
fals e du o
.
le g s ti s s Si e qan ( Nrera n .
,
10 cities s a x ar m odon ( sh ort plur al )

,
B or e c .
C
ntra ry to anal o gy the g e nd e r of the s ingula r
o , no nu is
r e memb er e d i n adapting the numeral to i ts plural .
79 . Th e remai ni n g cardi nals ar e un derstood fr o m

‘
20 s ux r i e n. 2 1 w zi ll ud w a s u x r i en .
3 0 Oel éOi én . 3 2 i One i n w a Oelé ei en .
40 a r b as uin . 4 3 GeleOe w a ar b a s ui n .
5 0 k am s i é n . 12 1 m i e y a w a w fifl ud w a s u xr i en .
60 s i tti én . 3 5 7 Oelé O mi e y a wa s eb s a w a k a m si en .
ll fidi w a cl s u x ri en , the 2 1st d e Perceval ) [ B ut the

(0 . . ol d
fa shioned termination -
oun s uper sed e s i en i n title s ] -
rdinal s the o rder ri se s fro m the l ower

For o to th e higher ,
u nits t e n s hundre d s etc

, , , .
82 . following i s from C a u ssin de P e rc e val

Th e Se e
h ere th e o rd e r i n which numb e rs a b ov e a th o usand ar e ex
p ress e d Let u s t ake 3 4 5 2 : O eléOet e léf wa arb a s m i ey a
.
‘
,
w a i Onei n wa k h a m si en I n thi s th e tens a r e pr e ceded by th e

.
units D ate s of y ear s ar e e xpr e ss e d a s w ith u s by cardinal

.
, ,
n umb e rs ; y e t in that cas e th e y tak e the Opp o site o rd e r

'
units tens hun dr e ds th ou s and s Thu s the y e ar 18 2 3 i s

, , ,
.
, ,
S ene Oe léO wa s u x r i e n w a Oem i m m i ey a w a elf ‘

N 0 articl e .
i s adde d t o S e n e ( y e ar ) and the numerals of th e un it s must ,
b e put i n th e f e minin e a s agre e in g with S ene For the , .
d at e s o f da y s th e y g e n e r al ly u se ca rdinal number s w ith out

th e articl e sinc e th e nam e of th e m onth serve s f or th e c om
,
pl e m e nt T hu s : F i e a r b a s a t II a z i er dn w a xa lni m e c toub
.
,
t ér i e k oh k a m s t es x ar E i y zi r o n 4 of Ju ne r e ach e d me a
’ ’
l e tt e r i t s dat e 1 5 of M ay Here the numeral s a re m a sculine

,
.
,
b e cau se the mascul in e w ord y eum day i s understood , , .

”
9 . P LURAL S O F NO UN S A ND A D JE C T I VE S .
83 . I n Ar t 7 8 . e ight leading ty pe
the imperf e ct plural s of
w e re regi st e r e d r . Pa ticipl e s whil e

used strictly a s such , ,
mak e a perf e ct plural ; masculine in i en ( oun) f e minine i n ,
ét . F or the fir s t plural type I plac e this ma s cul i n e p e r ,
f ee t plural ; f or the second the perf e ct f e minine Wh en a n

'
a dj ectiv e i s u sed a s a substantive it s o metime s e mpl oy s the ,

HANDBOOK O F MOD ERN ARABIC . 71
plural i en f or things ; thu s from K air

pers ons , or ét f or
( K a i y i r ) go od Ka i r fit goo d things
, ,
N ouns e xp re s sing
,
.
trade sm e n of th e typ e a s zib butch e r make the plural

,
’
, ,
i n i en ( oun) A cc o r ding t o cla s sic a l rul e final n Sh ould dro p

.
,
aw ay if th e w ord b e c ome th e le a din g noun of a c omp ound ;

,
but (it s e ems) th e m ode rn tongu e re tains thi s n of the plural ,
th ough i t a lwa y s drop s n of the dual ; a s Kabb fiz i en Ba pdad , ,
the bak e rs of B agdad ; but Kabb fiz ei e l Aai s a the two bakers , ,
of th e vill a g e .
84 the 2 nd type of plur als i n c l dt b el ong— 1 M any

. To ,
‘
, ,
.
f eminines in a e 2 G erunds Of the d e rived f orm s of the

-
,
-
. .
verb to be h ere aft e r nam ed 3 Nume rou s foreign noun s

, . .
,
with out r e gard to g e nd e r or terminati on 4 N ative f e mi . .
ni nes i n a d ; which m ak e plu r al s in ay et aw et To th e

’
- .
, ,
l a st typ e c onfo rm Tu rk ish w ords in d ; a s d a p l P a x a ,

.
w ét ; A pfi p l A paw ét ; K o rd a s mall w ar e p l Kor dfiw é t

, .
, , . .
5 N early a ll DI M I N U T I v E N O U NS of the fo rm C ola i b a little

.
, ,
do g ; Xo wa i y a a littl e thing ; M owa i y a a sup o f w at e r

, ,
.
85 . ty pe (J ose nr Xom ou s) is e xt re m e ly p r ev a
Th e 3 r d ,
l ent with noun s but not w ith adj e ctives T h e c omm on e st

, .
adj e c ti v a l typ e i s the 5 th ( Rij dl C ib a r ) th ou gh the 4 th 6 th , , , ,
7 th a nd 8 th are als o a dj ec ti v a l
,
Plural adj ectiv e s are rar ely .
h eard exc e pt i n c onc ord with r a ti ona l ag ents a nd e sp e cially ,
i n high style ar e the n app ropriate a s El do wal c l c i b fir th e , ,
gre at Po wer s ; E l w oz er a c l s uga m the chi ef vizi e rs B ut , .
i n successiv e pag e s F ari s u s e s as if at pl e asu re El fla i wfiné t , ,
c l c ibéi r w a e l s u pfir ; El fl a i wa n ét c l c ebi er a w a c l s a pi era ,
the anim al s gr e at a nd littl e .

86 . A s mall numb e r of adj ective s form a peculiar plur al

M ari el sick p l M ari a , , .
’
.
‘
captive p l E sra ( a s
E si er , , .
‘ ’
w e ll as O ser a )
‘
Q a ti el slain p l Q a tla
’
. . .
, ,
Ja ri ell w ounded p l J ar lla

, , . . M a i y i t de ad p l M aute, ,
.
’
.
Helic p eri shin g p l H elc e

, ,
.
’
. Allm a q Silly p l H a m qa , , .
’
.
I a r i e q drowned p l F arqa S a r i e s ove rthr own i n w r e st

‘ ’ ‘
, , . .
,
ling p l S a r s a ,
.
’ ’
.
87 . Th e plural s of the foll owing n o ns u ar e Specially

e gular
i rr :
F athe r ab , M ther mm p l mm h ét
o u ab , , pl . t.
ab e o , 0 , . o e .
S on ,ibn p l b é beni e Daught er Gi l bint p l bi ét

, . a n t,
‘ ’
,
r , ,
. n .
B r th er ak u k p l ak a Sist er k t p l k wét
o , o ,
a , .
, , o ,
. a a .
k wa
a . Wat e r m ay p l mi y fih m w fih , ,
.
,
e .
8 8 We may tr e at the sh rt plural t e th typ e “ ”

. o ,
or n ,
as
r e gular wh e it p r serv e th e v we ls f th e i gular m e rely

,
n e s o o s n ,
t ra nsp sing th e s e c n d ;
o M ille a religi u e ct p l M il l o a s, ,
o s s , . e
Q bba a vault cup l a p l Q b b B ut the i ngular is ft e

o , , e , . o a . s o n
o f th e f rm Q é L llfif o M edi e na i which ca e the az n, u ,

or n s
v w e ls f th e plu r al are
o o ; as L ll f M d n T i q e, o , o o , o o . ar e ,
aw y a h a s p l T r q 10 ; whi le T i q a way (fig ) . o o , ar e a, ,
has m d p l T ay i q ; l vulg T i qfit

o . . ar a so . ar e .
8 9 Al l w anc e must be ma de f
. euph ny e sp e cially with
o or o ,
th e w e ak e t w y O bs e rv e that Ce s a cup p l
c n sona n s , .
‘
, , .
; Ra s p l R a re f the thir d typ e D aula

‘ ‘
C o o us , . 0 ou s , o .
,
p l D w al i
. f th e t e nth ; Dawal b e ing c v e rt e d i t
o , s o
]
on n o
D w al by th e w
o .
9 0 We pr ce d t
. sp e ak f the M OD RN P U RA which o e o o E L L,
i v ry r e gular
s e d v ery imp rtant I t applie t all u an o . s o no n s
which have four or m ore s tr ong consona nts, e xc ept when their
plural i s perfe ct .
Menzil a l odging , . a m e at
K a nda q, .
B andar a naval mart , . D oldol a h edgeho g ,

.
Ki nz i er a pig , . N omn om a a wre n ,

.
S a qr a b a s c o rpi on , .
To form the plural inse rt d ( c ) aft e r the s e c ond c onsonant ; ‘
take a ( c ) f or y our first v o w e l and i i e ( u ui ) f or y ou r last , , , ,
and y ou hav e the plur al s M enéz il B ana dir K a n éz i er , , ,
Ka nadi q D a lzi di l N a m zi ni m
, I f the vowel of the singular
‘
,
'
p re c e ding th e la st c ons onant be (2 or on it b e c omes i e in the ,
plur al Thus ( with acc ent on la st syllable of the plural s)

.
Mi k lab a claw p l M a k dli éb

, , . .
T ennour iro n f orge p l T e nfini ér

, , . .
X ak r ou ra a bar ge p l X ak AT II i r
’
. .
, ,
C er ce dfin rhin o cer os p l Ce r é c e di e n

, ,
. .
Q a r qaZlOu n p olecat p l Qa r éi a II i n
'
.
, , .
91 . In a lar g e
umb e r of nouns w or y are counted a s
n ,
tr ue consona nts f or this pr o ces s ; e sp e cially in th os e which e nd

in i ( y ) a s T ab si (y ) a metal s auce r p l T a b ési (y ) S o t oo
, , , . .
Z e ur a q a shall op I a i T al a gr e at f or e st ; treat e d a s Zowr a q

‘
, , , ,
I a y r al mak e plural s Ze w firi q I a y fiT ul

‘ ‘
, Y a llm our a ny l , .
,
ghau U s ba s a fi nge r M ad wa d a man ger S im ilarly give

,
‘
, , , ,
plu r als Ya llami ér E xzi bi s Ma déwi d I n Ce w zi r a a hiv e or

‘
,
‘
, .
,
c omb Mena r a a lighth ouse or spir e p l Ce wzi y ir M en ay i r

, , , .
’
, ,
p e rhaps at h a s be e n tr e ated a s a ‘
M any nouns of th e typ e .
F adi er a p ool Je z i era an i sland follo w this la w ; the i e

, , , ,
bein g ide ntical with i y ; wh e nc e p l I a day i r J e z éy i r so .

‘
, ,
written i n classical b ook s but it se e ms pronounc e d I a dAi ér , , ,

‘
-
,
74 HAN DBOOK OF M O D ERN ARABIC .
Je z e i ér with accent on the la st ; which indeed giv e s th e

-
,
Simpl e s t th e o ry a s si mil ating th e m to Kanz i er p l K an fiz i ér

, ,
. .
P erhap s Ce w fi iér M e nfi i er a re al so to be thu s acc e nt e d

-
,
-
, .
Bo fl a i r a a lak e bei ng a di mi nutive noun fro m Ba ll r s e a

, , , ,
sh ould have i ts plural i n ct

; but we meet B a fl fiy i r ( or B a
Ilfii ér a s the plural .
9 2 T her e i s al so a lar ge cla ss of noun s with d é i n

.
( )
the FIRST syllabl e of the S ingular i n w hich w e must fi r st ,
int e rp re t d int o a ; next aft e r d e rivi ng h e r eby th e m ode rn

‘
,
plural w e must euph onically chang e a d or a é into a w a

,
‘ ‘
,
a wé Thus fro m
. a ma st p l q ie y a , .
,
r e mnant pl B a waqi ; a nd e v e n Eniya

, .
‘
a v esse l ,
‘
pl. E w éni .
93 . It i
always p o ssible to fo re t ell wh en a noun w hich
s not
has no t s o many a s f o u r strong c on so nant s w ill fo rm i t s

plu ral by thi s law ; but wh e n a femini ne i n a d oe s n ot fo r m -
the p e rfe ct plural and i s of one of th e typ e s I a ni e m a

i
‘
, ,
M enara Fécih e d iya th e strong p re sumption is th at it

, , ,
wi ll tak e th e m odern plu r al F a nay i m M endy i r Fa w é c ih , , ,
K a w abi Me diena a city Se fiena a ship b e side th e old

.
, , , ,
plu ral s M odon Sofon of the t e nth ty p e have th e m ode rn

, , ,
plu rals Me dayin Sef ay i n , .
I n so m e w e may b e d e c e iv e d by a noun Of uni ty T hu s .

,
A e b fiba a fly might sugg e st a plu r al A ob ay i b

, ,
B ut it i s a .
no u n o f uni ty a nd A obab mean s F li e s c oll e ctiv e ly

,
.
9 4 S o m e w o rds e xp re s sing tr a desm e n t ak e th e T ur ki sh

.
, ,
t e rminati on p i ; a s T a ubj i canno n ee r ; B ella urj i de al e r i n

'
, , ,
fi ne glass ; B o st énj i g ard e ner All such mak e th eir plural s ,

.
i n j i cy a
- Be side s th e re i s a third for m purely Arabic i n
.
, , ,
— i cy ( properly the adj e ctive Of relati on ) as F a k our i ey a sell e r , ,

HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN A RABIC . 75
of p ottery ; Jouk i e y a w ooll e n draper ; S oy oufi e y sw o rd

, ,
cutl er W ords of thi s f orm w h ether sub stantive or a d

.
,
j ec ti v e mak e th ei r o nly plur al i n i cy a

,
-
.
N B Many n ouns tak e t wo or m or e plu r als s om e tim e s

. .
-
,
with a difference of s e nse ; Oft e n one i s m ore old f a shi on e d -
or of high e r s tyl e than th e o ther Th e E nglish br other s .
and br ethr en will suffi ce to imp res s thi s D icti onari e s giv e .
indi scri minat e ly Re llo ur Ahlldr Bifi ar s e as ; Toloul E tlél , , , , ,
Til el hil l s e tc ; a nd it i s Oft e n difficult t o kn o w w hich best

, ,
.
s uits th e pitch o f th e s tyle M ode rn u se will at last fix on .
o ne a s s ui t abl e f or dai ly li fe .
s 10 . C O M PAR AT I VE S .
95 . I n Arabic , as in Fre
ch the s am e w ord is C omparative n ,
and Sup erl ativ e ; i n fact it h a s th e th re e s en ses which w e

e xp re ss by Greater G re at est Ver y g re at At oth e r tim e s
, ,
.
”
the y ev ade th e c ompar at ive as by s aying Gr e at a bove m e

‘
“
,
.
f or “
Gre at e r than I .
”
C omparativ e s ar e of th e typ e Afl sen E ch ar but th e y are , ,
n ot de clin e d lik e th e a dj e ctiv e s of C olour Ar t

‘
12 E k ir ,
. .
la st is in s e ns e a s up e rlativ e but i n f o rm i s a p ar ticipl e

( ) , .
96 . ft e r the c omp ar ative i s e xpre s s e d by M in ;

T ha n a
h e nc e af te r th e s up erlativ e the partitiv e Of i s g e n e rally

o mitted ; a s A ll s en e l kail th e fi ne s t th e h or s e s
, ( )
of T h e, .
f ollo wing e xample s ar e instructi v e

L em y a blo p, m in e l s o m r , e c Oer m in a rb a s u i n s zi m a n ,
’
H e di d not attain , of ag e m re th
,
o an f orty y e ars .
M fiA e f a s alt ,
e c Oe r min e l e ka r min
‘
,
c l x a rr ?
What did Id o, m o re tha n the oth er , o f mi s chi ef ?
76 HANDBOOK OF M O D E RN ARABIC .
El kal a x min c l A onoub wa cl

j ar fi
yi m h ou a s 5 am m i n cl
‘
k a l fis mi n el b e lfiy zi ,
De liv e r ce f rom faul t s a nd Offence s i s grande r tha n de

an
li v eran ce fr om mi seri e s .
A q xa e rI Mu s r F urth e st ( of ) th e lan d ( of ) Egypt

‘ ’
, .
Anf a s j emi e s c l fl a i w an dt w a a j dar h e bil m olé fl a ga , ,
M o st u s e ful of all the anim als and m os t w o rthy of them ,
t o be n otic e d .
El awwal a qw a mi n c l Oéni w a el m a uloud m in h om fi

’
, .
af ba lh om d,
fir st ( is ) str ong e r tha n th e s e c ond and th e pro g eny

Th e ,
fr om th e two ( i s ) better tha n both .
‘
El m oqfit eldt se te k OA h i ey a a sgam m i n c l j idd wa c l
-
fi a m fis e ,
Th e battle s as sume a g rande r mi e n of e arne stne ss
w ill
and energy N ewsp ap er H ad c l Ak )
.
, . .
I n th la st Min f or Of i mm e diat ely after th e c omparativ e

e , , ,
is striking We mi ght inde ed have exp e ct e d A s gam h i ey a ;

.
s o as t o brin g hi e y a m in Si de by Si de Mi nnoh Mi nn e h o .
, ,
o ft e n m ean th an it ( is )
, Thu s : I nn a h éA e c l i oyal l eh o
.
,
m i x y a a x b eh bil h e r wela mi nneha bil r a c I a s f or this sta g

, , , ,
t o it ( is ) a g a it li k e r ( m or e li ke ) t o a s camp er ( amble ) tha n

, ,
i t i s t o a ga ll op .
97 . Th e abs olute sup erlative f orm s a rar e f e minin e as ,
C obra v e ry great ; Sogma very mighty Som e m ak e a p lural

’
,
’
, .
i n i en a s Aqdam i e n v e ry anci e nt ; Aa li e n v ery exc e llent

-
, , , .
O th e rs make a sub s tantival plural of th e typ e E c ébi r , ,
g ran d e s e .
Th e sup erlativ e i s g e n er ally in decli n able a nd may pr e cede

i t s n oun as A ll se n raj e l be st m an ve ry go od m an
, , B ut ,
§ PRONOUNS
1L RE LATI VE .
9 9 R l ativ e i
. e m st lan gu g e de v e l ped partly
s n ot a s are o ou
of th e int e rr gativ e and p a rtly ot f t h d e m n t a tive

s ou o e o s r s.
S i o Arabic th e i t
n g ti Mi M a may b e u e d
n erre t a v es n, , s ,
no
on ly f or Wh o ? What but al so f or H e wh o That w hich -

,
-
.
N e v e rth el e ss i n m o d ern styl e they ar e li mit e d t o the i n

, .
defini te relativ e s Wh o e v e r What e ver I n thi s us e M a may ,

.
,
b e re g a rde d a s l e aning on the v erb or on th e substitute of ,
th e v e rb ; thu s M a f fit what is p a st = th e p a st ; M a bai n

,
-
, ,
what i s b e t we en ; M a j ar a wh at h a s happ e n e d ; M a k éla

-
,
-
,
wh at i s vac ant ; M a qolt what th ou s aide st Th e s e c ohere

-
, .
a s o n e w o rd I n sp ee ch the acc e nt will probably di stin gui sh

.
,
this M a fr om M 5 not ; a s M a k al a it is not vacan t ; M d

, , ,
q olt ,
t h ou di dst n ot sa y B ut M a qolt ? w hat dids t th o u.
,
sa ? i s pronoun c e d e xactly a s M A qolt T hi s i s a grav e

y .
inc onv eni ence to av oid w hich th e mo dem s wis e ly pr e fer to

,
u se M fiA e ( qui dna m ) i n pr e fe r e nce t o M 5 quid ? ,
1 0 0 C omp oundi ng Ma n M a with Eiy which ? or C o ll ,

.
, ,
all we have ( with verb C én wa s ) ,
E i y O m a n E i y om an c én w h o s o ever ( qui qu e c e soi t)

-
, , .
Eiyo ma E iy om a C én whats o e v er
-
, , .
For which la st m ore vulgarly E i x ma Eix ma c én

’ ’
, , , .
Als o w ith o ut Ma Eiyo bec o m e s re lativ e befo re a no un if

, ,
c én f oll o w ; as B i eiy o s i s r c é n at ( any ) w hat so ever price

, , .
S o Collom an wh o s o ever ; C oll o m a w hat so ev er

, B ut Col , . .
lama i s al so a dverbi al meaning H owe ver much (gua nto ,

”
,
u n t um) or i n p rop o rti on a s

q a , ,
.
1 0 1 Th e pr onou n L éAi i s r e lative a nd n othing e l s e ; but

.
,
unf ortunate ly it m u st hav e the art icle El b e fore it and; ,

HANDBOOK OF M OD E RN AR Anrc ; 79
except wh it i s nomi native to the v erb it ne e d s a pr onoun

en ,
s ufii x a s c o mpl e m e nt w h enc e e lab orat e c onf u s i o n

,
Thu s E l .
,
le A i s a ra f O h m e ans eith e r Who knew hi m ( qui nov e r a t c um )

-
, , ,
or,
Whom he k new ( qu e m no vera t ) T o g e t th e l atte r s e ns e .
w e hav e to r end e r it Who he kn e w hi m an d then im a gin e ”

, , ,
Wh o —him inc o rpo rate d int o Who m Thi s i s on e o f th e .
grave d e fe cts of th e lan gu a g e ; f or as soon a s a s ent e nce

a ssum e s e v e n m od e rate c omplexity the syntax i s apt to be ,
highly un c e rt ain L éAi i s declin e d thu s

.
El leA i le quel , El leAi en le s qu el s ,

.
El l e ti la qu ell e
,
El lew ét (i ) Elléti l e s qu elle s
.
, ,
.
Ther e i s al s o a clas sical dual Ellet én E lle t ei n abs a nd Obl , , , . .
of b oth g e nders Al so ElléA i may b e us e d o f b oth gende rs

.
,
a nd numb e rs and i s vulg a rly sh o rte ned int o Elli

,
.
Th e l o gical c omplement t o L éA i i s s o metimes plac e d cl o se

t o it with much a dvantag e t o clearne ss when a pr e p o siti on
, ,
g o e s w ith it ; a s El leA i bihi by ,

wh om ; El le A i s and e h , ,
w ith W h om L eAi canno t b e prec e ded by a pre p o siti on of its

.
o wn .S abat h a s, A ct s ii 5 N af ar mi n e t qi y d el Yah o ud , , ,
mi n j e mi e s mi n tellt c l s em ér mi n el qa bayi l
‘ ‘
.
10 2El leA i c annot be u sed when it limit s i ts an tec e d ent

.
,
but only when th e whole ant ec edent i s affe cted by it ; a s ,
Th e man wh o i s pre s e nt E l r a j o l c l leAi fl fil ur I t c an not

, , .
al way s be u se d e ven wh en th e antece de nt h a s the Engli sh

,
article T he ; f or instan ce after th e wo rd All or w ith , ,
a sup e rlative Thus He gave up all the m one y which h e

.
,
had m e an s Whatsoever of mone y he had ; and W hat

, ,
”
~
Soever ca nnot be r endere d by El leAi I f we expr e ss it by .
M5 we mu st transp o se so that Ma may im me diat ely pre cede

, ,
i ts v erb : thu s ,
S ellem ma
‘
c én l eh o m in c l da r fihi m .
A g in a fir s t m an whom I s a w app e ars t o u s fully

T he ,
”
defin e d ; f or it m e an s T hat individual wh o m I sa w first

,
“
,
of m e n ,
ill um qu e m p rimu m vidi
”
Yet ( sa y th e gram .
m ari an s ) the r e l ativ e claus e h e r e qua lifies th e antec e dent ,
which i s tru e ( so th e Latin s th ro w the v erb into th e sub

j unctiv e : primu s h om o qu e m vi der i m) ; on thi s g round El
leA i i s ill e gitimate Y e t the adv e rbial r elativ e E nna ( th at )
.
is h e re a dmi s sibl e ; Awwal raj ol enni r a e i t O h ( th e ) first m an

‘ -
,
a t I sa w a ri s and R ob o M5 i s Oft e n us e d aft e r

( th ) ( P S .
th e supe rlativ e ; as H i e a fk ar m ai y oxna s th e s e ( are ) the

,
‘’
,
'
fin e st tha t ar e mad e .
Th e pr ono mina l c omplement t o El leAi i s not unf re qu ently

suppr e ss e d s ays Wright whe th e s e n s e i s cl e ar wi th out it
( ) n .
B ut hi s e x a mples Show great ob scurity resulti ng .
10 3 E l leAi b e gins i t s own clau s e a nd c a n h ave no nou n

.
,
with it .When i ts ant e c e de nt i s under s tood a p rep o sition ,
b efo re El leA i may b e l on g t o the ant e c ede nt a s Li c l leA i , ,
t o ( the m a n) wh o We may then regard El a s th e pronoun

hi m ( Li to ; El hi m ; LeAi who
, ,
B ut ev en wh en the
, , ,
antec e d ent is expres s e d and tak e s El th e Arab s treat it a s

, ,
unde fin e d if the is ch an ge abl e into a Thus

,
Th e m a n .
,
“
wh o is abl e may m e an A m a n A ny m an wh o i s abl e ;

” ”
, , ,
i n that case th e y o mit the w ord Who or ev e n put the ,
dem on stra tiv e H ou ( h e ) f or it .
Thu s i n g e neral p r onou ns of the third p e r so n s erve f or

, ,
r elative s wh en th e anteced e nt i s undefin e d ; a s S andi xabi , ,
leho m arl i n my ho us e 18 a boy to whom ( i s ) a di s ea se ; S and i

, ,
Ilus fin m a hou liya i n my p oss e ssion ( i s ) a h o r s e who ( i s ) not

, , ,
mine ; D irr fi ehe j onaina a h ou s e in whi ch ( i s ) a garden

, , , .
82 HA N DBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC .
but Ma ddm m or e di stinctly e xpre sse s th e s e nse whi le b e fore

‘
-
another v erb M 5 i s oth e r wi s e an imp o rt ant e l e ment of i n

. .
d e clinabl e relativ e s ; as i n B a s dam a after ( apre s que) Qa b , ,
lama ( avant que ante qua m) E i nam a II ai Oom a wh ere so ever ;

, , , ,
fr om prep osition s Ba s d Qabl and from Ein ? wher e ? Il a i O , , ,
wher e .
[ I n m od e rn literatur e H a i Oom a appear s c ontrary , ,
t o cla ssical u s ag e f or wher e i n pa ss age s w hich r eject the

, ,
s e n s e wher ever What i s gai ne d by this inn ovati on i s not

.
cl e ar I t s e ems a pity to c onfound Il e i O a nd Ha i Oom a ] So

.
S andama Wa qti m a II ui ni m a at the m o m ent that wh ene ve r

, , , , ,
C eif a m a h o w e ver
, T onla m a a s l ong a s Nay ver bs e nter
.
, .
,
such c omp o un ds a s T fila m a it i s l on g that it is l on g sin ce

, , , ,
Q a lla m a it i s ra re that ; C e O r a m a it i s fr e qu e nt that ; but

’
, ,
thes e ( immediat e ly b e for e anoth e r verb ) are vi rtually e qu i v a

l ent t o the a dver bs L ong a go S eldom Ofte n S o with the , , .
sup erlativ e s Aqa lla m a ( it i s ) ver y rare that ; E c O r a m a it

’
, , ,
i s ver y f re qu e nt th at .
I n pl a c e of M a sometime s E n ( that ) i s found ; a s B a s d

, ,
e n aft e r (p ost qu a m ) ; I la e n H atte en unti l ; II ai O e n in

’ ’
, , , ,
ca se that befor e verbs ,

.
12 . E E L M EN TS OF T HE VE R B .
10 8W e begi n with the

. s I j li s Sit th ou ; Zek rif v e rb , , ,
dec orate th ou .
Ther e ar e thr e e cardi nal te n se s th e I mperative ( m ood ) , ,
the Aorist a nd th e P e rf e ct We omit at pre s ent the D ual

,
.
and th e Pl urals Fe mi nine which are rar e ly us e d , .
I M PE R A T I V E .
f s i j li si . .
f s z ek ri fi . .
A O I ST R .
t e j li s ( i ) 3 m y ej li s 3 t ej li s
1 . a j li s 2 . .
f
e z e k r if t o z ek r if (i ) y o z e k ri f t oz ek r if
li sou ( n )
1 . ne j li s 2 . t ej li so u ( n ) 3 .
y j e
noz ek r if t oz ek r if ou (n ) oz ek r if o u (n)
y
P E R FE C T .
1 .
j ele st 2 .
j ele st (i) 3 m .
j e le S 3 f j ele set
.
z ek r af z ek ra f et
z ek r af t z ek r af t ()
i
1 .
j ele sna 2 .
j e le stom ou ( ) 3 .
j ele so u
z ek r afn a z ek r af t o m ou z ek r a f ou
( )
T h e r e i s no differ en ce i n the inflecti ons of th e t w o v erb s ,
ex ce pt that Zek rif t ake s 0 f or the first lett e r of i t s a orist .
Th e i i n p a r enthesis f or the 2 nd p e rs sing d e no te s th e . .
femi ni ne N B — I n old Arabic th e perf e ct Singul ar h a d

. . .
final v ow el s thu s : 1 j ele st o ; 2 m j ele stc ; 3 m j ele sc

, . . . .
T h e fin al v o w e ls may be k e pt b ef or e a suffix ; n a y p e rhaps ,
we c a n thu s di s t inguish B alapna (we have ar riv e d or att ain e d)

f rom B ala pa na ( or B al pa na ) i t h a s reach e d us F ari s o cca
-
’
-
,
.
si onal ly writ e s th e 2 n d m a s J e l e st e e v en with out a s uffix

.
,
.
To r e tain this fin al v ow e l di s criminate s 2 n d per so n from l st ,
a nd inv olve s n o c oun t e rvaili ng e vil .
To di sti n gui sh the p er son o f J ele st we may add An a ( I ) or

E nte ( th ou ) ; but it i s Often done m ore d elic at ely by a suffix ,
if Enn a or Le c i nn a prec e de s ; a s B unce j ele st that thou hast , ,
sa t L ec i nni j ele st y e t I hav e sa t , .
Knowi ng th e imperative ( a s I j li s Z ek rif ) w e c a n i nfl e c t ,
th e thre e t ense s a s abov e ; Ob ser ving a s t o the v ow e ls only , ,
these simpl e rule s

( a ) Th e v ow el s of the perfect i n the sp ok en lan guage ar e
al way s a s i n the T able i n verb s of s uch type
”
Fa th i te , , .
84 HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN AR ABIC .
( b) last v ow el of the a o ri st i s a lway s tha t of the i m

Th e
er a ti ve ; th e o th er v ow e l s as in the T abl e Th e la st v ow e l
p .
m a y be a i o i n a t ri r a di c al verb but i s i nvari able i n th e

, , , ,
qu a dri r a di c a l .
( c) I f th e v w el b e first v ow e l Of the i mp e rati v e

o a, i , th e
is i ; but if th e
0 n 0 : a s I j li s si t th o u ; I qT as cut th o u ; , , ,
O k r oj go out ; O r bO T ti e bind
, , ,
.
T h e anci ent v e rb di stinguished i n the a o ri st two moods by

a diff ere nt v owel ( o a ) a dde d t o the end B ut thi s is to tall y
,
.
lost a nd ir r e c o v e rabl e .
1 0 9 Th e cla s sical du al i n 2 nd an d 3 r d per son i s so metim e s

.
used . F inal d C i s i ts mark , , .
IM PER — 2 ij li s é. . .
A OR .
—2 . t ej li s é ( n) , 3 m y ej li s é (n ) , 3 .
f . t ej li s é ( n) , as 2 nd
p e rs o n .
PE RF — 2 j elestom fi 3 m j ele s é 3 f j ele st é

. .
, .
, . .
Th e pl ur al s f e mini n e with th e Old v o we l s involve much

c onfu si on Wh en ne w u se d it i s with a slight change
.
, ,
apparently a s foll ow s on f or h e n h enn a i s the e l e m ent ) -

, , ,
I M PE R —2 f p l ij li sn or ij lison
. . . .
A OR — 2 .
fpl . . te j li sn, te j li s on ; 3 f pl
. .
ye j sn, y ej li s e n
li .
P ERF — 2 f p l j eléston 3 f p l j éle so n

. . .
,
. . .
1 1 0 A v erb like Mrr ( I mp er a ti ve M e rr) w ith s ec o nd a nd

.
,
thi rd radical the s ame i s call e d SURD I t h a s a slight , .
irr e gularity i n the m od e rn p e rfe ct .
P E RFE CT .
m arr ,
3 m . marrat , 3f .
marro u
86 HA N DBOOK OF MOD ER N ARABIC .
1 12 . e
e i s (on th e wh ol e ) be st rend e red by
Th e P erfec t T ns
the E ngli sh C omp ound past or Pr e sent past a s J elest ,

”
, ,
I ha ve sat : but w e need to re nde r it I sa t if th e c onte xt “

,
”
sh ow s hi storic a l tim e to b e i nt e n de d Al so aft er I n or b e

-
.
, ,
If it m e ans futur e perf e ct ; n e arly a s i n E nglish w e s a y

, ,
Wh en y ou ha ve done After y ou ha ve done f or When y ou

, , ,
s ha ll ha ve don e etc I n thi s cas e the v erb of resp onse ( classi

‘
.
,
cally ) i s als o i n th e P erfect th ough w e r e n der it as P re sent

,
T ime .Th e m o d e m s pr e f e r to sa y I n c én if s o be a nd the n , ,
a dopt ou r i di om a s to te nse s .
1 13 Th e A o ri s t has i mm e n s e latitu de
. F irst a nd chi efly .
,
it s upplies th e w h ole s ubjuncti ve m ood ; but i n thi s s e nse

the final n is al way s dr opped f rom 2nd or 3 r d plural Th e .
particle Li ( f or ) p r e fix e d t o the a orist i n go o d styl e suffic e s , ,
t o mak e it H or ta ti ve a s Li ej li s ! l e t me Si t ! Li y e j li s ! let
, ,
hi m si t ! a nd supplie s thi s defici e ncy of the imperative On .
the c ontrary L E (not ) with 2 nd or 3 r d pe rson in th e sp ok e n

,
t ongue unif o rmly e xpr e s se s P r ohi bi ti on like L ati n N e with ,
subjunctive ; as L a t ej li s ! do not si t ! L E y e si er ! l e t him

,
n ot pr oc e e d With 2 nd or 3 rd pers p l of Aori st w e c a n u s e . .
the t e rmination oun to give an i ndi cative i dea a ft er L A;

-
T hu s L5 y e j i doun th e y do not fi nd
,
.
, L it M 5 c ann o t be .
, ,
j oin e d with th e imp erativ e T h e affinity of L A f or th e sub

. .
jun ctiv e app e ar s e v en in ca re ful style wh ere it foll ows

a relative as i n let ma n f or mj
,
ne quis T hu s Hai O lit m an
,
'
r i s, .
,
y a qhi r Oh wh er e n o o ne ( é m a y d omineer O ver

’
- vr o v
,
hi m — . FS .
1 14 Th e Ao rist i s al so indicative
. Afte r Le m (not) it .
e xpre sse s p ast ti m e ; a s L e m ej li s I di d not si t I have not

, , ,
s at ; which i s apt to be v ery perplexin g I t may in general .

expre ss Pre sent Pa st or F uture nearly a s the Latin pre sent

, , ,
te nse i n p o e try or i n vi vid n arrativ e a nd proph e cy the c on

, ,
te xt al one sugge sting th e time int ende d I t i s O f ten simply .
Pr e s ent a s Or i ed I will I wi sh ; L R ori e d M a cried I do

, , , , , ,
n ot ch oos e Lem L E L en in clas sical r ul e make th e a orist

.
, , , ,
Past P re sent F uture ; but L it y ej li s S itteth not ; Le n y ej li s

, , , ,
will not si t sh all not sit app ear to b e high style

, ,
“
.
”
1 15 To de fi n e F utu re tim e sharply the s imple st m e th o d

.
i s that o f p r e fi x i ng S c t o the aori st which m o de rn lit e rature ,
d e cide dl y a dopts : a s S e y ej li s he will s it ; Se y em orr h e

,
-
,
.
-
,
wi ll pass Thi s t oo i s p erhap s high styl e O n Auxili ari e s

. .
w e Shall sp e ak b e lo w F uturity i s oft en denoted b e yond .
question by the c ont e xt : a s I go to m e rrow i c I sha ll ” “

-
. .
, ,
go t o m orr ow
”
-
.
B ut again I n lem ejli s if I sha ll not hav e sat rec overs f or

, , ,
u s futur ity a s with I n elest if I sha ll ha ve s a t

j, , , .
1 16 Th e participl e s have little i rregularity

. T hey make .
f em s i ng in a e ; m p l in i e n uin oun ) ; f p l i n ét
. .
-
,
-
. .
-
,
- -
. .
-
,
ni t
. Th e a c ti ve par ticiple of the typ e s I j li s I x r ab ( drink ) , ,
Xi en ( sully ) Lo um ( blam e ) is Jéli s X firi b XRy in L éy i m ;

, , , , , ,
th e radi cal w b e in g merged into y in th e l a st .
Th e p ass i ve of the s am e typ e s ( when the s e nse admi t s

a pas sive ) i s Ma xr oub dr unk u p ; M a x i en sulli e d ; M al oum
, , ,
f or M a x o un M alwo um ) blam e d T h e sur d verb i s regular

( y , , .
in th e pa ssive participle a s M e sdou d but th e activ e pa r , ,
ti c i p le i s generally c ontract e d ; a s M firr f or M irri r ; H fidd ,
f or H i did Th e qu adri r a di c a l ve rb h a s participl e s a c t

.
,
.
Moz ek ri f ; p ass . Moz ek r af .
1 17 active participl e with a m a r t i s ar e und e rstood

. An , , , , , ,
s upp lie s the pre s ent i ndi c ati ve of the ve rb B ut if the .

88 HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN AR AB m :
no minative then a p ronoun it must be exp ressed : a s ;

be ,
Ana P AI D I am w e ll satisfi e d ; H o ua r dy i ll h e ( i s) g oin g

, ,
.
Al so in thi s u s e the pl ur al of the parti cipl e is legitimate ly

,
i n oun rath er th an i en ; an d ev en i n sp ee ch o ne h e ars oun

-
,
- -
.
T hu s He l e nto m r é c i boun ? a re y ou ridi ng ?

,
1 18 I f the w o rd whi le i s a dde d to a participle i n En gli s h

.
,
th e Arab s e xpre ss it by wa hou ( and h e ) or wa he m wa a na , , ,
e tc ;. in w hich ca se al so the plura l in oun is p ref e ra bl e -

.
T hus H e sle e p s whi le walk i ng Ye n é m w a h ou m a xi

, They ,
.
sle ep w hile w alki n g Y en ém ou n w a h e m m fix i oun

( ) , y .
1 1 9 B ut if wa hou wa a na etc i s n ot in s e r te d a nd the

.
, ,
.
, ,
a ctive parti ciple singular is in ap p os i t ion t o th e n o minati v e of
th e v e rb it a ssum e s the adve rbial state by a ddi ng a n en ;

, ,
-
,
-
as, He came ridi ng J 5 r éciba n ; or if th e participl e b e

,
.
,
‘
plur al it will take the for m i en not oun ; as J R O u r é c i
,
-
,
-
,
bi en th e y cam e ridin g
, .
12 0 I n fact wa ho u wa a na e tc
.
,
with the par ticipl e
, ,
.
, ,
exp re s s our whi le with the v e rb ev e n w h en the pre ceding ,
v e rb ha s a diff ere nt nomina ti v e : a s Dakal be i ti w a ari a , ,
n fiyi m h e ente re d my h ouse wh i le I ( wa s ) S l e epin g ; or w ith

, ,
th e plur al D akal b e i tna w a na llne n fiy i m oun whi le we

, , ,
( we re ) slee pin g .
12 1 Th e Arab g e run d o ft en ( like o ur own ) do es duty f or

.
a n i nfi ni tive ; but in th e sp ok e n languag e it is g e n e rally
ev ad ed as by th e m odern G re eks wh o hav e r eplac ed it by

, ,
the s ubjunctiv e Thus f or D o st th ou wi sh to drink w at er ?

.
,
a L ati n might sa y V isn e bi ba s a quam ? i ns te a d Of V i sn e

, ,
bz ber e aquam ? a nd a n Arab s ays He l tor i e d ( e n ) te x ra b ,
m ay ? N 0 w ord must i nte rp o se be t we en E n ( that ) and i ts

verb ; hence wh e n ED i s dropped th e verb ( t e xr a b ) le a ds ,
90 HANDBOOK OF M OD E R N ARABIC .
Ab stract u may som e tim e s be regarded eith er as

no n s
gerun ds of v erbs or a s r elate d t o an adj e ctive ; i n some ca s e s

,
th e t wo a re di sti nguish e d by a v ow el 5 Th e active ge rund . .
h a s very oft e n the typ e K ar f carryin g O ff ; Kalq cr e atin g ; , ,
E arb a be ati ng
,
6 A noun of unity fro m thi s h a s the type
. .
l arba a singl e bl o w
, .
7 S O S efar ,
. travelling ; Far a Il r ej oi c ing gla dness , , . 8 . H e nce
th e noun of uni ty S ef ar a a v oyage
, , .
9 . abstract nouns C ibr greatness ; Cob r gran deur ;

Th e , , ,
S u pr s m all n e ss ; 136 m c ontemning c onte mpt ( if i ndee d this

, , ,
vocalizati on b e right ) are relate d to the adj ectiv e s Cebi er , ,
S a f i e r ; so Rok x ch e apn e ss to Ra ki e x ; S omn f atne s s t o

, , , ,
S e mi en Al s o i n the f e minine fo rm S o r s a q ui ckne ss w ith

.
, , ,
S e ri e s ; B o g da distance farn e ss wi th B a s ui d
,
1 0 Ci Gra, , . .
,
pl e nty i s th e ab stra ct to C e Gi er much ; but thi s type i s

, ,
c ommon e st w h en th e r oot i s s ur d T hus Qilla de fici e ncy .

, , ,
with Qali el Riqqa thi nnes s with Ra qi eq ; Xidda intensity

, , , ,
wi th Xa di ed ; LiAAe delici ou sne s s wi t h L eAi eA 1 1 F rom, ,

. .
hollow ve rbs c ome s uch as T oul l engt h with T a wi el ; a nd , ,
i n femini ne I onda g oo dne ss

, ,
.
12 With neuter verb s Jolou s ( sitting) i s a c omm on

.
,
g e run di al type 1 3 N o t les s c o mm on i s the ty p e S oh oula

. .
,
c a se ,
bo th f or ab str act n oun s and f or the g erun d of neute r
v erbs 14 Ci t éba w riting i s again g e run dial 15 N e arly
. .
, , . .
th e same i s th e typ e Naj aba n obl ene ss extr e m e ly c ommon , ,
f or abst r act noun s 16 R a Ai e le vil en e s s i s a s omew h at

. .
, ,
rar e r typ e I n El k az i ena the treas ury ; E1 Kali ef a the

.
, ,
C aliph it i s c oncre te
,
.
HANDBOOK or MOD E RN ARABIC . 91
12 3 . In a tab ul ar view they a d thu s

st n
T YPE S OF N O UNS .
k ob z -
e
bofl a ir a
mab r aka '
m i j mara
Th e c omm on e st ger unds ( of th e primary trilit eral v e rb )

are of th e typ e s Na xr Jolo u s Far a fl Ci téba S oh oule O f
, , , , .
these th e t wo last are like ou r noun s i n ti on a nd m ak e the -

,
plu ra l i n é l Of th e re st Na r r i s the c omm one st typ e f or

- .
,
a ctive v erbs Jolo us a nd Fa r a fl f or n e uter v erb s

, .
12 4 S pecial list of ab stract n ouns of 15 th typ e r elate d to

.
,
adj ective s .
Na fl af a leann e ss , Belada s tupidi ty

.
,
.
L a r af a gentl e ne s s I a b awa d oltishn e ss

‘
.
, .
,
S e qam a sickli nes s ,

Jeb ela ignorance
.
, .
Rad a w a badne ss , S al aba s o lidi ty

.
,
.
We sék a di rtine ss ,
S aga ma mightiness
.
, .
Meléfl a c om e line s s
, S es ada happines s
.
, .
5 ar a fa elegance
,
Meb era skilfuln e s s
.
, .
‘
I alaga u nco uthne ss
,
H al awa sweetness .
,
.
Na j aba noblene ss
,
M arara bitterne ss
.
,
.
92 HANDBOOK or MOD E RN ARABIC .
F re qu etly th e r e ar e two f orms ; as L or f a nd Lar ai a

n , ,
S e s ada a nd S o s ou da e tc ; the s ame thing happ ens i n m os t

, .
lan guag e s Th e D icti onary and not the G r ammar mu st

.
, ,
i nform a l e arne r what f orm of ge rund or of ab stract noun , ,
i s p r actically curr e nt u nder e a ch r oo t .
14 . A XIU L I ARY VE R B S .
12 5 . LE T i s e xp re e d ss by ’
Da s ( m re clas ic al )
o s K alli
or
( m ore p o p ular
) prefixed t o 1 s t o r 3 r d pers o n of
,
the a or i st :
as D a s ni a x r ab l e t me drink ( i n Latin s i ne me bi ha m) ;
,
’
-
, ,
K alli e ni a x ou f l e t m e s ee ; Ka lli e na ne x ouf l e t u s see

, , .
K ouf i s a p opular v erb ; m ore clas sical i s D a s ni ara l e t ,

’
-
’
,
m e s e e B ut i n g ood style the m e r e particle Li suffices t o

.
expre s s o ur Let ; as Li y ef out l e t him pass in I n Syria

, , .
Té i s us e d a s a h o rtativ e particle ( L a ti n ag e) instead O f Li ; ,
as T é y ar ou ll l et him go [ I think that T é means come

, ,
.
,
b eing th e i mp erative of the ve rb E te he ca me B ut De

‘ ‘
,
.
Perc e val int e rpr ets it a s a c ontracti on of II a tte until ] ,

.
12 6 GOIN G i s p opula rly r e nde re d by R ay ifi e xactly li ke

.
,
E ngli sh ; but i n Barbary they sa y M a xi w alk ing Thu s ,

.
P a ri s has He l h ou r ay i ll en y oj a ddi d e l j i dal ? I s h e g oi ng

,
t o r e n e w th e di sput e ? ( lit en y oj a ddi d a t r enov e t th at he .

, ,
sh ould re new
) B ut this u se of R ay ifl i s no m ore i n hi gh
.
s t l e than i s G o ing i n E n glish

y .
1 2 7 WI L L exp r e ssing purp ose h a s m a ny sub stitute s all

.
, , ,
o f th e m foll o w e d by th e a o r ist with E n ( th a t ) o ft e n un d e r ,
s t oo d .C h i e fi y : O r i e d I w ish I wi ll I ch oos e M or a di e n
, , , ,
( it i s) my wi sh that ; a di en ( it i s ) my d e sign that ; or , ,
Ana q a r i d I am de signin g ; An a s az i m I am r e sol v ing ;

, ,
Ana na wi I am intendi ng ; E h om m I meditate

, ,
.
94 HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN ARA BIC .
en , me (i s) capacity that At B agdad they sa y Or ui q or

to .
, ,
O r ui q g a la en I hav e f orc e f or ; or Liya r a q a en

, ( M o re ,
.
o r dinarily with a neg a tiv e M a or ui

q or L 5 r aqa liya bi e n
‘
.
, , , ,
m eans I have n o r es i s ti ng p ow e r ; I cann ot with stan d

,
a di sea s e ; I canno t affor d a n exp ense

) Lite rati ar e fond of .
th e stran ge ly Ob scur e w o rd E ste r ui s I am able Worst of , , .
all by far is th e i di o m of Al epp o whi ch pronoun c e s All se n , ,
I am abl e app arently meani ng Ollsin ( Ivt h form ) I s ueeeed , .
T hu s I do not succeed t o do a thi ng means I ca nnot

, , , .
For C AN , m e aning p ossibility y ou may sa y Yo m c in it i s , ,
p ossibl e ; or participl e M o m ein ; a nd E m c en it was p o ssibl e : ,
N e g ativ ely L a y om ci n M a m o m ein it i s not p o ssibl e ; L e m

, , ,
o m c i n it w a s no t p o ssible ; M a t eh eyy a liya it w a s n ot a t

y , ,
ha nd ( i n p r omp tu) f or me ; or ag ai n M o fl al M o st e ll ui l , , ,
imp ossible ab sur d Al so L a y a xu fifi it i s n ot s ound

,
.
, , ,
vi rtu ally m e ans I t cannot be , .
I t is als i Arabic idi m t y L a t lfl q y edi ala

o n o o sa , e a s en
M y h and d es t re ach far that o M re h rtly L e i

no so o s o ,
s
fie y e di it i t i my h d i
,
I am t abl e I Syria
s no n an ,
. e . no . n
this i cut d w int Fi y it i i n m e M a fi it i

s o n t i o e a, s ec , s no n
th ee ; i I th u ca t t
. e . c an , o ns no .
13 0 F M ( f p e rmi i ) w
. or Y j AY it pa e o ss on e c an u s e e ou z , ss s ,
it is p e rmitted ; Y llll it i u d ; Y b all it i Op e d

a xu ,
s so n o ,
s n an
f re e Als the participles Jayi M b all O Y

. o
p liya z , o . r e sou
,
it i all w e d me M g i a qu e ti is m tim e e v ade d by

s o . a n s on so e s
an adverb me ni ng p h p thus Ma a e ay h é ? er a s ,
s s
’
en e c ou n Ae
What may t hi s be What ossi bl wi ll thi s be ?

( S ab ) .
p y
F aris exhi bits the singul ar ellip si s Hel liya en i s it ,
f or me that i e i s it p er mi tted t o me that . S o e ven i n

.
HANDBOOK or MOD ERN ARABIC . 95
English I t i t f m t d and
,
s no ( N m m tor e o o so so on eu es
u t B ut th e mi i f the v e rb t b e as well th e o ss on o
“
o ,
’
as
predicat m akes the Arabic ellip i v ery har h

e, s s s .
13 1 O U HT admi t a like elliptical phra e S l aiya

. G s s ,
a en,
( it r e sts ) me that Be ide we can y Y b f i it befit ;

on . s s, sa ,
en a ,
s
Y li q it b e s ee m ; Y j i b it beh v e ;
e e , W ajih alaiya ( it
s e ,
o s or s ,
is ) a duty m e A gain Y ll qq alaiya it is right f me

on .
,
a a s ,
or
Y fl fi liy a it i pr p e r f m e ; Y j m l it is c m e ly
a xu , s o or a o ,
o ,
or
b e c mi g ; Y qt l it i r e quired Th m t p pular f
o n a a u, s . e os o o
th e s e is W i j i b alaiya Be side w z use Y l m L é i m

s . s e c an e z e ,
z
en th ugh this r ather m e a N e e d e c e ssity

,
o ns ,
n .
132 F M
. t w f rm l a
or hi ghly p pul
usr , L a h dd o o u s ar e o ar . o
e n, no e scape that L6 h dd ( ) t ll th u mu t o en er ou ,
o s ne c e s
sa r i ly g N e xt Lé i m w hi ch rigi ally m e ant ticki g

o .
,
z ,
o n , s n
cl e has s me what d gen er at e d ;

os , o that they w y e so no sa ,
L é i m i it i
z n e ce ary f me i I mu t
,
s n I wa t ss or , . e . s , or , n ,
I n ee d This w rd i greatly v e rw rked by the vulgar

. o s o o .
1 3 3 Th v rb C é
.
( it w ) i als auxiliary i Arabic ;
e e n as s o n
no t nly t m ake a pa ive v e rb

o o i E gli h but t f r m ss ,
as n n s , o o
t e nse by its p e culi ar f rc e f ti m ; i c e Y

s is e e tially o o e s n e c oun ss n
future and C é i hi t rical time i it w

"
t it h
n b
s s o , . e. a s, no as een.
H e ce w e btai
n o n
R llt I w e t have g e
o , An ll I g or on . r ou , o.
C é r ll t I had g ne Cé ll
n o ,
I we t o . n a r ou ,
n
fl t I hall have C nt ll
0
Y e c o un ro , s o a r ou ,
g e on . Y ll I hall g e c ou n ar ou ,
s o,
I am t g o o.
S D P r val p i tiv ly
o e rt ; d i t m with gr at r a n
e ce os e as se s an ,
see s, e e so .
133b . We h a rdly clas s a s auxili ary th e v erb s which

c an
exp re s s to beg i n b e fo re an other v erb The s e ar e Eb di I

,
.
,
Op en ; E k OA I tak e ; Aj sal I set set to ; Axr a s I insti

‘
, , , ,
tut e ; Ar f o q I e stablish ; As uir I b e c ome All dr op a

, ,
.
part of th e ir se n se t o a ssum e th e m e anin g of Be gin : the

c omm on e st i s E bte di ( in vm th fo rm se e wh e nce I bte da , ,
Mobt e da a be ginni ng Th e se v erb s are f ollow e d by Enn a

, .
( that qu o d 3 ) with the aori st I ndi ca ti ve of the oth e r verb ;

.
, 7 a
,
not by E n ( ut Im ) w ith subj unctive ; apparently b e cau se a n

’
atta i ne d re sult not a mer e inte ntion i s expre s sed Thu s

, , .
,
Th e sai l ors b e gan to h o wl Ja s a lou e l m ell all Oun y ow el ,
wiloun ; Ib t édou or S a rou y a xr ok oun th e y b e g an t o sh out , .
I t i s h ere se en that the particle Enna ( that) i s r e adily

dropp e d fr om th e phrase .
C én ro llt or C ont r ollt al so suppli e s I s hould ha ve g one ; , ,
a nd C én ar ou ll ( C ont ar ou ll ) I should go ; un de r a non ,
e xi sti ng hyp oth e sis Th e doubl e c omp ounds C én y e c oun

.
,
ar o ull I was to g o and Cén y ec oun ro llt I wa s to ha ve g one

, , , ,
a re p e rhap s p e culi ar t o B a gdad ; a s B e ddi ar oull I am to , ,
g o ; C én h e ddi ar ou ll o r r ather C ont he ddi ar oull I w a s

, ,
t o go ; are Syr ian .
15 . CLA S SE S O F T HE VE R B .
134 . Qua dri ra di c al v erbs

such a s Zek rif hav e th ei r
, ,
v wel all fix e d
o s ,
and in the m ode rn lan gu a ge scarc e ly go
b ey d the tw
on o f oll owin g F o rm s typ ifi e d by th e I mp e ra
,
tiv es z ek r if , t e z ek r af .
l e arne r must u se thi s a nd such li k e tabl e s f or r ef er ence

Th e ,
wh e n h e m ee ts with a verb Of such a clas s Until the ca se .
o ccur s h e w ill not be able t o use the tabl e to advant a g e

,
.
98 H AN DBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC .
the sp ok en lan guage if the sense of the fo rm it s e lf b e

'
in ,
that of a n active v erb O nly the Ix t h fo rm i s a lway s a neut e r

‘
verb and c an have no passive

,
.
When ther e i s a pa ssiv e participle it i s fo rm ed from the

,
active p articiple ( in all form s but the I“ ) exactly a s i n the

q ua dri r a di c al s by changing i of the last syllable int o a ( T hi s
,
.
i might be a i f a c o ar se c onsonant were i n juxtap ositi on )

,
.
1 3 6 S chem e of the T en F o rm s of the Tri r a di c al V e rb

.
V III
Th e t du e t o the V I I I th form bec ome s d afte r d or s A ,
aft e r A r after T K x 5 Al so if
, , , , w or g be th e fir st
.
,
radi cal it b e c om e s t before t in th e v n I t h Thu s the r oot.
Wel m ake s I ttéc il ( f or t é ci l) i n VII I .

HANDBOOK OE MOD E RN ARABIC . 99
13 7 . the ge runds of the deri ve d form s make plural in

All
-et .Th e gerun d of II might be t ebdi ela or t eb dila instead .
,
o f t ebdi el which i s s ta nda r d

,
I n III m ob adal a i s a c om . .
m oner form than bid a l ; but b oth often c c exi st -

.
I t will be seen that III i s f orm ed fr om II an d VI from V .

'
.
, . .
( exc e pt i n th e geru n d ) by the s ame simple law A ft e r d ul y .
u nde rstandin g thi s we might drop I II and v1 from the T able . . .
F orm s VII and VIII are likewi se formed by a c ommon law ;

. .
s O that e ither w ill s uffice a s a type

'
F orm x i s remarkable i st being prefix ed to the root

.
,
.
Thi s i s explain e d c ompl e tely fr o m C optic fr o m Z ouave fr o m , ,
A ssyri an a nd fro m certai n tr ace s in C haldee or H eb rew

, A .
form i s in fact los t wh ose imp e rativ e wa s S ebdi l ; a nd fr om

,
thi s I stebdil was fo rmed nearly a s VI II fr om I T h e form ,

. .
S ebdi l w a s a Cau sativ e v erb but it i s super s eded by I v , .
Th e ten ses are i nfl e cted acc ordi ng to the law s explai ned i n
10 8 C ar e fully note the initial 0 i n the aorist of II III Iv
. .
, .
,
.
Ob s e rv e als o that th e last v owe l i s i i n the imp erativ e ( a nd

a orist ) of I L III Iv VII VIII x but i s a i n v VI Ix
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
, .
, .
,
.
,
.
Yet in th e participle activ e of all the f orms it i s i .
13 8 . Any t wo fo rms
are stri ctly in ,
as I b dil and B adil ,
dependent v er bs a s i n Latin fu gi o and fugo or se dc o sido

, , , ,
sed o .I n fact s ometime s they are a s un like i n s e n s e a s f e ro

and f eri o c ondo a nd c ondi o S uch ph enomena are very de
,
.
c e p ti v e I t i s a lway s saf e st f or the l e ar ner to l earn nearly

.
e very f orm f or its e lf a s if it w e re a new verb , .
N everth e le ss the II“ or I II d b e i ng given acti v e v erb s we

,
r
,
c an p o sitiv e ly inf e r the exi st en ce a nd meanin g of the V t h or
W ; ” f or the V t h al way s i s o the fi nd

t and the Vi t h t o the m d r
10 0 HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC .
i ts refl e ctive neuter or passiv e Th e V II th when it exi sts

, , .
, ,
i s passiv e t o the I “ if the I “ be active ; or el se to the N H

,
L
Th e I V t h i s properly cau s ativ e t o the I “ Hence if the I“ .
be neuter th e IV t h i s i ts active If the I“ be activ e the I V th .
h a s t wo accu s ativ e s .
Th e VI I I th i s c ompara ble to the Greek middl e v o ic e in ,
r elation to the I “ a nd often supers ede s the I “ arbitra ri ly

, .
I n o ther instance s it serv e s a s a true p as siv e t o the I “ .
T e r
h 1 nd
i s ( p e rhap s m o st prop e rly ) fr e quentati ve or in
t ensive of the I“ ; a s I qT as cut ; Qa r r u s cut in piec e s
, ,
'
, ,
ch op up ; I c sir br e ak ; Ce ssir break i n pi e ce s B ut it i s

, , .
Often causative t o the I “ and th e m odern tendency i s to w ork ,
it enti rely in thi s direction and nearly supers ede th e r vt h ; ,
appar ently b e cau se v ow el s are ob s cur ely an d c orruptly sound e d .
Ye t ev en wh en II and Iv are b oth cau sativ e the s ense

. .
,
s o m e time s di fl er s becau se II i s still frequentativ e a nd i m

,
.
p e rfe ct Thu s from the r oot Halam know th ou c ome s II

.
, ,
.
S alli m tea ch th ou ( a s a t e acher wh o rep e at s or cau se s t o

,
rep e at ) ; but IV Asli m i nfor m a dver tis e viz by a c omplete

.
, , ,
.
,
s i ngle act .
Th e I I I d i s Oft en related t o the primitive a s a Latin verb

r
,
c omp oun de d with C on I t alm ost al w ay s governs an accu s a

.
tive and th e syntax di ff e r s fr o m that of th e I “

, S om e thi n g .
mutua l i s o rdi narily suggest e d Oft en r i va lr y Thu s E c t ob , .

,
lec I writ e to thee O c étib c c I be wr i te th e e ; Aqs od I si t

,
-
,
-
, ,
O qa su d e c I si t with th e e ; but O qs u d e c O qa s s u d c c I s e at
-
,
- -
,
-
,
th e e .
T h e Ix th i s c omparable t o a Latin inceptive v erb in e sc o -

,
a nd i s e sp e cially u sed f or v erb s of C olour as er ubesc o ,
ni gr e s c o .
16 . D E GE N E RATE VE RBS .
14 0 Tri r a di c al v
. e rb de ge erate whe the ec d
s n n s on and thir d
radical are the s am e O whe , m re radical i
r n one or o s weak ;
that is when it i s
,
w , or y .
We hav e se e n that th e participle of the S ur d v erb u nder

g oe s c ontraction ; a s M a rr f or M a rir Xadd f or K adid A , .
s im il ar c o ntracti o n o ccur s i n the I n d a nd VI “ form s but no

t f !
,
i n the I mperative Nor i nde e d c an such c ontracti on apply

.
i n th e g e run d x i ddd of III Th e fo rm s II a nd v f oll o w the

. . .
s tan d a rd of I b dil p e rf e ctly ; so do the imperativ e s of all
f orm s but I and x . B ut it i s worth whil e t o p res ent a

.
nearly full t able Th e w o rd s in i ta li cs f oll o w the law of

.
I bdi l . N o Surd v erb h a s a I x t h f orm .
IM PE R . P E RFE CT . G RU N D
E .
a ddi d ox add m ox add
V III .
i ste xi dd i s ti xdbd
Th e ly Pas sive
on P a rt i ci p les '
ar e the type s M ax doud of I .
a nd M o st e x a dd of x .
HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC . 10 3
14 1 H ollow . verb are quite reg l a i

s Ix u r n IL , III .
, v , VL .
, .
( T h e r e i s one s n 1 ro uch v erb i x f m the r

oot E swa dd black ; .
,
h enc e M oswi dd ni gre s cens ) S ome are r e gular i n IV a s

,
. .
Y ofl wij h e nece ssitate s We sa w i n the Participle of I the

, . .
verb holl ow by w assume y i nstead ; the same take s place

”
i n th e Passiv e of I e xc e pt the par ticiple and in m VII

.
, ,
.
,
VIII x Thu s when a verb i n one of th e se f orm s i s given

.
, .
,
w e cannot t ell by i t s a spect whethe r the roo t h a s w or y .
T h e typ e s stand thu s : fr o m r o o t l .
IMPE R . A O R I ST 1 .
I . Pa s s .
V III .
Th e f e minine form of the Gerund in I v . and x de serve s

.
remark .
14 2 . the v erb s a r e call ed

Wh en the fir st radical is w or y,
Ass i mi la ted I f the verb be y th e v erb in modern u se i s all
.
,
but re gular ; only af t er 0 the y bec ome s u I f the fir st .
radi c a l be w thi s lett er i s dr opp e d in the Aori st acc ording

, ,
to the b e st sty le ; a s Wej ed he found ; Ej id I fin d ,

B ut , ,
.
S ur d verb s of thi s cla ss tr eat w a s a stron g radical a s Awodd , ,
I l ove We have al so said that in VIII the wt bec ome s tt

. . .
104 HANDBOOK O F MOD E RN ARABIC .
When the 3 rd radi cal i s w or y the v erb s are call ed

14 3 .
,
.
D efective T hey are of four class es as f oll ow s :

.
,
1 Aor . 1 . a f z ou 2 . armi 3 . anse ’
Perf f az e rama ne si
’
3 .
m ar aud thr o w forg e t feed catt le

Of which the l st i s defecti v e i n w the re st in y ,
.
.
I n the 2 nd and 3 r d p l of Aori st and p l of Imperative w .

, .
,
y i s clipped out ; th ough in B arbary they sa y Ter mi y ou

‘
or ,
,
Y er m i y ou f or the no rmal T er m ou Yerm ou

, , .
Th e pe rf ect s are slightly i rregul ar .
1 2 . I a z eut
. Ramait
‘
Ne siet B a s ait ,
‘
3 . T aze et Ra m a met N e si siyet
,
-
etc ,
-
,
- .
a s R ama
‘
1 pl. I a z e un a
. B amain a Ne si ena
‘
I a z e ut om R am a i tom Nesi e tom
‘
I a z eu Ra m a u N esou
Th e Acti ve Participle i s in all Of the ty pe
Th e Pas s iv e Participle i s M a f z ouw, f or 1, a nd Mermi ey
f or 2 , 3 , 4 .
Verb s def ecti v e i n w ar e few ; and i n m odern u se they all

tend to supers e de w by y I n a ll the der i ved for ms thi s i s .
done Oth e r wi s e the s e form s have no irr e gul arity but that
.
, ,
y fall s away aft e r a and 0 b e c om e s i b e fore y T hu s i n the

, .
G e rund of v Ter amm i (y ) f or Te ramm oy Al so a s u sual

.
, .
, ,
dy a replac e s d a in femi ni n e participle s pa s siv e

-
‘ -
.
A suffix by changin g the ac cent introduce s d e f or a e

‘
, , , , , ,
i n 3 r d pers on mas culine singular of the perfect .
1 44 . Of verb s H am z ated ”
i n 1st radic al ,
‘
ak aA ( take ) I s
the typ e . I n I mp erati ve of I ,
. initial i or 0 is dropped
10 6 HANDBOOK or MOD E RN ARABIC .
P ass i ve R it wa s se en ; A or Yora it seem s i s se en

o
‘
i, .
, , .
IV O rie I sh ow ; Ari e sh ow th ou ( vulg Arwi Rawwi )

.
, , .
, .
v Ter a a liya it app eared to me but m ore p opularly

.
‘
, , ,
Ter awa II I R aya he played the hyp ocrit e ( made a

. .
,
sh o w ) .
‘
Ete and Ra a are b oth p opular w ords but not i n the
‘ ‘
,
physical s ense i n which Ja a nd x ar sup e rse de them

,
‘
E te ‘
.
m eans to c om e as a n e ve nt ; p ar t El eti the future v en

,
‘
.
, ,
turu s Ra a means he sa w with th e mind h e ju dge d ( R ay

.
‘
, , ,
) he sa w a vision ( Rouy a vi sion) Thu s I n r a ei t

‘
o pi ni on , , .
, ,
if y ou shall have seen ( it g ood) .
14 8 . inability t o c omp ound verb s with prep ositions

Th e
i s a grave de f ect i n Arabic I n part they supply it by the .
creati on of n ew ro ot s i n p a rt by detach e d pr e p o siti ons ( which

,
n e verth e l e s s canno t e nte r deri v ative s) and i n part by a rath e r ,
arbitrary use Of the d e rived fo rm s W e have seen that the .
I I I d i s o fte n li k e a Latin c omp oun d of C on

r
thi s i s but a hin t
at th e practice Th e VrI t h i s sometime s like a Latin c om
.
o und O f Re ; a nd so of o th e rs
p .
L e t a n E ngli shman r efl e ct on some of our own verb s as , ,
B ring up ; whi ch f or s ec ondary mean ings h as Rear or Edu

, ,
cate V omi t and ( p opular ly ) Pull up Rein up suddenly

, , , ,
B ri ng to a sudde n stop I f we met some Arabic root in .
t e rp r e t ed i n a dicti ona ry 1 Educate 2 Vo mit 3 C heck , .

, .
, .
a hor s e w e might thin k it a m onstros ity

,
Thi s will suffic e to .
i ndi cate h ow an injudi ci ou s lexic o grapher in crea se s difficulty .
I n fact the pupil sh ould if p o s sible confine him self f or a

, , ,
whi le to th e p ri mar y c ardi nal sense s .

HANDBOOK OF MOD ERN ARAB IC . 10 7
14 9 We are accu st omed to form a Pa ssi ve Participle e ven

.
from a verb whi ch h a s a detached prep os ition ; as fr om I ,
a llude to a thin g the thin g all uded to

,
”
Th e Arab s see m .
”
t o aim at but mis s thi s idi om

,
They canno t b e ar the
,
.
prep osition i solated ; henc e th e y at tach to it a sup e rflu ou s

pron ou n suffix in defiance ( it might seem ) of l o gic Thu s
,
.
,
from O umi ilei h i I hi nt a t it (nod to it ) they get E l xai e l

,
‘
, ,
m oum a ilei hi th e thin g hi nted at Thi s per vade s the l an guage

,
. .
W e may partially explain it by the analo gy of th e Latin

i mp er sona l u se of the Pas siv e v erb ; esp e cially sin ce the par
t i ci p le i n this i di o m h a s n o c onc o rd with th e pr ec e di ng n o un .
T hu s Th e slav e s ab o v e m enti oned Th e slaves sp oken ” “

, ,
of,
”
El s abi ed e l m a qoul s a nh om not m a qouloun or ma ,
q oula th ough S a bi ed i s plural

, Th e c onc ord t o S abi e d i s
.
found i n the plural horn ; a nd Ma qoul i s impers onal like ,
Latin Di ctum ( e st ) f or Di x i m u s Thu s a rude tr anslati on .
might be O i servi z—di c ebatur de ii s ; i s O i servi de gui bus

, o . .
,
di c eba tur And i n thi s idi om the sec ond E 1 i s Oft en sai d to
.
be put f or ElleAi wh o I n fact th e v ocaliz e d pas siv e i s

, .
,
o cca si onally u s e d like the Lat in i mpers ona l v erb It i s well .
to put a c o mma after E 1 when it i s thu s u se d I n GN El

, . .
,
mac en el m a llf ouga bihi el eOér c l x ar i ef a the place wher ei n

, , ,
( are) pres e rv ed the h onour ed r eli c s H ere m a llf ouga i n f em . .
a gree s with eeér i mp erf p l , .
17 . V
AD E R B S AND C ONJ UN C T I ON S .
15 0 . Adve rb s of Ti me
Afterward s , ba s dan ; p op . Al r eady , qad ( with Perfe c t

b as doh .
Again, aiI an ( se e al so Alway s , dfiy im an .

At l en gt h ( see Now , el ‘
en h éAe el wa qt ;
B efore qablan . h éAe e ls e sa.
B eforehand mi n qabl ,
. No w then ( at time s
a nd ,
s ad a o ccas i onally
.
) a fl y ana n ,
D aily y eum bi y eum ; yeu

,
m an fa y e uman . Ju st now tew a ( a li ttle while

,
Early b ecci er
, . a go , bi h eA e el
Earlier and later s ébi qan ,
q orb .
w a lallu qa n . Ofte n a m r ar ceGi er a ; mir a

,
E ver (wi th negative ) ,

‘
e b a dan . ra n ; c o ll qali el ; c ee rama
’
Ev er s inc e m i n b as doh [ Boc , .

( it i s often that ) [ c e Oi e
und e r D ep ui s] ; m ond fl ui r an O b D ial
( ) too much] .
, .
n a idi n . V e ry ofte n écOa rm a ,

.
F orev e r ila el e bad,

‘
. H o w ofte n c ém marra ?
F ormerly s ébi qa n ,
. O nce m arra te n
,
m arr a te n
H enceforward min bas doh , ; m a marra w a llu da .
‘
mi n e l fin w a xas u dan . Pre sently i n a mi nute m ar , ,
Here after f ,
se u .
‘
rat Okra ’
.
Hithert ila el e o,
‘
n . Previ ou sly enif an
‘
, .
In ta tly Ilal fil 1151

s n , an, , fil Not l on g a go ( rec en tly ) ,
‘
a lil wa qt fil ll uin
s es , , . e nif a n [ B o c N a gu ér e s ] . .
Late ly s an qar i eb [ al so Soon]

, . Rar ely nadi ra n ; z ehi ed a n ?
,
Lon g a go T a lama ( it i s l ong

, Quickly s aj ilan ; se ri e s an
,
.
a go that ) . S e ldom qall am a ( it i s seldom

,
N0 l onge r (se e that) .
Me anwhi le, fil eena . So m e tim e s a fi y anan ; auq a t ,
Nev er at any ti me 15. fie ,

auq at ; b as h auq a t ; wa q
e b a dan — GN
‘
waq ti m a -
. . t en .
B es ides tha t th ey b ow th e h e d, th ey a l
a so a
S da enneh om yalln
‘
r a seh om, f a ‘inneh om— ai ha n .
A t ough fi
l h ‘ wa ‘
i n, walau , I f e ver ,
iA m a .
Th ough , mas e n. L e t li
s ,
’
ella , li c ei la .
No t b ut that n as am enn a ,
. As long as m a d am T oulima , , ,
Not but that ill a inna ( also , , ma .
N everthele ss i n F ari s ) ,
. As much as q a dda m a , .
I n ca se r bi Ila i 9( en )
,
’
[ B i . Insomuch that s al a enna , ,
fl a i e c eAé i n such a cas e , bi n au s [ latte ( i n sor t

a s thi s
] . tha t) .
On c onditi on that s ala en , , 0that y a laite ,

.
bi x arr en . I n prop o rti on as c olli ma , ,
Exc ep t that q a ddi m a fla shima

q ad
pai r e nna
, , ,
.
O nl y that ,
rima .
F oras much a s Ilai0 inn a , I n r e spect that m i n Il ai Oenn a , .
i A enn a ( i A inna B ob . S eei n g that S in ce naga r an , ,
CL ,
2 44 . e n, i A e c én, le m m a c én .
I a much a s bi m a inn a
n s ,
. Ev e r si n ce ,
m onA ( OA A) ,
m
On the gr oun d that ( a s m onA en m onA om a
th ough ) s al a enna ,
. As soon a s , s n a a d ma au wal ,
H ow e v e r ( quocunque m odo) , ma , Ilfili m a , wa qtim a ,

c e if a m a . llui ni m a .
H ow much ever ( ut i v ) e nm eh m a That

’
so ,
.
,
a , .
H ow O f te n ,
s o e v er
c oll am a T hat ( 6n qu bd) enn a ,
’
, , .
‘
SO that Ila tte inna ; s ala ’
m eh m a .
,
[ H o w e ver ado H,
o wbeit e nna bi nau s en
.
, , .
b e it a s it may c eif a m a c én ] I n that fie enn a

,
‘
.
, .
If i n inc en i Ae : lau ( were I n orde r that li c ei licei

, , , , , , ,
fi atte .
T h e res p ons e is W a leci nna a tta men Yet in plac e of Alth ough we
m a y s a y si mply I ndeed p r of c to quidem viz Nas am i nna (quasi Gr a nted
, .
, ,
e
si nc e W aleci nna mak es th e logi c cle ar

.
, , , ,
th a t )
sa s Bi fl ai fl en a tel o int
.
m l
’
1
"
K az i irs n y p que, , .
HANDBOOK or MOD E RN ARABIC . 1 11
That no t
( a t ne, i v a
’
ella ,
Whene ver iA m a [,
Be it .
c eila . w hen it may i A ma ,
Till Unti l fl atte fi atte e n

, , ,
. W her e fl a i O , .
Unl e ss illa i Alem

, ,
. Wh e reas inna ,
.
Unl e s s it w e r e that laula ,

. Wh ereve r fl a i Gom a eina m a
, ,
.
Wh e n lemma i A iA e ma
, , ,
Whil st b a ina m a s an dama
, , ,
( met e ’
m a d a m (bima ) b i A m a fi em a ,
’
,
.
15 3 . a t e nde ncy of the language ( sha re d by

T here i s
Hebre w) t o expre s s adverb s of time by verbs ; a s by s ayin g ,
H e r ep ea ted to go instea d of H e went agai n Thus ,

”
,
“
.
”
1 M a s ad he di d not rep e at d e generate d int o

.
,
n ot ,
“
again . L a t e s oud t ef s al h e do not do it again

”
-
,
.
2. No lOnger is e xp re ss e d by th e verb B aqi (it rem ained

”
ov e r c o ntinu e d
, ) which chang e s with the pe r s on Thu s : I
,
.
n o long e r v i sit him m a b a qi et o z éy i r oh ; or m ix abqa fie

, ,
m oz éy i r a t oh Al so L a y a s Ou d y aj i h e no l onge r c o m e s
’
.
.
, ,
3 F or Alm ost it is classical t o u se Oed

.
,
T hus T hey .
,
almost t ouch on e an other eedou y et em assou ; wh ere C é d i s

‘
rende re d h e fail e d narr owly

, S o B o cth or .
”
.
4 F ari s e mpl oy s thi s verb with the ne g ativ e f or S carc e ly

.
L a y ec éd t ouj a d (the one hump e d cam e l ) i s sca r cely found

,
-
.
S abat A ct s x x v n 7 omi t s L a from C éd

,
W e sc ar cely
.
,
.
“
were c ome ov e r agai nst Cnidu s cedua en noqabil Ni e dos ,

”
.
U nde r R as er ( t out a u p r es ) B o c h a s : F a t j enb oh fi att e .

-
,
’
oed a xdom oh a lmos t U nd e r M anquer h e h a s ved y a qa s

y
-
,
. ,
il a man qué d e t omber he a ll but f e ll B ut Bocth or and , .
C a ta f a go tak e no notic e of Céd F reytag and Ka z i m ir sk i .
giv e it j u st opp osite s e nse s th ough b oth agree that W ala ,
c e uda n ( not e v en s carc ely ) means not a t a ll Th e languag e ‘

.
1 12 HAN DBOOK OE MOD E RN ARABIC .
n e ed a word f or s carcely ; B il j eh d by efior t i s not

s
“ ”
, ,
‘
al w ay s appropri a te Wh e th e r Bocth or s w ord Zi ani en c a n h e

.
’
o ft e n u s e d i s not at all clear I n the Algiers Me rcury “ ”

.
I re ad B il cei d [latt e qar a s m eséf et mi el wa nus f he har dly

,
“ '
,
”
ev en trav er sed th e dis tance Of a mile a nd a h alf P e rhap s .
bi l ceud w a s int ended or bi l c edd ( a peine I n Al e pp o , , ,
s carcely
j q(
an a
) from T urki sh i s u sed , ,
.
5 .
“
At
length i s supplied by the verb s oud wi thout the
”
,
n e gative — Ce if s ad i nt a qal e l fl Oc m ila mi lle t Okra

’
Quo
'
m odo ta ndem tra nsi i t imp e rium i n s ect a m alterum ? H atte ’
a s ou d cl ins en a sta i d e h u s que ut ta ndem h om o

y y q
M aA e ter ahi ‘
'
c re di de ri t y a s ou d y a r odd
, h é ola s un
Q ui dna m vide s,
( qu od) ta ndem a v ert a t h os aa ah S ad
y a qdi r y o s éfir , ta ndem p ot ui t iter facere .
6 We c onstantly say H e conti nues to w ork f or h e i s

.
, ,
”
s ti ll w orkin g S O the Arab s have M a z él ( he h a s not

”
.
,
c e a s ed = L em y e zel ) with the Adv e rb i al p a rt i c i p le f or S till , ,
or with the a o ri s t Thi s i s b oth p opular a nd cla ssical

. .
‘
s till ( a s Ra e i t c l c elb b a s doh llaiyan Rob
”
B a s doh f or “
, , , .
C r I sa w th e do g still aliv e ) th ough p opular is hard t o

.
, , ,
def e nd D e P erc eval call s it M a r onit e Arabic

. .
7 . he ri se s e arly
F or “
c om e e arly to me they may ,
” “
,
”
u s e th e v e rb B e c c i r ( I L ) t o be ear ly at a thing K a z i mi r sk i
, .
h a s B e c c ir ou f or th e y w er e t oo e arly ( at th e e veni n g p r ay e r )
, , ,
which sh ow s th e ve rb not t o be c o nfined to the m ornin g .
Th e cla ssical languag e

curiou s ve rbs that imply h a s m any
tim e ; a s B ou fi go i n the eveni ng I sri travel by night
, , , , ,
Ob c or do s o methin g ea r ly etc
,
but the sense of the se i s , .
now m o dified .
w h il et
truggl e f or Li biladi c om a s bette r than Li bil a d
o s -
,
c om or Li h il a da c om
,
i s e vid e ntly a n un s e ttle d questi on
-
,
with F aris and C a ta f a go Th e l ea rner h a s at pre sent a right .

!
t o ign ore the o i a e ntirely

-
,
-
,
-
, .
15 6 . al so ( it s ee ms ) i s c onfined t o p oetry
Th e i nfl e x i on -
on
and anci e nt s tyl e Th e r ule s of g r ammar c oncernin g ou and

.
-
-a n a r e so c o mpl e x a n d s o arbit ra ry that onc e l o st th e y are , , ,
of n e c e ss ity i rr ec o v e rabl e by a nati o n A s th e y n e v e r c on .
duce t o p e rspicuity or any im a gi nable g ood we h a v e a right ,
t o r e j oic e that th e y are de ad [ I f th e y a re still re t ain ed .
am ong th e Wah a be e s a s M r Palgrav e s e em s to sa y that will

,
.
,
no t lead t o th e ir r e n e w e d u se e lsewher e ] .
15 7 P o stp o sitiv e C a se wa s assum e d by a noun chi efly

. Th e , ,
1 After a pr ep o siti o n
. 2 Af te r a n adj e ctiv e or p r o n oun
. .
,
a dj e ctive p rec e ding its no un 3 Afte r an oth e r n oun wi th

,
. .
w hich it is i n c omp o sition I n th e last it i s lik e th e Latin .
eni ti ve ; in the s e c o n d it i s m onst rou sly unlike I n Ar t 3 1

g . .
it wa s rem ark e d that A ou s a ql i ntellig ent a ft er F ai r pa sse s , , ,
into F air Ai e s a ql He r e Ai e i s the P o s tp o sitiv e Ca s e Of Aou

. .
S uch a n idi om is no w e xc e ption al Th e o nl y g e n e ral qu e sti on .
i n the m oder n dial e ct is w h e th e r at all to r e tain i i n aft e r,

-
,
-
,
a p r ep o sition T o M in biladi c om and such li ke allusi on h a s

.
-
, ,
b een ma de I n phr a se s whi ch are e quival ent to an adverb

“
.
,
th e t e rmin atio n i n i s not c e rt ainly quite d ead Ca t af a go s

-
.
’
D ictionary ( at l e ast in the Anglo Arabic part) may b e said to -
r epr e sent m odern mer ca nti le Ar abic ; and he h a s m any such

phrases a s th e foll o wing — th e noun b eing undefi ne d : ,
I nte ti n onally bi q a xdi n

,
. G ri e v
u sly bi c olli pamm i n
o , .
I mpetu ou sly bi x i dda t i n

,
. In cautiously bi c oll i f a fl ati n , .
HAN D BOOK OE MOD E RN ARABIC . 11 5
When t wo nouns foll o wing a pr ep o sition are j oine d by wa ,
he generally adds i n to th e f ormer only

S lu ggi shly bi c oll ( i ) c eseli n w a i h m al
,
.
S tingil y bi c oll ( i ) T ama sa n w a b ok l

, [ Y e t e l s e wh ere bi c oll .
,
Tama s Also : I ntently bi c oll ( i ) j a ddin wa j eh di n ]

.
,
.
When th e noun i s f oll owe d by a n adj ectiv e he gene rally ,
adds i n t o th e noun alone Thu s

- .
S i gnally bi w ej h i n m e x h our ,
.
I n a happy h ou r bi s és a ti n m ess ou dat , .
P erhap s th e s e ar e m e re att e mpt s of m er chant s t o re ad

Arabic lik e sch ola r s I cannot re m emb e r to h av e h e ard .
anything of the s o rt i n my narrow e xp e ri e nc e ; nor do e s

C de P e rc eval m ention it a ny m ore th an De B raine
. .
15 8 . erbial C a e is e xtr m ly c mm n 1 F
Th e Adv s e e o o , . or
f rmi ng adv erbs wh e th e r fr m n u a dj e ctiv e

o ,
p articipl e o o n, ,
or ,
as X i as m e what ; B pt t
‘
en, o udde nly ; B i d afar ; a a e n, s a su a n,
D yima always 2 W ith a n u which e xp re s e e ith er

a n, . . o n s s
a p i t f tim e
o n durati
o f tim e ; orI ad th e on o a s,
‘
an , on
m rr w ( fr m I d F adw a i
o o o minativ e ) ; N h é
‘
a , w ,
n no e r an a
l e il a by d y and by night ; X h
n, a ém il enti e e ran c a n, an r
m th S i y m
on f
u xr e n twenty days 3 A s aid i
eu an, or . . s n
1 19 J a é i b
,
h e cam e riding B ut w mu t e nl arg e t hi
r c an , . e s s
t c t i
o y i di
on a n ever t P di t ; thu nI made him happy
r ec re ca e s, ,
A na
j l t h asa i d ( io i a happy
s esut t ) 4 T
an h C g a t.e s . n s a e . . e o n
A ccusativ e f L a ti d G ree k grammar is r e n dere d by

o o ur n an s
the Adv e rbial C a e ; i fact we g en erally e d a p re p iti

s n ,
ne os on
i E nglish ; a s th e y re j ic e d wi th mighty j y ; F ll
“
n , o o ar a ou
fa ra ll gani m Asak i n tu this i th e d ubl e accus ativ e

an . o s o ,
Melli l bi
c ce s
‘
which we mu t r d r
ne eAen, F ill th e s en e ,
“
11 6 HANDBOOK OE MODE RN AR A B IC .
glas s wi th wine Yet b oth th e se instance s b e l on g to hi gh

.
” “
style . 5 Wh e n a n u ndefi ne d n ou n i s c ompl e m e nt t o an

”
.
a dj e ctiv e ( a s i n 1 4 ) it falls into the adv erbial cas e a s

'
, ,
S agui m qo wwa t en B ut this i s perhap s m ore antiquate d

.
th an S a guim c l qowwa 6 Af te r I nna which opens a clau se .

, ,
n e arly li k e A s r e gar ds w r it er s add the adv e rbi a l ca s e ;

“
,
thus I nna k adi m a n fi e c fl a d c l adyira now a s r e gards a

,
‘
,
s ervant in one of th e abb e y s .
Th e mi sfortun e of this adverbial cas e i s that i n unp ointed ,
pr o se even the l e arne d n e glect it with femi ni nes in a t et ; and ,
do so f or the hi ghly un sati sfacto ry r e as on that i n that ca s e ,
no t e xtual Elif i s adde d to guide the r eader s eye ! This

” ’
sugg e st s that the idi om utte rly di e d out a nd h a s b een p artia lly
r e c ov e re d by l e arned e ffort I f it cannot be r e c ov e r e d f or
.
fe minin e s a s w ell a s ma sculi nes it do e s not see m w orth any

p ain s To limit the u se strictly to adverb s seem s then the
.
w i se r c o ur s e .
15 9 . It
may be well here t o Ob serve that th ough an un
de fined n ou n or adj ective i n th e p re di c ate r emains unm o dified ,
if th e c opula verb (i s a re ) i s u nderstoo d y e t w hen som e

, ,
v erb like C én ( was ) S ui r (i s b e c ome ) etc i s exp re s s e d the

, , .
, ,
predicate at o nc e fall s int o th e adv e rbial ca s e e xactly a s i n ,
J a r ecib a n This seem s at fi rst u nn a tur al ; but it mu st be

.
c onside r e d that C én we z i er m e ans A vizi e r exi st e d ; ther e, ,
wa s a v1z rer Hence if we wish to sa y I Ie wa s a vizi e r it

.
, ,
r e li e ve s ambi guity to expr e s s it by C én w e z i er a n Afte r all , .

,
w e may s oft e n the har shne ss of th e la st to o u r s e lve s by ,
r e gardi n g it as e quival e nt t o He w a s f or a vizier Erat p r o , ,
minis tr o r e gi s Th e adverbial ca se i s sti ll u sed in dicti onari e s

.
P ART III .
— P R A XI S .
1 . T AB ES L O F PLUR AL S .
I
type ,
x om ou s , m olou c , Th e s ingular
is very Oft en the type M som etim es x etl e,
'
of x a m s,
M fem .
g: b oIlo ur d le
j
s ea ,
( or 4, 5) sa
d ,
s or ou
j
d eb p otherb ( s ) ,
b o q ou l J ar: back ,
Ko h our
c ow
( ox ) b o q ou r a? t r
s a no oum j
,
( ,
u
h : bell y ,
b OT Oun river ,
n oh ou r ( or 4 )
t
a d tear do mong
, fl ower , z oh our ( or 4 )
r oad ,
dor oub eagle ,
no sour
b ough h e art
’
, po xbun ( or 4) , q oloub
O
KL> thro at ,
Ilolou q h o rn , q or ou n
f ore st Ilor oux r o ck ur

[ f] : , ( or 4) ,
k o
fi eld ,
[loqoul fl e sh meat ;,
lollo um
sodou d k or bu T y o uf b oy out
'
pl . so
‘ ‘ ‘
so
y oun f o on s OT oul O m our
qidra kettle , , qird mal e ,

ap e, pl . a
”
:
fl u xn, f o rtr e ss , j i Ar r oot (a s turnip )

, ,
i
j d,
l hide skin , , j i As b ole trunk
, , ,
j i sr bridge
, ,
Jr ?
“ s ur
q, r oo t ,
v ei n,
-
I Vth type a qm ar ld l ; aul a d , d lj l
,
u
Il ar x , fore st ,
mauj a wave , , pl .
k obz , bread ,
m ar l , di s ea se ,
wela d, child ,
ofl
q , padl o c k ,
m aT a r , rai n, S inn t ooth

, ,
xaj ara , tr e e ,
llaj ar , t
s on e ,
k a x ab , timber ,
qalam ,
r e edp en,
mar se c ord , ,
ll a bl , r op e ,
je sed , b ody , c la p -
l qi x r , husk ,
j ism substa nce

, ,
b ab door
, ,
,
r
l l
j irm b ody bulk ( 3 ) fl , ,
r i e ll, wind ,
! b l
w e; w
as
J
b s l wa s , as
v th type rij a l , , b
i g )
C o mm on with adj ective s wh ose
i gular
s n is of the f orm c ebi e r
j
r a ol , m a n, pl
.
i belad di strict , , pl . a ll.»
c elb , do g, u lig Ilaj a r , t

s on e , ( i bls ’
b a pl, mule ,
j ebal m ountain
, , JR? flair wall , ,
12 0 HAN DBOOK OF MOD ERN ARABIC .
b allr , s ea ,
pl k kaima tent pl id
p r
. . .
, ,
s iet e plat e
, ,
1. 2 L» . Aich w olf , ,
g bd
r a T ab , fr esh date , Geub , garm ent , g a - l5
x a flf a , platter , g i s
‘
Giy ah f or Oi wab .
cib ar ,
s u gam , s u gar , milafl , diy a r ( p r eci ncts) ,
ni s é ( women
) .
lem a VJ}: ( l e arn e d

I
‘
mar a lj f l m en)
’
type , o , e so , .
w e z i er , vizier , pl . l” j e bi l ignorant , , pl . lip
w e c i el, d e puty ,
i f) s e fi eh , want on , Lyn .»
se fi er , amba ssad or ,
l
)
“
‘
e si e r , captive ,
l
f
a l
ra ies captain chi ef
‘
, , , pl . o
‘
r es e.
V rI th type , c ott éb , g ig —
i t jj a r , LZ
; é e pecially fr m
o , ; s o
a participial ad j ecti v e form ed as

? JK
fl
U ( Mercanti le or
R edup li ca te Plural ) Thu s, l

é
lie f g all:
(
.
type especially fr o m s in gular s

V rrI t h , of th e f orm
z em an p l e z m i na ( Dactylic Plur al )
,
. .
m e c én , place , pl . M a l I au , a light ,
zem an tim e , ,
li s én, t ongue ,
jen all , w in g, ZS l> l Ilu s an, h or se ,
m et es piece Of gr oo m
property
,
m ‘ (c lam ,
y oun g m an)
, (la d, ,
a am o ud p ill ar , ,
im l si l ah w e ap on
, ,
lib es tr owser
, ,
In a sur d r oot transp ositi on tak e s place ; a s, fr om Seri er ,

12 2 HAN DBOOK or MOD ERN ARABIC .
s 2 EXE RC I SE S
. O N or .
It w as o b serv ed ab ov e that our of i s often evad e d in Arabic .
I n fact w e al so c an s a y L o ve to o n e s c ountry A d e sir e after

’
, , ,
rich e s A hankerin g f or f oo d ; w hich sup e rsede of by another

,
pr e p o siti on This is done esp e cially w h en the f o rm e r of t wo

.
noun s i s a ver ba l s ubstanti v e of which the Ar ab s al so take ,
advantage E xampl e s :
.
El m odaf a sa c an el selT ana the d e f ence of the e mpir e .
El w aj ib ét c l oul a s al a el j onoud th e first d uti e s of soldiers

’
,
.
El akb ar s a n m oqabala th e new s o f a p erso nal m eeting

,
.
IIu s éb s a n a f s ali h om acc ount of th e ir doin gs

,
.
Ullti y aj il a k i dm a th é n ee d of her se rvic e

,
.
L o z ou m oh m i n el m a w asir hi s n e ed of th e w ate r pipe s ,

-
.
El t em etto s b il h odou the enj o ym e nt of tran qui lli ty

, .
Ana x ahi d g ala a s m ali h o I am witn es s of h i s w o rk s

,
.
El c ef ay a fil j onoud el b a llr i e y a the sufli ci ency Of the mari ne ,
troop s .
B il r a pm s an el am r ar in spite of the rains

f
,
.
L a mak afa m in t ej di ed il f etn ( there i s ) not f e ar of the r e ,
n e wal of th e upr o ar .
T al b q a rI mi n m a bla p dar ahim a demand of a l o an of a s um ,
o f m oney .
q asel a n ounce of h oney

at s , .
M ils a qa t ma s dan a sp oon of m etaL ,
C ies m in el ll ari er a p ouch of silk , .
Soll Oun b ella ur di sh e s of fi ne gl a ss

‘'
Z , .
U fida tilc c l a s d a d one Of th os e numbers

’
.
,
C e 0i er mi n a fr ani h o many of i ts bough s ,

.
Ana m ox ak k ux li m eli eceti , I am a repre

tati ve of my que en se n .
Arbas mi e y a beit m i n x i sri fo ur hun dr ed stanz as of my p oetry

,
.
Hie s al a a fl sen [151 mi n el r all a it i s in the b e st state of rep ose

,
.
Dam a x q c éne t m afl a T T lil uI T ur ab D am a s cu s wa s a fo cu s of

'
c omm oti on .
F a e mm a s a rat el a n m enz ilan li l s e l a m w a m er c e z en lil

‘ ‘
,
h odou y e t it h as b e c ome now an ab o de of peac e and

, ,
a centr e Of tr anqui llity .
J eb al L ob nan h ou manha s lil xi qaq wa el f etn M ount L ebanon ,
i s a f ountai n of di v i si on an d se diti on .
El s es a s a x ar a mi n c l neh er th e h our t en of the day

,
.
‘
Ra j f a q a wi ey a mi n z elz elet il erli a str ong sh o ck of earth,
E l s ayi ll j em i e soh m in el a k x ab the quarter (i s) a ll of it of

,
w ood ( timb e rs ) .
F ie m ec énain min jism c l i mr aa in two places of the woman s

,
’
body .
‘ ‘
El qOT b c l x i m ali ey a min cl c or e t cl er I ui y a the north pole ,
o f the terr e st rial gl ob e .
C én wabil m aT ar e m s th e re wa s a heavy sh o wer of rain

‘
,
y e sterd ay .
Jom h our w afir mi n as y an el ch eli an abundant c on c ourse of

‘
,
the chi ef m en of the p opul ation .
Zi y a dat fay idat e ] s e ll] th e imm ensity of the advantage of

, ,
peac e
.
S or sa t qus ax j inay atoh the swif tne ss of the puni shment of

,
h i s offe nc e .
Mi n Taraf j elalet I m p er aT Our Num s é on the part of the ,
m aj e sty of the Emp e ror of Austr ia .

12 4 HANDBOOK OF MOD ERN ARA BIC ;
3 . S M ALL TAL K, W I T H UT O VER BS .
Mi n c in b a pla c h eA éc ? wh ence i s that mule of thi n e ?

H o ua m in I sp ani a , he
from Spain
is .
B a pli a ll s en m i n fi um ar e c my mul e i s b e tt e r than thy ass

, .
Wa fl u s ani all se n min ha f lee and my h orse i s b e tter than thy ,
mule .
Hus anoh c edi ex f a a h i s h or se i s a gel ding (b a ck ) onl y

, .
Lil darb el ce di ex kair f or the road a hackney i s good

, .
S al a l darb lei s m eli e ll el c e llai l on the road a bloodh or se i s

’
,
n ot good .
El b a pl m eli ell lil sefar a mule i s good f or travel

,
.
El e rI Taiyiba h on a j idda n th e soil i s ve ry good here

‘
,
.
E rli II a leb c oll oh e m ok xub a the s oil of Al e pp o i s all ferti le

‘
, .
Hie j ai yi da m a sloum ! it i s excell ent no doubt

, ,
Colloh e s chil e w a w asi s a h ona all Of it i s lev el a nd wide here , .
Hou a m onésiba lil r oc oub h e re it i s suite d f or riding

, .
Walécin h onéli c wa s ur a jiddan yet y onder it i s v e ry rugged , .
Ei na s am ; el j ib a l s a liya y es ; the m ount ai ns are high

,
.
Fil doroub r ui n c eOi er i n th e roads i s plentif ul clay ( mud)

. .
El j emal lei s m on ési b li l s ui n the cam e l i s not suited to mud ,

.
M eli e ll c l ba rl s ala l j ebal the mule i s go od on th e m ountai n

’
,
.
Fi l s e hl a ll s en e l j ém a l o n th e plain bette r i s the c am e l

,
.
El j e mal qawi wa m ecin the cam e l i s strong and s tout

,
.
Wal éc i n aj ra el fl u s an yet swifte r (i s ) the h o rs e

’
,
.
Ma sloum ! ak f af c l kai l no doubt ! h o rs e s are lighter

,
.
E 1 bi f al fie b iladi m e li efl a the m ul e s i n my c ountry are good

,
.
B i f ale c om a T wal mi n bi palina y our mul e s are taller th an our s } ,
N a s am ; e cb ar wa a qwa y es bigger and stron ger

’
,
.
12 6 HANDBOOK OE MOD ERN AR ABIC .
El belda mel ana mi n c l f abar th e to wn i s full of du st

‘
, .
S and el e nh ér c l ri e f m oemi r al on g the rivers the c ountry , is
E l dony a sokna fil Naif th e w orld i s h ot i n the summer

, .
El ll o qoul qafl ul a mi n el ll arr the fi elds ar e parch e d by the ,
h ea t .
4 . AT T HE CL O SE OF A JO UR NE Y .
E l dony a m o pa yy i m a the w orld ( sk y ) i s cloudy

, .
C a rat e l r i e ll th e wind h a s sp rung up

, .
T e m r or s ala ganni fi l s es a it will rain i n my o pini on i n

, , , , ,
a mi nut e .
W a qi s m a T a r fil b os da rain (i s) fallin g in th e distanc e

, .
W a i A e j fiyi s alai na and lo ( it is ) c omin g on u s

, .
S a llu ill ! c l m a T ar z ek ak ( f a z i e r ) true ! th e rai n i s profu se

‘
,
c opi ou s)
( .
El flamd li ll ah ! m a h o u s a qi e s thank G od ! it i s not sle e t , .
O i y abi m abloul a my cl othe s are w e tte d

, .
L e c inni lest b ar d an coGi er a n y e t I am not extr e mely c old

, .
H éA e c l m a T ar h ou dafi this r a in i s w arm , .
Na df a ( Ne te da ff a ) b a s doh ( bas dan) we s hall g et war m

’ ’
,
afterw ar ds .
He l el k an b as ui d mi n hona ? i s th e caravans era i far h enc e ?

El m e s éf e m oqari b m i elei n the di sta nce i s ab out two mi le s
, .
El w a ll al s ami e q j i ddan the mir e i s v e ry de e p

, .
M a sloum ! c én w abilan mi n m a T ar s urely ! it w a s a t orrent ,
of rai n .
n ow ( i s ) falli n g a drizzle onl y

‘
El én w aqi r a r a x x a f aa , .
E b e f l e e te sb an mi n el r ui n i s thy mule wearied by the mud ?

,
B a pli ma h ou Oébi t j i ddan, my mule i s not very firm .
C e tif oh s em i e c e c e Oi e r an, hi s sh oul d r i s t oo thick e .
Q a w ay i m oh r a qi e q a bil paya hi s l e gs ar e delicate in extrem e

, .
D abba miel h é Ae arda m i n Ilum ar a bea st like thi s i s w ors e

’
,
than a n a ss .
Walé cin Aah r oh y e t h i s back i s bro ad

i
s ar c I , .
H éh ona s a r at c l erI y éb i se h e re the gro und i s bec ome dr y

‘
,
.
E l darb aus e s m innc h c qablan the r oad i s wi de r than it (was ) ,
b e for e .
T aiyib ! e l da wabb na x i e r a ( nix aT ) g o od ! the be a st s are i n

f
,
spiri t s .
Eh éh ! na xul i l a l k an fi l s es a ha ! we shall r e ach the cara

’
,
v a n s e r a i quickly .
Q oddam a na né s c e Oi er oun b e fore u s are m an y pe opl e ,

.
C olloh om r é c i b oun all of th e m ri di ng

, .
L e i s ou j e m i e s h om rij a] th e y ar e not all m en

, .
H on éli c nis w a n m i n b a su id y onder a re wo m en afar ,

.
E l nis w an ec ea r min el rij él ar

( ) e m or e num e r ou s than ,
.
S al a ganni hi e qafil a i n my opinion it i s a carav a n ( c ompany

, ,
o f trav e ll er s
) .
A éli c h ej i en a by al that y ond e r i s a whit e d r om e dary

,
.
Mi n j om la th om j i fl ax c ofli er a am ong them are many donkey s ,

.
W a h on é c raj Ol e in s ala j e mal and th ere t wo m en on a camel , , .
S el a m s a lai c om p ea c e ( b e ) to y ou
, .
Wa s a la i c om e l s el a m a nd t o y ou (be ) peac e
, .
B al apna ila l m e nz i l we hav e re a ch e d the alighti n g place

’
,
.
Hel m engbum el k an ? is th e caravanserai w e ll arran ged ?

’
O xbé r da qi e qa fa na s rif be patie nt a m o m ent th en we

, , ,
( shall ) know .
12 8 H ANDBOOK or MOD E RN ARABIC .
5 . AT T HE C AR AVAN SE R AI .
Cenni s a uI a t i , sweep my chamber .
Lei s x ai h ona m e ngoum not ( any ) thi ng here i s well arr anged
‘ ‘
, .
C enn e st c l e rI u i y a y a k a waj a I have s w ept the fl oor si r

‘
, , ,
.
El m i cne se m engous a the broom ( i s ) sp oil e d , .
Fir axi lei s naI uif my b e d is n ot clean

, .
E nt e na s sén y a aki ( ak oui ) th ou art sleepy O my brother !

, ,
L a t a r fi c l n ar do not put out th e fir e

, .
E l nar ( f em ) i nT af a t is put out

.
, .
B i weddi na pada w e want dinn er

‘
, .
O qs od s ala l di ew an si t on the sofa

’
.
,
I j li s j anb i s i t by me
, .
I j li s s an d c l sofr a si t at the tabl e ( tray of l e ather )

, .
Ji eb c l f ad a brin g th e di nn e r
‘
.
,
H OT T c l Tas am s ala l sofr a put down the food on the table

’
, .
N awi lni si cci ena h an d me a k ni fe

, .
On awil oh lec h éh ona I hand it t o thee — h e re

, , ,
.
E ten awal oh m i n y e de c I r e ceive it fro m thy h an d , .
H el o qa ddi m lec la fl m e shall I pre s ent to thee a bit of m e at ?

L az i mni s otei y a ( si e te A MA ) I need ( Opu s mihi ) a plat e , .
E in c l si y at wh er e ar e the pl at e s ?
A s an da c e l s OIl Oun ? are the di she s w ith y ou ?
C olloh e m as e l sec é ci en a ll Of th e m wi th th e k niv e s ,
.
C olloh e c é net fi e k o rj i all of th e m were i n my s addle bag s

,
-
.
H eb ona c l s OIloun IlaI ur a here ( ar e ) th e di shes ready , .
C oll xai qoddama com ev e rything ( i s ) b efore y ou

‘
,
.
’
K O A la llm e m a s c i sra t k ob z take m ors el of bre a d , .
’
C ol m i n c l r oz z mas an eat ( some ) of the rice t ogether ,
.
‘
S an i Ane c , an a ma a x rab , by thy l e av e I sm oke not , .
M 5 a ll Obb q ali oun ,

.
'
Id o not l o ve a s trai ght pip e ( A lep
El na r j i ele t a qT a s sa
qli the
a fi s en ; la u c én k fir u ri , en a x r a b ,
c oc oanut hi ts my mind b e tter ; if it were my liking

"
tha t I sm oke .
El i 0nai n f ar ad xai s andi the t wo ( ar e but ) one thing with me

‘
, .
Robb a m a te llobb q ah we a u t x ay ? p ossibly th ou l ov e s t c off e e

or t e a ?
L a : or i e d c l r a ll a I wish re st , .
Meli e ll ! ent e t est er i e ll g ood ! thou shalt t ake re st

, .
N a llna na xr a b c l tx ay we wi ll drink t e a , .
He l el m ay sok n is th e water h ot
A sT ui ni m o wa i y a s ok na give me a little wate r h ot , .
Adi e r b ai c e ya pli c l m a y tur n thy mind ( that ) th e wate r b oil

, , .
H éAe c l finj an Na pi e r thi s c off ee cup ( is to o ) s mall

,
-
.
Ji eb T a s e : hi ya e c b ar bring a cup ( fl at cup ) ( sauce r) : thi s

,
i s bigg e r .
H OT I tx ay bil c ef ay a put in te a in suffici ency

' ‘
, .
I s m eloh qa wi mak e it str ong , .
M a a xr ab tx ay mi n pair Ilali eb I do not drink te a with out ,
K a i ri ey a , e nn a s andana ll ali eb , ( it is ) g ood luck that we have

milk .
B el h on a qa im aq ail an nay h ere i s clotte d cre am too , , .
F air enn a le is m asui socc er I ngli ez onl y th at I hav e not with ,
m e English sugar .
Eas e taq di r t e x r a bo h bila so ccer ? pe rhap s th o u art able to

dri nk it with out sugar ?
A1ep —i . a. T he p ipe i n whi ch th e s m ok e
p ass es th r ough w tea ri n
a c o c oa nut sh e ll .
HANDBOOK or MOD ERN ARABIC . 13 1
Ara dt e x t e ri ccer
mi n fa m in qillet h akt m
so , ,
I wi shed ( that ) I buy som e sugar ; then by ill luck did not , ,
b a qi y a t wala o qqa w all u da s and c l do c c é n .
remain not even a singl e oun ce at the sh op .
M a y aI Orr it doe s not hurt

, .
M a léz im c l socc e r not nee dful (is ) sugar

, .
Me lli el r a se fill the cup

, .
T ef aII a l wa i x r a b do fav our and drink

, , ,
.
Ax c or f al le c wa j a mi ele c I thank thy fa vour an d thy p olit e

,
ne s s .
B il a llali eb Tari au qa x ta m a y a xullll c l t x ay , ,
W ith out fr e sh milk or cre am is not right th e t e a ,

.
Lau c ont T alabt minni q a h we t ouj ad s andi qa h w e ,
If thou h adst de mande d c ofl ee of me is found with me c offee ,
m i n M auka c l qa h wet el ll a m r a
, ,
of M oka th e c off e e the re d

, .
Tox arr if ni ; lé ci n a ll a bb liya el t x ay ,
T h ou h on our e st me but m or e acc e ptable t o me (i s ) tea .
S a la k aT ura c a cc ording t o thy pl e a sure

, .
E t ori e d e l r a s e t e l O kr a dost wi sh a s e cond cup ?

‘ ’
L a : w afi u da t ec fi eni ( t oc efli e ni ) no : one sufli c es m e ,

.
Y a xu llll a ll i s right
, .
s6 . ON D ES SE R T .
Hel lil no ql ( desser t)

s a nda c x a i
‘
S an di a nw as x e tt e m i n c l f a w ac i h
’
,
I h ave kinds div erse of frui ts .
Q oul , ei x m i n f a w ac i h fl aI i r A el w a qt ,
’
Say , what so rt of fr uits ( i s ) r e ady thi s m oment .

H eb on a zebich , wa b ela ll , wa leu z , wa tien ,

wa j euz ,
H ere raisi ns ,
date s ,
alm onds ,
fi gs , walnuts ,
wa te m a r hi ndi , w a pa i r oh e .
tam a rin ds , a nd others than the se .
El z ebich ecl Taiyib

‘
a ll sen m in c l s un a b s andi
,
.
R aisins ( are ) good eatin g better than grapes (in my opi ni on ) , .
Emma s andi s un ah ail an m eli ell a .
B ut with m e grap e s too ( are ) good .
Mi n e i n t ex te r i el
un ah s
Whenc e buye st th ou grape s ?

L a ( M a ) a x te r i a c oll oh e j ona in eti
mi n .
I buy not at all ; a ll of them ( are ) fr om my little gard en .
S ase t t i l t m h i di w l b l ll
e x er e e ar n a e e a .
P erhap th u buy e t the tama i nds d da t

s o s r an e s.
Ha qq fi e y d ; j i ti e ec j i yi d ona ne a a,
( Th u art right ) my garde ( i ) excell e nt

o n s ,
W a léc in m a y om cin en t o ll sin c oll cl f a w aci h fi e

B ut it i s not p ossible that sh ould succeed all frui ts i n .
m ec én w allu d .
o ne place .
L a sa ll t ok ri j kamr mi n el s un ah .
H aply th ou eli cite st wine from th e grap e s .
La ; n ec
‘
ol el un ah
s , wa
‘
illa noqa ddi dh e li z ebich .
N0 ; we eat th e grap e s , or el s e we dr y th e m f or rai sins .
Ji eb li y x ow ai y at e l zebich .
v
G i e me a li ttle raisins .
‘
I n t o f ayy ar l donya , fa Halan tete pa y y ar c l m a éc il
’
T a qs c .
I f v ary the climate the ,

n ns i tantly the vi ctual s vary .
F il Il y j b i l Il li b
a rr os i n e a e el fl ami z , wa fi l bard cl qah w e
I h e at plea e me
n milk s s acid , in c old
bi Ila li eb sok n . T aiyib h on a ll ali eb e l m a sz emma
with mi lk h ot . N ice her e ( is ) milk Of g oat s ; but
a r yab s andi Ilali eb c l baq a r .
nicer with m e ( i s ) mi lk of c ows .
A o qt a na m arr a (t en) Ila li eb el j am ou s wa fie k a r uri h ou

,
I ta st e d on ce milk of buff alo and i n my liking it i s

,
e l AeA m i n c i leih om a . Li c oll wa llud A a u qoh c l m a k s ou x .
n ic e r than b oth . To e ach one ( i s ) hi s p e culiar ta ste .
7 . TA K L W I TH A C OO K ON C ATE R I N G .
A . Y a Wanéss l a zim ni ,
-
c i y ac . W Y a k a waj a e ix te x tehi
.
’
John I want thee . S i r ! wh a t d ost th o u wish
A . C ri ed , en t ej i ma s ui ila l souq ’
.
I will , that th ou c ome w ith m e to the m ar k e t .
W . B i w dd e ac xai ‘
a se lil pa ds
s .
T h ou w a nt e st s omethin g p e rhap s f or dinn e r .
A . N a s am : en te x ter i la llm panam .
Y e s that thou buy fle sh ( of ) she e p .
W La .
,
sei y i di m a y a xullll lec
; .
NO , sir ( my lord ) it will not be well f or the e .

F a leix h e m a y fl ll liya ?
’
Ae a xu
Th e why wi ll thi
n t b e w e ll f me ? s no or
W . L fi m kar uf ll
a h ua k
o a sen : o ra x.
F le h f lamb i b e tter it i t e der

s o s : s n .
A. L éz im ni ail an li ft wa j azer .
I n eed al so tu rnip s a nd carrot s .
S a se fi l uq kil a r wa boqoul
so .
P e rhap s i n the market ( ar e ) gr e ens an d p otherb s .
W Fie h e el en c oll c l k ol a ra f aliy a

Ae
‘
. A . Md ya rr .
I n the pr e se nt s e a son al l gre ens are d e ar . I t hurt s n ot .
‘
E c Oa r m a y a xui r , el b a r n y e k OA qa li el .
U tmo st that it may be the b elly tak e s ( but ) little , .
W S ala 5 anni na llna

'
s i rz re n ila j ob on
.
y , .
my noti on w e ( are ) ne e ding ch ee se

, .
Hel y j ad j ob on fi l souq ? ( i s found

ou
Youj ad h onéc Taiyib r a k i e x ( cheap ) , .
Ente palr an c ollom a h ou Tai i b a i r

y ( a n , .
Tho u ( ar t ) mistaken : what eve r i s g oo d i s d e ar , .
Hel Sandana x owai

y a m i nnoh ?
Is with us a littl e of it ?
W . Ma y ab illa qa li el
qa x ai
‘
, .
N oth in g rem ai ns except littl e , .
‘
L éz i mni emu m i n x an ( j l) pilau
s li e .
I need butte r f or ( A lep ) a rice di sh .

-
.
E t ori e doh m in x ane c ente ?

Wi sh e st th ou it on acc ount Of thyself ?
La se i yi di te s rif , fie h éAe fas l qouti

el
'
N o, my lord : th ou k nowe st ,
in this s eas on my food
c l bi ll ali eb
r oz z fa a .
( i s ) rice with milk onl y .
‘
Fa e mm a c l r oz z bi se m n ail an h ou s aix ( vi ctua l) m eli e ll .
‘ ‘
S a da qt . Lé c in , wa in T a s am i lei s xai leA i eA j rdda n ,
T h ou art right . B ut even if my di e t i s n ot v
ery nic , e
fa m eli e ll li qo wwe ti w a m o s u llll .
yet ( it i s) g ood f or my s trength wh oleso m e .
Wa em m a c én c elam ona fie la fi m lil

‘
sof r a t e c .
B ut our talk wa s on ( c onc e rning) thy tabl e ( tray ) .
Yom cin te ll obb y a k ni e

It i s p ossible y ou li ke a t w ( ragout )
s e
E 1s t ori e d a T boq x ouraba ?

D os t th ou not ch oose I c ook
,
so up
La t osr ui ni m e slou q ; bel el me x wi ey
Do no t gi ve me b oiled ( meat ) ; na y , but r oa sted
a ll s en s an di .
( i s ) better with me .
k a rouf El m a y e c oun
‘
S a llui ll , laz i m e c . I an .
C ertainly thou needest lamb

, . Th e m utton wi ll not b e
Taiyib la ulizf te sloqoh

,
’
. Wa ente l ei x tori ed t ej i
,
’
nice unl e ss th ou s tew it

,
. B ut why wil t thou c ome
ma s ui ? Afi sen en e x te ri a na bi pai r e C
,
.
with m e ? ( I t i s ) better, that I buy with out thee .

13 8 H ANDBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC .
‘
A . L a l a ! a fl sen en arbO T h e fil i b z i em ; 00 mm inna
No ! better that I fa st en her in the buckl e ; thereup on
noll am m i l s ew a sew a
i ena i na .
we ( shall ) l oad we two to ge ther

, .
’ ‘
El a ll m al wala y a qdir w allu d wa fi doh s al a
Ga qi ele , en
Th e l oad s are h e avy nor i s abl e one ( m an ) al one f or that

,
y a r f a sh e . H ammil te m i n j anib w a ana o ll am m i l

en ,
S
he lif t them . L o ad th ou f rom ( one ) side and I ( will ) l oad ,
‘ ‘
j anib el kra
m i n el o
’
. xai minni ?
F eh e m t
from the other sid e H ast thou at all understood me
B . Meli ell ! li nar f a s ala l b a pala — Ye cfi
s
’
. .
G ood let us lift up on the mul e — I t suffice s .
A . L a ! i rf a s e z y a d .
N o li ft ( it ) m o re .
B . A el wa qt c l r a f as a bi l ziy a da .
Thi s time th e lifting (i s ) in exc e ss .
A Wa T T u
.
, fl a tte y e c oun
’
c olloh e was
’
.
L o wer ( it) until it shall be all

, o f it e v e n .
B . O rb OT m in j ani b e c , w a a sT ui ni el fl abl .
Ti e from th y s id e ,
give me the rop e .
A Meli ell h éc e A é
. . B .
’
Kot
G ood i n that way . Take it
A O s b or
. x owa i y a . H eA e q a s ui r . Ma y ecfi .
Wai t a bit . T hi s ( i s) ( to o) sh ort . It d e o s no t s uffice .
II Oll e lleAi r ab a T toh , wa T a wwil oh .
L oosen ( that ) which th ou hast tied ,

and len gthen it .
B . Meli e ll N awi lni e l Taraf . I m si c !

G ood ! Han d ( III ) . to me the end. H o ld ( it ) !
A Ana
. m ési coh . F il s és a Ilam m il !
I ( am ) h o lding it . N ow ( thi s m oment ) l o ad
!
B . Ana m o fl a m m il . Y a eix ,
h eAe ’
cl m ir b a T a ?
I ( am ) l adi g
o n . 0 what (i s) th i s
,
fa stening
M a ana q adir a ll Ollhe .
( L e st an a q a di r s ala Il a llih e .
I am t able t
no o untie it .
A . bi
I qT a sh e m ou si .
C ut it wi th my clasp knife .
B . L a o: y e c oun k i s ér a ; fa b asdoh mi
No it would be a le ss ( a pity) then afte rwards it is
y e swa
’
xai ‘
. All s en c l s br a .
w o rth noth in g . Patience is better .
We fl a llai toh [ Il a lal t oh

] .
’
KOA flabl wa x ouf [ ongor ]
el ,
And I have u n tied it . T ake the r ope a nd se e ( l ook ) ,

“
imma h éAe y ecfi e c . A . Ye c fi . O rb OT m eli ell,

wh e th e r thi s suffice s thee . Ti e it well ,
wa irmi li ya T ar af el fl abl m in tellt b a r n i l d abba .
thro w t o m e the end of the r op e und er b elly of the beast .
B . H éA e h ou el Taraf . I m si c oh . A . Ana m ési c oh .
Thi s i s the e nd. H o ld it . I am h o ldi ng it .
Xoddoh e c Oar m in j i h t ec B . Y a s ufl fi . I r c éb !
T ighten it m ore thy side . All i s ri ght . Mo unt
Th e verb means ei th er M ount or R ide ; so , e i th e rGt e on b oard

a shi p , or M ak e a vo a e
y g .
14 0 HANDB OOK or MOD E RN ARABIC .
C . Kalli eni a m xi x owa i y a , wa el ba f la te r ou ll q oddam .
Let me walk a bit , s hall go in front .
B . La ! h éA ih lei s
dabb e , minh e xai m eli efl
‘
( a s f or
) thi s an i m d ther e i s nothi ng g oo d fr om her
,
t er fi s wa t er c O I wa IA e h era b a t , ma y om c in
sh e kick s and runs ; if sh e h as fled ,
not is p ossible
i lfl aqoh é . L éz i m e c , imma te r c eb ,
au
o vertaking her . You m u st eith e r ride ,

or
t e m si c h e bil lij am El i k tiy ar s al ci e

dayi m an . .
ou h old her al way s by the b ri dl e ch oic e i s on thee

y Th e ( ) . .
S ala k aT u r ec .
A cc ording t o thy liking .
C . C én liya te s ah c eOi er : c l r o c oub a ll s en .
Wa s to me fatigue much : riding (i s) b e tt e r .
S és u dni mi n f alle c . B . B i sm
’
Ill a h ! i r c éb
A s sist me by thy favour .
D Fa. a na , bi weddi a r ceb wa lldi .
A s f or me ( it i s)
,
i n my w i sh t o m ount al one .
‘
I m si c c l dabb e , li ella t eh ri b minni .
H o ld the bea st le st ,
sh e fl e e fr om me .
B . R a c eb t *
m eli e ll ente x ar ur .
T h o u ha st m o unted well : th o u ( ar t ) clever .
D Hel
. a nam a qoltoh lec ? B M iel
. ala k alf
x ow a i y a s ,
D id I not tell thee ? Lean a li ttle back ward ,
T O m ount Wi th out sti rr pu s on to a trav lli e ng s addl e is very di fficult .

D . Wa c e if bi w eddi c om t er c ebou T o ul el neh ér ?

h ow wi ll y ou ride all the day
A . L a ! qabl el I Oh r ne ll or r , Ila tt e ’
n e te s a x x a wa
b efore n oo n we s et d own until we sup,
a nd
n eT s um c l da w abb , wa b a s doh n os éfi r m inj adi e d ,
fe e d the b e asts , aft erwards we trav e l ane w ,
wala nefi OT T illa qari eb mi n cl leil .
s et d o wn except n e ar
nor ( t o) the ni ght .
El y e um
-
b a T ai na : m a Ila mm a lna illa
To day w
-
e have be e n s luggish : we di d not l e ad e x cept
ba s d T ele u s il fajr .
af t e r c omin g f orth of the dawn .
C . La c e
l n h er m a c én Tala s li l s es a .
th e day had not c ome f orth y e t .
El
‘
A . l au , qadelle A i r a ei t oh , c én I au cl qamar
Th e light which already y ou p er ceiv e d ,
m oon
‘
emma el faj r Talas ba s da m a c onna Ila mm alna z em an
, .
came forth af t e r that we ha d lo ade d ( a l ong ) time

, .
C .
‘
S a da qt . Lec in ci hi e at c l neh er fi e Ael w a qt ?
s es
Y ou ar e right . B ut what i s the h o ur at thi s time ?

A . B il ll a
qq y ,
ab
q a ez
y ad ( z ed
) i la ’
lI oh r s é s a t e i n Gelaee
In truth r emains ( encor e) to noon t wo h ou rs ( or ) three
C . Lau c en s és a w alluda , lec én nel fl o loul h en a ; a lls e
If it w ere one h our v eril y were b e tt e r unpacking here

, ,
I A e c én h eA e c l m aq s m eli eIl j idda n, wa fi eh c l gull

since thi s place in it shade
HANDBOOK or MOD E RN ARABIC }
wa el m ai y , wa el Il aT ab w a Ila x i e x lil b ah éyi m .
water , firewoo d gr ass ,

f or the animal s .
A . M i y oh i mm : b a s doh mec en a fl se n
nolaqi pa ir
I t imp o rt s not : af terward s we meet another pla c e bett e r
m innoh Xe uc ou , li naj ri fi e h éA c el bard

‘
. .
Prick ye ! let u s r un i n thi s c old .
B a sd e l Zie hr t e xt idd el so k ou na . Fie w qtih i a
Aft er noon the heat gr ows int en e s . I ta tly

ns n
n of e t ti x lina ma llall, n e sti ull

g wa
we sear ch o ut f or us a place ,
i n wh i ch we shad e and re st
nar téll ( VI II ) . fi eh i s es a s és atei n .
o urs e lv e s an h our ( or ) t wo h our s .
C . Mas qoul . S ala i c el ( l o om .
A wis e thing . On the e ( re st s) the decisi on .
A H éh ou el m a q
. s e lleAi
qe lt lec sala ih i .
Here i s ( m a r r a ll
) which I told thee of .
All sen m in auwal bi c eei er

el .
( I t i s b e tt e r than th e fir st by much
) .
An a s a rif h éA e el T a r i e q m eli e ll (j a i dan ) .
I k ne w this way well .
C em marra m a x a it fie a ll ari
h éAi h cl s
H ow m a ny tim e s ( r oll t wa p et ) in the se plains ( de sert s ) !
Lau c én fi aT T ai t b ali ala l s

’
Iluj ar ,
If I had ( llaT aT t ) set my mind up on the t
s on s , e
le c ont a sri f c e ll w allud bi s our a toh .
verily I sh ould know each one by i ts figure .

C . E in na fl o r fr ? ( in
E nenz i l A . h oua
I nz il ,
Where s et we do wn ? ( Wh e r e ali ght we ?) Ali ght h e re ,
tellt h éAih c l x aj ar a . Hie m o z a ll a la , wa e l raml n a s um .
un der this tr e e . I t i sh
s a dy , a nd th e s n a d so ft .
C . Wa ‘
amma h on a m i n e i n n e k O A ‘
cl ll aT ab l i l m a T b ak
B ut h e re wh enc e tak e w e fi re w oo d f or c ookery ?
A . Y a ent e ! h e l t aT lob lec fil xa fl r a c ell xai ‘
O th o u ! dost th o u r e quire in th e d e s e rt
m al h e u r e l Tab aka h e na b i la b e si e T a
w aj a q , .
accurate ? the c ooking is simpl e her e with out a stov e , .
I s m el Oo qb a ( j oura ) fil raml ,
‘
w a i lla
’
k eA l ec
M ake a h ole in th e s and ,
or el e s tak e f or th e e
Gel aee , wa r e c c ib s al aih e c l T a n ara ,
j
t wo t ne s ( or ) thr e e
s o , an d m ount on th e m th e S te wp ot ,
wa a x s ul .
b a s ar
te llteh e m i n il jim al il y abis
and kindl e beneath it ( som e ) dun g o f c am e l s dr y ,
e lleAi t e x e uf oll qo ddam e c , w a fi l a y e ste w i s es
which (tengoroh ) th ou s e est inst antly w ill be dre s s e d

c l T a b i ek ,
ei
y om a tar b ek
y e c oun m or adec .
the di sh what e v e r it may be thy will ( that ) th o u c ook

,
.
B . S a s e t e ri ed c l r oz z ? H éAe s ehil . C . Ei na s a m .
Perha p s th ou wi sh e st rice ? T his i s ea y s . Ye s .
L a tebr ui '
. D . El e
‘
k a ri e n ma y a T b e k ou xai "
.
B e not sl ow . Th e o th e rs do not ceOk ( any ) thing .
B . Ah m an y e
‘
c ol j ob on w a m an y
,
‘
é c ol bu xal .
one eat s chee se another e at s

,
on ons i .
14 6 HA N DBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC .
s9 . C OP T I C F E AST .
M . K o uf y a F anons
,
imma llal i r lin a ,
el p a
a d .
S ee St e phanu s whether r e ady dinne r .
‘
C ell xai IlaI ur .
I fr ax e l sofra w a m andi eleh é , w a j i eb Ta s a m

e l .
S pr e ad t tabl e
ou a nd i ts cl oth ,
bring the f ood .
F a ente e m a t ,
a sil
p y e dai c
dost not th ou was h thy t wo hand s

Ei n sa am , a psilh é .
( Y e s, I wa h them ) s .
Y a Bar ra s j i eb c l T a x t wa el ib ri e q Da wwi rh é flatt e

,
.
,
’
0 Peter brin g the basin

,
jug Carry them round unti l .
c oll m a n y ori ed y a psi l y e dai h fa y a psilh e , .
wh oever wishe s to wa sh h i s hand s m ay wa sh them , .
Te s a l ila h on a y a qa si es ! ,
I q te ri b e u ,
j e m i e s c om .
C om e hith e r O p r ie st !
,
Appro ach all of y o u .
We ente y a r ahi b S im s an e fa 15 (m i ) t eteqa dda m ?

, ,
.
m onk S ime on dost th ou n ot adv anc e ,
‘
S . La ! ya sei y idna . La to w ak iA ni , a na ma
o ur l ord . Do not rep rove m e ,
I am
( ) not
emien
e c il s .
eating fat (gr as) .
M . Ah ! leix m a qolte h liya qabl an ? C onna T abak na

’
why did st not t e ll it to me befor e W e woul d have c oo ked

le c x ai
‘
m in c l s emac . S . L al a m a y a fl t éj .
fi sh . i s no t needed
Ro ull , ya F anous ji eb lin a s asel na lll w a zeit oun .
Go b ri ng hone y of bee s oliv e s .
M ar lla b a bi c om , y a m os all i m i en
'
C elou w a i x r a b e u
’
.
W elc ome to y ou , O do ct ors E at ye drink ye

bi k aT ur c om .
E l n eh er T a wi el wa ( c l ll am d lill ah
,
at your li kin g . Th e day (i s ) l on g praise t o God

‘
cl e cl e c 9i e r .
the f ood ( i s) pl enti ful .
Hel t l e co
‘
, y a qa si e s , m i n el m ex wi e y ?
Eat e t th u
s o ,
e
O pri st , of the r oa ste d ?
G Mi n m ex wi ey
. m ef roum ,
‘
f a inna
‘
e c e l.
verily I e at h a sh e d ( mi nced) .
M C bb y a
. o , m lli m Z e it u ! ala h é esa o n s eA c c l s a lln
O v e rtur ( p ur t ) D ct r O livi e r up n that

n o ou ,
o o ,
o dish
mi qar m ll i y lle
n l Il li b bi l t um
s a x e ,
Ae e a e o .
f g urd tuff ed
o thi o milk with garli c
s ,
s .
z . B i sm
’
man! y a se i y i di .
M . Ji eb , ya Ba T r a s m in s and c l senb ou s
qi e y ,
B ring f rom the shop of the c onf e ctione r ,
el k a rouf el m a fl x i ey .
lamb stuffe d .
B . Fanou s r afl li y e
‘
k OAe h . S . H éh ou j ayi bihi .
Stephanos i s gone to tak e it ( ge t it ) . c oming

M . II O T T Oh fil w a s a T . N . Ray i fl a toh m eli e ll a .
Put down midst . I ts o dour

14 8 HAN DBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC .
G Wa c l T os ma a lls en
. . M Hel e
. te te s rif T os m a toh ?
n
the taste i s bette r . Kn ow e st th ou i ts ta ste

G La .
mé s sa : léc in a na fl a stebto hh é c e Aé .
No t y et but I c omputed it thu s .
M .
’
K OA , w a A ou
q eh ! G . Ah ! Ila qqa ten !
‘
h éAe h ou e cl cl
T ak e ta s te it . ve
ri ly ! thi s is f ood
m os alli mi e n . Y a eix llalawetoh !
,
’
of doc tors . what i ts sw e etne ss !

M . Eix ’ ‘
t e c el , y a m os alli m Zeitoun ?
Z . Ana fa e c l y ak i
‘
o n e,
‘
e ce l w araq -
a- d ali ya ,
‘
e c el
I , why ,
I eat (rag ut ) leaf o of vine ,
senb ou s e
q, wa m i n j e mla t k a i r at , elleti tos T uih e
patties ( any ) am ong go od thi ng s , which th ou give st
lin a bil ziy a da . M . Wa t
en e , ya m os alli m S ali eb ?
u s i n exc e s s . 0 D o ctor Lacroix
‘
3 . E nte , y a se i i di ,
y a s T ait liya f arr euj a wa an a s ami l ,
hast given m e a chicken I ( am ) making ,
t e x r i e ll s ul am i h o . M . E fa t e sr if s al a l ’
te xr i e ll ?
di s s e ction of i t s b one s . knowe st ab out
3 . Te x r i efl el la llm cl m a T b e uk , fa an a s arif oh .
D i secti
s on of m e at c ook e d , wh y !
M . Li na x ouf x a T ar at e c fi e t ex ri ell h éAe c l k a r ouf .
L e t us se e thy cl e v e rne s s in car vi ng thi s lamb .
3 . L a ! ente Il aT T a i t ( ll aT a T t) y edec s al a i hi
(ha st put ) .
15 0 HANDBOOK OF MODE RN ARABIC .
auq at te cfi eni qar qoux a

S an di , b a s h el ,
am ma i Ae ,
With me som e times , dry cru st ( bi s cuit ) but if

, ,
j ani x ai a fl sen ( e stesr if l e c ) l a armich

‘
lil c i lab .
c ome s to me I c onf e ss I do not cast it to the dogs .
M . Wa el s u l am ( bones) e m a termich e , S . El s ul a m hie
q a r aqi e x cl c il ab , wa m a y a qdir ou s alaih é

e snani .
the bi scui t s of dog s , my t ee th are not c ompetent .
M Hel . e sn anec ala l b a qlaw a ?

q adi ri en s
’
S . Ma a srif m in
str ong
( e nough f or che e se cake
) . Ik no w not f or
‘
z em an f a inn a m a j a rr abtoh em fie h éAih el llaj e .
( l ong) time : f or I have not tried them i n thi s aff air .
M . Ax ouf fi l s es a . Ki el ( R emove) , ya Fane u s, h éAe c oll e h ,
w a j i eb lin a el b a qlawa Eix te qe ul fie h éAe

’
.
H éA e , fi e 5 anni , a lls en min el j ob on .
M . Jarri boh .
( ry
T it ) . S . Y a y a ! c oll e h so ccer wa lau z .
A . H a qqa ten h éAih cl b a qlawa Taiyiba .
He l m lt mh é fi l dar ? M
sa e o . Y ah 15 ! E l ni sw a n e fa
D id y e make th e m ? ( W o uld w ome n
)
y a sr if ou y a sm ilou h éAe T abb ak c l si nj a q s a m elh é .
know to make c ook of the flag ( re giment

N . B il fi a
qq ,
s a reb a
j ; j a di er a bi l sa n a i
jq .
m ar vell o us w orthy of the flag s .
Z . La b o dd, y er ou ll fie s am e l miel
m a xr ouf c e Gi e r h éAe .
No e s cape ! go e s ( v ani sh e s
) e xp e nse i n m aki n g
HANDBOOK OF MOD ERN ARABIC .
M . I
‘
ar x a in Gelaee bil ecOar .
’
minh e
Cel .
T wo or th re e pia stres at m ost . Eat of th e m .
A . Ye c fi eni , fa ‘
e c elt ce 0i er .
( I have e at en much ) .
M . T a psi l y e da i c B a T ra s ! j i eb el T a x t wa el i b ri e q m a s
T h o u shalt w a sh ba son jug
e l N ab o un li,
n a psil y e da i na . Wa ente ,
Fa no ns ! j i eb
soa p o ur hands . bring
lina el
q ahwe . F . We c l m a s oun e fa l a ,
ej reboh ?
c off e e . met al di sh .
M . K alli f a waci h c l ne qla wa el m e lebb esét

L eave f ruits de s s ert ugar plum s ( sweetmeat s)
s -
wa qars c l j ob en el Af ranj r wa j i eb oh L a ci n l a t ok al li
.
cake chee se Yet do not leave

el barnak b i la j arra w al a cl qe m qem bila s ar qi ey
,
.
filtering stand ret rt with out arrack

nor ( o ) .
Ana (a qoul l e c cc Ila qq ) bi c i er a t ma x ar abt mi n

I from pl e nty ( of ) what I have dr un k of
e l s a ra qi e
y wa xar ab ba qi y a t nar
,
fie m i s da ti
ar rack sh e rb e t h a s r e mai ne d fire
, s o t mach
fa e l an m or adi en a x rab m owai y a
‘
.
now my wish (i s ) a sup of water .
M . Li ! k a lli y ej i eb e u le c qadan m in lim ona da ’

wa k O A l c c
l e t ( th e m ) gobl e t take
lo qa im a s el a l a . Ya ab oun a Jarj e s ,
e ma t o a nni
p
s mall m outhful s al ad . our father i g
s n
lina xai ‘
A el wa qt ? (t o u s so m e th ing new
Ya se i y i dna , m in e in t or i ed y a T la s aut cl N ,
wh e n ce c om e forth sou nd ( nomi n ) wh e n .
el ba r n mel an ? ‘
T e s ri f e na
n b ar m i el m e l an m a
‘
b e lly (i s) full ? Kn owe st barrel full not
y aT unm xai ‘
. M . L al a ,
h éAe ma y e m na s a c q a r .
tinkle h ind ers at all .
G . F a li o pa nni iA e n B i sm
’
ill ah
Let me si n g then
10 . TIV O T R AD E SM E N .
M . Ah ah ! e ma t e qoum ? eix ’
h éA e c l na s a s b a s d l
T o ous u l
do st n ot ari se ? s lumber ou t - c oming
xam s ? hel e n te mar a (woma n ‘ ‘
e m raj 01 ? ( or ma n ? )
e ma te x e uf c l x a m s ? q oum ! a q oul le c .
N L a t ow ak i Ani
. . E lb ar ifl inni c ont s an d ll abi ebi
Excu se me ! Th e ( da y ) pa st I wa s w ith my f ri end
( xa dui qi , xii fl ubi ) . E c elna , x ar a bna , f a ri flna wa
q a s a dna sand c l sof r a ( ma ida ) ila nu s f i l l e il ‘ ’

. Fa
we sa t at th e tray ? ( tabl e ) till midnight
‘ ‘
a na m a j i e t ila h on a illa qa ri eb mi n e l ,
m e A e na .
I n ot cam e hither exc e pt n e ar the call i ng t o pray e r

,
.
M . M eli ell j i ddan . E1 b a ri ll b aT a lto m bi seb ab c l x a r fib ,
V e ry good . Y e ste rday ye i dl e d by c au s e of dr ink

154 HANDBOOK OE MOD E RN ARABIC .
B a s doh , t er ou fl lil fl anout (de c c én) .

( t o the sh op ) .
T o uli m a te qs od h o n é c , t e x ouf c l n as w a t oxfifl ub

A s l ong a s t h ou sitte st th e r e , c om p an i e st
(m a s ) h om .
‘
T e k eA d ar ahim mi n h eA e w a m in h eA é c .
W a qt cl Z
i e hr te
‘
c ol wa t e x rab m eli ell . Ba s d el
s arx te plo q wa t e qf ol c l do c c én ; wa
aft e r no on f a st en est a nd
p a dloc k est th e sh op
l e mma y e x ouf ou c
‘
ehl da ree ala s a teb et il
s b ah ,
wh e n s ee th e e thy h o us eh old a t thr e sh old
o ll ur l e c
‘
A lm
‘
cl ma ida ( s ofr a )
a , s a la i h e cl e c l,
g e t r e ady tabl e , u p on it f e e d ,
kams e sitt e j one u s te

‘
c ol wa te x r ab m a s j e m as a t e c e cl e
‘
fiv e si x k i n ds thy c ompany f ee d
Taiyi b e , wa bil m ehl . W ‘

a emm a c oll e h t e s ah
h éA e
n ice a nd at l e isur e . B ut all thi s ( i s) t oil .
Ent e t a I IIa c s al aiya . M . Li : b el e te c ellem bil Il a qq .
Ana sa rif e nne c tete cell em bi l I all c ( sp e ake st i n ridicul e ) . .
L é c i n a s te r if l e c c l ll a qq ; h éA e c l sele u c ell e Ai ent e q olte h

I c onfe s s truth p ro c e dur e .
A el wa qt , inn i m e t eT awwa d s a la ihi . W a emm a bi ma

‘
,
verily I a m us e d t o it
,
. B ut w h en
e t elfiqa an a mas c l a s ll ab , fa i AA é c i nnena n e c ol ‘

,
ne x ra b
I m ee t w ith c om rad e s ,
then v e rily w e e at ,
drink ,
wa bi f a r a ll a s 5 am
nenb asi T .
a nd r e lax our s elv e s wi th m ighty o

j y .
M . Eix h éAe el f ar a ll c l a s5 am ? qoum ! w all ud y est e ne c

’ ‘
Wh a t i s thi s mighty j oy ? Ari s e som e one awaits th e e

s al a l d ’
e c c én , w a m or adeh ( en) y a x teri m inne c j ouk .
at the sh op , hi s w ish ( i s ) t o buy w ooll n e cloth .
T e s al , c éli m oh . C o me and talk to him .
Ya xu llll Y a walad j i eb li ya fl a w ay i j i fi
.
,
“
It i s right Boy ! bring me my cl oth e s

. .
P Eix mi n fl a w ay ij ?
.
’
N .
( qam i e s a )
As tuin i qa m i ej a
Wh at sort of clothe s ? Give me ( camicia) a shirt
n aqi y a , wa qonb az di em i ey m in dekil i l xa ndou q .
cl e an go wn futa ine ( di mity fustian ) -

.
Sa rw ali mi n j o uk wa xa dri e y a ti w a b arn ou si h on a s ala l ’
M y tr w e r o s s my wai stc oat h ooded cl oak

Ila bl . Ei n c l t arba u x wa el x a xe ?
r o pe . Wh e re is the red cap a nd muslin ( turban)
P . C ll x ai [w aj id] fl al ur
o
‘
. H éh ona c l j a wari eb .
Ev e rythin g ( r e ady ) . He re ( ar e ) stockings .
E t a T lOb xai ‘
p a ir a h e ? D os t th ou demand anything el se ?
N . A s T u i ni el Iluz é m , w a el j e z m c l j a di eda .
Giv e me belt b oo t s new .
KOAh e
’
P . : w a h ouh eAe m a ll r a m a . E te s t ej s od
Take it 10 h e re a k e rchief . N eede st thou m ore
‘
(ez y ad N La : .
j i eb c l ma ,
li a psil wej hi .
P . F il sé s a . Ye st éne c c l r aj ol .
( Th e m an awaits thee ) .
Ha wayi j ,
neces s a r i es , is used f or one s b gg ’
a a ge, al so f or c lothes .
11 . CL O T H I E R AND H I S C UST O M E R .
E ma na x ra b c l
q a h w e , a na wa ente , qa blam a nor e u ll ?
Ah ! da s n erou ll bila x arb c l qah we E m a na xr ab oh . fil

do c c én N Y e m ein L eein m or adi na x rab h on a
. . .
Ana x a r abt oh m in c l Nab all h el en te t e ll sobni Na

yi man ?
Roull , k OA c l m ift é ll w a i m xi
’
q e dd am ,
li t ef te fl c l do c c én .
An a N Wa na llna war a o
ra i
y fl . M Ilbi s qab a
. . .
-
cfi
‘
I ( am ) going W e b ehind th e e . Put on thy r obe . .
N Hel ilbi s elléAi bil f arw a ? M C eif lec Haj e bil f ar wa

. .
that which f ur ? n ee d of f ur ?
El y e um , c l sok ou na c e Oi er e .
’
K OA lec h éAih el k a fi ef e .
Bi sm I ll ah na r o ufl . P . S el a m s a la i c , ya s ei
y idi .
S al a i c e l s el am . El t éj ir e fa m a ri e li ? w a i ll a pay i b ?
‘
I s the mercha nt s ick ? or ab s nt ? e

P La !
. h ou h eAe j fiy i w ar aya .
h e re he is c oming b ehind me
,
.
Q . C if j ayi ? An a q as u d h on a s ala c l qa h we fi e i sti ngar oh

o
H ow c oming ? I ( am ) sittin g i n exp e ct ati on o f h i m
m in m i qdar s é s t e i n Hel y eft éfl c oll y eum h éc eAe

.
P La
. . Ras oh , h éA ih l ei l e c én y ouj a soh x ai en ;
cl ,
‘
s al a
Hi s h e ad ,
last ni ght p ained him s om e what
,
x an (m i n K an ) m a j i e na
h éAe , s al a ’
l s a da . H o u h éA e
j i yi . Ana e f a m a qolt l e c ?
D e B r a i ne . P rh p
e a s r
i t i s Alge i ne , i n th i s sens e .
15 8 HANDBOOK OF MOD ERN ARABIC .
O em ene h h éc e de , y a sei y idi . I Ae ar a dt te k Ot ,

’
k Ot
a we m a or not
( ) te
‘
C Ot ? k alli eh i . B il ll aq
q , m a t e l a qi
fil m e di en a c oll ih e j euk mi el h eA e . fSOuf oh
'
(i ts wool )
miel flari e r , wa la un eh z ehi . Ah ! m a a flsen el qab a

‘
like silk i ts hue gay . h ow hands o me th e robe
e llét i t e s m alh e m innoh ! ( which y ou will mak e of it ).
‘
S a fl ui fl , cl j ouk m eli ell ; l eein c l Geme n pali .
C oll xai y a llri z seum ateh ( S e e B ooth e r V al oir )

‘
.
, .
maintains ? i ts v aluation ( c la i ms g ets i t s pric e ?) ,
Ye uj ad fil b az ér j ouk bi r iy filai n , w a y ouj ad bi sitte ri y alat .
N as am : l a cin A éli c a fl sen m in h eAe .

( b e tt e r than ) .
‘
S addi qni , a ur a m in j o uk i h eAe .
B eli e v e me ,
it is inf e ri or to thi s my cloth .
‘
E lec kam se ri w lt th o u take
t e ri e d t e k OA y alat ( i
‘
L a kam se : li e nn i x ar a i t oh
( i x t er ai toh
) bi e c 6ar .
Ma y a llt e
j t e t s u b r o ulla c , wala ana r oull ui . Ak i r
n ee ds not , I e
tir thy spirit , nor I the e nd, las t
el cel am ,
e s T ui lec kam se ri
y alat . I Ae c ont t ori e d,
’
k OA e l dar ahi m . I nc én ma t ori ed, fa of e tt i x liya
w afl u
d pa ir a c , y oss uf ni bi llaj ti e .
s ome one o th e r than thee , wi ll ai d me in my af fai r .
‘
N . S ala k atu r a c Ya tera . !
’
t ofl si n e m r ec
At thy pl e asure I h op e wilt well manag e
.
,
-
.
Q Leix
.
’
te s m el m a s y a h é c eAe ? bil lla qq , e n te Tamm a s ;
Why a ct e st with m e thu s ? In truth c ove tou s .
HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABI C . 15 9
N . S a s e tori e d h e di e y a mi nni ; fa ’
k OA lec el j ouk bila Gemen .
P e rhap s a pr e sent the cloth w ith out pric e .
Q . Li bi da r zi hi m i m a t os T ui ni i ey ah e fa c ei f h éA e h e di ey a ?
f or my m on e y th ou giv e st it n ot ; is thi s a pr e s e nt ?
Bai s h éA e j ouk bi k ams e r iy alat e fa h ou bil dar ahim ?
cl ,
Te sell this cloth f or five d ollars is th at f or m o ney ? ,
S ala di e ni , i x ter ai t oh z e m an i l s ébi q bi k ams e

an a fil
On my faith ,
I b ought it mys e lf i n fo rm er tim e f or fiv e
ri
y alat : w a lé cin li
‘
e nna ent e z eb ouni wa , Na b a r t s alaiya
d olla rs but b e caus e ,
my cust om er , wa i t e dst
h é ceA e m i n b oc ra , k Ot
’
bi kam se wa n s u f .
Q . S al a A i m m e ti Ina y e swa ( i s not wor th ) x ai

S
e c flar m in el
‘
kam se ; wa e mm a e z i ed lec c l nu s f .
N . Ce m t or e d i mi n c l e Ar as ? Q K a m se t
. e Ar as . Qi e s m e li e Il .
H ow many e ll s wi sh e st thou ? Me asure ( it ) .
N . K uf inni qi stoh e t em am a
o ; kam se . I qT a s , ya walad ,
See I hav e m e asure d it C ut ,

0 boy
!
h on a , wa u T wi eh e wa j e mi e s c l Ge m e n h ou s eb s a
here ,
fold it : th e wh ole of the pric e is
wa s ux ri en riy a l wa n s u f ri
y ale s a la i c liya y a , se i
y i di .
Q . T aiyib ; fa ’
k OA cl
por ou x . N . K aT ur a c s alaiya .
12 . W I TH A TA I LO R .
Q . M r adi
o ,
en t of a s s ul wa t ok a y y i T liya h éA i h cl j ou k a .
I wi h s y ou to cut out and se w f or me thi s cloth .

L é c i n lé z i m en t e qi esh é , tengor im ma y ettefi q

wa
B ut y ou mu st m e a su re it an d look wh e th er fi ts
,
mi qdar h é li qam eti . B Ce m m i

. n el e Ar e s t ej i eb liy a ?
i t s size t o my statur e . H ow many e lls b ri ngest
Arbas e Ar os . B .
‘
S a da qt .
‘
Emma m a y ec fi e a .
Qadd ei x ’
t a T lOb f a uq mi n h éA e How much a b ov e thi s ?
A s eu z ez
yad u f A ir a s
n s .
( I need m or e } ell ) 1 .
Wa di A ir a s c emil ( a wh ole ell )

s an C omm inn a . e ix
’
t ék e A ente s ala h éA i h el c i swa ? ( f or thi s garm ent ) .
B M a qdi
. a r a T lob a
qall m i n kam se wa a rb a sui n f uM a .
I cann t o a sk l e s s than 5 an d 40 s ilv e r .
‘ ‘
Q . S a llfl e l e mr fa a b s a O le e bi y e d k adi mi c l nu s f Air a s c l
I e s n d my servant
n aqi x . E t or i e d o
‘
w e ddi l e c ai l an c i swa ti el s a ti e qa ,
d e fici e t n I hand to th e e my old garment

l e cci al a m i elih é t m
s es el e l j a di eda
B . L 5 y a fl t éj
. a s ri f qi y ase c wa O f a xs ul le c lib s a fl s en mi n
ee
I s not n de d : thy m a su e e r cut o ut a dr e ss
h éAe . L é c in a q o ule c : F ie semri ana m a k a yy aT t
B ut I t ell thee : In my life I n eve r s ewed
a rkar m i nn oh Wa el colf a fi e fa to sT uih e liy a ? wa illa
.
é ‘
a ch e ap er than it gi v e st it
. or
a ll o T T h e
' '
m in andi w a t eroddh e liya b a s doh

s , .
s hall I put it fr o m my own and th ou r e pay it ,
Addi ti o nal materials — ,

s up er tui ty
/ .
16 2 HANDBOOK OF MO DE RN ARABIC .
Q . Afl s e n en te fl o r r el a T la s , wa ma qolt liya t ew a j us t
now ) . F a ar e dd lec el Oeman .
( I will repay the c os t)
.
B . Ana bi k i dm a t e c ( at thy s er vi ce ) . Wa mas e l s el am e .
13 . A S TAT I ONE R W ITH A P AP E R M E RC HAN T .
S el a m s a la c , i y a kaw e j a (O si r
S alai c e l s el a m , ya s ei
y i di e l x e ik ( s hei lch) .
( w ar aq ) B
‘
S anda c xai c é pi r . S andi .
Qadd ei x c o rr a s ?
’
cl
How much th e ( qui re— De Br ) .
O nger qablan w a b a s doh e te c ell em

el c é i T
p , .
L ook at the pap e r first an d a fter wards I wi ll spe ak , .
A . M eli efi : [ lull c l s
‘
Orr a . B . H éAe h ou cl c é gi T : e ma
G ood unti e the bundl e . This i s th e p ap e r :
h ou fi a sen ? A M a s lou m , j a m i el :
. fa e ix ’
sa la c l c orr a s ?
B . II OT T liya m i e y a wa s a x ar a
p or oux , w a k OA
’
lec Gelaea
w a si tti en c o rr a s ( 1 10 p i a s tr es , 6 3 qui r es ) .
A . M a y fl fl hé as u c e Ae b e l li neter aba r a ww alan s ala c e ll

It is t well thus
no but rath e r l e t us c ov enant first ab out e ach
ri z m a , 00 mm b a s doh e t e f e c cer c ém w afi u da e k e d mi he
‘
n .
pack et ,
a ft e rwa rds I will c onsid e r h ow many I take .
B . S ala k aT u rac : i Aen, t osT uini par x a in s ala ’

el c orr a s : fa
t ej i d s a x ar a fie c olli ri z ma ( y ou w i ll fi nd 10 i n
A . M i y a ll temil : wa h ou I u dd [lu s éb ec c l s ébi q bil , c olli e

ya .
It i s n i a dmis sibl e against thy f orm e r reck oning entir e ly , .
S ala ga nn i , pa rx w afl ud e c ear mi nma t e st e fl u qq .
In my opini on a single piastre ( i s)

,
m or e than it des e rv e s .
B . La : ny i y ok alli xni : b e l r a s m al oh e c Gar m in c l

‘
f a em m a
’
N 0 : but it do e s not cl e ar m e c ost pric e i s m or e than th e

p ar x el w afl ud . e nte qadd ei x t oc ellif
Ofl sob ,
s ingl e piastre . C ompute thyse lf h ow much it c ost ,
m in B e ndi qi e y a ila h e na .
fr om V e nic e to thi s place .
A . E nt e fa ent e te s t ebi r r e sm ala c : léci n m a s alaiya

ta s rif ,
‘
,
kn owe st c onside re st : but it doe s not re st on m e ,
en fie
et e dak a l ana c l x a ri ‘
e mr e c
I A e ar a dt .
that I m eddle i n thy aff air : I ( am ) th e buy er I f th ou wish .
te b i e s fa bie s li ya
,
I A e l e m t or i e d fa q oul liya :
.
,
Yons um All a h ! Fa ‘
o k oA kamse r i z em , fie c oll
r iz ma sa x a r a c e r ari e s wa e s T ui c Ge m ani en par x .
Bil fl aqq ent e m a

, ,
s o m r e c , x oft c é
pi T e flsen m in h éA e .
Ma ‘
r a e i t a fl s en : Na fi uifl : l eein x of t c e ei er mi eloh . In
‘ ’
xa llah , yej i liya c l na fs ell eAi j a liya m i n pa i r oh .
’
KOA l e c ail an kam se r i z em .
( t ake 5 packets m ore ) .
La : h éA e y ecfi liya . B a s da m a este nfi s m i nnoh , wa y ej r
liya cl f olou s , ej i le e marr a Okra ‘ ’

. A el wa qt m a baqi
i dara him
s an d bil cef ay a . La : wa di e ni
re mains not m one y by my faith
16 4 HANDBOOK or M O D E RN ARABIC .
B . M a b li ( M a al iya M a ala b a li ) a b r
o
‘
ei . s a . s . r o s a la i c . .
I d t care ( It is t my mi d ) I w ait f
o no . no on n . or thee .
A . F a cem h t b ? xe B Ab li
r as or . x or s a a c x eh ra i n .
h ow many m onth s wilt wait ?

‘
E k eA, i nc én tas hor sittet a x h or .
( if 6 m onth s ) .
S i tt et a xh er ! eix ’
m in el c el a m h ou h éAe
L eein m a ok alli x nefsi fie x eh r ain M i n ein aj l eb . c l

B ut I do not cl e ar myse lf in 2 month s Wh e nce .
Gem an i en ri y a l kra ? El m a h ou m i n el
’
el o m a bla p
th e 80 o the r d ollars Th e s um i s not ( a matter ) t o be
m ost eh é n . L al a ! M 6 y e m e in ; Aqall ma y ec oun

.
,
made light of . I t c annot be the l e ast that .
a T lOb Oelée a x h or . B I ma . s s li ya . Aqoul lec T ar i e

q
‘
e kar a ll sen,
m i n h éA e . Aq si T ma b a ina na , wa ente
anoth e r way ,
App orti on what i s betw ee n us
t ou fi eni e l dain bil qosouT . A . Fa c eif y a s la fl b ai nan a ?

s hall pay m e instalm e nt s . s ettle d
hall it be s
Aqoul lec . E nte xa fl ub de c c én wa ,

m a y e j i l e c l dar ahim
. c
mast er of a sh op ,
c me o m n ey
s o
da f s a w afl u da , b el q a li e lan
q ali ela n , s ala qadar c l b a i s
singl e st roke ,
little by littl e , acc ordin g t o sale
wa xi ra el
’
. E mma , li e n nosh il s al ai na c l T a ri e q
‘
,
and purchas e . B ut f or that w e may eas e to u s th e w a y

, ,
li na qsi T c l eem ani en Ii y a l [l a qq ,

el k amse ri z em e l
l e t u s di stribut e th e do llar s ( du e t o ) th e 5 pack et s
i r tif as oh ila A i r wa t s e n fimoh na fl o u s itt e qda m wa u f

n s .
el e vati on to t op hump ab out si x f ee t half .
W a laun w a b a r oh , fi e q o rb min c l s ena m qati m ; wa fie ,
hu e s hag in n e ighb ou rh o o d o f dull di m ; ,
se I r j i sm e h ,
la unoh ‘
c e e nn a fl o mr a k afi ef e . Wa lih o
rest b ody as if re d li ght . he h as
A e n a b T a wi e l w a m a nasi m m of a rT a ll a m e nx i qqa ; w al e c i nneh é
t ail le n g ee
p a d f t diste n ded split a nd y e t th y ( ar e )
-
e
pai r m e nf as ula . Wa fie s é qoh t ouj a d s itt s O ad
q . Wa li h o
n ot s eparat e d . his l e g are found si x kn ots .
m i s da k am i se , p ir c l m i s d a cl arba s ,
ell et i hie li c olli
a st omach fifth w i th out st omach s f ou r w hi ch a re t o e v e ry
[l ai w an m e j tir r . Wa h ou sab our s ala 1 m a x w a el j e u s

’
,
a ni mal ruminant . he is pati e nt a gain st thi r st hung e r

wa sa la rafs cl as b a c l Oe qi e le s e i ra n se r i e s an fi e
lift i ng ( carryi ng ) p a ck a ge s h e avy a mar ch s wift i n

s ef ar at T a w ele . i
j ourneys l on g .
15 . NEW S PAPE R E XT R AC T S .
1 . Qad 5 a h er a t [l a ri e a
q fi l x e hr i l m aI u fie
Alr e a dy app e are d a c onfl a gra ti on in th e m onth p a st
E z m i er ; w a bil ra
pm s an m e b ada ra t il [l o c oum a li
S myrn a , an d in spite of th e h a st enin g of the G ov ernm ent to
‘
q aih e , bihe m i ya w a
ufl te r a q k a m soun doc c én w a
e xtin guish it was burnt by it 10 0
,
and 50 s h op and
HANDBOOK or MOD E RN AR ABIC . 16 7
b a sI m a fl a ll ét . Wa c e A éli c fil x ehr il
s e v eral plac e s ( blo ck s of h ouses ) . A nd lik ewi se in th e m onth
m aI u qad i x t edda t e l s a w axuf fi e x e T ou T
p a st b e cam e int ense the g ale s ( storm s) on the c o a sts of
‘ ’
R Odo s ; fa A chih bi ba sh cl se f ay i n
eO r ih é .
Rh ode s ; vani sh e d i n th e ir t r ack a p o r ti on of th e Shi ps .
2 . S a ll uif a fie Fi la delfi a a x h e r a t n a qlan ,
A ( n e wspap e r ) sh ee t in h a s publish e d by tr a ns cript
s an m or é s ela war a da t ile ih e , [lu s éb

fro m a c o rre sp ondenc e ( whi ch ) arriv e d to it a c omputation of
c l Aeh eb c l karaj m in C élif or ni a

leAi w a Au str a lia bi m o dda t
th e gold which c am e fo rth from th e sp a ce of
il e ie n i l
s ax ar s n
‘
e k i e ra : fa c énseb a s mi ya m ily a un f ranc
‘
.
th e t e n y e ar l a st
s a nd it was 7 10 0 milli on
3 . El Ma tj a r Jami e s c l a xnaf
.
, w a c l e ss ar
C omm erc e All d e scripti on s ( of article s ) and the r at e s
.
,
sala fi alih e, l e m t of r a q x ai en s a n c l e sb e u s
‘
acc rding t
o o th e ir c on di tion ; did not di ff e r at all f rom wee k
ul m aI u w a lasi ey i m a w o qo uf cl [la r a c e bi s eba b
past es p e ci ally the ste ppage of m ov e m ent ( i s) by cau se
il amT l e ti h eb a T a t fi e h éA e c l e sb e us
ar i l pa z i er a t, el .
of th e rains c opi ou s which hav e fallen i n this w e ek .
4 . U s l an . N a rj eu el b a sh m i n c l m ox t eri c i en el leAi en ,
A notic e . We e ntreat that part of the subsc rib e rs wh o

lil e n l e m y a df a s ou Oe m e n c l j orn al s an h éA e el s am ,
hith e rto h ave not paid th pric of th e e e j ournal ( f or ) this y e ar ,

16 8 HA N DBOOK OF M O D E RN ARA BIC .
‘
en bi u i s al A éli c ; li ennoh q a d
y ob adi r ou fi t 01
that th e y haste n to p re s ent it becaus e alre ady is p a ss e d th e

wa qt cl li l def s
m os a y y a n .
time app oint e d f or p ay ing .
5 . I nna e l v ap ou r cl Fr a ns éwi S ey y i d JVous , -

s a rr a f n ac e m
As t o th e s te am b oat F r ench we info rm e d y ou
s a nnoh s ébi q a n , v ap our e kar ;

e nn a s é lluboh
‘ ‘
li e nna
c o nc e rning it f o rmerly that (i s ) t owing it (nova ) an oth er b e c au se
e let o h c éne t t e s a T T a la t . O omm a f eh e m na min q a bi r anoh ,
i ts e n gi ne w a s disabl ed . N e xt we l e arn e d f ro m i ts capta in
e nneh om bihi el c e f ay a
s a lla ll ouh e , wa xar
that th e y hav e m e n de d it is b e c om e suffici e ncy ( abi lity )

,
f or
s ef ar . Fa s efar eh er n c ee
l s b t c l m ia I u
’
.
th e v oy a g e . it s et off th e day of S atu rday pa t s .
6 . S é lla t cl [lOb o ub m ot ena x x i T a j i dda n w a q a d t a s ale t ,
A rea ( M a r k e t ) g r a in s
( ) active ( liv e ly ) v e ry h a v e r is e n
e s s a r el [lunT a t il M u xri ey i l t e jj ar i e y min 3 2 ila 3 3 el
th e r at e s of w h e at Egyptian m e rc antil e fr o m to
c ei l e . El [la r i er q ali el le c i nn oh yj
ra i ,
m e a sur e ( tub ) silk ( is ) scarc e but it ( is ) s elli ng fa st

.
,
-
e l b ela di e
y min 17 0 il a 1 9 0 c l o qqa El m ani f ato ur a le m .
,
nativ e o unce manuf a cture di d .
tezel e s s ar h e m ot e m e s s e c e m a s e nnoh l e m y e z e l c l
,
no t c e as e i t s ra t e s h o l ding fas t alth ough c e as e d no t the c a r g o

, ( )
r
w a id m ottas ul a n .
arrivi n g c on tinuous ( th e arrival c ontinued inc e ss ant ) .

V e ni e si a wa n a wafi uih e qad o usat bil ta fl xui nat

V e netia i ts precin ct s ar e p lac e d f o rt i ficati o n s
i l m eti e ne , wa in t e c on lem t a gh er
‘
s ala c l Num s é
substantial alth ough h a s not app e ar e d
, t o Au stria
‘
h i y a t [larb fie I T ali a .
a ca s e of w ar aga i ns t I taly .
‘
11 . S a rdi eni a e lla f a t j aix a in , cl w allud i ttéj ah li
ha s mad e up t wo a rmi e s ; the one fr ont s to
nafi uy a t c l Mi cio bi ri é set el j rner fil M ar mora

n
’
, wa c l 0éni li
th e side ( f r ontie r ) h ea dship g e neral th e s ec on d
n iz
’
ll uy a t e l B 6 bi ri
y é s et C i aldi ni w a j ine r ala in pa i r oh .
th e Po t wo g e ne r a l s e
b side hi m .
Wa qad e mirat k a m set s a x ara fi r qa m in j e ne ud el m ollaf a ga t

S
ar e u nd e r c o mmand 15 d e tachment tr oop s N ational

cl
‘
eh li ey a , bil t e w ej j oh il a m ar ac i z m ok t elif a .
Gu ard to fr o nt c e ntr e s ( sit e s ) diverse .
12 . Bei ro M e é l hdmi l m ai q
ut . s e s e n, ad
’
i ste ds a [la I r a t
Ev e ing f T hu day pas t
n o rs invit e d (nomi n ) .
r i fl ub e l daula F u a d B a x a j a n ab
o
‘
m a m e uri e
o wn er ? of lordshiptheir h onour s ( a ccus ) th e legati on .
w a q a n as ul j ener ali ey a t c l dow a l i l f ak i e m a li l s ax a Wa .
C onsuls G ene ral of th e Gre at Powe r s t o supp er .
c énet w a li em a fl afila . Qa uh e bi c ell i sor our i n .
banquet fully att ende d - . T h e y en ded it with all j oy .
13 . Wa qad s a yy ana t da ulatoh n eh er el i 0na i n

app ointed hi s l ordship ( nom ) .
( a ccus ) M onda y
.
H ANDBOOK or MO D E RN ARABIC . 17 1
wa n eh er c l ka mi ce m i n c oll i e sb e u s li m e w a j ah et r o Osé c l ‘
T hu r s day of every w e e k to m ee t th e chi efs of th e

m ilel w a as ll fib c l m a s ali fl wa c l da s awi . Wa se -
y e te x arr a
s e ct s m en of busines s caus e s . th e y wil l be
foun leda ih i mi n c l s es at i l s é di se [l att e l s es at i l
’
c
h ono ur e d ( with inte rview ) h our sixth until

t é si s a : w a y a dk ole un bi m ouj ib i l noum er d el l e ti
i th
n n th e y w ill e nt e r by vi r tu e o f the numer o which
te n d li h om ala el b ab
s .
will be giv en to them at the d oor .
14 . B is el e fie 2 8 cl m al u t e s lin enna c l
m i n M ar si eli a
A disp atch fr o m M ar s e ille s of th e p a st n o tifi e s that
fi cr amm fie Fr anse i ttej ih ila h e dou m i n j ih et

el s
g eneral Opini on Franc e turns i t s eye t o t ranquillity i n r e sp e ct

n e ti e e t
j m o qab ale t V a r s ou v i a wa
‘
e nn a h éAi h
to th e result of the pe rsonal m ee tin g at Warsaw
cl m o qaba la i nt eh e t fie 2 6 el x e hr ; wa e nn a el u s lan at c l
wa s ende d VIII of th e m onth
. the no tic e s
‘
si umi na
y ési ey a me .
p olitical ( are ) c onfident .
15 .
El t ej ri e da el C oxi ZS in qad
Fr ans éw i ey a fie n
‘’
u
e xpe diti French

on C chin Chi a o n
t em ell ec e t fie 1 3 Ni é ala m edi e a M i t

es n Fa s n e ou .
h ad p o s se ss on i th e 1 3 th Ap i l f th e city
on r o
c énet lihe m er c ez en m eti ena n .
it ( the c i ty ) wa s to it ( the exp edi ti on) f or a firm c entre .

Qad c e ti b min m e di ena L ondr a enn a

o
16 .
,
el L 6r d J On
H ad b een w ritte n from city London ,
R o us el, a gur
n k ar i j i e y a t I ngi lt e rr a , q a l fie u llda
’
j rls ét
o ve r s e er of fo re ign affai r s s aid i n on e of th e se ssi ons

majlis cl s o m e um , e nnoh l a yara w ala ’
,
o f the A ssembly Of C o mmons that he do e s not see not ev en

m i n j I h e w afl uda , kar a ra n y ak x i m i nnoh
,
s ala c l Ne l Il
f ro m an
y si de ( any ) danger f rom which h e f e ars f or the p e ac e
el s amm m a s I ngilte r r a Fa inne l a .
‘
m e si e l e s anh e ,
general with I n fact ( the r e i s ) no qu e stion f ro m which
y e m ei n e n y e n i m el k a T a r
j .
i t i s p ossibl e that dan g er may ari s e .
17 . B is ele m i n Go rfou , u fi da el
j ez éy i r e l s bs e , e sla na t
A di sp atch o ne of the seven isl ands has n otified

bi i nti x ab qut élbain cl m e diena
‘
eh éli
outbur st c ombat b e t w e en the famili e s p o pulati on ) of the city

(
we s a sé c i r el m ofl af a ga t il I ngli e z i e y a ; Ae h i b
a nd th e so ldie r s
th e gu a rd ( garris o n ) Engli sh ; in which
of
bihi s ux r oun j er i e fl a n min el f a ri e qain Wa Aéli c fie 2 1 Ei y ar . .
came off 2 0 woun de d fro m the t wo p ar ti e s May . .
18 . El a kb a r el
‘
ek i er a . Akb a r T o uri e nte slin enna ,
el
n e ws last . N ews of T urin n otify
j aix e l I T ali ani w e I us s ala qadam i l NOlfl Wa l a raib .
army i s plac e d up on a footing of p e ac e ; no strife (doubt)

e nna Aéli c da li el s ala ni ey a t j elélet i l m e lic V ict our
i s a pr oof f or th e inte nti on of the maj e sty of king
174 HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN AR ABIC .
22 . L a y okf a enn a cl Q6 nt C év e ur qad te weff a fie

’
,
’
6
I t i s no se c ret that C ount ,

d ep a rt e d li fe
Il a z i er an bil s esat il s ébi s a mi n c l xa b afl fie m e di e na T our in .
Jun e h our 7 m o rni ng

Wa li h éAih cl m o s ui ba t il
‘
m ow elli m a qa d i st a pr a qa t I T ali a
at this a flli c ti on painf ul is plunged
bi
’
e sr ih é bi a6 w ab el flud ad el le Ai bihi x ar ec h e
,
in e ntire ty i n garments of m ourni ng w h erei n sha re s with h er

‘
b aq y a t c l x o so ub aili an : li enn a
f a qd ( f o qou d) h éAe c l
the r e st o f the pe e pl e s als o be cause th e l o s s of thi s gr ea t
s aguim q ad e 69ar fie c oll il qoloub ; [latt e inn a
‘
a s da
’
( m an ) h as made a prin t on all h e arts so t h a t v e ril y th e f e es of

i ttill ad I T ali a ne f se h om a
gh er ou el
‘
e scf bil i ti é
,
x r c
the uni o n of I taly thems elve s di splayed so rr w in part e rshi p

o n
mas b enie ’
wa T a nh om , la f a qd Aéli c c l x ehi m
sa .
with th e sons of th e ir h ome at the l oss o f thi s e n e rg e tic ( m an) .
‘ ‘
E l én y if ehla sr cl soar m i qdi r -
c
N e w k n o ws the pe opl e ( nom ) . of the age the s cale ( a ccus ) .
f al loh wa s em o u h i mm etoh bi t e qa ddom

of hi s m e rit and l oftine ss of hi s pur p o s e by the p ro gr e ss of
‘ ‘
bil adoh : f a i nn e ala
c én e t a f c ér oh el ek i e r a
( w a h ou s
hi s c o untr y : a nd i n fact w e r e hi s las t th oughts ( whil e he ( was )
firi x il ni z é s ) m ottej ih e li s alall bi ladoh wa

on the bed of agony ) turne d t owards the goo d ord e r of
ziy a dat n ej all uh e .
th e in cr e a se of i ts pr osperity .
HANDBOOK OE MOD E RN ARABIC . 17 5
23 . M ajli
V i enna qad
s d al t l
‘
e cce uT e c
A ssembly f V i e na had c fi rmed pr l ngati

o n f on o o on o
fa w ej h m al h il l lall at
‘
xo lfl m i j ih t I ali
n e T a : as o a e us
p e ac e th e id e f
on a p e ct f i t d e ed ( i ) t ref rm
s o s o s s s o o s
i l m ali y w e a, lafl kalal bil a d il M aj ar

a us .
fi a ci l d the ref rm f di rd e r f the c u try M agyar

n n a an o o so o o n s.
24 I . a daulat F ra e qadd q
nn t bi m if t ns a arra a sr a
dy a ty f F ra ce h av w e d i t
n s o q i t with
n as o s ac ua n ance f
'
m em le c e t I r ali a ,
f
cema a x h er Aéli c s a ll uif a t
th e kingdom of I taly ,
as has published ( ac c ) n e w spap e r .
el Patri e W8 . el Mdni to ur . i e h a s recogniz ed ]

. .
( nom ) . of
25 . El ga z ett et c l r e s m i ey a fie V ie nna a x h era t q ar a ra

ga z e tt e o fficial h a s publi shed a st atem e nt
m in a gur n m ali y a t c l Ni m s e , a f ay i da t y e s li m e nn
of the o v e rs e er of fin ance of Au str ia ( which ) notifie s i ntere st

el q i ul
ar Z
‘
eh l i e y t o df a s m in b a s d N i e en bi
s f uI Aui y a .
of th e nati onal debt shall b e paid a fter April i n c oi n s il ver .
26 . B in a ‘
ala
an s
‘
e mr [lalir a t i ll ub c
Ne l nagi rat i l j a li ele ,
In pur suance of the ord e r of o ve r ight
s augu st
qad m odd fi rs mi n silc i l t ele pr af ila ser ay a el
i s ext end e d a branch w i r e of t el e graph palac e of
‘
m a m our i e y a t il m oste qilla , li
‘
e j l il m ek abara m a s el
the C o mmi ssi on pl enip otentiary c ommunication

[ldc oum e t il seni e fie D a m ax q bil m a wadd i l r esmi e y a
'
ya .
G ove rnment ublime

s on matter s o ffici al .
17 6 HANDBOOK or MO D E RN ARABIC .
‘
27 . E fl ad solem a Pr ou si a ( B orou sia ) qad qaddam b as d ,
cl
O ne of the s e van s of Pru s sia h a s p re sented
b a ll a O, ila j a m s uy a t el m a s ar if fie Berli n, s adad

r e se ar ch to th e A ss o ci ation of Conna i s a nces th e numb e r
x os o ub il c o r e t il
‘ ‘
e r I ui y a . F a qaddam cl m a s da l ,
of the p e ople of th e t e rrestrial gl ob e .
‘
cl leAi a sT a h ,-
bi m il y ar w a m i y e t ein wa Sem ani y a w a
whi ch h e g av e ,
1 0 0 0 mi lli o n t w o hun d red eight
fle m ani en m ily eu na n . C omma [la s eb cl a n w as el
eighty milli on . Th e n he c ompute d th e kinds ( ra c e s )

i ns éni ey a bil i nqi s é m .
human s e pa rat ely .
28 . U s l an . No s li n ila ’
el j
om h our , en n a cl k a w aj a
A n otice . We notif y to th e public th e m onsieur
S ahd All ah H asoun el b a ri s fie fenn i l ta xwi e r bil
wh o exc e l s in th e art o f d e lineatin g with
y e d, wa el m onf ar i d bil i tti qan h éAih c l Nanas a bi h éAih

th e han d the uniqu e in the perfe cti on of thi s prof e ssion
el bil a d —m o ste sudd li s am al c e lli m a T loub y e qa dda m
,
( is ) r e ady t o p e rf o rm ev e ry dem an d ( whi ch ) i s pre s ente d

lih o m in e l t a xawi e r il m ok t elif a . Wa c e A éli c , y o uj a d
t o hi m of dr a wing s ( p ai ntings ) div er s e . S o to o , is found
s andoh , t ellt c l T al ab sudda m in c l t a s awi er il lé z im a
, lil
und e r demand a numb e r of dr aw ing s n e c e ssary
c e néy i s wa lil b oy out . Wa h ou , sada s an i tti qan
chur che s h ous e s . b e side s th e p e rf e ction of h is
m e sr our a (ten ) bi ma t e qa dda m lihe m i n el k a dam at l

deli ghted with what w a s pre s e nt e d t o ( it ) of serv ic e s .
32 . I a el z i en a t el l eti xar at fil
nn I st éna t el S ali e y a , bi
A s to adornm e nt whi ch w a s in S ublim e Place ,
on
f ors at c l j e lous c l se sui d el h om ay ouni ey c enat ,
o cca si on of th e sitting on thr one h a ppy imp e rial it wa s

( ) ,
s ala paya ma y e c o un mi n el b eh j at , el leti a

gh er a th e
extr e mity of what may be of de light di spl y d ae

j emi e s el ‘
m i n c l m ile l il
eh éli m ok teli fa fie j ami e s x a w ari s
all the famili e s of th e s e ct s div er se i n a ll th e ro ads
cl I st éna wa m a fl a llath e wa na w afl ui h e d ak ilan w a k a rij an ;

place s p re cincts withi n witho ut
‘
[latte
’
c én r a ni en f
e l a r all wa c l s e rour y ow axul c l e f aq
so that ech o ( tinkle ) of j oy s d elight reach e d h oriz on

m ok bi r an bi a f r all cl
‘
om ma t , cl leti l e m yecon nau s min
declaring j oy s ai
n t o n, whi ch th er e wa s no kind o f
m e serr at, ill a wa a
gh e r a t oh bi i btih éj s aguim .
j oyf ulne ss but it

,
di splayed it with mighty gl ee .
33 . N eh er cl e
‘
flad fie 7 T e m ou z q a d j a [lalir a t
,
‘
Nafl ub c l
Th e da y of S unday July cam e
daul a Q abu T an B a xa ila m e nzil [l a I r a t s e fi er da ulat
Gat e holder Chi e f
- lodgi u g amb a ss ador
I ngi lt erra el H
nry B ulwe r ; ( el leAi u st e r zi h
f a k i e m a , Si r e
mighty ( on wh o m sup ervened
m arl lé z e m oh el fi r ax l e cci y e ft aqi d

c a used him t o k ee p h i s bed o inquire af t e r
‘
i llne ss ( which ) ) t
HANDB O O K OE MOD E RN ARABIC . 17 9
a fl wal xu fl fl a t oh m i n la de n [l aI r a t i l A et il x ah éni e
y at i l
th e s tate h e alth on th e part of p erson a ge re gal
‘
j c li ela . Emma [lal r a t c l fasefi er c én m a m nou nan j i ddan li
august . B ut ambass ador o blig e d at
h im el ilti fat il s aguim wa t e r ej j a [l a l r a t xafl ub c l daula
att e ti n on b e sought
QabuT a B axa n ,
en
y o qa ddi m t e x e c c or atoh w a m a m nouni e y a toh
present h i s thanks obligati on
ila j anib il s ar x il m olou c i ey ; c e ma raw ah m or asi l

t o th e sid e of thr on e r o yal as n arrat e d it a c orresp onde nt
m in cl I st éna t i l S al i e y a ila j orn al E z m i er .
fro m Su bli m e Place t o j our nal S my r n a .
34 . A fl wal Am eri ec e lem t e z el bil i r ti b éc il s agui m

C ircumsta c e n s of c ontinue d in entanglem ent vast
m i n j rh et il [l a rb bain cl j an o a h wa c l x i m al . W a lil e n
e e
i n r sp ct t o the war south no rth . hith e rt o
l em y e t e r aj j a fi c l n a s r li c
‘
fi a d, w a l e i s si w a ’
el
did not prep onde rate Victory th ere i s n othing but
a I r ar el j e si em a lil f a ri e qa in ,l e ti el la ll a q t e Gi er oh e
‘
hug e l o s s e s t wo p a rti e s of which h a s reached th e imp re ss
bi e c ea r a q s ém el c or e ‘
li,
se b a b t a sT ui l il
to m o st part s of th e gl obe by re as n f th e di sabli
o o n g of th e
m a t éj i r i l m ote s alli qa m a s til e l bil a d
e .
c o mm e rces c onn e cted with that c ountry .
35 . Ma fi aci m I ngli e z i ey a . In a n fl um ar , 1a y ej i b
el
C o urt s of Justic e Engli sh . As f or the a ss, not beh o e s v

en i nsen
na 9qol s ala ihi e c ear m in el . Wa li Aéli c te ll a rra c et ,
that we l oad on him m ore than th erefo re w as stirr e d

pa i r at c l T a b a T ui
ya C lark fie c
‘
Ila d e s w aq L ondr a ,
th e ze a l of th e p oli cem in one of the stre e ts of
[l a i eoma agar [lum ar a n m e s ci enan

n y a flmi l f a u q ,
( [ lai 0 , wher e) he sa w an as s wr e tched ( wh o) car ri e s ab ove hi s
r aqa t oh [luml an Oe qi ela n . Wa mas h éAe , fa c én Nafl u b oh
s trength l oad h e avy . in s pit e of hi s o wne r

(cl m os em m a
’
Willi am Abb ot ) s éc i b a n s al a h éAe cl [ l ai w a n
n amed p ouring on thi s animal
‘
cl m e sc i en w abil a n m in c l I arb i l ala ra s e h
x a di e d s wa
w retched a sh ow er of b e atin g vi ol e nt on head
e
'
s ul am oh wa j anb e h wa j a m i e s j a w ari fl j e sedoh ; [l att

’
c én e l
b one s sid e all li mb s o f b ody un til
‘
da m y e si el m i nnoh m i n c l o li m e c én . F a lq e a
’
el qabl s ala
bl ood s tream s place . h e laid arre st
‘
s allu b oh Abb o t ; Oomm a m e 00eloh em am cl a u .
h is ow n er th e n submitte d him in pres ence of m agi strate .
Fa e l eh
s
‘
s q ay il a n
he asked him saying
( QdI u ) .
“
Li m aAe eAAei t ‘
h eAe e l fi aiw an ?
Wh y ha st th ou ill u se d this ani mal ? -
( A bbot ) C if
o t osemm i h éAe [lai wana n w a h ou
H ow dost th ou name thi s an an im al ? a nd he is
flum a r ; l a e c ear .
an a ss ; no m ore .
18 2 HA N DBOOK OF MOD ER N ARABIC .
ila b ab il m a fl c em a . Fa ‘
in a r a dt en t effl a s oh ,
h im ) to th e do o r Of th e C ou rt . if th o u wish to e x amin e him ,
q oum bina li nanger bi e iy [l al e h ou

,
W a lil 1151 .
”
g et up w ith us that w e se e in w hat stat e h e ( is )

,
in stantly .
kar a j cl a u C enou c e s , mas c etim si rr ih i wa c ll

o i
w e nt ou t th e cadi Kn o x ? w ith h i s s ecre tary

li ziy a ra t il [lum a r i l m e sc i en
m o w a ggu f ei h i ,
el loAi c éu
his functi ona ri e s t o v isit th e w re tch e d a ss ,

wh o wa s
bil j oh d y e sta r ui s el w o qo u f s ala qaw fi y im eh . Wa [l u i ni m a

s ca r c e ly abl e to stand on hi s l e gs . a s soon as
j
ra asou li m e c én i h e m q a l , el q I
‘
zA u il a el m ox t éc i
th e y r e tu rn e d t o th e ir plac e th e ( m a n) c ompla ine d
‘
s a la ih i E nte w a llx fa inuo c bi c e lli q a s éw a wa
ag a inst : Th ou ( art ) a b rute th o u c ru e lty
p al ab I ar a bt h éAe cl [l ai w a n cl m e s c i en . Fa all c om
vi l enc e di dst b at
o e I judg e
l i
sa e c bi l ij h s w -
t é éf li
n xei r an : a e e
‘
ss c e un
ag ai st th e e w ith p ris n f a m nth

n oI re gr et at my b i g
or o
“
e n
l e m qdi j i d lé q a
a r e
g m
c u zr xa n a s a .
un able t fi d a puni shm e nt gr e at e r

o n .
F a karaj l m ll e m l ih i ; w h a
y q l c ou sa a a ou a ou
w e nt t the ( m an ) ju dg e d a g ainst
ou h e says
m o t e m a r m i r an ; El [lum a r m a h o u xai "
w a m a s h éAe , fa
g rumbling is n othin g f or all that ,
f
inni qa d I ar a bt i m r ati éc ea r ; w a lem y oll c ém
I have beat e n my wif e n o ( thin g ) wa s ju dg ed
HANDBOOK OF MOD E RN ARAB I C . 18 3
salaiya , illa bi Gem ani y at e i y am fil s1 n.

j
against m e, exc e pt wi th e ight day s in prison .
36 . Yo qal, enn a el M qadda

Ab el o s qad nal xufllla toh
I t is s aid ,
F ath e r H ly o h a s O btain e d h i s h e alth
e l t é mm a , w a m oz m i s en y o fl af ug s al a si y aseth o el l e ti ,
c omple te h e is hast ening to att end t o his a dmini str ation

‘
li [ ladd el én .
t o th e limit of n e w .
37 . In n a [l a l r a t s afi ub c l s e s ada O e ry a B ax a ,
m otes a rr if
his h onour l ord,
of f e licity , rul e r r e ctor
,
cl Q od s c l x a ri e f qad q a ddam ,
li k i dm a t il
of J e ru sal e m the nobl e h a s pr e sented t o th e
, s e rvic e of the
’
j e nou d il x ah éni e
y a b a pla i n wa j a wzi da in ;
troops r e gal t wo mul e s t wo st ee ds ( charg er s )
q eb
( )
b i le t t a qdi m e t oh h éAih bi c oll i m a fl go ugu i y .
wa s acc ept e d hi s pre s ent happine s s .
38 . I nn a [ lal r a t xafl ub c a
l d ula w ali E z m i e r ,
gov ern or of Smyrn a
mana s T ab as a t
pa z na t Arm eni e y a , 5 ah a ra t
h a s hinde re d printin g p o e m ( which ) app e ar e d
‘
m odda t il bi ti lc el me di ena b i sm
ek i er a ,
’ “
E l Z éh r a
s pac e of tim e lat e st in that city w ith name ,
‘
li
‘
enn a c ene t T ob i s a t bi doun i sti e Aén a u rok s a m i n c l
it wa s print e d without a sking l e ave or p e rmi ssion
18 4 HAND B OOK OF MOD E RN ARAB I C .
39 . N eh er el é ll a d fi e ‘
and c l s es at
1 1 Ah , s il Gémin a illa
S unday Augu st h our 8 th all but
kam se da qay i q , [la da ea t fie E z m i erj f a qa wi e y a
ra mi n
5 minut e s o ccurred S myrna sh o ck st ron g
‘
z elz e let il er l
‘
quake e art h .
40 . C ot i b m i n E i di en cl c el a m e l eti — Inna c l eflm ar

‘
Was w ritt e n di sc o ur se followin g fruits ( c rop )

c l ti e n t e s qu T m i n el a ps an d ay i m a n : wa qa d qi el, nna e u f
n s
fi gs d rop b ough s alway s it wa s said half

cl m a lls oul q ad Achi h bi h éAi h el w asi T a ; wa enna ,
cl lo Ai
c rop i s g on e mean s that what
baqi radi j i dda n ;
, wa c oll h éAe , mi n m a rl el loAi
cl
r e mai ne d bad , ( )
i s f rom the di s e a s e
i st a ll wa z al a
s h éAi h c l c em ar .
has tak en p os ses sion of thi s crop .
41 . El simsim wa el
q bi [l al e
OT n
j ai y i da fil w a qt
s e s ame c otton ( are ) in exc ellent c o ndition

i l [l al u r z in ne m a ri e [ l c l xim al ,
el leAi h ebb bi h éAe el
pr e s ent on ly wind n orth has bl own

esb on s , qa d a l a rr
j i ddan bil z e itoun , wa e cs er c e 0i e r a n m in
w e ek h a s hur t oliv e s has b r k eo n much
a pxanoh .
( hi s b ough s
42 . El [larr x a di e d j i dda n [ latte i nneh 1a y OT aq ; wa
,
h e a t i nt en s e so tha t ev e n it i s int ol e rabl e

A m er i e c e ; w a l e m t ez el cl [l arb el
‘
eh li e y a t oh e ddi d cl
of Am rica e war domestic thr e at e ns

j a mi e s m i n c l f ar i e qa i n .
wh ole t wo parti e s .
47 . Inna bil a d el M aj ar qa dda m a t li j elalet I m

s o m da t
( D i e t ) o f H u n g ary p resent e d to M aj e sty

p e r aT our i l N ums e c l s arl el m ot el a m m i n t eT a llob at
A u stria addre s s c onta inin g de mands
b iladih om wa a u s a da th om
j elalet oh bi us T a el j aw a b
of th e ir promis ed th e m to give a ns w e r
s al a ’6
ma , bihi s ali fi cl m em lece w a kair c l x a s b cl
acc ordin g to th e int ere st kingdom good pl eb s

s o m ou m i e
y . Ac c ordi ng t o th t wh e a rie n (i s) the i nte r st
e ,
etc .
c omm on .
48 . Y o qal e a c l [le c ou m at el Fr ans éwi ey a qad u s tem a da t

nn
It i s s a id that g ov ernm ent h a s r e solved
en mi en a s a s c eri e y a b iz e j e z i er a t el
t ox a yy i d
’
Dir li , —a s ni ,
to e stablish a ha rb ou r m i lit a ry opp o sit e isl and Im a e n
ma bain
-
B rest wa X e rb e r j — m a s
,
s am e l maidan f e si e ll ,
b e tw ee n b e side s making area spaci ou s

y om c i noh ye s es a r b a s uin en
‘
elf j ondi e
y .
which m ay p os sibly c ont ain so l di ers .
49 . Yelou ll
‘
e nnoh xar c l u s tum ad s ala na xb Mou si e u

I t i e vident
s th e r e solve to a pp oi nt M onsi e ur
B a ndi e ni se fi e r a n ada w a
f a u q el s ,
m o s te m i da n m e f a ww a l a n,
a mba ss ado r bey ond cust om trustee entru ste d
HANDB O OK OF MOD E RN ARABIC . 18 7
li daul at Fra ns e b i z é m em le c et M ari a

’
cl
j a di eda ; wa
t o g o v e r nt c or a m kingdom ne w
M ou si ou Bi c ér a se fi er an li I T ali a fi e Frans e .
50 . In n a s u fl fl at j an ab s efi er daul a t I ngi lterra b i z é

’
h e a lth of th e S i r e Amba ssad or of c or a m
el b ab i l s ali qad i ttej eh et li l t e qa ddom ; w a y o q al,
P o rte H igh h as f a c e d round to wa r ds advancing

f‘
c nnoh se -
y e Ah eb li h e w a li ej l
t a py i er i l
‘
naw a l
th at he wil l dep a rt to chang e the air f or th e sake of attaining
Nullll a toh cl t émm a .
his health c ompl e te . H a s ta k en at ur n f or th e b etter .
51 .
‘
E ll a d v ap our at cl M j i
e ss e e r e cl Fr a ns éwi e y a , cl
O ne of s t e amb oats Me s ageri e

s
Pr ou i s i en [ bi Ra w i e si en min S ou ria
’
In o s e m m a c é n m ont a a r an
g
nam e d P er ou si ne ? w a s e xp e cte d fro m Sy ria
m onA ne h é r i l i ena i n el m al u . Wa m i e s adoh , en
e v er s n i ce M ond ay last . i ts p romis e ( of time ) (w a s )
y e Ah e b Geni y e um il a Mar sie li a ; w a li l én

’
l em y a xul.
that it go 2 na da y t o hi th er to it h a s not arriv e d .
Wa Aéli c , li fl adiea j arat fi e életoh fa ‘

,
th at ( w a s ) f or an accident ( which ) happ e ned in i ts e ngi ne

,
e k k a r a t oh fi e R ddo s W a emm a x a fl noh fa qa d j a bihi

‘ ‘ f
.
,
r e tarde d it at Rh o de s B ut i t s c a r go came with it

.
,
e l v ap our e
'
l R u si c l m osem m a Xer sen és

o ,
’
.
the Ru si s an steam e r n am e d C her sones e

,
.
18 8 HAN DBOOK OF MOD E RN ARABIC .
52 .
‘
N a wzi llu T es éli a m ot e m e tti s a bil h e do u

B rder s ( Tract )
o s of Th e ss aly ( are ) enj o ying r ep o se
wa c l r all a t e l t ém m a bi hi mm e w a
, s un a a t
y [lal r a t s allub
r e st c ompl e t e , care provide nce o wner of
c l daul w a c l a b eh é T ayib B a xa .
l ordship bri llia ncy

53 . Jeléle t meli c el S wi ed b a s d z i y ar etoh P aries qad z er
, ,
Ma j e sty S we den aft er hi s visiting Pari s h a d vi site d

,
m edi e na L ondra , wa dos a ’

lil sa x a an d s x aflub e e
l s m ou ,
el
wa s a sk e d to supp e r hi ghn e ss
L ord P al mer s ton .
54 . K a s at e l akb a r s a n m oq abala (tin) s e t a ll xa l -
I s di ff us e d th e ne w s o f a c onf r onti ngfi‘whi ch shall happ e n
fie m ab a in j elélet I m p e r ar o ur N a p Oli On , wa j elélet m eli c et

b e tw een hi s M aj e sty the E mperor qu e en
I sp ani a . A pe rso nal m ee ting .
55 . G a z e tt et B o mb a y fie 2 7 T e m ouz a s la na t , bi
‘
e nn a el
h e wa e l a s far q a d f et ec bi m a a a s at m o k te li f e fil Hi nd .
ai r y e ll ow ( choler a ) had attack e d di strict s di v er s in I ndi a .
56 . eY o qal nn a l e is i ttif aq bain l a b aT ul s um ar a t il

I t is s aid th at , is no c onc or d offic e rs fl ee t
‘
Fr a ns é wi e y a w a l ab aT ul s u m ar a t i l I ngli e z i e y a ; li enna e l
Fran ewi y i
s e en
y or i e doun en y e c ouno u w afldoh e m c l M o fl am i e n
th e F r e nch w i sh to be al one th e y P ro te cto rs
i er a Ma da qa s qar b i srih é
’
s an
j ez .
of i sl an d c oll e ctiv e ly .
e s ra sbi i m ti t édoh : wa 1a Si e y i m a li ‘
e n
n e el s ay i fl , c lleAi
ha stene d t o extend it e sp e cially qu a rter w h in ere
na x ab at bihi el nar c é n j a m i e s oh ,
m in cl ak s ab w a , qa r i eb a
s h ot
( up ) th e fire all of it plank s ( w ood ) n e ar
b oy ou toh li b a s l uh e ba
[ sl ] , n agaran li l a i qa t
i ts h ou se s to o ne a noth e r in r esp ec t of th e n arr owne s s
e s w aqoh wa x a w ar i s h e . Fa c éne t c l m o xuib a sa
gu i ma , wa
of i ts s tre et s and i ts r oads . wa s calamity va st
el k i s ér a s o m oum i e
y a. Wa i ste qam a t eh wfil c l n ar tis s a
l o ss g en er al c ontinue d the terrors of th e fir e 9
doun e n t estaT ui s s ala teu qi e fih é
s é s at ,
q ou w a b a x a ri ey a ,
h o ur s with out that shall avail to stop it forc e human
n agaran li s or s a t m e si e r i h e ala j anall ul hew a Wa lemma j a t
s .
s p ee d of i ts march wi ng ai r wh e n .
c l S es at e l s ébi s a mi n el m oa n ,
te w a qqaf a t c l nar , b a s da m a c éne t
da r a s et seb a s a t a s x a r l afl u y a (t en) wa fi a y an , ta ll te wi s ala
l e v e lled 17 t ow n ship parish , ( whi ch ) c ontai n
‘
s eba s mi e
y a wa seb a s ui n b ei ten , w a 0ele0a j aw am i s ,
700 70 h ou s e 3 chi ef m os que s

a rb a s a m e s éj i d, w a Oelé Ga mc da ri s . Wa lau c éne t lafl a qat
4 m os qu e s 3 c olleg e s if it h a d reach e d
‘
bi x ay i ll el Y eh ou d, lo ma c én p air All a h y a s le m , ila ei n
quar ter Jew s ,
non e s av e G od k now s , whith er
m ont eh éh é . Wa q ad a u qa s a t h éAi h cl m oxui b a t el m o ri e s a
its e nd . h as thr own down thi s calamity awful
HANDBOOK OF M O D E R N AR A B I C . 91
e c fla r f oqar a ‘
ehl el I l am bi [l al e m
s ofi z i ne li
‘
e nn a
‘
olou f
p oo r people t at e m s o urnful th ou san ds
bil a m elj a y e s te gulloun bil k i y am ‘ ‘
m i nh om , a xb a ll o u , , au
( wh o ) p a ss e d m o rning r e f u g e shade th e m selve s i n t e nts

,
y a s r ol o un woj o uh e h o m li [larr i l xam s .
e xp seo fa c e s h e at sun .
Rij al cl [l o c ou m a qad ma y aj rb
s a m a lo u s a l ai h om . Fa
Me n of th e G ov t h a d don e what w a s a duty
s a s éc i r e l m o fl af a ga w a c l T a up aj i ey a wa b a fl ll ar at c l se f ayi n ,
so ldi e r s of g ar rison artill e ry c re ws of ships
h o mma i x ta palo u bi himma y a qxar s anh e 0 0 11

0
,
th e s e w ork e d ( we re busy ) e arn e st n e ss falls sh or t of it

m edi ell . Wa lasi e y i m a el W illi , S em n e a B axa ,
fa i ttej eh bi
e ul o gy ( nom ) . e sp e ci a lly Gov er no r s et o ut by
nef s ohli m a ll all il m os uib a , wa m e c e 0 [latt e el s ab elll
’ '
hims elf plac e of calamity tarri e d until m orning .
W a e m m a ba llllar at el qabaq el F r a ns éwi

‘
FOnt ounou i w a
B ut th e cre ws of ship of th e line F o nteno y ?
cl v ap our H ér oun fa qad h er a s ou s and goh our c l [la ri e qa m a s
st e am er hurried at app e arance of c onfl a gr a ti on
c e 0i e r mi n l a b ay u r h om , wa qa dda m ou k
f
adam at lli y co e a ila
many of offic r s e
off ered
( gav ) e ervi ce e tire
s s n to
cl m edi e na ,
[l aseb x aT ar a th om . Wa cc A éli c ce Gi er oun min
th e city ,
clev e rne ss . so t oo many of
1 92 HANDBOOK OF M OD E R N ARABIC .
a s y a n el t e ba s a t cl a na bi ey a
j qad a
gh j
e r ou e s éra th om bi
g e ntry subj e cts fo re ign di splayed brav e ry
t e uqi ef c l nar , nar m esi erh é .
st e p
p i ng durin g i ts pro gre ss .
61 . Qad f oti Il fie 6 Xob a T [ 18 6 2 ] majli s cl P arlem a n fie

wa s o p e ned F eb ruary a ssembly in
L ondr a ; wa t elat j elélet m eli c e t I ngi lter ra fi eh i k or b a th e e l
L ondon ; read maj esty qu e en he r addr e s s
s en awi e
ya, te sli n bihe s or ou rh e w a i rt il ah e mi n
annu al i n which sh e declar e s h e r j oy s atisfacti on
s ulaq atih e m a s qouw at E ur opp a cl a nab i e

j y a t, cl l e ti m
le
c onne ctions p ow rs of e for eign which no t
t e zel m ox a dda da bi ri b aT ul [ l o bb . Wa Oi qa th e , bi se dm
cease d strung tight b ond ami ty . h er tru st ( i s ) in non
w oj ou d s eb a b , y e staT ui s en y al ii rr bi No lfl E ur op p a .
exist ence of cause ( which ) may be abl e t o h urt p e ac e of
C omma t e c ellem a t s an c l t e swi ey a t i l m or l u y a l e ti el
N e xt she sp oke c oncernin g settl e ment s atisfact ory which
j arat m a s Am e ri e c e bi k es o u x [ladi ea t i l se fi ena t

'
t ook plac e w ith in r e sp e ct t o the o ccu rre nce of th e ship
i l I n gli e z i e y a ; w a s an i tti ll ad il qouw at i l B l a e fie m e s i e le t e

[ the T r e nt
] ee
agr ment Powers T hree que stion
i l M e c si e c we s an t ej ri e da t i l S uin , w a ax
pfil M ar fic i x .
Me xic o expediti f C hi a M on o n aff ai rs of oro cc o .
6 2 I la [l l t l m t i i B i c ll
’ i s o r ur i n
. a ra e ox e r c e n . o o
T Me si e ur
o c tribut r ( ub criber ) With all j
s s on o s s s s . ,
o
y
19 4 HA N DB OO K OF M O D E R N A RA B I C .
m a T loub m onA x eh r X ob aT , no r s i l e sh é m h om
’
.
il a
de m ande d si c e m nth Feb ru ary w shall de sp atch sh re s t
n o e a o
B i a r es,l e cci t bfi h é bi m j i b l m a dda 1 1

e s on c ou c ,
P ri s in r de r that m ay b e s l d th ere by virtu e f articl e

a ,
o o o
el m o t e s a lli qa bi A éli c m i n qa w ani e n e l X a r fi c e ; — i A e

'
relating t o that ( t opic ) of th e c a nons ( rul e s ) A ss o ci a tio n if

le m y a df a s ou h eA e min el qi sT el
‘
én li [l add 15
th e y sh a ll ) n ot h a v e p a i d this inst alm e nt limit

T e m ou z cl q a dim .
July approaching .
I na
n el m o s éhi m i e n , e lle Ai e n de f a
u e l qos ou T
so li
A s f or th e shareh olde r s wh o hav e p aid instalm e nts up t o
‘
[ladd el én , ye j ib min
[lol our h om i btida x eh r
th e p r es ent tim e ,
is right th ei r p e rs onal p re se nc e b e gi n ni ng
T e m ou z q a dim ila m a fl all
cl c l X a r zi c e y e um i e y a n m i n ,
July app roach ing pl a c e ( offic e ) th e C omp any da i lv fro m

,
c l s es a 9 ila li qabl c l f ay i da t c l m o st e fl a qq a li h om .
h ou r t o g e t i n h and i nt ere st ( p r ofit ) du e

- -
t o th e m .
l lt
’
T E l) BY ST E PHEN A U ST IN AN D S ON S .

Handbook of Modern Arabic

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Handbook of Modern Arabic

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Handbook of Modern Arabic

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

H AND B O O K

PRA CTI CA L GRA MMA R,

i s s i m ilar i n m an y re s pe c t s t o t h at b etwee n t h e G ree k

p o s e s p o etr y h e m a y write a s H ariri i f h e c a n ; j u s t

d a c tyl i c h exa m eter s m i gh t u se t h e dia l e c t O f H o m er

W h e n th e Ara b n ow write s pr o s e h e ob s c ure s t h e ch a sm

w h i ch s ep arate s h i s dial e c t f r o m t h e a n c ie nt by o m itti ng ,

v owel s are no t a nd m a y no t b e sounde d B ut th eir .

h a v e l ar g ely ch ang ed e s p e c ially t hos e i n m ost f re que n t

O b s o l ete Th e di c ti on arie s m i s ch ie v o u s ly h eap t o g et h er

with o ut di stinc tio n th e s e n s e s w h i ch b e l on g t o di ff eren t

re c e n t t h a n t h e age e steem ed cl a ss i c a l t h e l ear ned M r

twe nt y o r m o re si gni ﬁ c a ti ons w h i ch are b o rn e by one

auth o r . H e de cl are s t h at t h e s tyl e o f t h at b ook i s

b ut i s al m o st a s diﬁ e r e nt fr om t h e one a s f rom t h e o th er .

a nd t o l ear n t h e An c ie n t i s n o t t o l ear n t h e M o der n .

Al th o u g h th e l o c a l dia l e c t s di ff er c o n s idera bly t h e ,

diff ere n c e i s s uper ﬁc ia l a s i n o ther c a s e s o f p r o v in

c i a li sm . W h e n A rab s write a v er y u n p rete n di n g l etter ,

t h e y l a y a s ide a p art o f th eir l o c a l p e c u l iarity M e r .

c a n t i le l etter s f r o m S y ria t o B a dad r B u s so ra

T u ni s are a r o u g h rep re s e ntati on o f M o dern A ra b i c

C a ta f a g o l i h Arab i c D icti n ary e v idently ai m

li h d i n Al g ier at B eir ut are i n a d ia l e c t

s tyl e cl ely a l i k e T t h i m y b e a dded n u m er u

s ta n d by M der n A ra b i c nly i t wa n t f v we l p int

ur g en t need t u n der ta d L a c a h ire ta lk h e m u t g

or t oAl epp t l ear n t h e l c a l dia l e c t

wi h t l earn E ngl i h h e will d b e t t l ear n ﬁ r t

o bj e c t with th e writer f m re t h a n t h e th ird p art f or o o

a c e tur y a fter hi ear ly experie nc e f th e g rea t

n eed l e di fﬁ c ul tie w h i ch t h e c urre nt i m per fe c t m d e

t h at V o l ne y h a d l ong s inc e p rom ul g ated t h e s a m e doc

s h o w th e h ard s h ip n o w ratuit o u sly i nﬂ i c te d o n t h e

a fo rm of writi ng w h i ch om itted Sh o rt v o wel s ? N a y ,

i f a F re nch m an i gnoran t of E n gl i s h de s ired to rea d

E ngli s h sh o rth a n d we s h o u l d re g ard it a s a n i ns anit y

u s e l e s s Th e s o l e rea l q ue stion i s th at of f a c t : does

t h e c urren t l iterature om it v o we l s I t d o e s ex c ept f o r ,

a l a s ! th e b e s t m o dern di c tionar y (th at of B ooth or ) i s

g ra m m ati c a l a na ly s i s o f a w o rd i s a l read y kno w n,

edu c ated t h at t h eir e nu n c iati o n i s v er y ob s c ure T o

l earn th e tr ue v o we l s by t h e ear i s to t h e fo rei gner a ll ,

l earn ? G ra nt th at e v er y one will wi sh ultima tely to

attain t h e p o wer i s by ﬁ r s t l earni ng t h e l a ng ua g e i n

longh and ex a c tly a s i f we were dea l ing with E ngl i s h

ex h ib iti ng a s y s te m o f E ur o p ea n tra nsl iterati on a n d ,

clos ing with th e follo wi ng p a ss a g e

the di fﬁ cult i e s t o E ur op e an s l e arnin g Arabic a nd to Ar abs ,

le arning a E ur ope an t ongu e W e sh a ll b e abl e to grapple .

ﬁrst w ith th e languag e and after wa r ds with th e Arab typ e

an d th e Ar ab c onv e r s e ly 2 What i n c ontemplatin g n e w

lite rature i s of high imp ortance — i t will l e ss en the e xp ens e ,

of p rinti ng 3 I t w ill giv e t o the Ar ab s c a pit al l e tt er s

Roman lett er s and Italic s ; f or many reasons v aluabl e espe

c i a lly in f a cili t ating ref e r ence by a m ere glance o f th e ey e ,

a nd i n prev e nting pr op e r nam e s fr o m bei ng mi st ak e n f or un

known c omm on w ord s 4 B y a m ore p e rf e ct punctuati o n