FIRE DETECTOR

A REPORT ON
IC APPLICATIONS LABORATORY BASED PROJECT

B.Tech. ECE - V Semester

Submitted by
M.BHAVYASRI-17331A04A7

M.MANOJ KUMAR-17331A04A8

N.NAVYA- 17331A04B1

FACULTY INCHARGE

1.Mr.A.ASHOK KUMAR, M.Tech(ph.D)

2. Mr. P.DIVAKAR VARMA, M.Tech

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

MVGR College of Engineering (A)
Vijayaram Nagar Campus, Chintalavalasa, Vizianagaram,
Andhra Pradesh 535005
2019-20
CONTENTS:
 ABSTRACT
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER-2
COMPONENETS DESCRIPTION
 CHAPTER-3
WORKING PRINCIPLE
 CONCLUSION
 ABSTRACT

Fire alarm is a simple circuit that activates the circuit and sounds the buzzer after the
temperature of the surrounding has increased to a certain level. These are very
important devices to detect the fire in right time in today’s world and prevent any
destruction to life or property.
Nowadays almost all the important industrial and commercial buildings have been
installed with fire and smoke sensors in order to prevent any damage to the building
and avert a possible crisis.
In this circuit the thermistor detects the raise in surrounding temperature and
accordingly, the led or buzzer at the load glows or beeps.

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 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

The most essential electronic device at home or industry or any other place where there is a
chance of fire accident is a fire alarm circuit. The fire alarm circuit can be defined as an
electronic circuit used for identifying fire accident and alert. Thus, by using the fire alarm
circuit, we can avoid financial loss and also save people from dangerous fire accidents.
Fire detectors sense one or more of the products or phenomena resulting from fire, such as
smoke, heat, infrared and ultra violet light radiation or gas. In dwellings smoke detectors are
often stand alone devices.
In this fire alarm circuit project, a thermistor works as the heat sensor. When temperature
increases, its resistance decreases, and vice versa. At normal temperature, the resistance of the
thermistor is approximately 10kilo ohms, which reduces to a few ohms as the temperature
increases beyond the 100degree Celsius.
Generally a home fire alarm system works off a 6volts to 12 volt regulated power supply.

Components required:
 1*LM 358 operational amplifier(op amp)
 1 x 4.7 KΩ Resistor (1/4 Watt)
 1 x 10 KΩ Potentiometer
 1 x Small Buzzer (5V Buzzer)
 1 x 10 K Thermistor
 5V Power Supply
 Connecting wires
 Mini breadboard
 CHAPTER 2
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

VARIABLE RESISTOR (10K)

 A resistor of which the ohmic resistance value can be adjusted. Either mechanically
(potentiometer, rheostat) or electronically.
 A variable resistor is a resistor of which the electric resistance value can be adjusted.
 It is an electronic component. It is applied in an electronic circuit for adjusting circuit
resistance to control voltage or current of that circuit or part of that circuit.
 The electrical resistance is varied by sliding a wiper contact along a resistance track.
Sometimes the resistance is adjusted at present value as required at the time of circuit
building by adjusting screw attached to it and sometimes resistance can be adjusted as
when required by controlling knob connected to it. The active resistance value of the
variable resistor depends upon the position of the slider contact on the resistance
track.
 It mainly consists of a resistance track and a wiper contact. The wiper contact moves
along the resistance track when the adjustable component is adjusted.
 There are mainly three different types of resistance track used in this resistor they are
carbon track, cermet (ceramic and metal mixture) track and wire wound track. Carbon
track and cermet track are used for high resistance application whereas wire wound
track is used for low resistance variable resistor. The resistance tracks generally are of
a circular shape – but a straight track is also used in many cases.

Resistor(10k)

 A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce
current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can
 dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor
controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators.
 Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be
composed of various compounds and forms.

BUZZER

 A buzzer or beeper is an
audio signalling device, which
may be mechanical,
electromechanical, or
piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical
uses of buzzers and beepers
include alarm devices, timers, and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse
click or keystroke.
 An active buzzer will generate a tone using an internal oscillator, so all
that is needed is a DC voltage. A passive buzzer requires an AC signal to make a
sound. It is like an electromagnetic speaker, where a changing input signal produces
the sound, rather than producing a tone automatically

LM358
  The LM358 IC is a great, low power and easy to use dual channel op-amp IC. It is
designed and introduced by national semiconductor. It consists of two internally
frequency compensated, high gain, independent op-amps. This IC is designed for
specially to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages.
 IC LM358- LM358 consists of two independent, high gain operational amplifiers in
one package. Important feature of this IC is that we do not require independent power
supply for working of each comparator for wide range of power supply. LM358 can
be used as transducer amplifier, DC gain block etc.

Thermistor(10k)
A thermistor is a type of a resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature, more so than
in stand resistors. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are widely
used as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors, self-resetting overcurrent protectors, and
self regulating heating elements.
 CHAPTER 3
WORKING PRINCIPLE

The design of fire alarm circuit with Siren Sound is very simple. First, connect the 10 KΩ

Potentiometer to the inverting terminal of the LM358 Op – Amp. One end of the POT is

connected to +5V, other end is connected to GND and the wiper terminal is connected to Pin
2 of Op – Amp.

We will now make a potential divider using 10k Thermistor and 10 KΩ Resistor. The output

of this potential divider i.e. the junction point is connected to the non – inverting input of the

LM358 Operational Amplifier.

We have chosen a small, 5V buzzer in this project to make the alarm or siren sound. So,

connect the output of the LM358 Op – amp to the 5V Buzzer directly.

Pins 8 and 4 of the LM358 IC i.e. V+ and GND are connected to +5V and GND respectively.
We will now see the working of the simple Fire Alarm Circuit. First thing to know is that the

main component in detecting the fire is the 10 K Thermistor. As we mentioned in the

component description, the 10 K thermistor used here is a NTC type Thermistor. If the

temperature increases, the resistance of the Thermistor decreases.

In case of fire, the temperature increases. This increase in temperature will reduce the

resistance of the 10 K Thermistor. As the resistance decreases, the output of the voltage

divider will increase. Since the output of the voltage divider is given to the non – inverting

input of the LM358 Op – Amp, its value will become more than that of the inverting input.

As a result, the output of the Op – Amp becomes high and it activates the buzzer.
 APPLICATIONS
The advantages of installing a fire alarm system are numerous. Having systems in your home
that will help keep your family and guests safe when emergencies occur are essential. Fire
alarm systems often referred to as smoke alarms, are devices that detect the presence of
smoke and heat in the atmosphere, allowing you and your family to get to safety. Here’s why
you should make sure that you have a functioning fire alarm system in your home right now.

Warning
Fire alarms provide audible alerts. This is an important feature because you may not always
be in the same room or area where the fire starts. The alert will give you time to respond to
the fire, by escaping to a safe place outside or addressing the flame with a fire extinguisher.

Optional Placement
Fire alarms are flexible appliances and can be installed in any specific area of your choice. If
you follow the guidelines provided by the fire alarm manufacturer, you can place them in
spaces that have fire hazards, like the kitchen. Be careful near spaces like bathrooms where
steam from showers could falsely trigger the alarm. Be also sure to place them in areas where
they can be easily heard, near bedrooms and family rooms.

Monitoring
Even if you aren’t home, remote monitoring will alert you to any fire emergencies at your
residence. These connected systems will send alerts to your smartphone and fire emergency
personnel that will respond to the emergency in a timely manner. In addition, these systems
will also send emergency medical help for other issues that anyone at your home may be
facing.

Cost
Fire alarm systems are often rolled into a package that includes burglary alarms, which can
raise the overall cost of the system. When fire alarm systems are purchased as standalone
units, the cost is much lower, with the only additional expense being changing the batteries in
the alarm units.