Tutorial Answers - Separation B Tutorial - Combined Tutorial Solutions

TOPIC 1.
Evaporation 1
Tutorial Solutions Topic 1
1. 31 °C, 248 kg/hr

2. 333 W/m2-K, 0.86 kg/kg
3. a) 17351 kg/hr, 0.95 kg/kg, 80m2 b) 19787 kg/hr, 0.83 kg/kg,
2 2
84.6m c) 15960 kg/hr, 1.03 kg/kg, 73.5m
4. 4.82 kg/s
5. a) 1140 W/m2-k, 0.83 kg/kg b) 1070 kg/hr, 9.3% solids
6. Effect 1: 373 W/m2-K, Effect 2: 298 W/m2-K , 1.50 kg/kg
7. 8268 kg/hr, 2.34 kg/kg steam, 87m2
8. 1.83 kg/s
©HERIOT-W ATT UNIVERSITY B49CD September 2015 v1

TOPIC 1. Evaporation 2
Question 1
Mass Balance
Feed (10% Concentrate (20% Solids) Vapour

Solids)
Solid 40 40 0
Liquid 360 160 200
Total 400 200 200
Heat balance:
Assuming feed has the properties of water

Heat capacity of water: 4.18 kJ/kg-K
Latent heat vaporisation of water at 0.1 bar: 2393 kJ/kg
Latent heat vaporisation of water at 1 bar: 2260 kJ/kg
T 1 = 45.9 °C (Boiling point of water at 0,1 bar – from steam tables)
Assume Ts is T s = 100 °C
Heat, Q, supplied to process fluid

= W V λ V + W F C p (T 1 -T F )
= 200 x 2393 + 400 x 4.18 x (T 1 -T F )
= 478600 + 1672 (T 1 -T F )
Heat transfer
Q = Heat transferred across heat transfer surface
Q = U A (T S – T 1 )
Q = 2 x 1300 (100-45.9) =140660 W
Q = 140660 x (3600/1000) = 506376 kJ/hr
So 506376 = 478600 + 1672 (T 1 -T F )

16.6 = T 1 -T F
Since T 1 = 45.9 °C
T F = 29.3 °C
Q = Heat given up by condensing steam
Q = W S λS
506376 = W S X 2260
W S = 224 kg/hr
224 x(100/90) = 248.8 kg/hr

Question 2
Feed liquid temperature: 20 °C

Temperature of boiling wort, at this pressure: 46 °C
Steam temperature at this pressure: 120 °C
Mass Balance
Feed (2% Solids) Concentrate (6.66% Vapour

Solids)
Solid 120 120 0
Liquid 5880 1681.8 4198.2
Total 6000 1801.8 4198.2
Heat balance:

= W V λ V + W F C p (T 1 -T F )
= 4198.2 x 2390 + 6000 x 4 x (46 – 20)
= 10.66 x106 kJ/hr
= Heat given up by condensing steam

= WS λS
W S = 10.66 x106 / 2190

W S = 4867.6 kg/hr
Heat transfer
Q = U A (T S – T 1 )
U = Q / (A (T S – T 1 ))
U = (10.66 x106 x 1000) / (120 x (120 – 46) x 3600)
U = 333 W/m2 K
Steam economy
Economy = vapour produced / steam used
Economy = 4198.2 / 4867.6

Economy = 0.86 kg/kg steam

Question 3
Basis 1 hour
Water in feed = (1-0.08) x 20000 = 18400 kg
Solids in feed = 0.08 x 20000 = 20000 = 1600
Mass Balance
Feed (8% Solids) Concentrate (45% Solids) Vapour

Solid 1600 1600 0
Liquid 18400 1956 16444
Total 20000 3556 16444
S λ S = V λ V + F C p (T1 − TF )
For 51.7 °C
Find latent heats from steam tables
(i) S λ S = V λ V + F C p (T1 − TF )
S × 2254 = 16444 × 2377 + 20000 × 3.77 × (52 − 51.7 )
S = 17351 kg/hr
(ii) Economy = 16444/17351 = 0.95 kg/kg steam
(iii) Q = U A (T S – T 1 )
A = Q / (U (T S – T 1 ) ) = (17351 x 2254) / (2.8 x (120.5 – 52))

A = 56.6 m2
Repeat for 21.2 and 93.3 °C

Question 4
From steam tables T S = 120

λ S = 2200 kJ/kg
Heat transfer
Q = U A (T S – T 1 )
Q = U A (T S – T 1 )
Q = 2400 x 80 x (120 – 51)
Q = 13.25 x 106 W
Q = 13.25 x 103 kJ/s
Q = Heat given up by condensing steam

Q= W S λ S
W S = 13.25 x 103 / 2200 =6.02 kg/s
Economy = vapour produced / steam used = 0.8 kg/kg steam
0.8 W S = W V
0.8 x 6.02 = W V
W V = 4.8 kg/s

Question 5
5000 kg/hr of an aqueous solution containing 2 mass% dissolved solid is

concentrated in a single-effect evaporator to 3.3 mass% dissolved solids. The
feed is supplied at 45 °C. This evaporator, operating at 0.5 bar absolute, is
heated by dry saturated steam at 1.2 bar absolute. The heat capacity of the
feed and concentrate streams is 4.2 kJ/kg-K. Boiling point rise may be
assumed negligible.
a) If the evaporator’s heat transfer area is 55m2, calculate its overall
heat transfer coefficient and its steam economy.
Feed (2% Solids) Concentrate (3.3 % Vapour

Solids)
Solid 100 100 0
Liquid 4900 2930.3 1969.7
Total 5000 3030.3 1969.7
From steam tables

T S = 104.8 °C
λ S = 2244
T 1 = 81.4 °C
= W V λ V + W F C p (T 1 -T F )
= 1969.7 x 2305 + 5000 x 4.2 x (81.4 – 45)
= 5.31 x106 kJ/hr

= WS λS
W S = 5.31 x106 / 2244

W S = 2366 kg/hr
Heat transfer
Q = U A (T S – T 1 )
U = Q / (A (T S – T 1 ))
U = (5.31 x106 x 1000) / (55 x (104.8 – 81.4) x 3600)
U = 1144 W/m2 K

Steam economy
Economy = vapour produced / steam used
Economy = 1969.72 / 2366

Economy = 0.83 kg/kg steam
It is proposed that a second, identically sized, evaporator be installed,

operating in forward-fed mode along with the existing unit, to provide
further concentration of the solution.
An overall heat transfer coefficient of 850 W/m2-K is anticipated for the
second effect.
b) Assuming that the operating conditions of the first effect remain
unchanged, calculate the flowrate and composition of the final
concentrate.
[1070 kg/hr, 9.3% solids]
W F (2% W C1 (3.3 % W V1 = W S2 W V2 W C2
Solids) Solids)
Solid 100 100 0 0 100
Liquid 4900 2930.3 1969.7
Total 5000 3030.3 1969.7

Effect 2:
W V1 λ V1 = W C1 C p (T 2 -T 1 ) + W V2 λ V2
1969.7 x 2305 =3030.3 x 4.2 x (T 2 -T 1 ) + W V2 λ V2
W V1 λ V1 = U 2 A 2 (T 1 -T 2 )
1969.7 x 2305 x(1000/3600) = 850 x 55 x (81.4 – T 2 )
(81.4 – T 2 ) = 26.9
T 2 = 54.5 °C
W F (2% W C1 (3.3 % W V1 = W S2 W V2 W C2
Solids) Solids)
Solid 100 100 0 0 100
Liquid 4900 2930.3 1969.7 1960.3 970
Total 5000 3030.3 1969.7 1960.3 1070
Final concentrate:
(100/1070) x 100 = 9.3% solids

Question 6
1. As question 2 but the plant is a 2 effect system. The feed enters Effect 1
at 20 °C; the boiling temperature in Effect 1 is recorded at 82 °C; the
boiling temperature in Effect 2 is 46 °C.
Latent heat of vapour at 82 °C: 2300 kJ/kg
Heat transfer area of each effect: 120m2
a) The overall heat transfer coefficient for each effect

b) The steam economy
T F = 20 °C
T 1 = 82 °C
T 2 = 46 °C
T S = 120 °C
λ S = 2190
Heat capacity of liquid: 4.0 kJ/kg-K
Effect 1:
W S1 λS 1 = W F C p (T 1 -T F ) + W V1 λ V1
Effect 2:
W V1 λ V1 = W C1 C p (T 2 -T 1 ) + W V2 λ V2
Steam temperature at this pressure: 120 °C
Mass Balance
Feed (2% Solids) Concentrate (6.66% Total Vapour

Solids)
Solid 120 120 0
Liquid 5880 1681.8 4198.2
Total 6000 1801.8 4198.2
Heat balance:

= W V λ V + W F C p (T 1 -T F ) = 10.66 x106 kJ/hr
Q 1 = W V1 x 2300 + 6000 x 4 x (86 – 20)

Q 1 = U 1 x A 1 X (T 1 – T 2 )
Second effect:
W V1 λ V1 = (4198.2- W V1 ) x 2300 = 1801 4 x (46-82) + 4198.x 2390
Solve to give:
W V1 =2114.4 kg./hr
W V2 =2084.1 kg/hr
Q 1 = 6.5 x106

= WS λS
W S1 = 6.5 x106 / 2190

W S1 = 2943.5 kg/hr
Economy = (W V1 + W V2) / W S1
Economy = (4198.5) / 2943.5
= 1.43 kg/kg

Question 7
A forward feed triple-effect evaporator is used to concentrate 35,000kg/hr of a
17% solution of dissolved solids to 38%. The feed enters at 60°C (C p = 3.93
kJ/kg-K) and dry steam is supplied at 1.5atm and the 3rd effect is operated at
0.2atm. Heat transfer coefficients may be taken as 3970, 2840 and 2270
W/m2-K. If all three effects are to have the same area, determine:
a) Steam required
b) Economy
c) Heating surface per effect
Assuming:
• All 3 units have the same area

• Negligible boiling point rise
U 1 = 3970 W/m2-K
U 2 = 2840 W/m2-K
U 3 = 2270 W/m2-K
Material Balance (kg/h)
Feed Concentrate Total Vapour

Water 29050 9708 19342
Solids 5950 5950 0
Total 35000 15658 19342

(from steam tables)
Steam at 1st effect, T S1 = 111.4°C

Temperature in 3rd effect, T 3 = 60°C
Intermediate temperatures
U 1 ∆T 1 = U 2 ∆T 2 = U 3 ∆T 3
Also know:
∆T 1 + ∆T 2 + ∆T 3 = T S1 – T 3
Giving 3 simultaneous equations and 3 unknowns:
∆T 1 + ∆T 2 + ∆T 3 = 111.4 – 60 = 51.4 °C
U 1 ∆T 1 = U 2 ∆T 2 = U 3 ∆T 3
Solve to give: ∆T 1 = 12.4, ∆T 2 = 17.4, ∆T 3 = 21.6
Temperature (°C) Heat of vaporisation

(kJ/kg)
Steam T S1 111.4 2226
Effect 1 T1 111.4 – 12.4 = 99 2258
Effect 2 T2 99 – 17.4 = 81.6 2305
Effect 3 T3 81.6 – 21.6 = 60 2360
Due to the cold feed, the 1st effect will have substantial sensible heat term in
its heat balance, so we increase ∆T 1 at the expense of the others to give:
∆T 1 = 14.8, ∆T 2 = 15, ∆T 3 = 21.6

(kJ/kg)
Steam T S1 111.4 2226
Effect 1 T1 111.4 – 14.8 = 96.6 2266
Effect 2 T2 96.6 – 15 = 81.6 2305
Effect 3 T3 81.6 – 21.6 = 60 2360

Heat balances (for each effect)
Heat supplied from steam = Sensible heat ‘gain’ of liquor + Latent heat of
vapour formed
Effect 1:
W S1 λS 1 = W F C p (T 1 -T F ) + W V1 λ V1
W S1 x 2226 = 35000 x 3.93 x (96.6-60) + W V1 2266
Effect 2:
W V1 λ V1 = W C1 C p (T 2 -T 1 ) + W V2 λ V2 W C1 = 35000 – W V1
Effect 3:
W V2 λ V2 = W C2 C p (T 3 -T 2 ) + W V3 λ V3 W C2 = 35000 – W V1 – W V2
Overall material balance
W V1 + W V2 + W V3 = W F – W C3 = 19342
Solve these equations to give:
W V1 W V2 W V3 W S1
(Remember total vapour produced should equal 19342 kg/hr).
Economy = (W V1 + W V2 + W V3 )/ W S1
Economy = 19342 / W S1
Areas
A 1 =A 2 = A 3
For effect 1:
Q 1 = U 1 A 1 ∆T 1 = W S1 λ S1
For effect 2:
Q 2 = U 2 A 2 ∆T 2 = W V1 λ V1
For effect 3:
Q 3 = U 3 A 3 ∆T 3 = W V2 λ V2
Check if the calculated areas are close, (Otherwise ∆Ts can be adjusted until
the areas matched).

Question 8
Question 8 is an optional question for students who want to challenge their

knowledge:
A triple-effect evaporator is fed with a feed liquor which is to be concentrated

from 10 mass% to 30 mass% solids. The unit is forward fed and each effect
had 20m2 of heat transfer area. The overall heat transfer coefficients in each of
the three effects are 2200, 2000 and 1600 W/m2-K respectively.
Assuming negligible boiling point rise and neglecting sensible heat

effects and heat losses, determine the feed liquor rate with which the
unit can cope.
Material Balance (kg/h)
Feed Concentrate Total Vapour

Water 0.9F 0.23F 0.67F
Solids 0.1F 0.1F 0
Total F 0.33F 0.67F
From steam tables:

Steam at 1st effect, T S1 = 120°C
Temperature in 3rd effect, T 3 = 45.8°C
Effect Boiling Steam ΔT for Heat

Temperature Temperature Transfer
1 T1 T S1 ∆T 1 = T S1 – T 1
2 T2 T1 ∆T 2 = T 1 – T 2
3 T3 T2 ∆T 3 = T 2 – T 3
Capacity: Q T = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3
Q T = U 1 A 1 ∆T 1 + U 2 A 2 ∆T 2 + U 3 A 3 ∆T 3
ΔT T , = 120 –45.8 = 74.2°C.
The temperature drops in the effects will be approximately inversely

proportional to the coefficients:

1
U1
ΔT1 = ΔTT
1 + 1 + 1
U1 U2 U3
1
ΔT1 = 2200 74.2
1 + 1 + 1
2200 2000 1600
ΔT1 = 21.4 °C
ΔT1 = TS1 − T1
T1 = TS1 - ΔT1
ΔT1 = 120 - 21.4 = 98.6 °C

(kJ/kg)
Steam T S1 120 2202
Effect 1 T1 120 – 21.4 = 98.6 2260
Effect 2 T2 98.6– 23.5 = 75.1 2319
Effect 3 T3 75.1– 29.3 = 45.8 2393
A 1 = A 2 = A 3 = 20 m2
Solve for:
For effect 1:
Q 1 = U 1 A 1 ∆T 1 = W S1 λ S1
For effect 2:
Q 2 = U 2 A 2 ∆T 2 = W V1 λ V1
For effect 3:
Q 3 = U 3 A 3 ∆T 3 = W V2 λ V2

TOPIC 2. Drying 1
Tutorial Questions Topic 2
1. 8.5 hr
2. 13.5 hr
3. 7.9 hr
4. 0.0023 kg/kg
5. 3.25 hr
6. a) 0.076 kg/kg, b) 2.4 kg/hr.m2, c) 29.3kW/m2-K
7. 0.139 kg/s, 0.024 kg/kg
8. a) 44°C, b) 2304 kg dry air / hr, c) 1.3m - 7.7m
9. 1.68m, 13.4m
10. w c = 0.151 kg/kg, w e = 0.049 kg/kg
11. 304m

TOPIC 2. Drying 2
Question 1
w 1 = 0.35 kg water/ kg dry solid

w c = 0.14 kg water/ kg dry solid
w e = 0.04 kg water/ kg dry solid
f 1 = (w 1 – w e ) = 0.35 – 0.04 = 0.31 kg/kg

f c = (w c – w e ) = 0.14 – 0.04 = 0.10 kg/kg
f = (w 2 – w e ) = 0.10 – 0.04 = 0.06 kg/kg
Since:
1  f1 − fc f 
t=  + In  c 
mA s  fc  f 
1  (0.31 - 0.10 )  0.10 

6=  + In 
mA  0.10  0.06 
6=
1
(2.61)
mA
mA = 0.435
If the solid dried to 0.06 kg water/kg dry solid:
f = (w 2 – w e ) = 0.06 – 0.04 = 0.02 kg/kg
1  (0.31 - 0.10 )  0.10 

t=  + In  = 8.53 hr
0.435  0.10  0.02 

TOPIC 2. Drying 3
Question 2

f 1 = (w 1 – w e ) = 0.35 – 0.04 = 0.31 kg/kg

f c = (w c – w e ) = 0.20 – 0.04 = 0.16 kg/kg
f = (w 2 – w e ) = 0.10 – 0.04 = 0.06 kg/kg
1  f1 − fc f 
t=  + In  c 
mA s  fc  f 
1  (0.31 - 0.16 )  0.16 

7=  + In 
mA  0.16  0.06 
1
7= (1.92)
mA
mA = 0.274
If the solid dried to 0.05 kg water/kg dry solid:
f = (w 2 – w e ) = 0.05 – 0.04 = 0.01 kg/kg
1  (0.31 - 0.16 )  0.16 

t=  + In  = 13.5 hr
0.274  0.16  0.01 

TOPIC 2. Drying 4
Question 3
w e = 0 kg water/ kg dry solid
f 1 = (w 1 – w e ) = 0.20 – 0 = 0.20 kg/kg

f c = (w c – w e ) = 0.09 – 0 = 0.09 kg/kg
f = (w 2 – w e ) = 0.10 – 0 = 0.1 kg/kg
1  f1 − fc f 
t=  + In  c 
mA s  fc  f 
1  (0.20 - 0.09 )  0.09 

2.64 =  + In 
mA  0.09  0.1 
1
2.64 = (1.12)
mA
mA = 0.423
If the initial moisture content was 40wt%:
1  (0.40 - 0.09 )  0.09 

t=  + In  = 7.89 hr
0.423  0.09  0.01 

TOPIC 2. Drying 5
Question 4
f 1 = (w 1 – w e ) = 0.35 – 0.002 = 0.348 kg/kg

f c = (w c – w e ) = 0.16 – 0.002 = 0.158 kg/kg
f = (w 2 – w e ) = 0.006 – 0.002 = 0.004 kg/kg
1  f1 − fc f 
t=  + In  c 
mA s  fc  f 
1  (0.348 - 0.158 )  0.158 

10 =  + In 
mA  0.158  0.004 
10 =
1
(4.879 )
mA
mA = 0.488
If the maximum drying time is 15 hours:
1  (0.348 - 0.158 )  0.158 

15 =  + In 
0.488  0.158  f 
  0.158 
7.32 = 1.203 + In 
  f 
 0.158 
6.117 = In 
 f 
0.158
= e 6.117 = 453.5
f
f = 3.48 x 10-4
f = (w 2 – w e ) = w 2 – 0.002
w 2 = 0.00235 kg/kg

TOPIC 2. Drying 6
Question 5
Given that:
m = 100 kg
N c = 0.0007 kg/s m2
A s = 0.03 m2/kg
Material balance:
IN OUT
% Mass (kg) % Mass (kg)
Water 30 30 15.5 12.8
Solids 70 70 84.5 70
Total 100 100 100 82.8
w 1 = 30/70 = 0.429 kg/kg

w c = 12.8/ 70 = 0.183 kg/kg
1 (w1 − w c )
t=
As Nc
1 (0.429 − 0.183 )
t= = 11714 s = 3.25 hr
0.03 0.0007

TOPIC 2. Drying 7
Question 6
Drying time Sample weight Water weight Moisture (kg/kg) Drying rate
(hr) (kg) (kg) (kg/m2 hr)
0.0 19.11 3.09 0.193

0.5 18.99 2.97 0.185 1.6
1.0 18.84 2.82 0.176 2.0
1.5 18.68 2.66 0.166 2.13
2.0 18.50 2.48 0.155 2.4
2.5 18.32 2.3 0.144 2.4
3.0 18.13 2.11 0.132 2.53
3.5 17.96 1.96 0.121 2.27
4.0 17.78 1.76 0.110 2.4
4.5 17.59 1.57 0.098 2.53
5.0 17.41 1.39 0.087 2.4
5.5 17.23 1.21 0.076 2.4
6.0 17.07 1.05 0.066 2.13
6.5 16.91 0.89 0.056 2.13
7.0 16.78 0.76 0.047 1.73
7.5 16.69 0.67 0.042 1.2
8.0 16.62 0.60 0.037 0.93
8.5 16.52 0.50 0.031 1.33
9.0 16.46 0.44 0.027 0.8
9.5 16.42 0.40 0.025 0.53
10.0 16.37 0.35 0.022 0.6
11.0 16.31 0.29 0.018 0.4
11.5 16.30 0.28 0.017 0.13
12.0 16.29 0.27 0.017 0.13

TOPIC 2. Drying 8
Plot moisture against drying rate
From the graph:
a)The critical moisture content ~0.076 kg/kg
b)The drying rate during the constant period = N c = 2.4 kg/m2 hr

TOPIC 2. Drying 9
Question 7
Given that:
For the solid:

x s1 = 0.5 kg/kg solid
x s2 = 0.05 kg/kg solid
T=295 K
For air:
x 1 = 0.002 kg/kg
T A1 =385 K
T A2 = 315 K
G A = 3 kg/s
And
At 295K λ = 2449 kJ/kg

Solid heat capacity = 1.2 kJ/kg-K,
Dry air heat capacity = 1.00 kJ/kg-K,
Water vapour heat capacity = 2.01 kJ/kg-K.
Heat in:
Air:
Q Ai = C pAir G A + C pwater vapour m water ) (T-T D )
= (1 x 3 + 2.01 x (0.002 x 3) ) (385 – 273)
= 335.35 kJ/s (kW)
Solid:
If S i is the mass of wet solid in.
Mass of water in = MW = 0.5 S i
Mass of solid in = M S = 0.5 S i
Q Si = C solid M S + C pwater m water ) (T-T D )

= (1.2 x 0.5 S i + 4.18 x 0.5 S i ) (295 – 273)
= 59.18 S i
Heat out:
Air:
Q Ao = C pAir G A + C pwater vapour m water ) (T-T D )
= (1 x 3 + 2.01 x (0.002 x 3) ) (315 – 273)
= 126.51 kW

TOPIC 2. Drying 10
Solid:
Mass of solid = M S = 0.5 S i
Mass of water in = MW = (0.05 x 0.5 S i ) / (1- 0.05) = 0.026 S i
Q So = (1.2 x 0.5 S i + 4.18 x 0.026 S i ) (310 – 273)

= 26.22 S i
Mass of water vapour (from evaporation) = M V

M V = 0.5 S i - 0.026 S i = 0.474 S i
Q V = M V (C pwater (T wb -T 0 ) + λ + C pv (T - T wb ))
= 0.474 S i (4.18 (295 - 273) + 2449 + 2.01 (315 - 295))
= 1223.5 S i
Losses:
Q L = 15 x G A = 15 X 3 = 45 kW
In = Out
Q Ai + Q Si = Q Ao + Q So + Q V + Q L
337.35 + 59.18 S i = 126.51 + 26.22 S i + 1223.5 S i + 45
165.84 = 1190.54 S i
S i = 0.139 kg/s
M S = 0.5 S i = 0.5 x 0.139 = 0.0696 kg/s = 251 kg/hr
H 2 = H 1 = (M V + G A )
= 0.002 + ((0.474 X 0.139) / 3 ) = 0.024 kg/kg

TOPIC 2. Drying 11
Question 8
Air:
T Ai = 90°C = 363 K
T Awb = 30°C = 303 K
Solid:
w si = 0.05 kg water/ kg wet solid
w so = 0.001 kg water/ kg wet solid
T so = T Awb
Humid heat of the air =1.5kJ/kg.K
Assuming NTU=1.5
 Tg1 − Twb 
1.5 = Ln 
 Tg2 − Twb 
 
363 − 303
= e1.5
TA2 − 303
60
= 4.4816
TA2 − 303
TA2 − 303 = 13.39
TA2 = 316.39 = 43.4 °C
Mass balance:
In Out
Solid 855 0.95 855 0.999
Water 45 0.05 1 0.001
Total 900 1 856 1
From psychometric chart:

H 1 = 0.0024 kg/kg
H 2 = 0.0214 kg/kg
H 2 = H 1 = (M V + G)
0.0214= 0.0024 + ((45 - 1) / G ) = 2315.79 kg/hr ~ 0.64 kg/s

TOPIC 2. Drying 12
c) A = G / G Vmax = 0.64/0.5 = 1.28 m2
A = πd2/4 = 1.28 m2
d= 1.28m
Given that
LTU = = 6.12C s G v 0.84
Total length = NTU x LTU = 1.5 x 5.13 = 7.69 m

TOPIC 2. Drying 13
Question 9
M F = 1270 kg/hr = 0.353 kg/s

w 1 = 0.15 kg water/ kg wet solid
w 2 = 0.005 kg water/ kg wet solid
T si = 26.7°C = 299.7 K
T smax = 51.7°C = 324.7 K
T Ai = 126.7°C = 399.7 K
H = 0.01 kg/kg dry air
G V = 3420 kg/m2.h = 0.95 kg/m2 s
From psychometric chart:

H 1 = 0.01 kg/kg
T wb = 38.8 °C = 311.8 K
 
1.5 = Ln TA1 − Twb 
 
 TA2 − Twb 
399.7 − 311.8
= e1.5
TA2 − 311.8
87.9
= 4.48
TA2 − 311.8
TA2 − 311.8 = 19.62
TA2 = 331.42 K = 58.4 °C
C pwater = 4.18 kJ/kg K

C pv 1.88 kJ/kg K
From steam tables (for 38.8 °C)

λ = 2428.5 kJ/kg
Solid
Q s = w s C psolid (T S2 – T S1 )
=0.353 x 2.18 x (324.7 – 299.7) = 19.24 kW
To wet bulb:
Q w = (w 1 w s ) C pL (T wb – T S1 )
=(0.15 x 0.353) x 4.18 x (311.8 – 299.7) = 2.68 kW
Vaporised water
Q v = (w 1 w 2 ) w s λ = (0.15 – 0.005) x 0.353 x 2428.5 =124.3 kW

TOPIC 2. Drying 14
Liquid remaining in solid

Q wL = (w 2 w s ) C pLW (T S1 - T wb )
=(0.005 x 0.353) x 4.18 x (324.7 – 311.8) = 2.68 kW
Vapour to gas (out)

Q v = (w 1 w 2 ) w s C pW (T A2 - T wb )
=(0.15 x 0.005) x 1.88 x (331.4 - 311.8) =
Total heat requirement = Q S + Q W + Q V + Q WL + Q WV

= 19.24 + 2.68 + 124.3 + 0.095 + 1.81
=148.13 kW
C S = 1.03 kJ/kg K
Q = C S G m (T A1 – T A2 )
148.13 = 1.03 G m (399.7 – 331.4)
148.13 = 70.349 G m
G m =2.11 kg/s
A= G m / G V = 2.11/ 0.95 = 2.22 m2
A = πd2/4 = 2.22 m2
d= 1.68m
Assuming co-current operation
TLOGMEAN =
(T
g1 ) (
− Ts1 − Tg 2 − Ts 2 )
 Tg1 − Ts1 
Ln 
 Tg2 − Ts2 
 
=
(399.7 − 299.7) − (331.4 − 324.7 ) = 34.52
 399.7 − 299.7 
Ln 
 331.4 − 324.7 
Q
L=
0.0625 π D G'0.67 ΔTm
148.13
L= = 13.46 m
0.0625 π 1.68 0.95'0.67 34.52

TOPIC 2. Drying 15
Question 10
For the first operation:
w 1 = 0.25 kg/kg, w = 0.10 kg/kg, w c = 0.15 kg/kg
f 1 = (w 1 – w e ) = 0.25 – w e
f c = (w c – w e ) = w c – w e
f = (w – w e ) = 0.10 – w e
mA s = 0.4
1  (f1- fc )  f 
4.17 =  + In c 
mA s  fc  f 
 (f - f )  f 
1.668 =  1 c + In c 
 fc  f 
For the second operation:
w 1 = 0.30 kg/kg, w = 0.08 kg/kg, w c = 0.15 kg/kg and t = 6.7 hr
f 1 = (w 1 – w e ) = 0.30 – w e
f c = (w c – w e ) = w c – w e
f = (w – w e ) = 0.08 – w e
Since the solid is the same and the same drying conditions are kept, then mA s
1  (f1- fc )  f 
6.65 =  + In c 
0.4  fc  f 
 (f - f )  f 
2.26 =  1 c + In c 
 fc  f 
Trial and error w c must be: 0.1 < w c < 0.25 and w e < 0.08
So if w c =0.15 and w e =0.05
That would give f 1 =0.2 ; f c =0.1 ; f =0.05

TOPIC 2. Drying 16
 0 .2 − 0 .1  0 .1  
tmA= + In 
 0 .1  0.05 
m A t = 1.693 Doesn’t give 1.668
Try w c = 0.16 ; w e =0.05
if w c =0.16 and w e =0.05

That would give f 1 =0.2 ; f c =0.11 ; f =0.05
 0.2 − 0.11  0.11 
tmA= + In 
 0.11  0.05 
m A t = 1.606 Doesn’t give 1.668
So w c is between 0.15 and 0.16 if w e =0.05
Try w c = 0.151 ; w e =0.05 gives mAt=1.68 which is close to 1.668
Try w c = 0.151 ; w e =0.049 gives mAt=1.664 which is even closer
Go through the same process for second operation

TOPIC 3. Particle Technology 1
Tutorial Questions Topic 3
1. 2.0 N, 1657 N
2. 0.15 m/s
3. 9.01 s
4. 0.12 m/s
5. 13.3%, 31.7%
6. 22.2 s
7. 3.67 mm, 0.055 m/s
8. 0.0295 m/s, 0.0393 m/s
9. 7.7x10-13 m3, 1.19x105 /m
Question 1
a) Assume cyclist ~ 0.5 m sphere

7 m.p.h = 3.1 m/s
ρUd
Re = = 1.09 x 105 so C D = 0.44 (fully developed laminar flow)
µ
Power = Force x Velocity = C D ½ρ ¼πd2 U
P = 1.5 W
b) Assume car ~ 2 m sphere

100 m.p.h = 44.7 m/s
ρUd
Re = = 6.31 x 106 so C D = 0.1 (turbulent flow)
µ
P = ( C D 0.5 ρ U2 π d2 U) / 4
= ( 0.1 x 0.5 x1.2 x 44.72 x π x 22 x 44.7) / 4 =16835 W = 16.8 kW

Question 2
For water ρ = 103 kg/m3 and μ=10-3 N s/m2

For glass ρ = 2600 kg/m3
g(ρ p − ρ ) ρ
4 d3
C D Re 02 =
3 µ2
C D Re 02 = 2.09x10 4
A graph of C D Re 0 2 against Re 0 can be constructed to hence find Re 0 by
knowing C D Re 0 2. 1
Re 0 = 150
Re 0 μ
Hence U 0 = U 0 = =0.15 m/s
ρd
Question 3
For air ρ = 1.2 kg/m3 and μ=1.7x10-5 N s/m2

For water ρ = 103 kg/m3
g(ρ p − ρ ) ρ
4 d3
C D Re 02 =
3 µ2
C DRe 02 = 6.78 x10 6
Assume CD = 0.44 (fully developed laminar region)

4dg ρ p − ρ
U0 =
3C D ρ
6.78x10 6
Re 0 = = 3920
CD
This is in the range For 500 < Re 0 < 2×105 hence the assumption is valid.
Re 0 μ
U 0 = U0 = =11.1 m/s
ρd
t= h/U 0 = 100/11.1 = 9 s
1 th
(Coulson & Richardson’s Volume 2 (5 Edition), p158)

Question 4
Heywood’s method
Projected area = 0.065 cm2

If A = (πd2/4)
d = 0.288 cm = 2.88 x 10-3
V
Shape factor k = 3 = 0.218
dA
Ρ p = 3 x 1000 = 3000kg / m3
8k d 3A
C DRe 02 = g ρp − ρ ρ
π μ2
C DRe 02 =1079
Shape factor = k = 0.218
From graph for a sphere Re 0 = 20
U 0 =U 0sph ×Correction
Correction factor from chart 2 is 0.98 , so Re 0 = 19.6

Hence U 0 = 0.12 m/s
Question 5
For a terminal velocity of 5mm/s

CD 4g ρ p − ρ µ
=
Re 0 3ρ 2U30
CD C
For Galena = 680 so from the chart D vs Re0 , Re0 =0.19 so d=38µm
Re 0 Re 0
C
For limestone D = 178 so Re0 =0.37 so d=74 µm
Re 0
From the table, 46% of galena is below the cut off size and so is elutriated.
1 kg of feed, elutriated material is 0.2x0.46=0.092 kg galena 0.8x0.74=0.592
kg limestone so elutriated stream contains 13.5% galena.
The material left Behind from 1 kg of feed is 0.108 kg galena and 0.208 kg
limestone so it contains 34.2% galena.
2 th
(Coulson & Richardson’s Volume 2 (5 Edition), p166)

Question 6

For air ρ = 1.2 kg/m3 and μ=1.7x10-5 N s/m2
g(ρ p − ρ ) ρ
4 d3
C D Re 02 =
3 µ2
C DRe 02 = 10.4 x10 4
10.4 x10 4
Re 0 =
CD
ρUd
Re =
µ
U0L
h = U0 t =
U
Assume CD = 0.44 (fully developed laminar region)

4dg ρ p − ρ
U0 =
3C D ρ
Check for 500 < Re 0 < 2×105 to see assumption is valid.

Re 0 μ
U0 =
ρd
t= h/U 0 = 10/U

Question 7
Calculate the diameter of a spherical catalyst particle of density 1284 kg/m3 if

its terminal velocity if 0.15m/s in water. What is the apparent settling velocity of
a suspension of such particles if the voidage is 0.66?
[3.67 mm, 0.055 m/s]
Solve by:
d 2 g(ρ p − ρ)
U0 =
18μ
ρ p = Particle density
ρ = Fluid density
d = Particle diameter
g = Acceleration due to gravity
µ = Fluid viscosity.

ρ p = 1284 kg/m3
Apparent settling velocity:

Ua = U0 ε n
We need to find n (Richardson-Zaki index)
CD
 Re0 = 500
Re
From the table of page 21 of topic 3:

n = 4.4 Re 0.1
0
Hence n=2.36
U a = 0.15 × 0.66 2.36
U a = 0.056 m/s

Question 8
Calculate the apparent settling velocity of 1.55 mm diameter spherical particles

of density 1260 kg/m3 in water if the suspension contained 45% solids by
weight. What is the relative velocity between water and particles?
g(ρ p − ρ ) ρ
4 d3
C D Re 02 =
3 µ2
C D Re 02 =
(
4 1.55 × 10 −3 )
3
9.8 × 1600 × 10 3
(
3 3 × 10 −3 2 )
=19463
From graph Re 0 = 0.05
ρU0 d
Re =
µ
Relative velocity 0.0295 m/s

Question 9
Flow rate = 1.5 ml/s = 1.5 x 10-6 m3/s

πd2
Area = = 1.767 x 10-4 m2
4
U = Flowrate/area = 8.48 x 10-3 m3/s
µ = 10-3 N s/m2
L = 0.025 m
Using Darcy’s equation:
U Lμ
∆P =
B
Where
µ = Viscosity
U = Superficial velocity
L = Bed thickness
B = Bed permeability (units m2)
Rearranging for B:
U Lμ
B=
∆P
8.48 × 10 -3 × 0.025 × 10 -3
B=
2.75 x 10 - 5
B= 7.7x10-13 m3
From Kozeny equation:
KS 2 (1 - ε ) 2
∆P = ULµ where K is the Kozeny’s constant, K≈5.
ε3
And S is the specific surface area of the Bed Packing.
Given that ε = 0.3
Rearranging:
∆P ε 3
=S
ULµK(1- ε )2
S = 1.19 x 10-5

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TOPIC 1.

Tutorial Solutions Topic 1

1. 31 °C, 248 kg/hr

©HERIOT-W ATT UNIVERSITY B49CD September 2015 v1

Feed (10% Concentrate (20% Solids) Vapour

Assuming feed has the properties of water

Heat, Q, supplied to process fluid

Q = Heat transferred across heat transfer surface

So 506376 = 478600 + 1672 (T 1 -T F )

Q = Heat given up by condensing steam

©HERIOT-W ATT UNIVERSITY B49CD September 2015 v1

Feed liquid temperature: 20 °C

Feed (2% Solids) Concentrate (6.66% Vapour

Heat, Q, supplied to process fluid

= Heat given up by condensing steam

W S = 10.66 x106 / 2190

Q = Heat transferred across heat transfer surface

Economy = vapour produced / steam used

Economy = 4198.2 / 4867.6

©HERIOT-W ATT UNIVERSITY B49CD September 2015 v1

Feed (8% Solids) Concentrate (45% Solids) Vapour

(ii) Economy = 16444/17351 = 0.95 kg/kg steam

A = Q / (U (T S – T 1 ) ) = (17351 x 2254) / (2.8 x (120.5 – 52))

Repeat for 21.2 and 93.3 °C

©HERIOT-W ATT UNIVERSITY B49CD September 2015 v1

From steam tables T S = 120

Q = Heat transferred across heat transfer surface

Q = Heat given up by condensing steam

Economy = vapour produced / steam used = 0.8 kg/kg steam

©HERIOT-W ATT UNIVERSITY B49CD September 2015 v1

5000 kg/hr of an aqueous solution containing 2 mass% dissolved solid is

Feed (2% Solids) Concentrate (3.3 % Vapour

From steam tables

= Heat given up by condensing steam

W S = 5.31 x106 / 2244

Q = Heat transferred across heat transfer surface

©HERIOT-W ATT UNIVERSITY B49CD September 2015 v1

Economy = vapour produced / steam used

Economy = 1969.72 / 2366

It is proposed that a second, identically sized, evaporator be installed,

©HERIOT-W ATT UNIVERSITY B49CD September 2015 v1

(100/1070) x 100 = 9.3% solids

©HERIOT-W ATT UNIVERSITY B49CD September 2015 v1

a) The overall heat transfer coefficient for each effect

Steam temperature at this pressure: 120 °C

Feed (2% Solids) Concentrate (6.66% Total Vapour

Heat, Q, supplied to process fluid

Q 1 = W V1 x 2300 + 6000 x 4 x (86 – 20)

©HERIOT-W ATT UNIVERSITY B49CD September 2015 v1

= Heat given up by condensing steam

W S1 = 6.5 x106 / 2190

©HERIOT-W ATT UNIVERSITY B49CD September 2015 v1

• All 3 units have the same area

Material Balance (kg/h)

Feed Concentrate Total Vapour

©HERIOT-W ATT UNIVERSITY B49CD September 2015 v1

(from steam tables)

Steam at 1st effect, T S1 = 111.4°C

Giving 3 simultaneous equations and 3 unknowns: