ASSIGNMENT – I (STAT 106)

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

The data presented below were collected on the amount of time, in hours; it takes an employee, to process
an order at a local plumbing wholesaler.

2.8 4.9 0.5 13.2 14.2 8.9 3.7 15.2 11.2 13.4
5.5 10.2 1.1 14.2 7.8 4.5 10.9 8.8 18.2 17.1

1) Construct a frequency distribution of the data.

2) Construct cumulative frequency and cumulative percent distributions of the data.

3) Construct a frequency histogram of the data.

4) Determine the percentage of time it takes an employee at most 12.5 hours to process an order at the
plumbing wholesaler.

5) What is Statistics? Why do we need to study Statistics?

6) Discuss briefly the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics.

7) What is the difference between a frequency distribution and a relative frequency distribution?

8) Why is a cumulative relative frequency distribution so much more informative than just the relative
frequency distribution?

9) A cable company, based on a survey of its customers, reports that 48% of all the television audience
watch Larry King Live daily. Is this an example of descriptive or inferential statistics?

10) A recent Wall Street Journal poll asked a group of American voters to rate economic conditions in the
United States. 92% of the respondents rated economic conditions as "unfavorable." Identify the
population, sample, sample statistic, and population parameter in this survey.

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An investment advisor recently reviewed the account activity of a sample of 10 of his clients and
calculated the average number of stock trades per month over the past year for each client. He obtained
the following data values: 10.2, 2.5, 11.4, 3.2, 1.1, 3.4, 8.4, 9.7, 11.2, and 2.4.

11) Construct a frequency distribution of the data.

12) Construct a relative frequency and percent distributions of the data.

13) Construct a cumulative frequency distribution of the data.

14) Construct a cumulative relative frequency and cumulative percent distributions of the data.

15) Construct a frequency histogram of the data

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
Suppose you own a DVD rental store.
16) Give an example of a question that could be answered using descriptive statistics.

17) Give an example of a question concerning a possible relationship between two variables of interest to
your DVD business.

18) Give an example of a question where estimating a parameter would be helpful.

19) Give an example of a forecasting question.

20) A businessman who is running for the vacant Mayoral seat with 88,000 registered voters conducts a
survey. In the survey, 54.6% of the 1,200 registered voters interviewed say they planned to vote for him.
Identify the population of interest and the sample in this survey.

21) As a businessperson, in what ways may you find yourself involved with statistics?

22) As part of the graduation paperwork, seniors at a particular college were asked to indicate their post-
graduation plans. Results showed that 15% planned to start graduate school right after college
graduation. Is this an example of descriptive or inferential statistics?

23) Briefly discuss the Pareto diagram.

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Data were collected on the number of people entering an electronics store each hour. The data are
presented below.

23 35 42 28 29 17 38 21 49 52
46 37 25 49 37 25 28 13 29 43

24) Construct a stem-and-leaf display of the data.

25) Construct a frequency distribution of the data.

26) Construct cumulative frequency and cumulative percent distributions of the data.

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

The head of human resources at a corporation with 100 employees was curious about levels of
employment by classification. She determined that 10% of all employees were classified as executive, 15%
as professional, 25% as clerical and janitorial, 30% as administrative and 20% as technical workers:

27) Construct a pie chart to show this information.

28) Construct a bar chart to show this information.

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At New York State University, 800 students are randomly selected and asked the distance of their
commute to campus. From this group a mean of 14.6 miles is computed.

29) What is the statistic?

30) What is the variable of interest?

31) What is the parameter?

32) What is the sample?

33) What is the population?

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A paper company is interested in estimating the proportion of trees in a 600-acre forest with diameters
exceeding 2 feet. The company selects 30 plots (100 feet by 100 feet) from the forest and utilizes the
information from the 30 plots to help estimate the proportion for the whole forest.

34) What statistical term describes the 600-acre forest?

35) What statistical term describes the 30 plots?

36) A company has determined that there are seven possible defects for one of its product lines. Construct
a Pareto diagram for the following defect frequencies:

Defect Code Frequency

A 10
B 70
C 15
D 90
E 8
F 4
G 3

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

Percentage returns for the 25 largest U.S. common stock mutual funds for a particular day are displayed
below.

24.3 13.6 19.7 25.0 31.0 21.8 24.9 31.5 20.2 25.9
33.2 28.3 20.6 39.8 30.6 19.0 20.6 37.1 24.8 29.9
31.1 32.6 49.9 31.1 38.3

37) Construct a histogram to describe the data.

38) Draw a stem-and-leaf display to describe the data.

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
An office supply warehouse has boxes of pencils, 100 pencils to the box. Information about the entire
warehouse as well as a sample of the boxes is shown below:

Number of defectives Number of boxes

per box (in warehouse)
0 1500
1 250
2 75
3 40
4 10

39) Describe the population.

40) What is the population size?

41) Describe the sample.

42) A quality control inspector is interested in the number of boxes with more than two defectives. What
is the value of the parameter?

43) A quality control inspector is interested in the proportion of boxes with no more than one defective
pencil. What is the value of the parameter?

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

The time (in hours) that a sample of 20 students studied for a statistics test are shown below

6.5 5.8 4.5 6.2 4.8 7.3 4.6 3.9 4.4 5.5
5.2 6.7 3.0 2.4 5.0 3.6 2.9 4.0 2.8 3.6

44) Construct a frequency histogram to describe graphically the time (in hours) that students studied for
the test

45) Construct a relative frequency and percent distributions of the data.

46) Construct a cumulative frequency, cumulative relative frequency and cumulative percent
distributions of the data.

47) Explain the difference between the terms "variable" and "data." Include an illustration that
demonstrates this difference.

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

A statistics professor has developed the cross table presented below, that compares students' class
standing with their final grades.

Year A B C D F Total
Freshman ∗ 17 28 8 3 69
Sophomore 14 23 17 10 1 ∗
Junior 17 19 10 2 1 49
Senior 5 8 4 0 ∗ 17
Total ∗ 67 59 20 5 ∗

48) Calculate the missing values identified by asterisks. What patterns do you see in this table?

49) Convert the data to overall percentages. What patterns do you see in this table?

50) In completing a survey, respondents use the following number codes to indicate ages.
1 = Age 19 years and under,
2 = 20 to 29 years of age
3 = 30 to 39 years of age,
4 = Age 40 years and older
Is this data qualitative or quantitative? Explain.

51) A department of mathematical sciences has majors in four areas.

Major Number of Majors

Mathematics 50
Computer Science 22
Actuarial Science 15
Statistics 10

If a pie chart is constructed for these data, what would be the percentage of the graph for each major?

52) A consumer goods company has been studying the effect of advertising on total profits. As part of this
study, data on advertising expenditures ($1000s) and total sales ($1000s) were collected for a five-month
period and are as follows: (15, 150), (22.5, 300), (10.5, 120), (18, 180), and (21, 225), where the first number
is advertising expenditures and the second is total sales. Graphically display the data, and state an
appropriate conclusion from the graph.

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

The final-inspection defect report for an assembly line is reported on the table and Pareto diagram as
shown below:

Defect Blemish Scratch Chip Bend Dent Others

Count 61 50 28 17 13 11
53) What is the total defect count in the report?

54) Find the percentage for "chip" defect items.

55) Find the cumulative % through Bend, and explain what that value means.

56) Management has given the production line the goal of reducing their defects by 50%. What two
defects would you suggest they give special attention to in working toward this goal? Explain.

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

What not to get them on Valentine's Day! A recent study among adults in the USA shows that adults
prefer not to receive certain items as gifts on Valentine's Day; namely, Teddy bears: 45%; Chocolate: 25%;
Jewelry: 15%; Flowers: 12%; Don't Know: 3%.

57) Draw a Pareto diagram picturing the "Unwanted Presents."

58) If you want to be 80% sure you did not get your valentine something unwanted, what should you
avoid buying? How does the Pareto diagram show this?

59) 400 adults are to be surveyed, what frequencies would you expect to occur for each unwanted item
listed on the snapshot?

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

A sample of 150 students at a State University was taken after the final business statistics exam to ask
them whether they went partying the weekend before the final or spent the weekend studying, and
whether they did well or poorly on the final. The following table contains the result.

Did Well in Exam Did Poorly in Exam

Studying for Exam 60 15
Went Partying 22 53

60) Of those in the sample who went partying the weekend before the final exam, what percentage of
them did well in the exam?

61) Of those in the sample who did well on the final exam, what percentage of them went partying the
weekend before the exam?

62) What percentage of the students in the sample went partying the weekend before the final exam and
did well in the exam?

63) What percentage of the students in the sample spent the weekend studying and did well in the final
exam?

64) What percentage of the students in the sample went partying the weekend before the final exam and
did poorly on the exam?

65) If the sample is a good representation of the population, what percentage of the students in the
population should we expect to spend the weekend studying and do poorly on the final exam?

66) If the sample is a good representation of the population, what percentage of those who spent the
weekend studying should we expect to do poorly on the final exam?

67) If the sample is a good representation of the population, what percentage of those who did poorly on
the final exam should we expect to have spent the weekend studying?

68) Of those in the sample who went partying the weekend before the final exam, what percentage of
them did poorly in the exam?

69) Of those in the sample who did well in the final exam, what percentage of them spent the weekend
before the exam studying?

70) The students at a small community college in Iowa apply to study either English or Business. Some
administrators at the college are concerned that women are being discriminated against in being allowed
admittance, particularly in the business program. Below, you will find two contingency tables that show
the percentage of students admitted by gender to the English program and the Business school. The data
has also been presented graphically. What do the data and graphs indicate?

71) The 2005 mobile phone manufacturers' global market shares were as follows: Nokia 26.9%, Motorola
16.9%, Ericson 10.5%, Samsung 6.2%, Panasonic 5.5%, others (Siemens, Alcatel, Mitsubishi, Philips, NEC,
and more) 34.0%. Present this information in a pie chart.

72) Identify the shape of the distribution of the following histograms as:

Symmetric distribution; Skewed-right distribution; or Skewed-left distribution

A.

B.

C.

73) Discuss how a histogram can be constructed to give mistaken impressions and how this error can be
corrected.
THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
The police lieutenant in charge of the traffic division has reviewed the number of traffic citations issued
per day by each of the 10 police officers in his division. The data were: 13, 21, 12, 34, 31, 13, 22, 26, 25, and
23.

74) What is the standard deviation for the number of citations issued per day?

75) What is the interquartile range for the number of citations issued per day?

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Chebyshev's theorem is used to approximate the proportion of observations for any data set, regardless
of the shape of the distribution. Assume that a distribution has a mean of 255 and standard deviation of
20.

76) Approximately what proportion of the observations is between 195 and 315?

77) Approximately what proportion of the observations is between 215 and 295?

78) Approximately what proportion of the observations is between 225 and 285?

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The annual percentage returns on two stocks over a 7-year period were as follows:

Stock A: 4.01% 14.31% 19.01% -14.69% -26.49% 8.01% 5.81%

Stock B: 6.51% 4.41% 3.81% 6.91% 8.01% 5.81% 5.11%

79) Compare the means of these two population distribution.

80) Compare the standard deviations of these two population distributions.

81) Compute an appropriate measure of dispersion for both stocks to measure the risk of these
investment opportunities. Which stock is more volatile?

82) Calculate the coefficient of variation for the following sample data: 13.2, 14.7, 17.2, 12.1, 21.8, 8.4, 14.3,
11.0, 9.3, and 8.7

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

The following numbers represent the distance, in miles, that randomly selected ten employees of a firm
must travel each way to work from home: 6.5, 14.8, 18.6, 6.5, 17.4, 12.3, 1.9, 12.9, 11.1, and 8.0.

83) Calculate the mean number of miles driven by the ten employees.

84) The standard deviation of the number of miles driven by the ten employees is:

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In a recent survey, 12 students at a local university were asked approximately how many hours per week
they spend on the Internet. Their responses were: 13, 0, 5, 8, 22, 7, 3, 0, 15, 12, 13, and 17.

85) What are the mean and standard deviation for this data?

86) What is the coefficient of variation for this data?

87) From the data presented above, calculate the interquartile range.

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

In a recent survey, 200 top executives were asked how many hours they spend each year in community
service. The data are presented below.

0 but 20 but 40 but 60 but 80 but 100 but 120 but

# of Hours < 20 < 40 < 60 < 80 < 100 < 120 < 140
# of Executives 11 27 33 53 47 22 7

88) Calculate the quantities , , and .

89) What is the estimated mean amount of time spent by these executives in community service?

90) What is the estimated standard deviation for this data?

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

The number of students eating breakfast at the school dining commons was recorded over 110 days last
semester. These data are presented below.

160 but 190 but 220 but 250 but 280 but
# of Students < 190 < 220 < 250 < 280 < 310
# of Days 11 27 42 23 7

91) Calculate the quantities , , and .

92) What is the estimated mean number of students showing up for breakfast?

93) What is the estimated standard deviation for this data?

94) There are five men and four women working on a project. To handle one particular aspect of the
project, a subcommittee needs to be formed. In the interest of balance, it is decided that the subcommittee
will consist of two men and two women. How many combinations of this subcommittee are possible?

95) The probability that an employee at a company eats lunch at the company cafeteria is 0.32. The
probability that an employee is female is 0.62. The probability than an employee eats lunch at the
employee cafeteria and is female is 0.21. What is the probability that a randomly chosen employee either
eats at the cafeteria or is female?

96) In a recent article it was reported that 27.3% of all college students party during weekdays, and 67%
of these students plan on going to graduate school. What is the probability that a randomly-selected
student party during weekdays and plans on going to graduate school?

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

A student has access to professor evaluations. Overall, he has enjoyed 70% of all classes he has taken. He
finds that of the courses he has enjoyed, 13% were taught by professors with poor evaluations. 84% of the
courses he has taken were taught by professors with good evaluations.

97) What is the probability that the class was taught by a professor with poor evaluations and that the
student enjoyed the class?

98) What is the probability that the class was taught by a professor with good evaluations and that the
student enjoyed the class?

99) What is the probability that the student enjoyed the class given that it was taught by a professor with
good evaluations?

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

In a recent survey about US policy in Iraq, 62 % of the respondents said that they support US policy in
Iraq. Females comprised 53% of the sample, and of the females, 46% supported US policy in Iraq. A
person is selected at random.

100) What is the probability that the person we select is female and supports U.S. policy in Iraq?

101) Are the events "does not support U.S, policy in Iraq" and "female" statistically independent? Why or
why not?

102) What is the probability that the person we select is male?

103) What is the probability that the person we select does not support US policy in Iraq?

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

James' Surfboard Shop makes surfboards by hand. The number of surfboards that James makes during a
week depends on the wave conditions. James has estimated the following probabilities for surfboard
production for the next week.

Number of Surfboards 5 6 7 8 9 10
Probability 0.13 0.22 0.31 0.17 0.13 0.04

Let A be the event that James produces more than seven surfboards. Let B be the event that James
produces exactly six surfboards.

104) What is the probability of event A?

105) What is the probability of the complement of A?

106) What is the probability of the intersection of events A and B? Why?

THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
A recent marketing survey tried to relate a consumer's awareness of a new marketing campaign with
their rating of the product. Consumers rated their awareness as low, medium, or high, and rated the
product as poor, fair, or good. The results are presented below.

107) What is the probability that a consumer had both high awareness and thought the product was
poor?

108) What is the probability that a consumer who had medium awareness ranked the product as fair or
good?

109) What is the probability that a consumer who did not rank the product as poor had high awareness?

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A review of the personnel records of a small corporation has revealed the following information about
the number of sick days taken per year and the corresponding probabilities.

Number of Sick Days 0 1 2 3 4 5

Probability 0.05 0.22 0.31 0.27 0.13 0.02

Let A be the event that an employee takes more than 2 sick days. Let B be the event that an employee
takes less than five sick days.
110) What is the probability of event A?

111) Are events A and B collectively exhaustive? Why?

112) What is the probability of the intersection of events A and B?

113) Are events A and B mutually exclusive? Why?

114) The probability that a new small business closes before the end of its first year is 42%. In addition,
37% of all new businesses are started by women. The probability that a new business is either owned by a
woman or goes out of business is 62%. Your sister starts a new business. What is the probability her
business will still open at the end of the first year?

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A company wishes to evaluate the effectiveness of a marketing campaign. Seventy five percent of all
potential professors were reached in a focused advertising program. Twenty eight percent of those
contacted adopted the book while 8% of the adoptions came from professors who did not receive the
promotional material. Define the following events of interest:
A1 = Professor received advertising material
A2 = Professor did not receive advertising material
B1 = Professor adopts the book
B2 = Professor does not adopt the book

115) What is the probability that a professor who adopts the book received the advertising material?

116) What is the probability that a professor who adopts the book has not received the advertising
material?

117) What is the probability that a professor who received advertising material does not adopt the book?

118) What is the probability that a professor who does not receive advertising material has not adopted
the book?

119) What is the probability that a professor received advertising material and adopts the book?

120) What is the probability that a professor received advertising material and does not adopt the book?