ASPHALT CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT to represent the upper, middle, and lower range of

service temperatures.
TYPES OF ASPHALT - Asphalts is composed of various hydrocarbons, small
quantities of heteroatoms and traces of some metals. Three pavement design temperatures for the binder
 Asphalt Concrete
- When aspalt is dissolved in n-heptane specifications:
 Asphalt Emulsion
 maltenes get dissolved
 Asphalt Cutback 1. Maximum Temperature Design - the highest successive
 asphaltenes precipitate out seven- day average maximum pavement temperature
USES OF ASPHALT  Maltenes - are viscous liquid composed of resins and oils 2. Intermediate Temperature Design – the minimum
 Road Pavement  Asphatenes – molecular substances that are found in crude pavement temperature expected over the life of the
 Hydraulic Application oil along with other petroleum constituents pavement
 Asphalt Curbs 3. Minimum Temperature Design - the average of the
 Footways maximum and minimum pavement design temperatures
Factors responsible for changing the proportions of maltenes and plus 4°C
 Speed Humps
asphaltenes:
 Rail Track Beds Performance Grade Binder Characterization
 Electrical Uses • High temperatures
• Exposure to oxygen and light Four tests are performed on the neat or tank asphalt
TEMPERATURE & SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ASPHALT • Types of aggregate used in pavement mixture 1. flash point
- The consistency of asphalt is greatly affected by • Thickness of the asphalt film on the aggregate particles - safety test that measures the temperature at which the
temperature. Asphalt gets hard and brittle at low asphalt flashes; asphalt cement may be heated to a
Two type of asphalts based on its proportioning:
temperatures and soft at high temperatures temperature below this without becoming a fire hazard.
- The viscosity of the asphalt decreases when the temperature 1. Sol-type - asphalts with high quantities of resins and 1. The flash point is the temperature of the asphalt when
increases aromatics of adequate solvating power, the asphaltenes are the volatile fumes coming off the sample will sustain a
- Thermal cracking resulting from the use of too stiff asphalt in well peptized and the reslting micilles have good mobility flame for a short period of time.
a cold climate area. 2. Gel-type – insufficient quantities of aromatic maltenes 2. The fire point is minimum temperature at which there
- When asphalt is mixed with aggregates, the mixture will fractions, cannot be well peptized with asphaltenes. As a are sufficient volatile fumes to sustain a flame for an
perform properly only if the asphalt viscosity is within an result, asphaltenes get associated together in the asphalt extended period of time
optimum range. If the viscosity of asphalt is higher than the 2. solubility
CHARACTERIZATION OF ASPHALT:
optimum range, the mixture will be too brittle and 3. rotational viscosity
susceptible to low- temperature cracking - Before the SHRP research The asphalt cement specifications - Rotational (Brookfield) Viscometer Test [ASTM D4402]
- On the other hand, if the viscosity is below the optimum typically were based on measurements of viscosity, - The viscosity is determined by the amount of torque
range, the mixture will flow readily, resulting in permanent penetration, ductility, and softening point temperature required to rotate the spindle at the specified speed. The
deformation (rutting) - The new Performance Grade binder specifications were spindle size used is determined based on the viscosity
- Due to temperature susceptibility, the grade of the asphalt designed to provide performance- related properties that being measured. The viscosity is computed in centipoises
cement should be selected according to the climate of the can be related in a rational manner to pavement (cP) by the testing machine
area. The viscosity of the asphalt should be mostly within the performance (McGennis 1994).
optimum range for the area’s annual temperature range; 4. Dynamic shear rheometer.
Performance Grade Characterization Approach:
soft-grade asphalts are used for cold climates and hard-grade - Dynamic Shear Rheometer Test [AASHTO T315]
asphalts for hot climates - The Performance Grade tests used to characterize the - Used to measure three specification requirements in the
asphalt binder are performed at pavement temperatures Performance Grading system.
 - Neat binder and rutting potential test, the test Characterization of Emulsion and Cutback ■ Slow-curing cutbacks are produced by either diluting soft
temperature, and for evaluating fatigue potential residue in nonvolatile solvent or low-volatility fuel oil or by
- Common methods used to characterize emulsion include
- Bending Beam Rheometer Test - measures the midpoint simply stopping the refining process before all of the fuel oil
1. distillation of Cutback and Emulsion
deflection of a simply supported prismatic beam of is removed from the stock. Usually cure in a few months.
*The distillation test of cutback asphalt measures the
asphalt binder subjected to a constant load applied to its • Asphalt emulsion
amount and character of volatile constituents it
midpoint ■Asphalt emulsions are produced in a variety of
contains.
- Direct Tension Test - The maximum load developed combinations of the electric charge of the emulsifying agent,
*The procedure requires that the percentages, by
during the test is monitored. The tensile strain and stress the rate the emulsion sets (brakes), the viscosity of the
volume, of the distillate fractions at specified
in the specimen when the load reaches a maximum is emulsion, and the hardness of the asphalt cement.
temperatures be determined - The distillation test of
reported as the failure strain and failure stress ■Rapid setting emulsion sets in about 5 to 10 minutes,
emulsified asphalt determines the percent of residue
medium-setting emulsion sets in several hours, and slow-
To simulate the effect of aging on the properties of the binder, the and
setting emulsion sets in a few months.
rolling thin film oven and pressure-aging vessel condition the 2. Saybolt–Furol viscosity tests.
■Other emulsion types are also produced, such as the high
binder for short-term and long-term effects. - Emulsion viscosity is measured using the Saybolt–
float residue emulsion and the quick-set emulsion. The
Furol viscometer.
Rolling Thin-Film Oven (RTFO) [ASTM D2872] specifications of various asphalt emulsions are standardized
- In this test, the emulsion is bought to a temperature
by ASTM D977.
- to simulate the short-term aging that occurs in the of either 25°C (77°F) or 50°C (122°F) and allowed to
asphalt during production of asphalt concrete flow through a specific orifice. ASPHALT CONCRETE
- to prepare samples for evaluation for rutting potential - The Saybolt–Furol viscosity is the time (in seconds)
- is a composite material commonly used in construction
with the dynamic shear rheometer and prior to required to fill a special flask
projects such as road surfaces, parking lots, and airports.
conditioning with the pressure-aging vessel
- asphalt, blacktop, or pavement
Pressure-Aging Vessel (PAV) [ASTM D6521] - Asphalt concrete is a combination of two primary
CLASSIFICATION OF ASPHALT ingredients:
- consists of a temperature-controlled chamber, and
1. aggregate - a combination of crushed stone, gravel
pressure- and temperature-controlling and measuring • Asphalt binders and sand (90%-95)
devices - Asphalt binder is produced in several grades or classes 2. asphalt cement - binding material that adapts itself to
- Designed to simulate the oxidative aging that occurs in - Four methods for classifying asphalt binders: a variety of uses (5%-10%)
asphalt binders during pavement service. Residue from 1. Performance grading
this process may be used to estimate the physical or 2. Penetration grading Different kinds of Asphalt Concrete:
chemical properties of an asphalt binder after 5 to 10 3. Viscosity grading - Hot-Mix Asphalt concrete (HMA)
years in the field 4. Viscosity of aged residue grading - Warm-Mix Asphalt concrete (WMA)
Traditional Asphalt Characterization Tests • Asphalt cutbacks - Cold-Mix Asphalt concrete
Three types of cutbacks are produced, depending on the - Cut-back Asphalt concrete
- Traditional tests that have been used to characterize hardness of the residue and the type of solvent used. - Mastic Asphalt concrete
- asphalt before the development of the Performance ■ Rapid curing cutbacks are produced by dissolving hard
Grade system include the residue in a highly volatile solvent, such as gasoline. Usually
1. penetration and absolute cure in about 5 – 10 minutes 1. Hot-Mix Asphalt concrete (HMA) - produced by heating the
2. Kinematic viscosities. ■ Medium-curing cutbacks use medium hardness residue and asphalt binder, and drying the aggregate to prior to mixing
a less volatile solvent, such as kerosene. Usually cure in a few
days
2. Warm-Mix Asphalt concrete (HMA) - This is produced by adding Asphalt Concrete Production: Asphalt Recycling
either zeolites, waxes, asphalt emulsions, or water to the asphalt
Raw Material: Crude petroleum ★ Asphalt Recycling starts with recycled asphalt which contains
binder
reprocessed pavement.
1. Distilling the crude
3. Cold-Mix Asphalt concrete - produced by emulsifying the asphalt
in water with soap prior to mixing with the aggregate. - Does not 2. Cutting back ★ Reclaimed asphalt (known as RAP) which is old, broken or
need heat during process damaged asphalt.
3. Emulsifying
4. Cut-back Asphalt concrete - produced by dissolving the binder in ★ These materials are generated when asphalt pavements are
4. Pulverizing removed for reconstruction, resurfacing, or due to maintenance of
kerosene or another lighter fraction of petroleum prior to mixing
with the aggregate 5. Air Blowing buried utilities.

5. Mastic Asphalt concrete - This is produced by heating hard grade 1. Distilling the crude KEY REQUIREMENTS TO HAVE A SUCCESSFUL ASPHALT PAVEMENT
blown bitumen in a green cooker (mixer) until it has become a RECYCLING:
viscous liquid after which the aggregate mix is then added. ★ heat exchanger -where temperature is rapidly raised for initial
distillation. ★ be cost effective

★ atmospheric distillation tower - where lighter and more volatile ★ be environmentally responsible
Materials should be design: components vaporize - produces topped crude
★ perform well
★ Coarse aggregates 2. Cutting back
Methods of Recycling Asphalt
★ Fine aggregates ★ Asphalt may next be blended or "cut back" with a volatile
★ Hot recycling
substance, resulting in a product that is soft and workable than pure
★ Bitumen asphalt cement. ★ Cold recycling
★ Filler 3. Emulsifying ★ Full depth reclamation
Properties that should be met: ★ produces a liquid that can be easily pumped through pipes, mixed Hot Recycling
★ Density -should have high density with aggregate, or sprayed through nozzles.
★ Process in which reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is combined
★ Stability -Enough resistance to deformation under sustained or 4. Pulverizing with new materials to produce hot mix asphalt.
repeated loads ★ produces powdered asphalt ★ It can be either Hot in-place recycling wherein existing pavement
★ Durability -Resistance to disintegration by weathering or abrasive ★ Asphalt is crushed and passed through a series of fine mesh sieves
is heated then milled to specific depth
forces of traffic to ensure uniform size of the granules. Cold Recycling
★ Flexibility -Ability of a bituminous mix to bend repeatedly without 5. Air Blowing ★ Existing asphalt pavement is pulverized in-place and re-
cracking compacted into pavement layer.
★ done if asphalt is to be used other than paving
★ Skid Resistance -Offer enough resistance to the skidding of tyres Full depth reclamation
★ produces a material that softens at higher temperature than
★ Impervious Layer -Should be highly impervious to water paving asphalt ★ all asphalt pavement section and some amount of underlying
materials are mixed in place to produce stabilized base course.

★ different types of additives were added to obtain an improved

base.
ASPHALT ADDITIVES
Asphalt additives - substances that can be added to the asphalt Crumb Rubber
binder to alter the characteristics of the final blend of HMA.
★ Crumb rubber is recycled rubber produced from automotive and
Main reasons for including a given additive/modifier: truck scrap tires.
★ Increase the stiffness of the mixture BIOBINDERS

★ Soften and increase the elasticity of the mixture ★ Bio-based alternatives, which are being developed across the
industry in various countries
★ improve aging resistance
NON-BITUMINOUS MODIF.
★ Reduce life-cycle cost of HMA pavements
★ Non-BITUMINOUS modifiers are used for the specific purpose of
The increase in the amount of Asphalt additives can primarily be
improving the asphalt binders' performance in a given environment.
attributed to the following factors:
TYPES:
★ an increased demand on HMA pavements - antioxidants
★ Environmental and economic pressure. - stiffening agents
★ Public agency willingness to pay higher cost for pavements with a - hydrocarbon supplements
longer service life
- antistripping agents
TYPES OF ASPHALT ADDITIVES:
1.POLYMER ADDITIVES
2.BIOBINDERS
3.NON-BITUMINOUS MODIFIERS
POLYMER ADDITIVES
Elastomers

★ Elastomers are natural or synthetic polymer having elastic

properties.

★ Currently the most common polymer additives are styrene-

butadiene-styrene copolymer, SRR, and EVA.
Plastomers

★ A plastomer is a polymer material which combines qualities of

elastomers and plastics.