A n c h o r ( v e r b ).

In prestressed concrete, external to the prestressing anchor to allow

to lock the stressed tendon in position so the anchor block or similar to be fitted after
that it will retain its stressed condition; in formwork stripping.
precast concrete construction, to attach the
precast concrete units to the building frame;
A n c h o r a g e S e a t i n g . Deformation of
in slabs on grade or walls, to fasten to rock
anchorage or seating of tendons in
or adjacent structures to prevent movement
of the slab or wall with respect to the anchorage device when prestressing force
foundation, adjacent structure, or rock. is transferred from jack to anchorage
device.

A n c h o r a g e . In post-tensioning, a device
used to anchor the tendon to the concrete A n c h o r a g e S p a c i n g . Center-to-
member; in pretensioning, a device used center spacing of anchorage devices.
to anchor the tendon during hardening of
the c o n c r e t e ; in p r e c a s t c o n c r e t e
c o n s t r u c t i o n , t h e devices for attaching
precast concrete units to the A n c h o r a g e Z o n e . The portion of the
building frame; in slab or wall structure in which the concentrated
construction, the device used to anchor the prestressing force is transferred from the
slab or wall to the foundation, rock, or anchorage device into the concrete (Local
adjacent structure. Zone), and then distributed more widely into
the structure (General Zone)

A n c h o r B l o c k . A rigid, usually circular,

component placed over a bundle of Anti-Burst Reinforcement.
prestressing strands at the end of a tendon, Unstressed reinforcement provided in the
and that transfers the strand forces directly anchorage zones around individual tendons
to the anchor component via tapered and/or grouped anchorages, which resists
wedges located within its internal conical the secondary stresses created in the
recess. concrete from the applied prestressing
forces.
A n c h o r C e n t e r l i n e H e i g h t . The
positional dimension setting the height of an B a n a n a B l o c k . A short, curved anchor
end-anchorage, usually measured vertically block sometimes fitted to a mono-strand
up from the formwork surface to the mid- stressed tendon, and that transfers the
depth of the anchor component. strand forces to the anchor via tapered
wedges located within its internal conical
recesses.
A n c h o r F r i c t i o n . The loss of
prestressing force in the tendons due to
friction generated by the strands sliding B a r r e l . A cylindrical component fitted over
against the anchorage assembly during the a single prestressing strand at an
tensioning operations. anchorage, and that transfers the strand
force to the anchor via tapered wedges
located within its internal conical recess. A
A n c h o r R e c e s s . A formwork block out set of barrels can be used with a mono-
or recess former fitted to the edge formwork strand stressed tendon as an alternative to
of a post-tensioned concrete member, and an anchor block.
that creates a temporary void space
B o n d . The adhesion of concrete or grout B u r s t i n g S t r e s s e s . Localized stresses
to prestressing strands, wires or bars, or to produced by prestressing forces in the
unstressed reinforcement, either through anchorage zone of a prestressed member,
friction or mechanical interlock. and that tend to promote tensile rupture in
the region immediately inboard of the
anchorage.
B o n d S t r e n g t h . The resistance to
separation of hardened concrete or grout
from prestressing strands, wires or bars, or C i r c u l a r P r e s t r e s s i n g . An
from unstressed reinforcement. Typically arrangement of prestressing where the
measured in the same units as concrete tendons form partial or full sections of
compressive strength. (usually horizontal and circular) arcs
between end anchorages. Commonly used
for the prestressing of tanks, silos and
B o n d e d L e n g t h . The length of that part pipes.
of a prestressing tendon that is, or is to be,
bonded to the surrounding concrete, either C o a t i n g . Material used to protect
directly or via internal grouting of the prestressing tendons against corrosion, to
tendon's ducting. reduce friction between tendon and duct, or
to debond prestressing tendons.
B o n d e d T e n d o n . Prestressing tendon
that is bonded to concrete either directly or
through grouting. C o u p l e r s ( C o u p l i n g s ) . Means by
which prestressing force is transmitted from
one partial-length prestressing tendon to
B o n d e d P o s t - t e n s i o n i n g . In post-
another.
tensioned construction, ducts, in which
tendons are provided, are sometimes
grouted after the stressingoperation.
Though the mechanism of transfer of C r e e p o f C o n c r e t e . Time-dependent
prestress may still be through the deformation of concrete under sustained
anchorages, grouting of ducts may provide load.
environmental protection to tendons
against corrosion.
C u r v a t u r e F r i c t i o n . Friction resulting
from bends or curves in the specified
B o n d e d P r e s t r e s s i n g . A prestressing prestressing tendon profile.
tendon that is, or is to be, permanently
connected to the surrounding concrete
D e b o n d i n g ( b l a n k e t i n g ) . Wrapping,
along the full length between its end
sheathing, or coating prestressing strand to
anchorages. Such connection may be
prevent bond between strand and
directly, or via internal grouting of the
surrounding concrete.
tendon's ducting.

B r i p a k . A portable frame structure D e - B o n d e d L e n g t h . The length of that

commonly employed on site to support coils part of a prestressing tendon that is to
of prestressing strand and to facilitate the remain permanently unbonded from the
safe unloading of continuous lengths of surrounding concrete.
strand into tendons or ducting.
D e a d E n d A n c h o r a g e . A "passive" D u m m y S t r a n d . A short length of
end anchorage of a prestressing tendon that prestressing strand pre-installed into ducting
does not have any jacking operations during concreting to maintain duct integrity.
undertaken at that end.[1]:20[3]:20,26 Occasionally used at some jointing
arrangements.

D e -S t r e s s . To release the prestressing

forces within a tendon, usually in a E c c e n t r i c i t y . The distance between the
controlled manner. centre of gravity of the concrete cross-
section and the centroid of its prestressing
element(s), at any point along the member.
D e v i a t o r . A device or structural element
that permanently deviates a tendon's profile
at a location, for the purposes of producing E d g e D i s t a n c e . Distance from the
a reactionary force against the concrete center of the anchorage device to the edge
when the tendon is stressed. Used in pre- of the concrete member.
tensioned elements, and in external
prestressing.
E f f e c t i v e P r e s t r e s s . Stress
D i a p h r a g m . Transverse stiffener in remaining in concrete due to prestressing
girders to maintain section geometry. after all calculated losses have been
deducted, excluding effects of
superimposed loads and weight of member;
D r a p e d T e n d o n . Tendons that are stress remaining in prestressing tendons
profiled predominately to a curved profile after all losses have occurred excluding
between support points. effects of dead load and superimposed
load.
D u c t . Hole or void formed in prestressed
member to accommodate tendon for post- Elastic Shortening of Concrete.
tensioning. Shortening of member caused by
application of forces induced by
D u c t i n g . Encapsulating tube-like prestressing.
component, usually constructed from
galvanized steel or polythene, which creates
a void space within the concrete and E n d A n c h o r a g e . Length of
surrounds the strands, wires or bar of a reinforcement, or mechanical anchor, or
post-tensioned tendon. hook, or combination thereof, beyond point
of zero stress in reinforcement.

D u c t F r i c t i o n . The stress loss in a

prestressing tendon resulting from friction E n d B l o c k . Enlarged end section of
between the tendon and duct during member designed to reduce anchorage
tensioning. stresses.

D u c t J o i n e r . A component that securely F i n a l S t r e s s . The final tensioning

connects separate segments of post operation undertaken during post-
tensioning ducting, commonly used when tensioning, resulting in the design prestress
joining precast concrete segments in a level being established within the member.
prestressed structure.
F l a t D u c t . Ducting with an oval or G r o u t T u b e . Tubular components
"stadium" cross sectional shape. Such connected to anchors or ducting through
ducting is usually extruded (if plastic), or which grout is pumped and/or air is bled,
constructed from flat metal strip folded and during the process of grouting.
joined with a longitudinal seam. Commonly
used for mono-strand bonded tendons.
H a r p e d T e n d o n . Tendons that are
profiled predominately having lengths of
F l a t T e n d o n . A prestressing tendon straight tendon between points of significant
installed with no vertical or horizontal angular deviation. Commonly employed in
curvature. It forms a straight line between pre-tensioned elements, where the angular
end anchorages. deviations are created by hold-down points
in the casting bed.

Friction (post-tensioning).
Surface resistance between tendon and H o o p T e n d o n . A horizontally-curved
duct in contact during stressing. tendon forming part or all of a circle,
typically installed in vertically-spaced layers
up the height of a prestressed tank or silo to
F r i c t i o n L o s s . The loss of prestressing resist hoop tensions generated by the
force in a tendon resulting from all frictional stored contents.
sources. The total friction loss in a tendon is
the sum of duct friction loss and anchor
friction loss. I n i t i a l S t r e s s . The first tensioning
operation undertaken during post-
tensioning, typically applied as soon as the
F u l l P r e s t r e s s i n g . A prestressed
concrete at the anchorage locations has
concrete structural member is said to be
attained sufficient strength to resist the
fully prestressed if sufficient prestresses are
resulting anchorage zone stresses.
introduced so that tensile stresses in the
member, everywhere, are completely
eliminated. I nt erm edi ate An c ho ra ge.
Anchorage not located at the end surface of
a member or segment; usually in the form of
G e n e r a l Z o n e . Region within which the embedded anchors, blisters, ribs, or recess
concentrated prestressing force spreads out pockets.
to a more linear stress distribution over the
cross section of the member (Saint Venant
Region). J a c k R a m . The active hydraulic cylinder
of a stressing jack, being the cylinder that
extends from the body of the jack as the
G r o u t i n g . The process of filling post- tendon strain increases.
tensioning ducts with grout after tensioning.
J a c k i n g F o r c e . Temporary force
exerted by device that introduces tension
G r o u t O p e n i n g o r V e n t . Inlet, outlet, into prestressing tendons.
vent, or drain in post-tensioning duct for
grout, water, or air.
L i f t - O f f L o a d . The force required to be
applied to an already-tensioned anchor
block to lift it free of its associated anchor or
bearing plate. This value represents the tendons able to be tensioned using a mono-
magnitude of prestressing force within the strand jack.
tendon at that point in time.
M o n o - S t r a n d J a c k . A tensioning jack
L i v e E n d A n c h o r a g e . A "active end that applies force to a single tendon strand
anchorage of a prestressing tendon that has at a time.
jacking operations undertaken at that end.

M u l t i - S t r a n d . A prestressing system
L o a d B a l a n c i n g . A prestressed utilizing tendons with multiple strands, and
concrete design method in which the are tensioned using a multi-strand jack.
prestressing forces exerted upon the
member act to balance a given proportion of
the service loads that the member will be M u l t i - S t r a n d J a c k . A tensioning jack
subjected to. that applies force to a more than one tendon
strand at a time.

L o c a l Z o n e . The volume of concrete

Non-
surrounding and immediately ahead of the
b o n d e d P r e s t r e s s e d C o n c r e t e . It
anchorage device, subjected to high local
is a method of construction in which the
bearing stresses.
tendons are not bonded to the concrete.
Ducts, housing the tendons, are not grouted
Longitudinal Prestressing. in this case.
Prestressing forces acting along the
longitudinal axis of the member.
O f f s e t . The eccentricity within a post-
tensioning tendon between the centerline of
L o s s o f P r e s t r e s s . Reduction in the duct component and the centerline of
prestressing force resulting from combined the strand bundle.
effects of strains in concrete and steel,
including effects of elastic shortening, creep
O n i o n D e a d E n d . A form of dead-end
and shrinkage of concrete, relaxation of
anchorage utilizing strand "onions" or
steel stress, and for post-tensioned
"bulbs" on the ends of each prestressing
members, friction and anchorage seating.
strand.

M e a s u r e d E x t e n s i o n . The measured
P a r t i a l P r e s t r e s s i n g . Prestressing to
tendon elongation produced by tensioning
a stress level such that, under design loads,
operations on that tendon.
tensile stresses are allowed to exist in the
pre-compressed tensile zone of the
M i n i m u m P r e s t r e s s L e v e l . The member. Can be compared to full
(generally long-term) minimum level of prestressing.
residual prestressing stress within a
member following tensioning and the P o s t - t e n s i o n i n g . It is a method of
actions of all time-dependent losses. prestressing in which tendons are placed,
inside ducts or passages provided
in concrete, after concrete gains sufficient
M o n o - S t r a n d . A prestressing system
strength. Tendons are then stretched and
utilizing tendons with single strands, or anchored at the ends of
the concrete member. The transfer
mechanism of prestressing force in this form
of prestressing is different from that in the P r e s t r e s s i n g F o r c e . Due to the
case of pre-tensioning. In this form of stretching of tendons, tensile stresses
prestressing, the prestressing force is develop inside tendons. Resultant
transferred to concrete through prestressing force in tendonsmay be
anchorages provided at the ends - not due calculated by multiplying these tensile
to bond between concrete and tendons. stresses to the cross-sectional area of
tendons. When this tensile prestressing
force of tendons is transferred to concrete, it
P r e c o m p r e s s e d Z o n e . Portion of produces equal compression in concrete.
flexural member cross-section compressed
by prestressing force.
P r i m a r y G r o u t i n g . The first, or only,
P r e l o a d . A quantity of initial prestressing stage of grouting for post-tensioned
force applied to a tendon or structural tendons. Multiple stages of grouting may be
element, prior to subsequent operations employed for doubly-encapsulated tendons
being undertaken. such as re-stressable ground anchors.

P r e s t r e s s e d C o n c r e t e . It is a type P r o f i l e d T e n d o n . A tendon that has

of concrete in which permanent internal been draped or harped to give it a non-flat
stresses of a suitable nature, magnitude profile between end anchorages.
and distribution are intentionally introduced,
usually by tensioned steel, to counteract, to
the desired extent, the undesirable stresses P u m p . A device to provide hydraulic
caused in the member in service. Based on pressure for the operation of stressing
the type of construction, prestressed jacks. Also a device to provide a supply of
concrete may be classified as either pre- pressurised grout for the grouting of bonded
tensioned concrete or post- tendons.
tensioned concrete. These intentionally
induced stresses are compressive in nature Relaxation of Tendon Stress.
and these compressive stresses reduce or Time-dependent reduction of stress in
completely remove the undesirable tensile prestressing tendon at constant strain.
stresses which are produced due to external
loads.
R e - S t r e s s a b l e . A prestressing tendon
P r e - t e n s i o n i n g . It is a method of that can be re-tensioned, often permanently,
prestressing concrete in which tendons are following having been tensioned to its full
stretched or tensioned before concreting. In design load.
this form of construction, concrete develops
a bond with the surface of stretched
R o u n d D u c t . Ducting with a circular
tendons. When sufficient bond strength is
cross sectional shape. Such ducting is
developed in concrete so as to retain
usually extruded (if plastic), or constructed
stretched tendons in their tensioned form,
from flat metal strip helically-wound with a
tendons are cut from outside. The inside
continuous helical seam. Commonly used
embedded length of tendons keeps its
for multi-strand bonded and unbonded
stretched form inside concrete due to bond
tendons.
and the prestressing force is maintained
inside concrete.
S e c o n d a r y G r o u t i n g . A second stage arrangement of the wires so as to permit
grouting operation for post-tensioned enhanced bonding of the strand
tendons, following the primary grouting of
the duct. Usually associated with doubly-
encapsulated tendons such as re-stressable S t r a n d P u s h e r . A device to forcefully
ground anchors. push prestressing strand, utilised in the
installation of strand into the ducting of post-
tensioning tendons.
S h e a t h i n g . A material encasing
prestressing steel in unbonded tendons to
prevent it bonding to the surrounding S t r a n d S h e a r s . A device, often
concrete, to contain the anti-corrosion hydraulic, to sever the excess length of
coating on the steel, and to provide strand protruding from an anchorage
corrosion protection. following tensioning.

S h e a r L a g . Non-uniform distribution of S t r e s s i n g J a c k . A device that tensions

bending stress over the cross section. prestressed concrete tendons.

S h r i n k a g e o f C o n c r e t e . Time- S t r e s s i n g S t o o l . A device interposed

dependent deformation of concrete caused between the stressing jack and the concrete
by drying and chemical changes (hydration member during tensioning operations, to
process). allow manipulation of the anchor block and
seating wedges. Often used during lift-off
testing.
S p a l l i n g S t r e s s e s . Localized stresses
produced by prestressing forces in the
anchorage zone of a prestressed member, S w a g e . A sturdy fitting surrounding a
which tend to promote tensile rupture in the strand clamped onto the strand by
region(s) midway between spaced compressive deformation. Once fitted, the
anchorages. force required to move the swage along the
strand should be greater than the strand's
breaking load.
S t a y C a b l e . A external, double-
encapsulated, unbonded tendon of bundled
strands or wires, used for the support of S w a g e d D e a d E n d . A form of dead-
deck structures on cable-stayed bridges. end anchorage utilizing swages placed on
each strand of the tendon, with all swages
bearing onto a common dead-end bearing
S t r a n d . High-strength (usually) steel wires plate.
wound helically around a centre wire,
typically in a 7-wire arrangement.
T e n d o n . It is a high tensile steel element,
such as a wire, cable, bar or strand which is
S t r a n d B u n d l e . The collection of provided, in a stretched form, to impart
prestressing strands within a single multi- prestressing force in concrete. How a
strand tendon. tendon transfers the prestressing force
in concrete decides the type of prestressed
element, i.e. whether is pre-tensioned or
S t r a n d O n i o n . A permanent post-tensioned.
deformation in the wires of a strand at one
end, resulting in an open "bulb"
T e n d o n C h a i r . A component that T e n d o n N u m b e r . The identifying
positions and hold a tendon above the number given to a specific tendon within the
concrete formwork to make it comply with its set of tendons installed into the structure.
required profile.

T e n d o n C u t t i n g . The removal of T e n d o n P r o f i l e . The physical path

excess tendon length from the end of a taken by a tendon between its end
tendon following tensioning and lock-off. anchorages.

T e n d o n D r a p e . The magnitude of T e n d o n S p a c i n g . The distance,

vertical curvature of a profiled tendon horizontally or vertically as appropriate,
between any two high points of its profile, between individual tendons within a set of
parallel tendons when installed. Usually
usually given as the averaged vertical
distance to the low point from the high measured between tendon centerlines.
points.
T e r m i n a t i o n . The intentional severing
T e n d o n E x t e n s i o n . The increase in and remediation of an already-installed and
length of a prestressing tendon due to the stressed post-tensioned tendon, such as to
application of tensioning force. allow modifications to be made to an
existing prestressed structure.

T e n d o n H e i g h t . The vertical distance of

T h e o r e t i c a l E x t e n s i o n . The
a tendon from the member's soffit formwork.
Usually measured to the underside of the calculated tendon elongation predicted to
duct or sheathing. result from stressing operations on that
tendon.

T e n d o n H i g h P o i n t . The maximum
T h r e a d e d B a r . A long, slender
height of a tendon's profile (usually) over a
support location, such a column, wall, pier, structural element, usually made from
etc. Usually measured from the concrete continuously threaded high-strength steel,
and employed as a prestressing tendon.
soffit formwork to the underside of the
tendon duct or sheathing.
T i m e D e p e n d e n t L o s s e s . The loss
T e n d o n L e n g t h . The distance between of force in a prestressing tendon that occurs
end anchorages of a tendon. over time as the result of shrinkage, creep
and relaxation actions.

T e n d o n L o w P o i n t . The minimum
T r a n s f e r . Act of transferring stress in
height of a tendon's profile between two
consecutive high points, or high point and prestressing tendons from jacks or
end anchorage, and commonly occurring in pretensioning bed to concrete member.
the midspan region of the element. Usually
measured from the concrete soffit formwork T r a n s f e r L e n g t h . Length over which
to the underside of the tendon duct or prestressing force is transferred to concrete
sheathing. by bond in pretensioned members.
Transverse Prestressing. or duct from its specified profile or
Prestressing forces acting transversely to alignment.
the longitudinal axis of the member.
W r a p p i n g o r S h e a t h i n g . Enclosure
U n b o n d e d P r e s t r e s s i n g . A tendon
in which the tensioned element (strand, around a prestressing tendon to avoid
wire, etc) is unbonded from, and temporary or permanent bond between
permanently free to move relative to, the prestressing tendon and surrrounding
surrounded concrete. concrete.

U n s t r e s s e d R e i n f o r c e m e n t . Bars, Y i e l d S t r e n g t h . The stress at which a

wires, strands, fibres or similar elements material exhibits a specific limiting deviation
from the proportionality of stress to strain.
directly embedded into the concrete matrix
such that they resist forces applied to it.
Y o u n g ' s M o d u l u s . A mechanical
V e r t i c a l P r e s t r e s s i n g . Prestressing property of linear-elastic solid materials that
forces acting in the vertical direction, or defines the relationship between stress and
along the vertical axis of the member. Often strain in the material.
employed in prestressed tanks, cores and
tensioned columns. REFERENCES:
https://www.scribd.com/document
W e d g e s . Tapered high-strength steel
/336441227/Prestressing-
component(s) with internal serrations that
grip and hold prestressing strands during Concrete-Terminology
and after tensioning. Two or more wedges
are placed around a strand and compress http://www.dot.ca.gov/des/techpu
onto it as they are drawn into conical bs/manuals/bridge-design-
recesses in the anchorage during jack specifications/page/section9.pdf
retraction.

W e d g e S e t . The movement of the

anchorage wedges within the conical
seating recesses of the anchor block or
barrel during release of the jacking ram at
the completion of tensioning. Such
movement occurs as the strand load(s) is
progressively transferred from the jack to
the anchor, and results in a reduction in the
prestressing force finally applied to the
member.

W i r e . steel prestressing wire made from

hot-rolled rods that is cold-drawn through
dies to increase its strength.

W o b b l e F r i c t i o n . Friction caused by
unintended deviation of prestressing sheath