Wang 2007
Wang 2007
Wang 2007
⇆
Glycerin + Methylesters
Theoretically, transesterification reaction is an equilibrium reaction. In this reaction, more amount of methanol
was used to improve the solubility of oil in methanol and to shift the reaction equilibrium to the right side to produce
more desired products of
Fig. 1. Configuration of the high pressure and high temperature reaction vessel. 1, 2: High pressure pump; 3, 4, 5, 6, 7: valve; 8:
high temperature oil bath; 9: pressure meter; 10: stirrer; 11: high temperature and high pressure reaction reactor; 12: temperature
meter.
478 L. Wang et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 88 (2007) 477–481
methyl esters. The variables affecting the methyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction, such as the
catalyst content, the reaction temperature, the reaction pressure, the molar ratio of alcohol to rapeseed oil and the
water content were investigated. Furthermore, the experimental results were further analyzed in terms of the kinetics
of the crude oil of rapeseed to methyl esters.
3.1. Effects of the NaOH content on the methyl ester yield
Fig. 2 shows the effect of the catalyst content on the methyl ester yield. It could be confirmed that a very small
amount of NaOH can evidently accelerate the methyl ester conversion from the crude oil of rapeseed in 523 K and
10.2 MPa. The transesterification rate increased obviously as the NaOH content increased from 0.2 wt.‰ to 0.5
wt.‰. Using 0.5 wt.‰ NaOH
Fig. 2. Effect of the amount of NaOH on the methyl ester yield. Reaction temperature 523 K; reaction pressure 10.2 MPa; crude
oil of rapeseed 90 ml; CH
3
OH 135 ml; stirring 400 rpm.
Fig. 3. Effect of temperature on the yield of the transesterification reaction of crude oil of rapeseed with 0.8 wt.‰ NaOH. Crude
oil of rapeseed 90 ml; CH
3
OH 135 ml; stirring 400 rpm.
as a catalyst, it only took 8 min for the methyl ester conversion to achieve more than 98%, which was 30 times faster
than that without any catalyst. When the catalyst content was further enhanced to 0.8 wt.‰ and 1.0 wt.‰, the
activity of reaction improved slowly. Therefore, 0.5 wt.‰–1.0 wt.‰ NaOH was more suitable.
3.2. Effects of reaction temperature on the methyl ester yield and its kinetics
Effects of the reaction temperature on the methyl ester yield are shown in Fig. 3. Our studies were carried out
under different temperatures with a fixed methanol/oil molar ratio of 36 and a fixed reactant mixture density of
17.70 mol/l.
It was observed that increasing the reaction temperature had a favorable influence on methyl ester yield. As
shown in Fig. 3, at the temperature of 473 K, the methyl ester yield was relatively low even after reaction for 20
min. The methyl ester yield with 0.8 wt.‰ NaOH was only 79.2%. As the temperature increased, the yield increased
significantly. After 13 min, methyl ester yield of 98.1% was obtained at 493 K. When the temperature was further
increased to 523 K and 533 K, the transesterification reaction was essentially completed within 6 min and 4 min,
respectively.
In order to quantify the temperature effect on the reaction and evaluate the apparent activated energy of this
reaction, the ex- perimental results were further analyzed in terms of the kinetics of the crude oil of rapeseed to
methyl esters. Since the molar ratio of methanol to oil was fixed to be 36, the concentration of methanol was
considered as a constant, as reported by other researchers [11]. This reaction is assumed to proceed in the first order
reaction as a function of the concentration of triglycerides and reaction temperature [11].
According to this model [11], we can get Table 1 for the rate constants based on the results in Fig. 3. The
corresponding Arrhenius plot was presented in Fig. 4.
It was evident that the reaction rate using 0.8 wt.‰ NaOH was much higher than that of non-catalyst published
by Kusdiana and Saka. For example, the reactant rate with 0.8 wt.‰ NaOH was 18 times faster than that published
by Kusdiana and Saka in 503 K [11].
As Fig. 4 shows, the experimental data was fitted quite well to Eq. (1). With 0.8 wt.‰ NaOH added, the apparent
activation
Table 1 Experimental conditions and the rate constants for the transesterification reaction with 0.8 wt.‰ NaOH
Temperature (K) Pressure (MPa) k
app
(s-1)
473 4.1 0.0014 483 4.8 0.0021 493 5.6 0.0029 503 6.5 0.0055 503 a 9 a 0.0003 a 513 7.8 0.0065 523 10.2 0.0116
Crude oil of rapeseed 90 ml; methanol 135 ml; stirring 400 rpm.
a Data of non-catalyst [11].
479 L. Wang et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 88 (2007) 477–481
Fig. 4. Arrhenius plot for transesterification rate constant of crude oil of rapeseed in methanol with 0.8 wt.‰ NaOH. Crude oil of
rapeseed 90 ml; CH
3
OH 135 ml; stirring 400 rpm.
energy under the reaction temperature ranging from 473 K to 523 K was 85.4 kJ/mol and the corresponding
preexponential factor was 3.613×106.
lnk
app
= lnk0−
E
RT
app
(1)
3.3. Effects of reaction pressure on the methyl ester yield
If the reaction pressure changes, the diffusion among two reactants of oil and methanol as well as the equilibrium
of solubilization between these two materials may change accordingly in the non-homogeneous reaction system.
Furthermore, according the transition state theory, a certain extent of change in reaction pressure may give birth
to the great difference of the transesterification reaction rate if ΔV ̄
∞ ≠ (the partial molar volume of activation) in this reaction is a very large negative value [15]. Contrarily, if the
value of ΔV ̄
∞ ≠ is relatively small, the effect of pressure on the reaction rate may be unapparent. In other words, whether the
reaction pressure affects the reaction rate may lie on the value of ΔV ̄
∞ ≠. ( Alnk
app
) ( AP
T
=
Table 2 Effect of reaction pressure on the methyl ester yield
Reaction pressure (MPa) 24 7.8 5.7 Methyl ester yield (%) 98.3 97.6 95.2
0.8 wt.‰ NaOH; reaction time 6 min; reaction temperature 523 K; CH
3 ( Alnk
AP
)
T
+
Alnq AP
)
T
= −
D ̄V
RT
l p
(2)
In order to study the effect of reaction pressure on the methyl ester yield with 0.8 wt.‰ NaOH, transesterification
reactions of the crude oil of rapeseed were carried out at a fixed temperature
OH/oil (mol/mol) 36:1; stirring 400 rpm.
of 523 K, a fixed molar ratio of methanol to vegetable oil and a fixed stirring rate of 400 rpm. Changing the total
amount of reactants, different reaction pressures could be obtained.
As shown in Table 2, for pressure changing from 24 MPa to 5.7 MPa, the differences in methyl ester yield were
not notable. It adding meant of that NaOH. the It reaction also suggested may be that in homogeneous the value of
ΔV
due ̄ ≠ ∞
in to this the
reaction was not very large. The high reaction rate with NaOH in supercritical/subcritical methanol mainly resulted
from the lower activation energy, the higher corresponding preexponen- tial factor and the high reaction
temperature.
3.4. Effects of the molar ratio of methanol to vegetable oil on the methyl ester yield
The molar ratio of methanol to vegetable oil is also one of the most important variables affecting the yield of
methyl esters. In this reaction, an excess of methanol was used in order to shift the equilibrium to the direction of the
products. In addition, excess of methanol is in favor of the solubility of oil in methanol. Kusdiana and Saka have
suggested that higher molar ratios of methanol to oil also result in a more efficient transesterification reaction [11].
In order to determine the effect of varying the molar ratio of methanol to oil on the formation of methyl esters,
transester- ification reactions of the crude oil of rapeseed were carried out at a fixed temperature of 523 K, a fixed
catalyst/oil ratio of 0.5 wt.‰ and a fixed weight of oil (90 ml). As shown in Fig. 5, for molar ratios ranging from 12
to 36, the higher molar ratio of methanol to oil was charged, the more quickly transesterifica- tion speed was
obtained. For molar ratios less than 12, the reaction is incomplete. While when the molar ratio was increased to 24, a
high conversion of the crude oil of rapeseed to methyl esters was observed with a yield of 97.3% within 10 min; and
with a molar ratio of 36, the transesterification reaction was essentially completed within 8 min. Therefore, the
optimum molar ratio of methanol to crude oil of rapeseed should not be lower than 24:1.
480 L. Wang et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 88 (2007) 477–481
Fig. 5. Effect of the molar ratio of crude oil of rapeseed to methanol on the methyl ester yield with 0.5 wt.‰ NaOH. Reaction
temperature 523 K; crude oil of rapeseed 90 ml; stirring 400 rpm.
3.5. Effects of the water content on the methyl ester yield
Water content is an important factor in the alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oil. Water can
consume the catalyst and reduce catalyst efficiency. So, the water content should be kept below 0.06 wt.% in the
traditional methods [16]. In this paper, the effect of water on the yield of methyl ester in transesterification of
triglycerides with 0.5 wt.‰ NaOH was investigated under fixed reaction conditions of a molar ratio of 24:1, a
reaction temperature of 523 K and a reaction pressure of 6.0 MPa.
As Fig. 6 shows, water content can be higher than 0.06 wt.% in supercritical and subcritical conditions. When the
water content to oil was below 1.5 wt.%, the degression in yield was very small. However, when the water content
was above 2.0 wt.%, it resulted in an obvious low yield. Therefore, in order to obtain a high yield in 10 min, the
water content of the reactants should be less than 1.5 wt.%.
4. Conclusions
A very small amount of NaOH was an excellent catalyst in the transesterification reaction at the
supercritical/subcritical temperatures, where soap formation did not occur. The main factors affecting the methyl
ester yield during the transester- ification reaction were the catalyst content, the reaction temperature, the molar ratio
of oil to alcohol and the water content. High methyl ester yield and fast reaction rate could be obtained even if the
reaction pressure was relatively low, which is quite favorable to the production of biodiesel in industry.
References
[1] F. Ma, M.A. Hanna, Bioresour. Technol. 70 (1999) 1–15. [2] A.S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj, C. Muraleedharan, Fuel 84 (2005)
335–340. [3] S.K. Karmee, A. Chadha, Bioresour. Technol. 96 (2005) 1425–1429. [4] R. Alcantara, J. Amores, L. Canoira, E.
Fidalgo, M.J. Franco, A. Navarro,
Biomass Bioenergy 18 (2000) 515–527. [5] R. Stern, G. Hillion, P. Gateau, J.-C. Guibet, US Patent 4, 695, 41 (1987).
Fig. 6. Effect of the water content on the methyl ester yield with 0.5 wt.‰ NaOH. Reaction time 10 min; reaction temperature
523 K; reaction pressure 6.0 MPa; crude oil of rapeseed 90 ml; CH
3
OH 90 ml; stirring 400 rpm.
[6] M.M. Soumanou, U.T. Bornscheuer, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 33 (2003)
97–103. [7] G.J. Suppes, M.A. Dasari, E.J. Doskocil, P.J. Mankidy, M.J. Goff, Appl.
Catal., A Gen. 257 (2003) 213–223. [8] T. Ebiura, T. Echizen, A. Ishikawa, K. Murai, T. Baba, Appl. Catal., A Gen.
283 (2005) 111–116. [9] W. Xie, H. Peng, L. Chen, Appl. Catal., A Gen. 300 (2006) 67–74. [10] S. Saka, D. Kusidianan, Fuel
80 (2) (2001) 225–231. [11] D. Kusdiana, S. Saka, Fuel 80 (5) (2001) 693–698.
481 L. Wang et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 88 (2007) 477–481
[12] D. Kusdiana, S. Saka, Chem. Eng. Jpn. 34 (3) (2001) 383–387. [13] D. Kusdiana, S. Saka, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.
113–116 (2004)
781–791. [14] D. Kusidiana, S. Saka, Bioresour. Technol. 91 (3) (2004) 289–295. [15] D.S. Bulgarevich, K. Otake, T. Sako,
T. Sugeta, Y. Takebayashi, C. Kamizawa, D. Shintani, A. Negishi, C. Tsurumi, J. Supercrit. Fluids 26 (2003) 215–224. [16] F.
Ma, L.D. Clements, M.A. Hanna, Trans. ASAE 41 (1998) 1261–1264.