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Text File Info

The document discusses different types of text files and their formats across various operating systems like Microsoft Windows, Unix-like systems, and Apple Macintosh. It covers topics like end-of-line delimiters, text file extensions, encodings used, and how lines are terminated in text files on each system.

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82 views

Text File Info

The document discusses different types of text files and their formats across various operating systems like Microsoft Windows, Unix-like systems, and Apple Macintosh. It covers topics like end-of-line delimiters, text file extensions, encodings used, and how lines are terminated in text files on each system.

Uploaded by

Ghost
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A text file (sometimes spelled textfile; an old alternative name is flatfile) is a

kind of computer file that is structured as a sequence of lines of electronic text.


A text file exists stored as data within a computer file system. In operating
systems such as CP/M and MS-DOS, where the operating system does not keep track of
the file size in bytes, the end of a text file is denoted by placing one or more
special characters, known as an end-of-file marker, as padding after the last line
in a text file. On modern operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and Unix-like
systems, text files do not contain any special EOF character, because file systems
on those operating systems keep track of the file size in bytes. There are for most
text files a need to have end-of-line delimiters, which are done in a few different
ways depending on operating system. Some operating systems with record-orientated
file systems may not use new line delimiters and will primarily store text files
with lines separated as fixed or variable length records.

"Text file" refers to a type of container, while plain text refers to a type of
content. Text files can contain plain text, but they are not limited to such.
[citation needed]

At a generic level of description, there are two kinds of computer files: text
files and binary files.[1]
On most operating systems the name text file refers to file format that allows only
plain text content with very little formatting (e.g., no bold or italic types).
Such files can be viewed and edited on text terminals or in simple text editors.
Text files usually have the MIME type text/plain, usually with additional
information indicating an encoding.

Microsoft Windows text files


MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows use a common text file format, with each line of text
separated by a two-character combination: carriage return (CR) and line feed (LF).
It is common for the last line of text not to be terminated with a CR-LF marker,
and many text editors (including Notepad) do not automatically insert one on the
last line.

On Microsoft Windows operating systems, a file is regarded as a text file if the


suffix of the name of the file (the "filename extension") is .txt. However, many
other suffixes are used for text files with specific purposes. For example, source
code for computer programs is usually kept in text files that have file name
suffixes indicating the programming language in which the source is written.

Most Microsoft Windows text files use "ANSI", "OEM", "Unicode" or "UTF-8" encoding.
What Microsoft Windows terminology calls "ANSI encodings" are usually single-byte
ISO/IEC 8859 encodings (i.e. ANSI in the Microsoft Notepad menus is really "System
Code Page", non-Unicode, legacy encoding), except for in locales such as Chinese,
Japanese and Korean that require double-byte character sets. ANSI encodings were
traditionally used as default system locales within Microsoft Windows, before the
transition to Unicode. By contrast, OEM encodings, also known as DOS code pages,
were defined by IBM for use in the original IBM PC text mode display system. They
typically include graphical and line-drawing characters common in DOS applications.
"Unicode"-encoded Microsoft Windows text files contain text in UTF-16 Unicode
Transformation Format. Such files normally begin with Byte Order Mark (BOM), which
communicates the endianness of the file content. Although UTF-8 does not suffer
from endianness problems, many Microsoft Windows programs (i.e. Notepad) prepend
the contents of UTF-8-encoded files with BOM,[2] to differentiate UTF-8 encoding
from other 8-bit encodings.[3]

Unix text files


On Unix-like operating systems text files format is precisely described: POSIX
defines a text file as a file that contains characters organized into zero or more
lines,[4] where lines are sequences of zero or more non-newline characters plus a
terminating newline character,[5] normally LF.

Additionally, POSIX defines a printable file as a text file whose characters are
printable or space or backspace according to regional rules. This excludes most
control characters, which are not printable.[6]

Apple Macintosh text files


Prior to the advent of Mac OS X (now called macOS), the classic Mac OS system
regarded the content of a file (the data fork) to be a text file when its resource
fork indicated that the type of the file was "TEXT".[7] Lines of Macintosh text
files are terminated with CR characters.[8]

Being certified Unix, macOS uses POSIX format for text files.[8] Uniform Type
Identifier (UTI) used for text files in macOS is "public.plain-text"; additional,
more specific UTIs are: "public.utf8-plain-text" for utf-8-encoded text,
"public.utf16-external-plain-text" and "public.utf16-plain-text" for utf-16-encoded
text and "com.apple.traditional-mac-plain-text" for classic Mac OS text files.[7]

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