Cobas-C-311-Operator Manual-En PDF

cobas c 311 analyzer
COBI CD
Compendium of Background Information
Document information
Revision history COBI CD Edition for Revision date Changes

version
1.0 cobas c 311 April 2007
analyzer
Edition notice cobas c 311 analyzer Compendium of Background Information

This document is for users of the cobas c 311 analyzer.
Every effort has been made to ensure that all the information contained in this
manual is correct at the time of printing. However, Roche Diagnostics GmbH reserves
the right to make any changes necessary without notice as part of ongoing product
development.
Any customer modification to the instrument will render the warranty or service
agreement null and void.
Software updates may only be carried out by Roche Service representatives.
Intended use This document is intended to provide background information for a better
understanding of the hardware, test principles and calibration methods of the
cobas c 311 analyzer.
Copyright © 2007, Roche Diagnostics GmbH. All rights reserved.
Trademarks The following trademarks are acknowledged:

COBAS, COBAS C, and LIFE NEEDS ANSWERS are trademarks of Roche.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Instrument approvals The cobas c 311 analyzer meets the protection requirements laid down in IVD
Directive 98/79/EC. Furthermore, our instruments are manufactured and tested
according to the following international standards:
o IEC 61010-1: 2001
o IEC 61010-2-010: 2003
o IEC 61010-2-081: 2001
o IEC 61010-2-101: 2002
o UL 61010-1: 2001
o CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 61010-1-04
o EN 61326-2-6:2006
Compliance is demonstrated by the following marks:
Complies with the IVD directive 98/79/EC.
Issued by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) for Canada and the

US.
C ® US
Roche Diagnostics
2 COBI CD · Version 1.0
Contact addresses
Manufacturer Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation

24-14. Nishi-shimbashi. 1-chome. Minato-ku
Tokyo. 105-8717 JAPAN
Authorized representative Roche Diagnostics GmbH

Sandhofer Strasse 116
D-68305 Mannheim
Germany
Roche Diagnostics
COBI CD · Version 1.0 3
Roche Diagnostics
Table of contents
Document information 2 6 Photometric calibration

Contact addresses 3 Calibration checks C-11
Table of contents 5 Calibration overview C-14
How to use the CD 7 Linear calibration C-22
Installation of Adobe Acrobat Reader 7 RCM calibration C-25
Where to find information 7 RCM2T1 calibration C-27
Online Help system 8 RCM2T2 calibration C-29
Spline calibration C-31
Line Graph calibration C-33
Measurement technology Part A
1 Photometric technology
Calculating data alarms Part D
General photometer characteristics A-5
7 Calculating data alarms
Introduction D-5
Test principles Part B Prozone effect D-5
Linearity verification (>Lin) D-7
2 ISE unit - Ion selective electrode principles Sensitivity limit check (Sens.E) D-9
Introduction B-5 Duplicate limit check (Dup.E) D-9
Calculation of unknown sample concentrations B-5 Technical limit check (>Test) D-11
Repeat limit check (>Rept) D-12
3 Photometric principles Reaction limit check (>React) D-12
Types of photometric assays B-9
Comprehensive assay descriptions B-12
Reaction cell and calibration data B-21
Quality control Part E
Endpoint assays B-24
Rate assays B-30 8 Applying QC rules
Prozone check B-39 Introduction E-5
Summary of assay techniques B-44 Rule 1: 1-2SD E-6
Rule 2: 1-2.5SD (Q2.5SD alarm) E-6
4 Serum index principles Rule 3: 1-3SD (Q3SD alarm) E-7
Introduction B-49 Rule 4: 2-2SA (S2-2Sa alarm) E-8
Definition of serum indices B-49 Rule 5: R-4SD (R4SD alarm) E-9
Measurement of serum indices B-49 Rule 6: 2-2SW (S2-2Sw alarm) E-10
Evaluating serum indices B-51 Rule 7: 4-1SA (S4-1Sa alarm) E-11
Serum index data alarms B-51 Rule 8: 4-1SW (S4-1Sw alarm) E-12
Rule 9: 10XA (S10Xa alarm) E-13
Rule 10: 10XW (S10Xw alarm) E-14
Calibration Part C
5 ISE unit - Ion selective electrode calibration

Index Part F
ISE calibration C-5
Slope calculation C-6 Index F-3
Internal standard calculation C-6
One-point calibration C-7
Compensation overview C-7
Compensation value calculation C-7
Reference electrode C-8
Roche Diagnostics
Roche Diagnostics
How to use the CD
This CD is provided as an information source for background knowledge regarding

the cobas c 311 analyzer. Some of the information on this CD is available in PDF-
format and requires Adobe Acrobat Reader to be installed. If you do not have this
software installed, refer to the instructions for the Installation of Adobe Acrobat
Reader below. You may access information by selecting a topic from the table of
contents on the left.
If you have any further questions, please do not hesitate to contact Roche Diagnostics
Customer Service or visit us on the Web at www.roche.com/diagnostics.
Installation of Adobe Acrobat Reader
We have included the files necessary to install Adobe Acrobat Reader in this CD. If this
software is not installed on your computer, proceed as follows:
1 Close all running applications.
2 Change to the folder \reader on the CD-ROM.
3 Double-click on AdbeRdr707_en_US.exe to start the installation routine for
Adobe Acrobat Reader.
4 Follow the instructions on screen.
5 It is recommended that you restart your computer after the installation process
has finished.
Where to find information
The following documents are provided to assist in finding desired information

quickly:
Operator’s Manual Contains information about safety, hardware components and operating the analyzer
as well as maintenance and troubleshooting. A table of contents at the beginning of
the manual as well as at the beginning of each chapter, and an index at the end of this
manual help you to find information quickly.
Online Help Contains a detailed description of the software of the cobas c 311 analyzer. In
addition to the software description, the whole Operator’s Manual is included in the
Online Help. This makes it possible to retrieve information from both Online Help
and Operator’s Manual using the search functions available for electronically stored
documents.
COBI CD The COBI CD (Compendium of Background Information) provides you with

background information about the technologies, test principles, their theory and
calibration methods used by the cobas c 311 analyzer. It also provides a complete
glossary. The information can be read and printed using Adobe Acrobat Reader.
Roche Diagnostics
Online Help system
The software of the cobas c 311 analyzer has a context sensitive Online Help feature to
aid you in operating the instrument. "Context sensitive" means that wherever you are
located within the cobas c 311 software, choosing the Help feature displays Help text
or a screenshot relating to that area of the software. The Online Help offers a quick
and convenient way to find information, such as explanations of screens and dialog
boxes and how to perform particular processes.
F1 Help There are two ways to enter the Online Help: via the Help icon in the bottom left of
the screen or by pressing F1 on the keyboard. The context sensitive entry displays
information relating to your current location in the software.
Roche Diagnostics
Measurement technology A
1 Photometric technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3

cobas c 311 analyzer 1 Photometric technology
Table of contents
Photometric technology
This chapter provides you with an overview of the application of photometric

technology in the cobas c 311 analyzer.
In this chapter Chapter 1

General photometer characteristics .......................................................................... A-5
Roche Diagnostics
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1 Photometric technology cobas c 311 analyzer
Table of contents
Roche Diagnostics
A-4 COBI CD · Version 1.0
cobas c 311 analyzer 1 Photometric technology
General photometer characteristics
An illustration of the light path is shown below.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
A Grating F Reaction cell and contents K Infrared cut filter

B Photometer G Incubator bath L Water jacket
C Slit H Slit (in) M Photometer lamp
D Imaging lens I Condenser lens N Detector
E Slit (out) J Mask
Figure A-1 Photometer lightpath
When the light beam enters the photometer, it strikes a diffraction grating, which
separates the light into its constituent wavelengths and reflects them onto a fixed
array of 12 photodiodes. Each photodiode is permanently positioned to detect light at
a different wavelength.
Absorbance readings are taken each time a reaction cell rotates past the photometer.
When the reaction cell passes through the photometer lightpath, absorbance at the 12
wavelengths for each individual assay is measured.
Most Roche Diagnostics photometric tests use two wavelength readings to calculate
results. The end product of a chemical reaction absorbs the most light at one
particular wavelength. However, using the difference between readings at two
wavelengths (bichromatic system) eliminates the effect of interferences sometimes
found when using a single wavelength (monochromatic system) and compensates for
most of the photometric noise which improves the photometric resolutions.
For each reaction cell, a waterblank is measured and then absorbance readings are
taken 57 times (57 measure points) in 10 minutes.
Choice of wavelengths Bichromatic analysis uses two wavelengths: One that is at or near the peak absorbance
of the chromogen produced by the reaction, and a second wavelength at which little
or no absorbance of the desired chromogen occurs.
Roche Diagnostics
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1 Photometric technology cobas c 311 analyzer
Any absorbance ( A 2 ) that occurs, due to interference from other substances in the
sample, is measured at the secondary wavelength. This amount is then subtracted
from the total absorbance ( A 1 ) occurring at the primary wavelength to yield the net
absorbance ( A C ).
A1 Observed
Chromophore
C
A
Absorbance
A2
Interferent
λ1 λ2
Wavelength
Figure A-2 Bichromatic absorbance
The optimum measure points for each test are part of the application parameters,
which are available via download.
The assay code and calibration type programmed from the application parameters
determine how final results are calculated for each test.
Roche Diagnostics
A-6 COBI CD · Version 1.0
Test principles B
2 ISE unit - Ion selective electrode principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3

3 Photometric principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-7
4 Serum index principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-47
cobas c 311 analyzer 2 ISE unit - Ion selective electrode principles
Table of contents
ISE unit - Ion selective electrode principles
This chapter provides you with an overview of the ion selective electrode test
principles and result calculation used by the cobas c 311 analyzer.

Introduction ............................................................................................................... B-5
Calculation of unknown sample concentrations ...................................................... B-5
Roche Diagnostics
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Table of contents
Roche Diagnostics
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cobas c 311 analyzer 2 ISE unit - Ion selective electrode principles
Introduction
Introduction
The ISE unit performs indirect measurement of electromotive force (EMF) in

millivolts between ion selective electrodes and the reference electrode. Indirect
measurement means that all samples are diluted at a 1:31 ratio.
The EMF values of each sample are converted to mmol/L values by a calculation
algorithm that uses the EMF data together with data from a two-point calibration
with two primary standards.
A one-point calibration before and after each routine sample measurement is used to
offset the drift between consecutive measurements. For this one-point calibration the
internal standard (IS) is used.
Calculation of unknown sample concentrations
The concentration of the sodium, potassium, and chloride in a sample is calculated

from the EMF of the specific electrode by the following equation, which is derived
from the Nernst Equation:
Equation B-1 C s = C.Value + C IS × 10 ( E s – E IS ) ⁄ S
Cs Concentration of the specific ion in sample
C.Value Compensation value
C IS Concentration of the internal standard
Es Electromotive force (voltage) of the unknown sample for the specific ion
E IS Electromotive force (voltage) of the internal standard for the specific ion
S Slope
Roche Diagnostics
2 ISE unit - Ion selective electrode principles cobas c 311 analyzer
Calculation of unknown sample concentrations
Roche Diagnostics
3 Photometric principles cobas c 311 analyzer
Table of contents
Photometric principles
This chapter provides you with an overview of the photometric test principles and
assay techniques used by the cobas c 311 analyzer.

Types of photometric assays ...................................................................................... B-9
Assay types and measure points .......................................................................... B-9
Displaying assay type and measure points ........................................................ B-11
Comprehensive assay descriptions .......................................................................... B-12
Example of a 2 Point End assay ......................................................................... B-12
Example of a Rate A assay .................................................................................. B-17
Reaction cell and calibration data ........................................................................... B-21
Cell Blank Measurement report ......................................................................... B-21
Working Information window .......................................................................... B-22
Others tab ........................................................................................................... B-23
Endpoint assays ........................................................................................................ B-24
1 Point assay ........................................................................................................ B-24
1 Point assay graph ....................................................................................... B-25
Sample program and calculations ............................................................... B-26
2 Point End assay ................................................................................................ B-27
2 Point End assay graph ............................................................................... B-27
Rate assays ................................................................................................................. B-30
Rate A assay ......................................................................................................... B-30
Rate A assay graph ........................................................................................ B-30
Rate A assay with sample blank correction ....................................................... B-33
Rate A assay with sample blank graph ........................................................ B-33
2 Point Rate assay ............................................................................................... B-36
2 Point Rate assay graph - R1 and R2 or R3 timing .................................... B-36
Prozone check ........................................................................................................... B-39
Roche Diagnostics
Antigen readdition method ............................................................................... B-39

Programming and calculation ..................................................................... B-40
Calculation example ..................................................................................... B-41
Reaction rate method ......................................................................................... B-42
Programming and calculation ..................................................................... B-43
Summary of assay techniques .................................................................................. B-44
Roche Diagnostics
cobas c 311 analyzer 3 Photometric principles
Types of photometric assays
There are two fundamental types of photometric assays on this instrument:

o Endpoint assays
o Rate assays
Measurements are taken by the photometer at specific measure points. If
measurements are taken after the reactions are completed, the intensity of the colored
(or turbidity) product is an indicator of the sample component's concentration.
These are called endpoint assays.
For rate assays, the rate of the reaction is proportional to the concentration or activity
of the sample component being analyzed. Measurements are taken as the reaction
proceeds.
There are also modifications of these two techniques possible in this instrument, as
well as a combination of the two.
Assay types and measure points
There are four different assay types. The assay types are divided in endpoint assays
and rate assays:
Fundamental assay type Assay type Characteristic

Endpoint assays 1 Point Endpoint assay programmed for a single measure
point
2 Point End Endpoint assay with sample blank
Rate assays Rate A Rate assay applying least squares method on
multiple measure points
2 Point Rate Rate assay programmed for two measure points
Table B-1 Assay types
e For more information on endpoint assays, see:

1 Point assay on page B-24
2 Point End assay on page B-27
e For more information on rate assays, see:
Rate A assay on page B-30
Rate A assay with sample blank correction on page B-33
2 Point Rate assay on page B-36
Roche Diagnostics
Measure points Independent of the programmed application parameters, the photometer measures
the absorbance of a reaction mixture in fixed intervals of 3 to 24 seconds. Not all of
these measurements are used for the calculation of the result. Therefore, the
numbering of the photometer measure points differs form the numbering of the
measure points used in calculations.
The figure below represents an endpoint assay programmed for two measure points
( mp1 and mp2 ).
Figure B-1 Photometer measure points
In this example, the application parameters define the 6th photometer measure point
( mp6 ) to be mp 1 and the 24th photometer measure point ( mp24 ) to be mp2 . In
other words, mp 6 of the instrument is set to be mp1 of the test calculation, and mp24
of the instrument is set to be mp2 of the test calculation.
Roche Diagnostics
Displaying assay type and measure points
The Analyze tab on the Utility > Application screen displays the assay type and
measure points among other application parameters for a selected test.
Figure B-2 Analyze tab on Utility > Application screen
a To view the assay type and measure points for a test

1 Select Utility > Application.
2 Select the test you want to view from the test list on the left side of the screen.
3 Select the Analyze tab.
4 To the right of Assay/Time/Point there are six text boxes:
o The first entry displays the assay type selected.
o The second entry displays the reaction time in minutes.
o The third through sixth entries display chosen measure points.
In the following sections, the entries for the Assay/Time/Point text boxes on Utility >
Application > Analyze are shown as follows:
Assay/Time/Point: [ Assay Type ] [ time ] [ mp1 ] [ mp 2 ] [ mp3 ] [ mp4 ]
Roche Diagnostics
Comprehensive assay descriptions
In the following section one example of an endpoint assay and one example of a rate
assay is given, along with detailed explanations of the application parameters and
result calculations.
e For extended programming and calculation examples, see:
Example of a 2 Point End assay on page B-12
Example of a Rate A assay on page B-17
Example of a 2 Point End assay
A 2 Point End assay is an endpoint assay with sample blank measurement and can be
programmed for two or more reagents. 2 Point means there are readings at two
measure points, mp1 and mp2 :
o mp 1 is the sample blank which is measured before or shortly after the final
reagent is added.
o mp 2 measures the absorbance of the final reaction product; it is set after addition
of final reagent and after the reaction is completed.
2 Point End assay graph A graphic representation of a 2 Point End assay using reagents dispensed at R1 and R2
timing is shown below.
R2
Absorbance
R1
Amp2
S
Amp1
C1 C2 C3
mp 1 mp 2 Time
Figure B-3 2 Point End assay graph
C1, C2, ... The reaction cell's water blank values(a)

S Pipetting of sample
R1 Pipetting of reagent at R1 timing
mp 1 1st photometric measure point (sample blank)
mp 2 2nd photometric measure point (endpoint)
Amp1 , Amp 2 Absorbances at measure point 1 and measure point 2
(a) See Cell Blank Measurement report on page B-21.
Roche Diagnostics
Example data The following data from the Utility > Application screen are used for this example:
Test GLUC2
Assay type 2 Point End
Time 10 min
Points 6, 24
2nd wavelength 700 nm
Primary wavelength 340 nm
Conc. value for Std (1) 0.0
Entries on Utility >

Application > Analyze
Figure B-4 Entries on Utility > Application > Analyze
In the later sections, the entries for the Assay/Time/Point text boxes on Utility >
Application > Analyze are shown as follows:
Assay/Time/Point: [ 2 Point End ] [ 10 ] [ 6 ] [ 24 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ]
This means:
o The assay type is 2 Point End.
o The reaction time is 10 minutes.
o The sample blank absorbance (sample plus first reagent) is determined by the 6th
photometer measurement of the respective reaction cell.
o The absorbance of the sample plus first and second reagents is determined by the
24th photometer measurement of the respective reaction cell.
Dilution factor After the mixture of sample and R1 reagent is measured as sample blank, it is diluted
by the addition of R2 reagent. Therefore, the readings cannot be subtracted, unless a
correction for the dilution is taken into account. A dilution factor ( d ) is calculated as
follows and applied to the sample + R1 absorbance:
V samp + V R1
Equation B-2 d = ---------------------------------------------
-
V samp + V R1 + V R2
2µL + 150µL - = 152

d = --------------------------------------------------- --------- = 0,7525
2µL + 150µL + 50µL 202
d Dilution factor
V samp Sample volume
V R1 R1 volume
V R2 R2 volume
Roche Diagnostics
Reaction monitor The two measure points for this assay’s calculation are set at the 6th and 24th
photometer measurements; the first is the sample blank reading, the second is the
final absorbance reading (endpoint), as indicated in the Reaction Monitor below.
Figure B-5 Reaction Monitor window of a 2 Point End assay
You can move the focus from one measure point to the next using the scroll bar below
the graph. The absorbance at the measure point that has the focus is displayed in the
Abs. field above the graph. Alternatively, the absorbance values of all measure points
are listed on the Reaction Monitor report also:
Reaction Monitor 06/02/07 17:54
Ser/Pl N000001 001 11/01/07 CELL 055 GLUC2 5.3

ID 13:53:33
*** (PRIMARY) - (SECONDARY) ***

CB1-3 01-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-57
3239 1864 4601 4611 4606 4608 4611
3240 1819 4609 4610 4609 4609 4613
3240 1773 4607 4608 4611 4612 4610
1765 4608 4607 4605 4609 4614
1759 4611 4610 4610 4609 4612
1750 4607 4604 4610 4610 4608
2102 4603 4608 4608 4609 4607
3963 4610 4608 4612 4612
4474 4608 4607 4604 4609
4576 4609 4608 4607 4610
Figure B-6 Reaction Monitor report
The values on the Reaction Monitor report (as well as those in the Abs. field on the
Reaction Monitor window) are absorbance × 104. Moreover, these values are already
corrected for the water blank value, determined during the cell blank measurement.
e See Cell Blank Measurement report on page B-21.
The real time water blank values displayed in the CB1-3 column of the Reaction
Monitor report serve to verify the integrity of the reaction cell immediately before
sampling.
Roche Diagnostics
Reaction absorbance To determine the reaction absorbance A x , the sample blank value is corrected for
dilution and then subtracted from the endpoint absorbance:
Equation B-3 A x = Amp 24 – d ⋅ Amp 6
A x = 0,4607 – 0,7525 ⋅ 0,1750
A x = 0,4607 – 0,1317 = 0,3290
The absorbance used in calculations ( A x ) is 0.3290.
Calculation of concentration The calculation of the unknown concentration of the analyte in the sample uses the
following endpoint reaction formula:
Equation B-4 C x = [ K ( A x – A b ) + C b ] ⋅ IFA + IF B
Cx Concentration of the analyte (Gluc) in the sample
K Calibration factor (also referred to as K factor)

Ax Absorbance after reaction is completed (calculated above: 0.3290)
Ab Absorbance of Std (1)/blank calibrator (S1 Abs.)
Cb Concentration value for Std (1)/blank calibrator
IFA , IF B Instrument constants representing a slope of 1 and an intercept of 0
K and A b are displayed on the Working Information window. Select Calibration >
Status > Calibration Result > Working Information to display this window.
Figure B-7 Working Information window
When the test's concentration value for Std (1) is programmed with a decimal, the
displayed K factor includes an extra digit for each number to the right of the decimal
point.
A b is the absorbance of the first standard solution, Std (1), which is a blank
calibrator. This value is also displayed on the Working Information window in the
S1 Abs. field.
e See Working Information window on page B-22.
Roche Diagnostics
C b , the concentration of the analyte in the first standard solution Std (1), is displayed
on the Others tab of the Utility > Application screen. This C b value controls the
number of digits of the displayed K and the rounding of the final results. When the
test's C b value is programmed with a decimal, K includes an extra digit for each
number to the right of the decimal point.
e See Others tab on page B-23.
Example values The following values are used for this example:
K 16.3 (displayed as 163 due to a Std (1) concentration value of 0.0)

Ax 0.3290 (calculated above)
Ab 0.0030 (displayed as 30 in the S1 Abs. field due to factor 104)
Cb 0.0
Applying these values to the above formula C x = [ K ( A x – A b ) + C b ] ⋅ IF A + IF B yields:

C x = 16,3 ⋅ ( 0,3290 – 0,0030 ) + 0,0
C x = 16,3 ⋅ ( 0,3260 )
C x = 5,314
The result is rounded to 5.3 on the report because C b , the concentration value for
Std (1), the blank calibrator, contains one zero to the right of the decimal point as
displayed on Utility > Application > Others.
Roche Diagnostics
Example of a Rate A assay
For rate assays, the time course of the reaction is followed by measuring the
absorbance as a function of time. That is, measurements are taken as the reaction
proceeds. Rate assays use these measurements because their concentration
calculations are based on the determination of the rate of change in absorbance, v :
dA
Equation B-5 v x = --------x-
dt
A Rate A assay is programmed for multiple measure points. This means, there is a
measuring window and every photometric measurement within this window is taken
into account for the rate calculation—beginning with the reading at the first
programmed measure point ( mpinitial ) through the reading at the second
programmed measure point ( mpfinal ).
The absorbance values are converted into the rate of change in absorbance ( v ) by
least squares analysis. There is no need for a dilution factor because all readings are
taken after the addition of the last reagent.
Rate A assay graph A graphic representation of a Rate A assay using a reagent dispensed at R1 and R2 or
R3 timing is shown below.
Absorbance limit
vx
Absorbance
Blank
S, R1 R2/R3
C1 C2 C3
mp 1 mp 2 Time
Figure B-8 Rate A assay - reagents at R1 and R2 or R3 timing
C1, C2, ... The reaction cell's water blank values(a)

R2/R3 Pipetting of reagent at R2/R3 timing
vx Rate of change in absorbance (slope) between mp 1 and mp 2
mp 1 First photometric measure point
mp 2 Last photometric measure point
Roche Diagnostics
Example data The following data from Utility > Application screen are used for this example:
Test ALTL
Assay Rate A
Time 10 min
Points 12, 31
2nd wavelength 700 nm
Primary wavelength 340 nm
Conc. value for Std (1) 0.00
Entries on Utility >

Figure B-9 Entries on Utility > Application > Analyze
In the later sections of this chapter, the entries for the Assay/Time/Point text boxes on
Utility > Application > Analyze are shown as follows:
Assay/Time/Point: [ Rate A ] [ 10 ] [ 12 ] [ 31 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ]
This means:
o The assay type is Rate A.
o The reaction time is 10 minutes.
o The initial absorbance reading is the 12th photometer measurement of the
respective reaction cell.
o The final absorbance reading is the 31st photometer measurement of the
respective reaction cell.
Reaction monitor The rate of change in absorbance is calculated by least squares analysis of the
absorbance values measured within the measuring window, as indicated in the
reaction monitor below:
Figure B-10 Reaction Monitor window of a Rate A assay
The values on the reaction monitor report are reaction absorbance × 104. Moreover,
these values are already corrected for the water blank value determined during the cell
blank measurement.
e See Cell Blank Measurement report on page B-21.
Roche Diagnostics
The absorbance values measured between the initial and the final absorbance reading
( mp12 through mp 31 ) represent a change over 4.05 minutes. The mathematical
analysis results in a rate of change in absorbance of -0.0503 per minute.
Ser/Pl N000001 063 16/02/07 CELL 58 ALTL 2.11

ID 14:30:43
*** (PRIMARY)-(SECONDARY) ***

CB1-3 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-57
3465 3505 19230 18231 17102 16511 15990
3467 3490 19130 18126 17008 16477 15885
3466 3489 19032 18026 16908 16410 15794
3486 18932 17933 16872 16377 15690
3478 18837 17822 16809 16303 15584
3477 18729 17610 16772 16278 15495
19560 18638 17502 16703 16214 15393
19503 18535 17396 16674 16179
19420 18428 17306 16609 16117
19328 18328 17201 16575 16084
Result calculation The calculation of the unknown concentration of the analyte in the sample uses the
following rate reaction formula:
Equation B-6 C x = [ K ( v x – v b ) + C b ] ⋅ IF A + IF B
K Calibration factor
vx Rate of change in absorbance (expressed in 104/min)
vb Rate of change in absorbance of the reaction with Std (1)/blank calibrator
Cx Concentration of the analyte (ALT) in the sample
IFA , IF B Instrument constants for a slope of 1 and an intercept of 0
K and v b are displayed on the Working Information window. Select Calibration >
Status > Calibration Result > Working Information to display this window.
Roche Diagnostics
When the test's concentration value for Std (1) is programmed with a decimal, the
displayed K factor includes extra digits for each number to the right of the decimal
point. v b is displayed in the S1 Abs. field of the Working Information window.
e See Working Information window on page B-22.
C b , the concentration of the analyte in the first standard solution, Std (1), is displayed
on the Others tab of the Utility > Application screen.
e See Others tab on page B-23.
Example values The following values are used for this example:
K -42.04 (displayed as -4204 due to a Std (1) concentration value of 0.00)

vx -0.0503/min (calculated by least squares method)
vb -0.0001/min (displayed as -1 in the S1 Abs. field due to factor 104)
Cb 0.00
IFA , IF B Instrument constants for a slope of 1 and an intercept of 0
Applying these values to the rate reaction formula (Equation B-6) yields:
C x = { – 42,04 ⋅ [ – 0,0503 – ( – 0,0001 ) ] + 0,0 } ⋅ 1 + 0
C x = – 42,04 ⋅ ( – 0,0502 )
C x = 2,110
The result is displayed as 2.11 on the report because C b , the concentration value for
Std (1), the blank calibrator, contains two zeroes to the right of the decimal point as
displayed on Utility > Application > Others.
Roche Diagnostics
Reaction cell and calibration data
The following three sections explain the Cell Blank Measurement report, the Working
Information window, and information given on the Others tab. These three sections
are frequently referred to in other parts of this document which describe result
calculations of the various types of assays:
Both the Working Information window and the Others tab of the Utility >
Application screen display calibration information for individual tests and
calibrators, respectively. The Cell Blank Measurement report contains data necessary
for the calculation of absorbance values, which are the basis for all other calculations.
e For more information, see:
Cell Blank Measurement report on page B-21
Working Information window on page B-22
Others tab on page B-23
Cell Blank Measurement report
Reaction absorbance in a cell is measured against the cell's water blank value (current
cell blank). This cell blank report is requested as part of weekly maintenance. The
values on this report are stored and compared to the real time water blank values that
display on the Reaction Monitor report.
e See Reaction monitor on page B-14.
If the difference between the current real time water blank values and the previous cell
blank measured by the Cell Blank maintenance function is greater than 0.1 Abs, an
alarm is issued.
Figure B-13 Example of a Cell Blank Measurement report
This report shows no abnormal cells.
Roche Diagnostics
Working Information window
h Calibration > Status > Calibration Result > Working Information
S1 Abs. The Working Information window displays the current calibration curve and values
for the application selected under Calibration > Status > Calibration Result. For
endpoint assays based on an RCM or Linear calibration, the value under S1 Abs.
equals the blank calibrator’s absorbance value × 104. For rate assays it is the rate of
change in absorbance of the reaction with the blank calibrator.
S1 Abs. is subtracted from the reaction absorbance of all other samples including
calibrators Std(2) through Std(6), controls, STAT and routine samples.
K factor The K factor—as well as S1 Abs.—is used in the result calculation of every measured
test. Given a linear calibration curve, the two main types of assays use the following
formulas for result calculation:
Equation B-7 C x = K ⋅ ( A x – A b ) + C b for endpoint assays
Equation B-8 C x = K ⋅ ( v x – v b ) + C b for rate assays
K Calibration factor
Ax Absorbance after reaction is completed
vx Rate of change in absorbance of the reaction with the sample
vb Rate of change in absorbance of the reaction with Std (1)/blank calibrator
On the Working Information window, K factors are always displayed as whole

numbers. The correct decimal placement in a K factor depends on the decimal places
in the concentration value for Std (1) displayed on the Others tab of the Utility >
Application screen. If the Std (1) concentration has n decimal places, divide the
displayed K factor by the n-th power of ten to obtain the correct value for result
calculations.
Roche Diagnostics
Others tab
h Utility > Application > Others
Figure B-15 Others tab on Utility > Application screen
Use this tab to display test parameters such as calibrator codes, calibrator set points,
calibrator positions, and pipetting volumes.
When the test’s Std (1) concentration (blank calibrator concentration) is
programmed with a decimal, the displayed K factor on the Working Information
window gets the same number of decimal places. This also determines the decimal
placement in displayed results, as shown in the table below:
Std (1) K (posted) K (calculations) Result

concentration
0 -1219 -1219 52
0.0 -12190 -1219.0 52.3
0.00 -121904 -1219.04 52.31
Table B-2 Determination of decimal placement
Roche Diagnostics
Endpoint assays
Endpoint assays
In the following sections the various types of endpoint assays are explained in detail.
After a brief listing of assay characteristics, a graphical representation of the
absorbance in the course of the reaction is given, as well as an example of result
calculation.
e For details on the various types of endpoint assays, see:
1 Point assay on page B-24
2 Point End assay on page B-27
1 Point assay
Assay characteristics:
o Called 1 Point because only one measure point is designated in the Application
screen.
o Addition of one or more reagents is possible.
o No sample blanking required.
o The absorbance reading for this type of assay can be taken during any disk
rotation after addition of the final reagent.
Entries on Utility > Assay/Time/Point: [ 1 Point ] [ time ] [ mp1 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ]

c 311 1 ≤ mp1 ≤ 57
1 ≤ time ≤ 10
Cell blank = (C1 + C2 + C3) / 3
Reaction volume = 100-250 µL
Roche Diagnostics
Endpoint assays
1 Point assay graph
1 Point assay with R1 timing A graphic representation of a 1 Point assay using a reagent dispensed at R1 timing is
shown below. The figure below shows an increase in absorbance as the reaction
occurs. A decrease in absorbance as the reaction occurs is also possible.
Absorbance
S, R1
Amp 1
C1 C2 C3
Time
mp 1
Figure B-16 1 Point End assay - reagent at R1 timing
1 Point assay with R1 and A graphic representation of a 1 Point assay using reagents dispensed at R1 and R2 or
R2 or R3 timing R3 timing is shown below.
Absorbance
R2, R3
S, R1
Amp 1
C1 C2 C3
Time
mp 1
Figure B-17 1 Point End assay - reagents at R1 and R3 timing
C1 , C2 , ... The reaction cell's water blank values(a)
R2 , R3 Pipetting of reagent at R2 or R3 timing
mp 1 Measure point 1, endpoint (after reaction has reached equilibrium)
Amp1 Absorbance at measure point 1
Roche Diagnostics
Endpoint assays
Sample program and calculations

This section gives an example of an application’s result calculations.
e For more detailed explanations, see Comprehensive assay descriptions on page B-12.
Entries on Utility > The following data from Utility > Application are used for this calculation example:
Test CHO2I
Assay/Time/Point [ 1 Point ] [ 10 ] [ 57 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ]
Ser/Pl N000043 014 06/02/07 CELL 036 CHO2I 150.6

ID 09:08:37

CB1-3 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-57
922 3084 5112 5127 5120 5115 5110
922 4771 5118 5127 5122 5114 5110
924 5061 5121 5128 5120 5117 5108
5080 5122 5125 5119 5115 5108
5087 5124 5128 5119 5112 5108
5093 5124 5125 5118 5115 5106
5021 5126 5124 5120 5112 5106
5094 5128 5123 5116 5114
5104 5128 5123 5117 5110
5108 5128 5120 5117 5112
Calculation of concentration The calculation of the concentration of the analyte in the sample uses the following
equation:
Symbol Definition Value
Ax Absorbance value for concentration calculation (a) 0.5106
Cx Concentration of the analyte in the sample
K Calibration factor(b) 416.9

(b)
Ab Absorbance of Std (1)/blank calibrator (S1 Abs.) 0.1493
Cb Concentration value for Std (1)/blank calibrator(c) 0.0
IFA , IF B Instrument constants for a slope of 1 and an intercept of 0 1, 0
Table B-3 Definitions and values for quantities used in the calculation
(a) See Reaction Monitor report above.
(b) Displayed on Working Information window. For explanations, see Working Information window on
page B-22.
(c) Displayed on Utility > Application > Others. For explanations, see Others tab on page B-23.
Applying these values to the above formulas (Equation B-9) yields:

C x = 416,9 ⋅ ( 0,5106 – 0,1493 ) + 0,0 = 416,9 ⋅ 0,3613
C x = 150,6
Roche Diagnostics
Endpoint assays
2 Point End assay
Assay Characteristics:
o Called 2 Point because there are readings at two measure points, mp1 and mp2 ,
which are designated on Utility > Application > Analyze.
o Allows for two or more reagent additions.
o Performs sample blank measurement.
o The first absorbance reading for this type of assay can be taken during any disk
rotation. Usually it is taken before or shortly after the final reagent is added.
o The second absorbance reading can be taken during any disk rotation after the
final reagent is added.
Entries on Utility > Assay/Time/Point: [ 2 Point End ] [ time ] [ mp 1 ] [ mp2 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ]

c 311 1 ≤ mp1 < mp 2 ≤ 57

1 ≤ time ≤ 10
Cell blank = (C1 + C2 + C3) / 3
Reaction volume = 100-250 µL (at all measure points)
2 Point End assay graph

A graphic representation of a 2 Point End assay using reagents dispensed at R1 and R2
or R3 timing is shown below.
R2/R3
Absorbance
R1 Amp2
S
Amp1
C1 C2 C3
Time
mp 1 mp 2
Figure B-19 2 Point End assay - reagents at R1 and R2 or R3 timing
R1 , R2 ⁄ R3 Pipetting of reagent at R1 timing and of reagent at R2 or R3 timing
mp 1 Measure point 1, sample blank (here before final reagent addition)
mp 2 Measure point 2, endpoint (after reaction has reached equilibrium)
Roche Diagnostics
Endpoint assays

This section provides an example of an application’s result calculations.
The following data from the Utility > Application screen are used for this example:
Test GLUC2
Assay/Time/Point [ 2 Point End ] [ 10 ] [ 6 ] [ 24 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ]
The result calculation is based on a calculated value for the absorbance of the final
reaction product A x . To determine this value the sample blank reading is corrected
for dilution and subtracted:
Equation B-10 A x = Amp 2 – d ⋅ Amp 1 with
V samp + V R1
d = ---------------------------------------------
-
Ser/Pl N000001 001 11/01/07 CELL 055 GLUC2 5.3

ID 13:53:33

CB1-3 01-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-57
3239 1864 4601 4611 4606 4608 4611
3240 1819 4609 4610 4609 4609 4613
3240 1773 4607 4608 4611 4612 4610
1765 4608 4607 4605 4609 4614
1759 4611 4610 4610 4609 4612
1750 4607 4604 4610 4610 4608
2102 4603 4608 4608 4609 4607
3963 4610 4608 4612 4612
4474 4608 4607 4604 4609
4576 4609 4608 4607 4610
Assuming absorbance values on the reaction monitor report are the following:
Ax Absorbance value for concentration calculation
Amp2 Absorbance at measure point 2 (24th measurement of cell)(a) 0.4607
Amp1 Absorbance at measure point 1 (6th measurement of cell)(a) 0.1750
d Dilution factor
V samp Sample volume 2 µL
V R1 Volume of reagent R1 150 µL
V R2 Volume of reagent R2 50 µL
Roche Diagnostics
Endpoint assays
The absorbance at measure point 1 is multiplied by the following to correct for

dilution:
( 2µL + 150µL ) - = 152
d = -------------------------------------------------------- --------- = 0,7525
( 2µL + 150µL + 50µL ) 202
Therefore:
A x = 0,4607 – 0,7525 ⋅ 0,1750
A x = 0,4607 – 0,1317 = 0,3290
Calculation of concentration The calculation of the concentration of the analyte in the sample uses the following
equation:
K Calibration factor(a) 16.3

Ax Absorbance value calculated above 0.3290
Ab Absorbance of Std (1)/blank calibrator (S1 Abs.)(a) 0.0030
Cb Concentration value for Std (1)/blank calibrator(b) 0.0
IFA , IF B Instrument constants for a slope of 1 and an intercept of 0 1, 0
(a) Displayed on Working Information window. For explanations, see Working Information window on
page B-22.
(b) Displayed on Utility > Application > Others. For explanations, see Others tab on page B-23.
Applying these values to the above formula (Equation B-11) yields:

C x = 16,3 ⋅ ( 0,3290 – 0,0030 ) + 0,0
C x = 16,3 ⋅ ( 0,3260 )
C x = 5,314 (5.3 on reports and Data Review screen)
Roche Diagnostics
Rate assays
Rate assays
The following sections explain in detail the various types of rate assays. After a brief
listing of assay characteristics, a graphical representation of the absorbance in the
course of the reaction is given, as well as an example of result calculation.
e For details on the various types of rate assays, see:
Rate A assay on page B-30
Rate A assay with sample blank correction on page B-33
2 Point Rate assay on page B-36
Rate A assay
o One or more reagent additions are possible.
o Rate of change in absorbance is calculated by least squares method.
o Substrate depletion is monitored for linearity.
Entries on Utility > Assay/Time/Point: [ Rate A ] [ time ] [ mp 1 ] [ mp2 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ]

c 311 1 ≤ mp1 < mp 2 ≤ 57 ; mp1 + 2 < mp2 ; 1 ≤ time ≤ 10

Cell blank = (C1 + C2 + C3) / 3
Reaction volume = 100-250 µL
Rate A assay graph

A graphic representation of a Rate A assay using a reagent dispensed at R1 is shown
below.
Rate A assay with R1 timing
vx
Absorbance
S, R1
C1 C2 C3
mp 1 mp 2 Time
Figure B-21 Rate A assay - reagent at R1 timing
Roche Diagnostics
Rate assays
Rate A assay with R1 and A graphic representation of a Rate A assay using reagents dispensed at R1 and R2 or
R2 or R3 timing R3 timing is shown below.
vx
Absorbance
S, R1 R2/R3
C1 C2 C3
mp 1 mp 2 Time
Figure B-22 Rate A assay - reagents at R1 and R2 or R3 timing
vx Rate of change in absorbance (slope) between mp 1 and mp 2
mp 1 Measure point 1 (initial measure point)
mp 2 Measure point 2 (final measure point)

This section provides an example of an application’s result calculations.
Test ALTL
Assay/Time/Point [ Rate A ] [ 10 ] [ 12 ] [ 31 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ]
Roche Diagnostics
Rate assays
Ser/Pl N000001 063 16/02/07 CELL 58 ALTL 2.11

ID 14:30:43

CB1-3 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-57
3465 3505 19230 18231 17102 16511 15990
3467 3490 19130 18126 17008 16477 15885
3466 3489 19032 18026 16908 16410 15794
3486 18932 17933 16872 16377 15690
3478 18837 17822 16809 16303 15584
3477 18729 17610 16772 16278 15495
19560 18638 17502 16703 16214 15393
19503 18535 17396 16674 16179
19420 18428 17306 16609 16117
19328 18328 17201 16575 16084
following equation:
Equation B-12 C x = [ K ( v x – v b ) + C b ] ⋅ IF A + IF B with
v x = v (mp 2,mp 1)
vx Rate of change in absorbance of the reaction with the

sample
v (mp 2, mp 1) Rate of change in absorbance between mp 1 (12th
measurement of cell) and mp 2 (31st measurement)(a)
K Calibration factor(b) -42.04
vx Rate of change in absorbance of the reaction with the -0.0503/min

sample
vb Rate of change in absorbance of the reaction with Std (1)/ -0.0001/min
blank calibrator(b)
Cb Concentration value for Std (1)/blank calibrator(c) 0.00
IFA , IF B Instrument constants representing a slope of 1 and an 1, 0

intercept of 0
(b) Displayed on Working Information window. For explanations, see Working Information window on
page B-22.
(c) Displayed on Utility > Application > Others. For explanations, see Others tab on page B-23.

C x = { – 42,04 ⋅ [ – 0,0503 – ( – 0,0001 ) ] + 0,0 } ⋅ 1 + 0
C x = – 42,04 ⋅ ( – 0,0502 )
Roche Diagnostics
Rate assays
Rate A assay with sample blank correction
o Assay with sample blank measurement.
o One or more reagent additions are possible.
o Rate of change in absorbance is calculated by least squares method.
o Substrate depletion is monitored for linearity.
Entries on Utility > Assay/Time/Point: [ Rate A ] [ time ] [ mp 1 ] [ mp2 ] [ mp3 ] [ mp 4 ]

c 311 1 ≤ mp3 < mp 4 < mp 1 < mp2 ≤ 57

( mp3 + 2) < mp4 ; ( mp1 + 2) < mp2
1 ≤ time ≤ 10
Cell blank = (C1 + C2 + C3) / 3
Rate A assay with sample blank graph

A graphic representation of a Rate A assay using a reagent dispensed at R1 and R3
timing is shown below.
S, R1 v (mp 3,mp 4) R3
v (mp 1,mp 2)
Absorbance
C1 C2 C3
mp 3 mp 4 mp 1 mp 2 Time
Figure B-24 Rate A assay with sample blank
R1 , R3 Pipetting of reagent at R1 timing and of reagent at R3 timing
mp 1 , mp 2 Measure point 1 and 2 (initial and final measure points for rate reaction)
mp 3 , mp 4 Measure point 3 and 4 (initial and final measure points for sample blank)
v (mp 1,mp 2) Rate of change in absorbance (slope) between mp 1 and mp 2
v (mp 3,mp 4) Rate of change in absorbance (slope) between mp 3 and mp 4
Roche Diagnostics
Rate assays

Test CREJ2
Assay/Time/Points [ Rate A ] [ 10 ] [ 27 ] [ 37 ] [ 15 ] [ 23 ]
Calculation of the rate of change in absorbance uses the following equation:

Equation B-13 v x = v (mp 2,mp 1) – d ⋅ v (mp 4,mp 3) with
V samp + V R1
d = ---------------------------------------------
-
Ser/Pl N000011 014 06/02/07 CELL 034 CREJ2 4.33

ID 15:22:51

CB1-3 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60
356 955 847 816 1689 2002 2228
356 915 844 812 1746 2017 2265
356 883 841 809 1801 2048 2304
873 835 1092 1819 2063 2340
867 832 1197 1854 2093 2372
863 829 1365 1871 2107 2406
860 826 1437 1905 2133 2440
857 823 1504 1921 2147
852 819 1568 1956 2178
849 816 1632 1971 2189
vx Rate of change in absorbance of the reaction with the sample
v (mp 3,mp 4) Rate of change in absorbance between mp 3 and mp 4 – 1.507 × 10-2 min-1
v (mp 1,mp 2) Rate of change in absorbance between mp 1 and mp 2 3.093 × 10-2 min-1
d Dilution factor
V samp Sample volume 10 µL
V R1 Reagent 1 volume 90 µL
V R2 Reagent 2 volume 47 µL
The rate of change in absorbance between 15th and 23rd measurement of the reaction
cell (sample blank) is multiplied by the following to correct for dilution:
10µL + 90µL - = 100
d = --------------------------------------------------- --------- = 0,6803
10µL + 90µL + 47µL 147
Therefore:
v x = 0,0309 – 0,6803 ⋅ ( – 0,0015 ) = 0,0319
Roche Diagnostics
Rate assays
following equation:
K Calibration factor(a) 136.16
vx Rate of change in absorbance of the reaction with the sample 0.0319

(calculated above)
vb Rate of change in absorbance of the reaction with Std (1)/ 0.0001
blank calibrator(a)
IFA , IF B Instrument constants representing a slope of 1 and an 1, 0

intercept of 0
page B-22.

C x = 136,16 ⋅ [ 0,0319 – ( 0,0001 ) ] + 0
C x = 136,16 ⋅ 0,0318
Roche Diagnostics
Rate assays
2 Point Rate assay
o Rate assay measures rate of change in absorbance.
o Called 2 Point because there are 2 measure points (or duplicate readings at mp1
and mp2 ).
o The first absorbance reading for this type of assay can be taken during any disk
rotation after the final reagent is added.
o This reaction is monitored for substrate depletion, but not for linearity.
Entries on Utility > Assay/Time/Point: [ 2 Point Rate ] [ time ] [ mp1 ] [ mp2 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ]

c 311 1 ≤ mp1 < mp 2 ≤ 57

1 ≤ time ≤ 10
Cell Blank = (C1 + C2 + C3) / 3
2 Point Rate assay graph - R1 and R2 or R3 timing

A graphic representation of a 2 Point Rate assay using reagents dispensed at R1 and
R2 or R3 timing is shown below.
Absorbance
Amp 2
R2/R3
S, R1 Amp1
C1 C2 C3
mp 1 mp 2 Time
Figure B-26 2 Point Rate assay - reagents at R1 and R2 or R3 timing
mp 1 , mp 2 Measure point 1 and 2
Roche Diagnostics
Rate assays

Test CO2-L
Assay/Time/Point [ 2 Point Rate ] [ 10 ] [ 2 ] [ 18 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ]
Ser/Pl N000002 064 16/02/07 CELL 039 CO2-L 24.2

ID 15:52:23

CB1-3 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-57
766 7824 6901 6396 6064 5934 5837
765 7728 6838 6355 6044 5925 5824
761 7522 6782 6318 6020 5915 5809
7429 6721 6288 6007 5904 5794
7347 6665 6253 6000 5900 5779
7264 6619 6195 5988 5889 5768
7184 6569 6166 5977 5876 5757
7110 6522 6139 5967 5871
7036 6475 6113 5958 5860
6967 6434 6091 5946 5854
Figure B-27
The result calculation is based on a calculated value for the rate of change in
absorbance of the reaction mixture v x . To determine this value, readings are
subtracted and divided by the time between measure points 1 and 2:
Equation B-15 v x = ( Amp 2 – Amp 1 ) ⁄ t
vx Rate of change in absorbance
Amp2 Absorbance at measure point 2 (a) 0.6522
Amp1 Absorbance at measure point 1 0.7728
t Time between mp 1 and mp 2 3.440 min
(a) See Reaction monitor above.

v x = ( 0,6522 – 0,7728 ) ⁄ 3,440 = – 0,0351
Roche Diagnostics
Rate assays
following equation:
K Calibration factor(a) -730.0
vx Rate of change in absorbance of the reaction with the sample -0.0351
vb Rate of change in absorbance of the reaction with Std (1)/ -0.0019

blank calibrator(a)
IFA , IF B Instrument constants for a slope of 1 and intercept of 0 1, 0
page B-22.
Therefore:
C x = – 730,0 ⋅ [ – 0,0351 – ( – 0,0019 ) ] + 0,0
C x = – 730,0 ⋅ – 0,0332
Roche Diagnostics
Prozone check
Prozone check
There are two prozone check methods available:

o Antigen readdition method
o Reaction rate method
Both of these methods can be applied to any type of assay.
Antigen readdition method on page B-39
Reaction rate method on page B-42
Antigen readdition method
Prozone checks applying the antigen readdition method compare the absorbance
before and after a final reagent addition at R2 or R3 timing, as indicated below:
R3
Absorbance
Apmp 2
R2
S, R1
Apmp 1
C1 C2 C3
pmp 1 pmp 2 Time
Figure B-28 Prozone check - antigen readdition method
R1 , R2 , R3 Pipetting of reagent at R1, R2, and R3 timing
pmp 1 , pmp 2 Prozone measure points 1 and 2
Apmp 1 , Apmp 2 Absorbance at pmp 1 and pmp 2
Roche Diagnostics
Prozone check
Programming and calculation

Program a prozone check on the Analyze tab of the Utility > Application screen
according to the following description:
Figure B-29 Application parameters of an application with prozone check
To the right of the Prozone Limit field there are nine boxes:
[ lower limit ] [ upper limit ] [ pmp1 ] [ pmp2 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ] [ comp. ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ]
o The first two boxes indicate the lower and upper prozone limits (in Abs × 104).
o The next four boxes are for the prozone measure points ( pmp ):
O 3rd entry: First prozone measure points ( pmp 1 )
O 4th entry: Second prozone measure points ( pmp2 )
O 5th entry: Set to zero for this method
O 6th entry: Set to zero for this method
Appropriate values are: 2 ≤ pmp1 < pmp2 ≤ 57. If all entries are set to zero,
prozone check is not performed.
o The seventh box (Inside/Outside) indicates in which case a data alarm (>Proz) is
issued: If the entry is set to Inside, an alarm is issued in case the obtained check
value lies inside the defined range between the lower and upper prozone limits
(first two boxes).
Vice versa, if the entry is set to Outside, an alarm is issued in case the obtained
check value lies outside the defined range.
o The eighth and ninth boxes are not used (set to zero) for this method.
Roche Diagnostics
Prozone check
Prozone check value calculation The calculation of the prozone check value uses the following equation:
Equation B-17 PC = Apmp 2 – d ⋅ Apmp 1 with
V samp + V R1
d = ---------------------------------------------
-
PC Prozone check value
Apmp 2 Absorbance at prozone measure point 2
Apmp 1 Absorbance at prozone measure point 1
d Dilution factor
V samp Sample volume
V R1 R1 volume
V R2 R2 volume
Calculation example
This section provides an example of a 2 Point End assay with prozone check (antigen
readdition method) with the calculation of the prozone check value.
Test ALBU2
Assay/Time/Point [ 2 Point End ] [ 10 ] [ 6 ] [ 15 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ]
Prozone Limit [ -32000 ] [ 1000 ] [ 24 ] [ 30 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ] [ Inside ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ]
Equation B-18 PC = Apmp 2 – d ⋅ Apmp 1 with
d R3 = ------------------------------------------------------------
-
V samp + V R1 + V R2 + V R3
Apmp 2 Absorbance at prozone measure point 2 0.9951
Apmp 1 Absorbance at prozone measure point 1 1.1070
d R3 Dilution factor (correcting for R3 addition)
V samp Sample volume 6.0 µL
V R1 R1 volume 100 µL
Roche Diagnostics
Prozone check
Applying these values to the above formulas (Equation B-18) yields:

( 6,0µL + 100µL + 20µL ) - = 126
d R3 = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- = 0,8289
( 6,0µL + 100µL + 20µL + 26µL ) 152
Therefore:
PC = Apmp 2 – d ⋅ Apmp 1
PC = 0,9951 – 0,8289 ⋅ 1,1070 = 0,0775

The calculated prozone check value is compared to the lower and upper prozone
limits on Utility > Application > Analyze. In the above calculated example the
prozone check value is 0.0775 × 104 or 775. This value lies inside the defined prozone
limits, and the seventh box is also set to Inside. Thus, a data alarm (>Proz) is issued:
The test result is flagged on the Reaction Monitor, on the Data Review screen, and the
prozone data alarm is printed on the patient report.
Reaction rate method
Prozone checks applying the reaction rate method compare the rate of change in
absorbance at two different times after final reagent addition, as indicated below:
v (pmp 3,pmp 4)
∆A (pmp 4,pmp 3)
v (pmp 1,pmp 2)
Absorbance
R2/R3 ∆A (pmp 2,pmp 1)
S, R1
C1 C2 C3
pmp 1 pmp 2 pmp 3 pmp 4 Time
Figure B-30 Prozone check - reaction rate method
pmp n Prozone measure point n, with n = 1, 2, 3, and 4
v (pmp n,pmp m) Rate of change in absorbance between pmp n and pmp m
∆A (pmp n,pmp m) Absorbance difference between pmp n and pmp m
Roche Diagnostics
Prozone check
Programming and calculation

To the right of the Prozone Limit field there are nine boxes:
[ lower limit ] [ upper limit ] [ pmp1 ] [ pmp2 ] [ pmp3 ] [ pmp4 ] [ comp. ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ]
o The first two boxes indicate the lower and upper prozone limits (in Abs × 104).
o The next four boxes are for the prozone measure points ( pmp ):
O 3rd entry: First prozone measure point ( pmp1 )
O 4th entry: Second prozone measure point ( pmp2 )
O 5th entry: Third prozone measure point ( pmp 3 )
O 6th entry: Fourth prozone measure point ( pmp4 )
Appropriate values are: 1 ≤ pmp1 < pmp2 ≤ 57 and 1 ≤ pmp 3 < pmp4 ≤ 57. If all
entries are set to zero, prozone check is not performed.
o The seventh box (Inside/Outside) indicates in which case a data alarm (>Kin) is
issued: If the entry is set to Inside, an alarm is issued in case the obtained check
value lies inside the defined range between the lower and upper prozone limits
(first two boxes).
Vice versa if the entry is set to Outside, an alarm is issued in case the obtained
check value lies outside the defined range.
o The eighth and ninth boxes define additional conditions for the reaction rate
method. These allow you to neglect the prozone check in case the reaction rates
get too low.
The entry in the eighth box defines the limit (in Abs × 104) for the difference in
absorbance between pmp 1 and pmp2 . If the measured difference between these
points falls below the limit, the prozone check is neglected.—In other words:
–4
If Apmp2 – Apmp1 < F ×10 , reaction rate prozone check is not performed,
where F is defined in the eighth box
Likewise, the ninth box defines the limit between pmp3 and pmp4 . If the
measured difference falls below the limit, the prozone check is neglected.—In
other words:
–4
If Apmp 4 – Apmp 3 < G ×10 , reaction rate prozone check is not performed,
where G is defined in the last box of the Prozone Limit line.
Equation B-19 PC = [ v (pmp 3,pmp 4) ⁄ v (pmp 1,pmp 2) ] × 100 with
v (pmp 3,pmp 4) = ( Apmp 4 – Apmp 3 ) ⁄ ( pmp 4 – pmp 3 )

v (pmp 1,pmp 2) = ( Apmp 2 – Apmp 1 ) ⁄ ( pmp 2 – pmp 1 )
pmp n Prozone measure point n (with n = 1, 2, 3, or 4)
v (pmp n,pmp m) Rate of change in absorbance between pmp n and pmp m
Apmp n – Apmp m Absorbance difference between pmp n and pmp m
pmp n – pmp m Time difference between pmp n and pmp m
Roche Diagnostics
Summary of assay techniques
The calculated prozone check value ( PC ) is displayed on the Reaction Monitor

window and compared to the range between the lower and upper prozone limits,
which is defined in the first two boxes in the Prozone Limit line. Under the following
conditions a prozone data alarm is issued:
o A prozone data alarm is issued if PC lies inside the prozone interval and Inside is
displayed in the seventh text box in the Prozone Limit line.
o Likewise, a prozone data alarm is issued if PC lies outside the prozone interval
and Outside is displayed in the seventh text box.
In case of an alarm, the test result is flagged with >Kin on the Reaction Monitor, on
the Data Review screen, and the prozone data alarm is printed on the patient report.
Assay type Measure points Calculation of unknown

1 Point 1 ≤ mp 1 ≤ 57 C x = [ K ( A x – A b ) + C b ] ⋅ IF A + IF B
2 Point End 1 ≤ mp 1 < mp 2 ≤ 57 C x = [ K ( A x – A b ) + C b ] ⋅ IF A + IF B
2 Point Rate 1 ≤ mp 1 < mp 2 ≤ 57 C x = [ K ( v x – v b ) + C b ] ⋅ IF A + IF B
Rate A with sample blank 1 ≤ mp 3 < mp 4 < mp 1 < mp 2 ≤ 57, C x = [ K ( v (mp 3,mp 4) – v b ) + C b ] ⋅ IF A + IF B
mp 3 + 2 < mp 4 ,
mp 1 + 2 < mp 2
Rate A 1 ≤ mp 1 < mp 2 ≤ 57, C x = [ K ( v x – v b ) + C b ] ⋅ IF A + IF B with

mp 1 + 2 < mp 2
v x = v (mp 2,mp 1) – d ⋅ v (mp 4,mp 3)
Table B-12 Summary of assay techniques
Roche Diagnostics
Endpoint assay example graphs Rate assay example graphs
vx
Absorbance
Absorbance
R2, R3
S, R1
Amp1 S, R1 R2/R3
C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3
mp 1 Time mp 1 mp 2 Time
1 Point assay Rate A assay
S, R1 v (mp ,mp )
3 4 R2/R3
R2/R3
v (mp 1,mp 2)
Absorbance
R1
Absorbance
Amp 2
S
Amp 1
C1 C2 C3
C1 C2 C3
mp 1 mp 2 Time
mp 3 mp 4 mp 1 mp 2 Time
2 Point End assay Rate A with sample blank correction

Absorbance
Amp 2
R2/R3
S, R1 Amp 1
C1 C2 C3
mp 1 mp 2 Time
2 Point Rate assay
Table B-13 Reaction time courses for individual assay types
Roche Diagnostics
Roche Diagnostics
cobas c 311 analyzer 4 Serum index principles
Table of contents
Serum index principles
This chapter provides you with an overview of the serum index test principles used by
the cobas c 311 analyzer.

Introduction ............................................................................................................. B-49
Definition of serum indices ..................................................................................... B-49
Measurement of serum indices ................................................................................ B-49
Evaluating serum indices ......................................................................................... B-51
Serum index data alarms ......................................................................................... B-51
Roche Diagnostics
4 Serum index principles cobas c 311 analyzer
Table of contents
Roche Diagnostics
Introduction
Introduction
A number of diseases result in increased amounts of chromogens such as bilirubin or

hemoglobin, or lipemic particles, which increase the turbidity. These chromogens
interfere with many photometric assays. However, this interference can be quantified
by means of serum index measurements.
Serum indices are calculations of absorbance measurements that provide a semi-
quantitative representation of levels of icterus, hemolysis, or lipemia (turbidity)
present in patient samples.
Definition of serum indices
The icterus index, I, is reported in icterus units that are linear, up to 60 mg/dL, and
semi-quantitative. For example, an icterus index of 20 is equivalent to a known
bilirubin concentration of approximately 20 mg/dL.
The hemolysis index, H, is reported in hemolysis units that are linear, up to
1000 mg/dL, and semi-quantitative. For example, a hemolysis index of 500 is
equivalent to a known hemoglobin concentration of approximately 500 mg/dL.
The lipemia index, L, is reported in lipemia units corresponding to mg/dL of
Intralipid® (Kabi-Pharmacia, Inc.), an artificial lipid material. These units are linear,
up to 2000 mg/dL, and semi-quantitative. For example, an L index of 1000 is
equivalent to a 1000 mg/dL Intralipid solution.—Hence, the L index provides an
estimate of sample’s turbidity, not its concentration of triglycerides.
Measurement of serum indices
The analyzer takes an aliquot of the patient sample, dilutes it with 0.9% NaCl, and
then measures the absorbances at three pairs of wavelengths:
o For measurement of lipemia (L), wavelengths 700/660 nm are used because this
range is free from influence by hemolysis and icterus (see Figure B-31 below).
o Hemolysis (H) is measured at 600/570 nm and correction is made for absorption
due to lipemia.
o Icterus (I) is measured at 505/480 nm and correction is made for absorption due
to lipemia and hemolysis.
Shown below are example absorption spectra of turbid serum, hemolytic solution,
and bilirubin solution.
Roche Diagnostics
Measurement of serum indices
Lipemic serum
Bilirubin solution
Absorbance
Hemolytic solution
340 480 505 546 570 600 660 700

Wavelength [nm]
Figure B-31 Example absorption spectra of a turbid (lipemic) serum, a hemolytic solution, and
a bilirubin solution
Calculation of serum indices To obtain the serum indices L, H, and I from the sample’s absorbance values, the
analyzer uses the following formulas:
1
Equation B-20 L = --- ⋅ ( Abs 1 )
C
1
Equation B-21 H = --- ⋅ ( Abs 2 – B ⋅ Abs 1 )
A
1
Equation B-22 I = ---- ⋅ ( Abs 3 – E ⋅ Abs 2 – F ⋅ Abs 1 )
D
L, H, I Serum indices for lipemia, hemolysis, icterus
C, A, D Factors for conversion of absorbance values (×104) to serum indices
Abs1 Bichromatic absorbance readings at 700 and 660 nm for lipemia
Abs2 Bichromatic absorbance readings at 600 and 570 nm for hemolysis
Abs3 Bichromatic absorbance readings at 505 and 480 nm for icterus
B Corrects hemoglobin measurement Abs 2 for lipemia
E, F Correct bilirubin measurement Abs 3 for hemoglobin and for lipemia
C, A, and D are sample dilution-dependent and unit-dependent scaling factors to

provide semi-quantitative interference levels.
B, E and F are correcting factors which correct overlapping interference spectra. They
are independent of sample dilution since they are based on ratios of absorbances.
Serum indices can be programmed in either conventional or SI units. Make sure that
the correct scaling factors are set for the units you chose. The units should be the
same as those used in test results.
e For more information on programming Serum indices, refer to the Online Help.
Roche Diagnostics
Evaluating serum indices
Evaluating serum indices
The results should fall in the following ranges, corresponding to an approximate

amount of the chromogen indicated:
Serum index Conventional units SI units

Lipemia index L 0-1000 mg/dL 0-11 mmol/L Intralipid
Hemolysis index H 0-1000 mg/dL 0-620 µmol/L Hemoglobin
Icterus index I 0-60 mg/dL 0-1000 µmol/L Total bilirubin
Table B-14
Once the serum indices are determined, refer to the Limitations section of the
application’s package insert to assess the results. This indicates the index up to which
potential interference is within the Roche Diagnostics specification or when the
hemolyzed, icteric, or lipemic sample may not be used with the respective application.
Results which fall outside the permitted range are also flagged.
Serum index data alarms
Upper limits for serum indices can be defined individually for each test. Limit values
are loaded with the application and displayed in the serum index boxes (L, H, and I)
on the Range tab of the Utility > Application screen. If a measured serum index value
is greater than the corresponding value in the L, H, or I box, an alarm is issued. When
serum index limits are set to 0, the serum index check will be neglected.
The following example shows how a data alarm is issued when a test-specific limit
value for a serum index is exceeded in a patient sample.
Example For this example the application GLUC2 is programmed with a L index limit of 10, H
index limit of 10, and I index limit of 60.
Note that these are just example values! Real values are downloaded or can be retrieved
from package inserts.
Roche Diagnostics
Serum index data alarms
Figure B-32 Utility > Application > Range with limits set for all three serum indices
If the obtained L or H index is greater than 10 and/or the I index is greater than 60, a
data alarm (>Index) is issued.
The measurement of the sample yielded an L index of 31, H index of 0, and I index of
7. The results are displayed on the Data Review screen.
Figure B-33
For GLUC2 the limit of 10 for the L index is exceeded. Therefore a >Index data alarm
is attached to the result.
Roche Diagnostics
Calibration C
5 ISE unit - Ion selective electrode calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-3

6 Photometric calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-9
cobas c 311 analyzer 5 ISE unit - Ion selective electrode calibration
Table of contents
ISE unit - Ion selective electrode calibration
This chapter provides you with an overview of the calibration of ion-selective

electrode tests used by the cobas c 311 analyzer.

ISE calibration ............................................................................................................ C-5
Slope calculation ........................................................................................................ C-6
Internal standard calculation ..................................................................................... C-6
One-point calibration ................................................................................................ C-7
Compensation overview ............................................................................................ C-7
Compensation value calculation ............................................................................... C-7
Reference electrode ..................................................................................................... C-8
Roche Diagnostics
COBI CD · Version 1.0 C-3
5 ISE unit - Ion selective electrode calibration cobas c 311 analyzer
Table of contents
Roche Diagnostics
C-4 COBI CD · Version 1.0
ISE calibration
ISE calibration
The following ISE calibrators are used depending on the calibration method:
o Std (1) or S1: ISE Low, a water-based solution
o Std (2) or S2: ISE High, a water-based solution
o Std (3) or S3:
o For global use: ISE Comp., a serum-based solution, is used for full
calibrations.
o For use in US only: ISE High (compensated) with compensated set points is used
for full calibrations.
The following table displays all calibration methods and the corresponding
calibrators.
Method Used ISE calibrators

Blank Only ISE Comp. (not recommended in US)
2 Point ISE Low and ISE High
Full For global use: ISE Low, ISE High, and ISE Comp.
For use in US only: ISE Low, ISE High, and ISE High (compensated)
Table C-1 Used ISE calibrators depending on the calibration method
Additionally, an internal standard (IS) will be measured. The calibration interval for
all ISE applications is 24 hours.
For each calibration, the standard solutions are aspirated into the electrode cartridges,
and—after equilibration occurs at the electrode membrane—the electromotive force
(EMF, voltage) is measured.
The slope of the calibration will be calculated based upon these readings and the
assigned value of the standards.
Roche Diagnostics
Slope calculation
Slope calculation
The slope is calculated in millivolts (mV) from the aqueous high and low standards.
The slope is calculated according to the following formula:
EH – EL
Equation C-1 S = --------------------
-
CH
log ⎛⎝ ------⎞⎠
CL
S Slope
EH EMF (voltage) of high standard
EL EMF (voltage) of low standard
CH Concentration of high standard
CL Concentration of low standard
Due to factors such as the condition of the electrodes, the measured slope may deviate
from this ideal slope. Therefore, the slope obtained should fall within the following
ranges:
Na+ 50 to 68 mV
K+ 50 to 68 mV
Cl- -40 to -68 mV
Internal standard calculation
In any ISE measurement system a number of junctions between wires, membranes,

and reagents exist. The internal standard compensates for system-related variations.
After the slope is established during a calibration, the internal standard concentration
is calculated. The concentration of Na+, K+, and Cl- in the internal standard is
calculated from the electromotive force (EMF, voltage) of each electrode measured
during calibration according to the formula below.
( E IS – E L ) ⁄ S
Equation C-2 C IS = C L × 10
C IS Concentration of the specific ion in the internal standard
CL Input concentration of the low standard
E IS EMF (voltage) of the internal standard for the specific ion
EL EMF (voltage) of the low standard for the specific ion
S Slope
The calculated value of the internal standard, as well as the voltage, is shown on the
Calibration report.
Roche Diagnostics
One-point calibration
One-point calibration
An internal standard, labeled as ISE Internal Standard (IS), is measured during

calibration as well as before and after each routine sample. These measurements are
used to correct for system-related drifts (junction potential differences, differences in
electrode conditions, and the like).
Compensation overview
Since the standard low and high are aqueous, a protein-based ISE Standard 3 is used
for compensating the differences in the electrode response between aqueous solutions
and a human serum matrix.
In the US, the ISE Standard High (compensated) with compensated set points is used
for ISE Standard 3 to correct differences between aqueous standards and human
serum matrix.
These differences are very small for regularly maintained ISE units. However, under
certain conditions these differences may become more prominent, thus requiring
compensation.
The ISE unit is in an optimal condition when the compensation values (C. Value) are stable
and negligible low.
Compensation value calculation
The concentration of ions in the compensator is calculated according to the following

formula:
( E C – E IS ) ⁄ S
Equation C-3 S 3 Conc = C IS ×10
S 3 Conc Concentration of ions in the ISE Standard 3 (S3)
C IS Concentration of the internal standard, determined during calibration
EC EMF (voltage) of the compensator for the specific ion
E IS EMF (voltage) of the internal standard for the specific ion
S Slope
The formula for finding the compensation value (C. Value):

C. Value = assigned value (S3) - calculated value (S3)
This compensation value is automatically updated after each successful calibration.
During calibration the compensation value is compared to the compensation value of
the previous calibration. If the percent difference is greater than the Compensated
Limit on Utility > Application > Calib., a Cal.E alarm is issued.
Roche Diagnostics
Reference electrode
Reference electrode
A 1M KCl solution is measured concurrently with each sample analysis. The reference
electrode is used for this purpose. The voltage of the reference electrode serves as a
reference point for all measurements. That is, all reported voltages are readings from
which the voltage of the reference electrode has been subtracted.
Roche Diagnostics
cobas c 311 analyzer 6 Photometric calibration
Table of contents
Photometric calibration
This chapter provides you with an overview of the calibration types used by the
cobas c 311 analyzer for photometric assays. The K factor, calibration updates and
calculating results are also discussed.

Calibration checks .................................................................................................... C-11
Calibration overview ................................................................................................ C-14
Calibration types ................................................................................................ C-15
K factor ............................................................................................................... C-15
Calibration methods .......................................................................................... C-16
Blank calibration .......................................................................................... C-17
Span calibration ............................................................................................ C-17
2 Point calibration ........................................................................................ C-18
Full calibration .............................................................................................. C-18
Calibration update types .................................................................................... C-19
K factor calculation ............................................................................................ C-19
Introduction to weighting .................................................................................. C-21
Calculation without weighting .................................................................... C-21
Calculation with weighting .......................................................................... C-21
Weighting factors .......................................................................................... C-21
Linear calibration ..................................................................................................... C-22
Linear two-point calibration graph ................................................................... C-22
Linear two-point calculation ............................................................................. C-23
Assay types .......................................................................................................... C-24
RCM calibration ....................................................................................................... C-25
RCM calibration graph ...................................................................................... C-25
RCM calculation ................................................................................................. C-26
Assay types .......................................................................................................... C-26
RCM2T1 calibration ................................................................................................ C-27
RCM2T1 calibration graph ................................................................................ C-27
RCM2T1 calculation .......................................................................................... C-28
Assay types .......................................................................................................... C-28
Roche Diagnostics
6 Photometric calibration cobas c 311 analyzer
Table of contents
RCM2T2 calibration ................................................................................................ C-29

RCM2T2 calibration graph ................................................................................ C-29
RCM2T2 calculation .......................................................................................... C-30
Assay types .......................................................................................................... C-30
Spline calibration ..................................................................................................... C-31
Spline calibration graph ..................................................................................... C-31
Spline calculation ............................................................................................... C-32
Assay types .......................................................................................................... C-32
Line Graph calibration ............................................................................................. C-33
Line Graph calibration graph ............................................................................ C-33
Line Graph calculation ....................................................................................... C-34
Assay types .......................................................................................................... C-34
Roche Diagnostics
Calibration checks
Calibration checks
For each photometric application, the following checks that automatically verify the
reliability of calibrations are available. If a check value lies outside the configured
check limits, an alarm is issued. This section briefly explains the calibration checks
and the associated alarms.
Calibration checks Associated data alarms

SD limit check SD.E
Duplicate limit check Dup.E
Sensitivity limit check Sens.E
S1 Abs. limit check S1A.E
Std. check Std.E
Table C-2 Calibration checks and associated data alarms
The limits of the calibration checks are configured under Utility > Application >
Calib.
Figure C-1 Calib. tab of the Utility > Application screen
SD limit When calibrating nonlinear or multipoint linear tests, the instrument performs the
following check:
For each calibrator, an absorbance value is calculated from the given concentration
and the current calibration curve. This calculated absorbance is compared to the
measured absorbance. If the difference of the two exceeds the SD limit value, an SD.E
alarm is issued. The SD limit value is defined in the SD Limit box (in Abs × 104). An
SD limit value of 999.9 denotes the check will be omitted.
In case an SD.E alarm occurs, measurement is still possible and the calibration curve
is updated. However, trace the cause of the alarm before you proceed to sample
measurement. The SD value is printed out together with the result of calibration.
Roche Diagnostics
Calibration checks
Duplicate limit All photometric calibrators are run in duplicate. The duplicate check calculates the
% error and the absolute absorbance error (difference) between these duplicate
measurements. The obtained check values are compared to the % error limit and the
absorbance error limit. The % error limit is defined in the first Duplicate Limit box.
The absorbance error limit is defined in the second Duplicate Limit box (Abs.). The
corresponding check values DE% and DEAbs. are calculated as follows:
Abs2 – Abs1
DE % = --------------------------------------------- ⋅ 100 and DE Abs. = Abs2 – Abs1 ,
( Abs2 + Abs1 ) ⁄ 2
where Abs1 and Abs2 denote the two absorbance readings, taken for each calibrator
(duplicate readings).
If both the % error and the absorbance error are out of range, a Dup.E alarm is issued
indicating a failed calibration. The calibration curve of the affected test is not
updated.
e For more details see also Duplicate limit check (Dup.E) on page D-9.
Sensitivity limit Sensitivity, here, refers to the ratio of an absorbance difference to a concentration
difference. It is calculated from the measured absorbance values and given
concentration values of the blank calibrator ( S1 ) and the span calibrator ( S N ):
Abs ( S N ) – Abs ( S 1 ) ⁄ Conc ( S N ) – Conc ( S 1 )
The sensitivity obtained in a calibration must lie within certain limits: The lower limit
is defined in the first Sensitivity Limit box. The upper limit is defined in the second
Sensitivity Limit box. If the obtained sensitivity is not within these limits, a Sens.E
alarm is issued indicating a failed calibration. The calibration curve of the affected test
is not updated.
S1 Abs. limit This check sets an upper and lower absorbance limit for the blank calibrator, Std (1).
If the absorbance for Std (1) falls outside these limits, the analyzer issues a S1A.E
alarm indicating an erroneous calibration. The calibration curve of the affected test is
not updated. An S1 Abs. Limit minimum of -32000 and maximum of 32000 denotes
the check will be omitted.
For linear calibrations, the reagent blank is simply the y-intercept of the calibration curve.
For all nonlinear calibration types, the reagent blank is the predicted absorbance for an
analyte concentration of zero.
Roche Diagnostics
Calibration checks
Std. check If any of the data alarms listed below occurs in a calibration, an Std.E alarm is issued.
The calibration curve of the affected test is not updated. Choose Alarm (global
button) to verify which data alarm has occurred.
Data alarm Data alarm

ABS over (absorbance exceeds 3.0) >Abs
ADC abnormal (analog/digtal converter) ADC.E
Calculation not possible Calc.?
Cell blank abnormal >Cuvet
Duplicate error (difference between 1st and 2nd Dup.E
calibrator measurement)
Linearity abnormal (for rate assays) >Lin
Prozone error 2 / Kinetic unstable (reaction rate >Kin
method)
Mixing power low level <Mix
Reaction limit over (substrate depletion) >React
Reagent short Reag.S
Sample short Samp.S
Standard solution 1 absorbance (S1Abs) abnormal S1A.E
Table C-3 Data alarms giving rise to an Std.E alarm when occurring in calibration
Updated and non-updated The table below shows the data output when data alarm is issued during a calibration.
calibration data If the working curve is not updated, take necessary measures and perform
recalibration. Recalibration may also be required depending on the cause of an alarm
even if the working curve is updated.
Data alarm Working curve Saving on hard disk Display on Alarm screen
SD.E Updated Yes Provided
Dup.E Not updated No Not provided
Sens.E Not updated No Provided
S1A.E Not updated No Not provided
Std.E Not updated No Provided
Table C-4 Data output in case of data alarm during calibration
Roche Diagnostics
Calibration overview
Calibration types The term calibration refers to the determination of a valid relation between the
measured signal [absorbance or (for rate assays) a rate of change in absorbance] and
the concentration of the analyte of interest. The graphical representation of such a
signal/concentration relation is the calibration curve also referred to as working
curve.
The analyzer uses different types of mathematical models to describe this relation.
These math models are referred to as calibration types.
Calibration methods Up to six calibrators—abbreviated Std (1), Std (2)... Std (6)—can be used for a full
calibration. However, not all of these need to be used in every update of a calibration.
Select one of four different calibration methods to define which calibrators are to be
used.
Calibration update types For calibration methods where only one calibrator is remeasured (Blank and Span),
there are three possibilities how the calibration curve is corrected. This choice is made
by setting the calibration update type.
Calibration types on page C-15
Calibration methods on page C-16
Calibration update types on page C-19
Roche Diagnostics
Calibration types
Linear calibrations are used for tests when the absorbance readings plotted against
calibrator concentrations lie on a straight line. If a linear calibration is based on two
calibrator measurements, it is termed linear two-point calibration. If it is based on
more than two calibrators, it is termed linear multipoint calibration.
Nonlinear calibrations are used for tests whose absorbances at different
concentrations form a nonlinear but reproducible plot. At least three and a maximum
of six calibrators are required for calibration. Available Calibration types are RCM,
RCM2T1, and RCM2 T2.
In addition, there are two calibration types whose calibration curves are piecewise
defined interpolation functions: Spline and Line Graph. The following table provides
an overview of all available calibration types.
Calibration type Math model Cross-reference

Linear y = a+b⋅x Linear calibration on
Abs. (y)
page C-22
Conc. (x)
RCM a–d RCM calibration on

y = -------------------
-+d
Abs. (y)
x c page C-25
1 + ⎛⎝--- ⎞⎠
b Conc. (x)
RCM2T1 sinh z See RCM2T1 calibration on

y = a + b ⋅ -------------2- with z = c ⋅ x + d
Abs. (y)
1+z page C-27

Conc. (x)
RCM2T2 y = a + r ⋅ ( 1 + s ⋅ x ) –2 RCM2T2 calibration on

Abs. (y)
page C-29
Conc. (x)
Spline Piecewise polynomials of higher degree Spline calibration on

Abs. (y)
for the interpolation between calibrator page C-31

data points Conc. (x)
Line Graph Polygon of linear interpolations with Line Graph calibration on

Abs. (y)
slopes of ( A N – A N-1 ) ⁄ ( C N – C N-1 ) page C-33

Conc. (x)
Table C-5 Overview of calibration types
K factor
A K factor is used in the calculation of sample results. Any test requiring more than
just a blank during calibration will have its K factor calculated via the measured
absorbances of the blank calibrator Std (1) and the other calibrator(s).
e For more details, see K factor calculation on page C-19.
A fixed K factor is used for some tests and is derived at the time of system installation.
The respective tests have only their blank (baseline) values updated during
calibration.
Roche Diagnostics
Calibration methods
A calibration determines the relation between a measured signal and the

concentration of an analyte. This relation, however, is dependent on various
conditions (including lot variations, age of reagents, instrument parameters) and
therefore needs to be updated regularly.
A calibration update can be described either as an adjustment of parameters of the
calibration curve or as an adjustment of the measured signal (signal correction) to
compensate for changed conditions. Both of these descriptions are mathematically
equivalent.
Calibrations can be updated manually or automatically. A calibration update does not
necessarily include all calibrators used in the full calibration of a test. According to the
number of calibrators used, calibrations updates are termed one-point or two-point.
In case of one-point calibration update, the signal correction is a simple proportional
adjustment: s ' = r ⋅ s , where s and s ' denote the signals obtained with the original
and the current system, respectively. In case of a two-point calibration update, the
signal correction is linear: s ' = p ⋅ s + q .
On cobas c 311 analyzers, there are four methods available to update calibrations:
Blank and Span (which are both one-point calibrations), 2 Point, and Full. These
calibration methods are listed below along with corresponding calibrators and
calibration types.
Calibration method Calibrator(s) needed Applicable calibration type

Blank Std (1) calibrator For cobas c 311 analyzers water is Linear, RCM, RCM2T1,
used as blank calibrator. RCM2T1, Spline, Line Graph
Span Std (N) with N > 1 For this method you must use a Linear, RCM, RCM2T1, RCM2T1
calibrator other than Std (1).
2 Point Std (1) calibrator and one Linear, RCM, RCM2T1, RCM2T1
additional Std (N), N > 1
Full Std (1), Std (2), Std (3)… Std (N) All calibrators specified for the RCM, RCM2T1, RCM2T1,
application(a) Spline, Line Graph
Table C-6 Calibration methods
(a) Displayed on Utility > Application > Others.
In the following sections, we explain these calibration methods and show how the
calibration curve parameters are updated. The following parameters are used
throughout:
Definition of parameters S1Abs Calibration curve parameter displayed in the S1 Abs. column of the
Calibration Result window(a) and on Working Information window(b)
K Calibration curve parameter displayed in the K column
A, B Calibration curve parameters displayed in the columns A and B
' A diacritical mark (’) denotes an updated parameter. For example, B ' is
the new B parameter of the calibration curve after the calibration update.
(a) To display this window, choose Calibration > Status > Calibration Result.
(b) To display this window, choose Calibration > Status > Calibration Result > Working Information.
Roche Diagnostics
Blank calibration
A Blank calibration is a one-point calibration. Tests are calibrated with the Std(1)
calibrator only, and the signal correction is a simple proportional adjustment. The
calculation method for various applicable calibration types are listed below.
Calibration type S1 Abs. K A B
S1Abs
Linear S1Abs ' = s b K ' = ---------------- ⋅ K
sb
sb
RCM S1Abs ' = s b Previous value Previous value B ' = ---------------- ⋅ B
S1Abs
sb sb
RCM2T1 S1Abs ' = -------- ⋅ S1Abs K ' = -------- ⋅ K Previous value Previous value
)
)
sb sb
sb sb
RCM2T2 S1Abs ' = ------------------------- ⋅ S1Abs K ' = ------------------------- ⋅ K Previous value
S1Abs + K S1Abs + K
Table C-7 Applicable calibration types for Blank calibration updates
sb Mean signal of Std (1) calibrator from current update measurements

(absorbance or rate of change in absorbance)
Signal value calculated from the (non-updated) RCM2T1 calibration
)
s b
curve for Std (1) calibrator s b = S1Abs + K ⋅ sinh B ⁄ ( 1 + B 2 )
)
Span calibration
A Span calibration is a one-point calibration. Tests are calibrated with only one
calibrator, and this has to be a standard solution other than Std (1). The signal
correction is a simple proportional adjustment.
The calibrator that corresponds to the Span point (entered on Utility > Application >
Calib.) is measured and the previously measured calibration curve is corrected for
each applicable calibration type as listed below.

)
sN sN
Linear S1Abs ' = --------- ⋅ S1Abs K ' = --------- ⋅ K
sN
)
sN
sN sN
RCM S1Abs ' = --------- ⋅ S1Abs Previous value Previous value B ' = --------- ⋅ B
)
sN sN
sN sN
RCM2T1 S1Abs ' = --------- ⋅ S1Abs K ' = --------- ⋅ K Previous value Previous value
)
sN sN
sN sN
RCM2T2 S1Abs ' = ------------------------- ⋅ S1Abs K ' = ------------------------- ⋅ K Previous value
S1Abs + K S1Abs + K
Table C-8 Applicable calibration types for Span calibration updates
sN Mean signal of Std (N) from current update measurements (absorbance

or rate of change in absorbance)
Signal value calculated from the (non-updated) calibration curve for the
)
s N
given concentration value of Std (N)
Roche Diagnostics
)
The calculated signal value S N is obtained simply by insertion of the given
concentration value x of Std (N) into the function of the calibration curve. For a
Linear calibration, for example, s N = S1Abs + ( 1 ⁄ K ) ⋅ x . Likewise for an RCM
)
calibration,
= S1Abs – B- + B .
)
Equation C-4 s N ------------------------
⎛ x---⎞ A
1+⎝ ⎠
K
2 Point calibration
Tests are calibrated using Std (1) calibrator and one calibrator Std (N) with N > 1. For
this calibration update, the signal correction is linear: s ' = q + p ⋅ s .
The number of the second calibrator Std (N) is displayed in the Span box on Utility >
Application > Calib. The calculation method depends on the calibration type as listed
below.

Linear S1Abs' = s b 1
K ' = --- ⋅ K
p
x A
RCM S1Abs' = s b + ( s b – p ⋅ S1Abs ) ⎛⎝--- ⎞⎠ Previous value Previous value B' = p ⋅ B
K
sinh B
RCM2T1 S1Abs' = s b – p ⋅ K --------------- K' = p ⋅ K Previous value Previous value
1+B
RCM2T2 S1Abs' = s b – p ⋅ K K' = p ⋅ K Previous value
Table C-9 Applicable calibration types for 2 Point calibration updates
Calibration update parameter p = ( s N – s b ) ⁄ ( s – s b)

)
)
p N
sb The currently measured signal (absorbance or rate of change in

absorbance) for Std (1) calibrator
sN The currently measured signal (absorbance or rate of change in
absorbance) for the calibrator Std (N)
Signal value calculated from the (non-updated) calibration curve for
)
s b
Std (1) calibrator
Signal value calculated from the (non-updated) calibration curve for the
)
s N
given concentration value of Std (N)
Full calibration
Tests are calibrated using all calibrators specified on Utility > Application > Others.
After this calibration, all parameters of the calibration curve are updated. The
parameters of a test’s calibration curve are displayed on the Calibration Result
window (choose Calibration > Status > Calibration Result). Parameters of linear
calibration curves are updated by linear regression, and nonlinear calibration curves
are updated using a nonlinear regression algorithm.
Applicable calibration types are Linear multipoint (with more than two calibrators),
RCM, RCM2T1, RCM2T2, Spline, and Line Graph.
Roche Diagnostics
Calibration update types
If you are updating a calibration using either a Blank update or a Span update you
may select how the calibration is updated from Utility > Application > Calib. using
the Update Type box.
The following calibration types can be updated by either the Blank or Span method
and may use this update feature: RCM, RCM2T1, RCM2T2, Spline, and Line Graph.
The calibrator used is either Std (1), for a Blank calibration, or it is defined in the
Span box on Utility > Application > Calib. > Calibration Type area.
There are three update types available: None, Difference, and Ratio.
None If None is chosen as the entry in the Update Type box, then neither Difference nor
Ratio calibration update values are applied. The calibration update occurs as
described for either a blank or span calibration, depending on the calibration type
chosen.
Difference The absorbance difference to the previous calibration is measured for the one defined
calibrator only. This difference is then added to each of the test’s standard absorbance
values. This moves the calibration curve up or down, maintaining its original slope.
Ratio The test’s absorbance value is measured with the one defined calibrator only. The
ratio of this value to the previous yields an adjustment factor. Each of the test’s
standard absorbance values is then multiplied by this factor. This adjusts the slope of
the calibration curve, maintaining its original y-intercept.
K factor calculation
This section shows how K factors are calculated from absorbance and concentration
values for tests that are based on linear two-point calibration curves. Two examples
are given: One for an endpoint assay and one for a rate assay.
After a successful calibration, an updated S1 Abs. value is shown on both the Working
Information window and the first column of the S1 on the Calibration Monitor
report.
Figure C-2 Working Information window
The absorbance value (or rate of change in absorbance) of the second calibrator is
printed in the first column under S2 on the Calibration Monitor report.
Roche Diagnostics
These new values are used to calculate the K factor. When displayed on the Working
Information window, the K factor is automatically rounded and multiplied by the
correct power of 10, according to the decimal placement of the Std (1) concentration.
Endpoint assay example The formula for endpoint assays is:

Equation C-5 K = ( CN – Cb ) ⁄ ( AN – Ab )
CN Concentration value for the second calibrator Std (N), N > 1
AN Absorbance of the second calibrator Std (N), N > 1
A glucose test is calibrated with water as Std (1) and a second calibrator, Std (2), with
a glucose concentration of 10.8 mmol/L. Mean values of the measured absorbance
values are 0.0036 for Std (1) and 0.8739 for Std (2). The K factor is calculated as
follows:
Equation C-6 K = ( 10,8 – 0,00 ) ⁄ ( 0,8739 – 0,0036 )
K = 10,8 ⁄ 0,8703 = 12,41
This K factor can now be used to calculate results from test absorbances.
e For more information on calculation of endpoint assay results, see:
Example of a 2 Point End assay on page B-12
Calculation of concentration on page B-15
Rate assay example The formula for rate assays is:

Equation C-7 K = ( CN – Cb ) ⁄ ( vN – vb )
CN Concentration value for the second calibrator Std (N), N > 1
vb Rate of change in absorbance of the reaction with Std (1)/blank

calibrator
vN Rate of change in absorbance of the reaction with the calibrator
Std (N), N > 1
An AST (aspartate aminotransferase) test is calibrated with water as Std (1) and a
second calibrator with a concentration of 94.2 U/L. Mean values of the measured
rates of change in absorbance are v b = – 0,0006 for Std (1) and v x = – 0,01575 for the
second calibrator. The K factor is calculated as follows:
Equation C-8 K = ( 94,2 – 0,0 ) ⁄ [ – 0,0486 – ( – 0,0006 ) ]
K = 94,2 ⁄ ( – 0,0480 ) = – 1962,5
This K factor can now be used to calculate results from test absorbance rates.
e For more information on calculation of rate assay results, see:
Example of a Rate A assay on page B-17
Result calculation on page B-19
Roche Diagnostics
Introduction to weighting
It is possible to apply a weighting function during the curve fitting process that favors
those calibrator points with a lower absorbance (or rate of change in absorbance).
This may result in a more accurate curve fit in that particular concentration range.
Calculation without weighting

When weighting is not used (entry of 0 in the Weight field on Utility > Application >
Calib.), the curve fit is optimized by varying the parameters of the calibration
function to minimize the sum of the residuals. The residuals are the squares of the
differences between the actual absorbance values for each calibrator and the
absorbance calculated from the calibration function.
∑ [ Ai – f (Ci ) ]
2
Equation C-9 → min
i=1
Ai Actual absorbance (or rate of change in absorbance) of calibrator i
f(Ci) Absorbance (or rate of change of absorbance) of calibrator i calculated by

the calibration function from its concentration ( C i )
i = 1…n Numbers of calibrators used
Calculation with weighting

When weighting is used (entry of 1 or 2 in the Weight field on Utility > Application >
Calib.), each of the residuals is multiplied by a weight factor during the curve fitting
process thus:
n
Equation C-10 ∑ { wi [ Ai – f (Ci ) ] }2 → min
i=1
wi Weight factor for calibrator point i
All other symbols As described above
Weighting factors
The weighting factor is inversely related to the absorbance of the calibrator, so that
those calibrator points with a lower absorbance will have a larger weighting factor.
o If an entry of 1 is made in the Weight field, then the weighting factor for calibrator
point i is: w i = 1 ⁄ [ g(Ai ) ] , where g(Ai ) is a function of the absorbance (or rate of
change in absorbance) of calibrator i .
o If an entry of 2 is made in the Weight field, then the weighting factor for calibrator
point i is: w i = 1 ⁄ [ g(Ai ) ]2 .
Roche Diagnostics
Linear calibration
Linear calibration
Water is commonly used as a zero or blank calibrator. For Linear 2 point calibration,
the absorbance of water and a second calibrator is measured. These two points are
used to establish a linear plot, and its slope is used in the calculation of subsequent
control and patient results.
Parameters on Utility > Application > Calib.:
Calib Type Linear

Point 2
Weight 0, 1, 2
Span Point 2 to 6 (for 2 Point use 2)
Linear two-point calibration graph
A S2
Absorbance
Ax
Ab
Cb Cx C S2 Concentration
When C b = 0
Figure C-3 Linear 2 point calibration graph - Cb = 0
Roche Diagnostics
Linear calibration
A S2
Absorbance
Ax
Ab
Cb Cx C S2 Concentration
When C b ≠ 0
Figure C-4 Linear 2 point calibration graph - Cb ≠ 0
Ax Sample absorbance value
A S2 Absorbance of Std (2)
C S2 Concentration value for Std (2)
Linear two-point calculation
The math model for a Linear calibration is the equation for a straight line
y = a + b ⋅ x , where a is the y-intercept and b is the slope. For our purpose, we
interpret this equation’s variables in as follows:
x = C Concentration of the analyte
y = A Absorbance (or rate of change in absorbance for rate assays)
a Absorbance when the concentration of the analyte is 0
b Ratio of the change in absorbance to the change in concentration
Slope The slope of a straight line can be derived either by the formula b = ( ∆y ) ⁄ ( ∆x ) (when
two points are used) or by the least squares method (when multiple points are used).
For the first case, comparison with Figure C-4 shows that ∆y = A S2 – A b and
∆x = C S2 – C b .
The formula for the slope can then be solved to b = ( A S2 – A b ) ⁄ ( C S2 – C b ) . This
equation shows that b is equal to the reciprocal K factor defined earlier.
Therefore, b = 1 ⁄ K .
Roche Diagnostics
Linear calibration
y-intercept Comparison with Figure C-4 shows that the y-intercept a = A b – ( b ⋅ C b ) , where A b
is the absorbance and C b the concentration value for Std (1)/blank calibrator.
With slope and y-intercept thus determined, it is now possible to solve the equation
y = a + b ⋅ x to x , to calculate the analyte concentration in a patient sample C x :
Equation C-11 y = a + b ⋅ x yields

1
x = --- ( y – a ) , where
b
a = Ab – ( b ⋅ Cb ) b = 1⁄K x = Cx y = Ax
By substitution of a , b , x , and y the following equation is obtained:

Equation C-12 C x = K [ A x – ( A b – b ⋅ Cb ) ] which is equivalent to
C x = [K ( A x – A b ) + C b ]
Two additional constants are applied to this formula to correct the result for
systematic bias deriving from the instrument. The final formula for calculation of the
concentration is
Equation C-13 C x = [ K ( A x – A b ) + C b ] ⋅ IFA + IF B
K K factor
Assay types
Linear 2 Point calibration can be used with the following assay types:
o 1 Point assay
o 2 Point End assay
o 2 Point Rate assay
o Rate A assay
Roche Diagnostics
RCM calibration
RCM calibration
The RCM calibration applies a working curve in which the absorbance increases or
decreases in a nonlinear manner as the concentration increases.
Calib Type RCM

Point 2 to 6
Weight 0,1,2
Span Point 2 to 6
RCM calibration graph
AN
AX
Absorbance
A S3
A S2
Ab
Cb C S2 C S3 CX CN
Concentration
Figure C-5 Nonlinear RCM calibration graph
A S2 , A S3 , ... Absorbance value for Std (2) to Std (6)
AN Absorbance of Std (N)
C S2 , C S3 , ... Concentration value for Std (2) to Std (6)
CN Concentration value for Std (N)
Roche Diagnostics
RCM calibration
RCM calculation
The math model for the RCM calibration curve approximation is shown below:
a–d -+d
Equation C-14 A = --------------------
C c
1 + ⎛⎝--- ⎞⎠
b
A Absorbance (or rate of change in absorbance for rate assays)
C Concentration of the analyte
a Parameter representing the absorbance at zero concentration ( A b ).
b Parameter representing the concentration where the absorbance or

absorbance rate is ½ of the span between A inf and A b .
c Parameter describing the curvature of the calibration curve.
d Parameter representing the predicted absorbance or absorbance rate for

infinite concentration ( A inf ).
The above calibration curve parameters correspond to the values on the Working
Information window as follows (to display this window, select Calibration > Status >
Calibration Result > Working Information):
S1 Abs. column displays parameter a .
K column displays parameter b .
A column displays parameter c .
B column displays parameter d .
The formula for sample concentration calculation is shown below:
Equation C-15 C x = ( C + C b ) ⋅ IFA + IF B with
a – Ax 1 ⁄ c
C = b ⋅ ⎛ ---------------⎞
⎝ Ax – d ⎠
C Concentration value before instrument constants adjustment
a, b, c, d Calibration curve parameters as in Equation C-14
Assay types
Nonlinear RCM calibration can be used with the following assay types:
o 1 Point assay
o 2 Point End assay
o Rate A assay
Roche Diagnostics
RCM2T1 calibration
RCM2T1 calibration
The RCM2T1 calibration applies a working curve in which the absorbance increases
in a nonlinear manner as the concentration increases.
Calib Type RCM2T1

Point 2 to 6
Weight 0,1,2
Span Point 2 to 6
RCM2T1 calibration graph
AN
AX
Absorbance
A S3
A S2
Ab
Cb C S2 C S3 CX CN
Concentration
Figure C-6 Nonlinear RCM2T1 calibration graph
Roche Diagnostics
RCM2T1 calibration
RCM2T1 calculation
The math model for the RCM2T1 calibration curve approximation is shown below:
sinh z
Equation C-16 A = a + b ⋅ -------------2- with z = c ⋅ C + d
1 +z
a, b, c, d Calibration curve parameters determined by nonlinear regression

algorithm
K column displays parameter b .
A column displays parameter c .
B column displays parameter d .
The model function for RCM2T1 (Equation C-16) cannot be inverted analytically.
However, the iteration series z n + 1 = arc sinh [ y ⋅ ( 1 + z n2) ] can be used to solve the
equation y = sinh z ⁄ ( 1 + z 2) . Thus, the formula for the sample concentration is as
follows:
Equation C-17 C x = ( C + C b ) ⋅ IFA + IF B where C is calculated by iteration.
Assay types
Nonlinear RCM2T1 calibration can be used with the following assay types:
o 1 Point assay
o 2 Point End assay
o Rate A assay
Roche Diagnostics
RCM2T2 calibration
RCM2T2 calibration
The RCM2T2 calibration applies a working curve in which the absorbance decreases
in a nonlinear manner as the concentration increases.
Calib Type RCM2T2

Point 2 to 6
Weight 0,1,2
Span Point 2 to 6
RCM2T2 calibration graph
Ab
Absorbance
A S2
AX
A S3
AN
Cb C S2 C X C S3 CN
Concentration
Figure C-7 Nonlinear RCM2T2 calibration graph
Roche Diagnostics
RCM2T2 calibration
RCM2T2 calculation
The math model for the RCM2T2 calibration curve approximation is shown below:
Equation C-18 A = a + r ⋅ ( 1 + s ⋅C ) – 2
a, r, s Calibration curve parameters determined by nonlinear regression

algorithm
K column displays parameter r .
A column displays parameter s .
The formula for sample concentration calculation is shown below:
Equation C-19 C x = ( C + C b ) ⋅ IFA + IF B where
C = --- ⋅ ⎛ --------------
- – 1⎞⎠
1 r
s ⎝ Ax – a
a, r, s Calibration curve parameters as in Equation C-18
Assay types
Nonlinear RCM2T2 calibration can be used with the following assay types:
o 1 Point assay
o 2 Point End assay
o Rate A assay
Roche Diagnostics
Spline calibration
Spline calibration
When this calibration type is applied, the ranges between the data points of the
measured calibrators are approximated by third degree polynomials so that a smooth
calibration curve is obtained.
Calib Type Spline

Point 3 to 6
Weight 0,1,2
Span Point 2 to 6
Spline calibration graph
AN
A N-1
Absorbance
AX
A S3
A S2
Ab
Cb C S2 C S3 CX C N-1 CN
Concentration
Figure C-8 Nonlinear spline calibration graph
A S2 , A S3 , ... A N Absorbance of Std (2), Std (3), ...Std (N)
C S2 , C S3 , ... C N Concentration value for Std (2), Std (3), ...Std (N)
Roche Diagnostics
Spline calibration
Spline calculation
In the math model of a spline calibration, data points of calibrators are taken as
supporting points for the determination of interpolating functions. The simplest
interpolating functions are used in linear interpolation, where adjacent data points
are connected by a straight line. This method is used for Line Graph calibrations.
e See Line Graph calibration on page C-33.
In contrast to the angular polygon of a Line Graph calibration, a smooth curve will
result when using piecewise polynomials of a higher degree for the interpolation. The
routine applied for Spline calibrations determines a smooth cubic spline
approximation using third degree polynomials.
Assay types
Nonlinear spline calibration can be used with the following assay types:
o 1 Point assay
o 2 Point End assay
o Rate A assay
Roche Diagnostics
Line Graph calibration
When this calibration type is applied, the ranges between the data points of the
measured calibrators are approximated by linear interpolation. An angular polygon is
obtained as calibration curve.
Parameters on Utility > Application > Calib.
Calib Type Line Graph

Point 3 to 6
Weight 0,1,2
Span Point 2 to 6
Line Graph calibration graph
AN
A N-1
A S4
Absorbance
Ax
A S3
A S2
Ab
Cb C S2 C S3 C x C S4 C N-1 CN
Concentration
Figure C-9 Nonlinear line calibration graph
A S2 , A S3 , ... A N Absorbance of Std (2), Std(3), ...Std (N)
C S2 , C S3 , ... C N Concentration value for Std (2), Std (3), ...Std(N)
Roche Diagnostics
Line Graph calculation
The math model for Line Graph calibration curve approximation is shown below:
C N – C N-1
Equation C-20 K N -1 = ------------------------
A N – A N-1
KN Calibration factor for the interval between C N-1 and C N , or A N-1 and
-1
A N , respectively
A N-1 Absorbance of Std (N-1)
C N-1 Concentration value for Std (N-1)
The formula for sample concentration is shown below:

Equation C-21 C x = [ KN -1 ( A x – A N-1 ) + C N-1 ] ⋅ IF A + IF B for A x ∈ [A N-1,A N]
All other symbols See legend above.
For a calibration based upon N standard solutions—Std (1) to Std (N)—there are
N - 1 calibration curve intervals. The sample absorbance value (or rate of change in
absorbance for rate assays) A x determines which of the calibration curve intervals
and which of the calibration factors is relevant for the calculation of C x . If A x lies
between A N-1 and A N the relevant calibration factor is KN -1 .
Assay types
Nonlinear Line Graph calibration can be used with the following assay types:
o 1 Point assay
o 2 Point End assay
o Rate A
Roche Diagnostics
Calculating data alarms D
7 Calculating data alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3

cobas c 311 analyzer 7 Calculating data alarms
Table of contents
Calculating data alarms
This chapter provides you with an overview of how some important data alarms are
calculated by the cobas c 311 analyzer.

Introduction ............................................................................................................... D-5
Prozone effect ............................................................................................................. D-5
Linearity verification (>Lin) ...................................................................................... D-7
Sensitivity limit check (Sens.E) ................................................................................. D-9
Duplicate limit check (Dup.E) ................................................................................... D-9
Technical limit check (>Test) ................................................................................... D-11
Repeat limit check (>Rept) ...................................................................................... D-12
Reaction limit check (>React) ................................................................................. D-12
Roche Diagnostics
COBI CD · Version 1.0 D-3
7 Calculating data alarms cobas c 311 analyzer
Table of contents
Roche Diagnostics
D-4 COBI CD · Version 1.0
Introduction
Introduction
Several methods are used by the analyzer to ensure that final results are valid. Data
alarms appear on the results printout to indicate possible data errors and are sent to
Host. Some of these also activate the audible alarm and initiate the display of the
alarm indicator on the global Alarm button.
Prozone effect
Some homogenous immunoassays use the principle of antigen/antibody complex

formation (agglutination or precipitation) as a measurement technique. The
turbidity caused by this specific agglutination or precipitation can be measured by
photometric means.
The antigen/antibody complex formation is predictable as long as an excess of reagent
(antibody) exists. However, in patient samples with very high levels of antigen, the
reaction may begin to reverse (deagglutination) because of the effect of the excess
antigen. This is called a prozone effect. Without checking for this phenomenon,
abnormally high levels of antigen in samples may give incorrect or even false normal
results.
There are two prozone check methods available: Antigen readdition method and
reaction rate method. Both of these methods can be applied to any type of assay.
Antigen readdition The analyzer may perform a check for the prozone effect by adding a dilution of the
antigen as an additional reagent (R2 or R3). If the reaction continues in the same
direction (increasing or decreasing absorbance) as in the initial reaction, then an
excess of reagent (antibody) still exists—prozone effect is not occurring. If the
reaction proceeds in the opposite direction, after additional antigen is added, then
prozone effect is occurring and the result is invalid. The corresponding data alarm is
printed on the patient report.
The antigen readdition method is applied when two prozone measuring points are
defined on Utility > Application > Analyze ( [ pmp1 ] [ pmp2 ] [ 0 ] [ 0 ] ).
Roche Diagnostics
Prozone effect
R3
Absorbance
Apmp 2
R2
S, R1
Apmp 1
C1 C2 C3
pmp 1 pmp 2 Time
Figure D-1 Prozone check - antigen readdition method
R1 , R2 , R3 Pipetting of reagent at R1, R2, and R3 timing
pmp 1 , pmp 2 Prozone measuring points 1 and 2
Apmp 1 , Apmp 2 Absorbance at pmp 1 and pmp 2
(a) See Chapter 3 Photometric principles: Cell Blank Measurement report on page B-21.
Reaction rate method The reaction rate method verifies the existence of an excess of reagent (antibody) not
by repeated addition of antigen but by observation of the reaction rate in the course
of the reaction. This method is applied when four prozone measuring points are
defined on Utility > Application > Analyze ( [ pmp1 ] [ pmp2 ] [ pmp 3 ] [ pmp4 ] ).
v (pmp 3,pmp 4)
∆A (pmp 4,pmp 3)
v (pmp 1,pmp 2)
Absorbance
R2/R3 ∆A (pmp 2,pmp 1)
S, R1
C1 C2 C3
pmp 1 pmp 2 pmp 3 pmp 4 Time
Figure D-2 Prozone check - reaction rate method
v (pmp 1,pmp 2) Rate of change in absorbance between pmp 1 and pmp 2 .
All other symbols See Figure D-1 above.
e For more information, see Chapter 3 Photometric principles.
Roche Diagnostics
Linearity verification (>Lin)
To verify the linearity of a rate reaction (rate of change in absorbance), the percentage
of nonlinearity is calculated. This values must be less than the Linearity Limit, defined
on the Utility > System > Application. If the calculated value is above the limit, a >Lin
data alarm is issued. If any absorbance reading taken during the programmed interval
exceeds the Abs. Limit parameter, that absorbance reading is excluded from the least
squares rate calculation.
Depending on the number of measure points of an application, the analyzer
calculates the nonlinearity in one of the following ways:
o If there are less than 5 measure points, linearity check is not performed.
o If there are 5 to 13 measure points, two times three points are used in the
calculation.
o If there are 14 or more measure points, two times six points are used in the
calculation.
5-13 measure points
∆v
f
Absorbance
S, R1 R2/R3 vx
∆v
i
Time
mp 1 mp 2
Figure D-3 Linearity verification (5-13 measure points)
R1, R2/R3 Pipetting of reagent at R1 timing, and at R2 or R3 timing
vx Rate of change in absorbance calculated for all measure points between

mp 1 and mp 2 by least squares analysis
vi Rate of change in absorbance calculated for the initial five measure points
vf Rate of change in absorbance calculated for the final five measure points
The percentage of nonlinearity is the difference between the slope of the initial part of
the curve and the slope of the final part of the curve scaled to the overall slope. An
alarm is issued, if [ ( v i – v f ) ⁄ ( v x ) ] ⋅ 100 > LL 1 , where LL 1 is the value of the first box in
the Linearity Limit line on Utility > Application > Analyze.
Roche Diagnostics
14 or more measure points In principle, the percentage of nonlinearity for 14 or more measure points is
calculated in the same way as for 5 to 13 measure points. The only difference is that v i
and v f are calculated on the basis of the initial and final six measure points,
respectively.
An alarm is issued, if [ ( v i – v f ) ⁄ ( v x ) ] ⋅ 100 > LL 2 , where LL 2 is the value of the second
box in the Linearity Limit line on Utility > Application > Analyze.
∆v f
Absorbance
S, R1
R2/R3 vx
∆v i
Time
mp 1 mp 2
Figure D-4 Linearity verification (14 or more measure points)
R1, R2/R3 Pipetting of reagent at R1 timing, and at R2 or R3 timing
vx Rate of change in absorbance calculated for all measure points between

mp 1 and mp 2 by least squares analysis
vi Rate of change in absorbance calculated for the initial eleven measure
points
vf Rate of change in absorbance calculated for the final eleven measure
points
Additional conditions for the To the right of the Linearity Limit field on the Utility > System > Application there
linearity check are four boxes:
Linearity Limit [ limit 5-13 mp ]% [ limit ≥ 14 mp]% [ condition 1 ] [ condition 2 ]
o The first two boxes indicate the linearity limits (in Abs × 104/min) for 5 to 13 and
14 or more measure points, respectively.
o The third and forth boxes define additional conditions for the linearity check.
The entry in the third box defines a minimum rate of change in absorbance
(allover slope in Abs × 104/min) for v x . If the measured rate falls below this
minimum, the linearity check is neglected.—That is, the third box defines the
variable T for the following condition:
–4
O If vx < T ×10 , linearity check is not performed.
The entry in the fourth box defines a minimum difference between v i and v f (in
Abs × 104/min). If the measured difference vi – vf falls below this minimum, the
linearity check is neglected.—That is, the fourth box defines the variable D for the
following condition:
–4
O If vi – vf < D ×10 , linearity check is not performed.
Roche Diagnostics
Sensitivity limit check (Sens.E)
Sensitivity limit check (Sens.E)
An upper and lower sensitivity limit is designated on Utility > Application > Calib.
for each photometric application. These values relate to the minimum and maximum
absorbance changes which must be satisfied between the blank and span calibrators
during calibration. The sensitivity observed during calibration is calculated as
follows:
Abs ( S N ) – Abs ( S 1 )
Equation D-1 ----------------------------------------------------------
-
Conc ( S N ) – Conc ( S 1 )
where S N is the span calibrator and S 1 is the blank. If the sensitivity observed is not
within the sensitivity limits, a Sens.E alarm is issued indicating a failed calibration. All
calibrations that affect the factor setting for the test will be error checked against the
sensitivity limit calculated from the span calibrator.
Duplicate limit check (Dup.E)
A duplicate limit for calibrator acceptability is designated on Utility > Application >
Calib. The entry in the first Duplicate Limit text box defines the % error limit. The
entry in the second box defines the absorbance error limit. The corresponding check
values are calculated as follows:
Abs2 – Abs1
DE % = --------------------------------------------- ⋅ 100 ; DE Abs. = Abs2 – Abs1
( Abs2 + Abs1 ) ⁄ 2
DE % Relative duplicate error: Calculated value for the % error of a calibrator’s
absorbance readings (duplicate)
DE Abs. Absolute duplicate error
Abs1 , Abs2 Two absorbance readings, taken for each calibrator (duplicate readings)
All photometric calibrators are run in duplicate. If both the % error and the
absorbance error are out of range, a Dup.E alarm is issued indicating a failed
calibration.
The following flowchart describes how a decision is made to flag a calibration for
violating the duplication limit.
Roche Diagnostics
Duplicate limit check (Dup.E)
Measure Abs1
and Abs2 for
calibrator Std(N)
Compute
DE % and DE Abs.
Is DE Abs. < Yes

ABS error limit?
No
Is DE % < Yes
Continue
% error limit?
No
Set Dup.E
alarm
Figure D-5 Dup.E limit flowchart
Roche Diagnostics
Technical limit check (>Test)
Technical limit check (>Test)
If a result does not fall into the concentration range specified by the upper and lower
Technical Limits on Utility > Application > Range, a data alarm >Test or <Test is
issued. >Test indicates results that exceed the upper limit. <Test indicates results
below the lower limit.
Technical Limit for diluted The Technical Limit for diluted samples is checked by multiplying the Technical Limit
samples entries on Utility > Application > Range by a concentration conversion coefficient (γ)
as below.
V ( S2 )1 ⋅ V ( S1 )1 ⁄ [ V ( S1 )1 + V (Dil ) 1 ]
Equation D-2 γt 1 < C1 < γt 2 , γ = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V ( S2 ) ⋅ V ( S1 ) ⁄ [ V ( S1 ) + V (Dil ) ]
C1 Concentration not multiplied by dilution ratio
t1 First Technical Limit entry on Utility > Application > Range
t2 Second Technical Limit entry on Utility > Application > Range
V ( S1 ) Normal sample volume from a cup (or tube) to a cuvette when the
primary sample type is diluted.
V (Dil ) Normal diluent volume for the primary sample type.
V ( S2 ) Sample volume from cuvette to cuvette when the primary sample type is
diluted.
V ( S1 )1 Normal sample volume from a cup (or tube) to a cuvette when any
sample type, with the exception of the primary sample type, is diluted.
V (Dil ) 1 Normal diluent volume for any sample type with the exception of the
primary sample type.
V ( S2 )1 Normal sample volume from cuvette to cuvette when any sample type,
with the exception of the primary sample type, is diluted.
Primary is assigned to the sample type that is used during calibration. All other sample
types are corrected to the sample type used in calibration. When a sample is diluted,
V ( S1 )1 , V (Dil ) 1 and V ( S2 )1 refer to the currently chosen sample type.
When a sample is not diluted, diluent volumes and S2 volumes (cuvette to cuvette)
are zero. Therefore, γ in the equation above simplifies to the following:
V ( S1 )1
γ = -----------------
V ( S1 )
Roche Diagnostics
Repeat limit check (>Rept)
Repeat limit check (>Rept)
The Repeat Limit is checked with the final concentration (printed concentration).
Relationships between parameters on Utility > Application > Range and check values
of the Technical Limit and Repeat Limit are shown below:
Check item on Utility > Application > Range Check value Check range
Technical Limit [ t1 ] - [ t2 ] Conc.1 [ t1 · γ ] - [ t2 · G ]
Repeat Limit [ a1 ] - [ a2 ] Conc.2 [ a1 ] - [ a2 ]
Table D-1 Parameters on Utility > Application > Range and check values
Conc.1 Original concentration (measured) C 1

Conc.2 Final output concentration C2 = ( 1 ⁄ γ ) ⋅ C1
γ Concentration conversion coefficient as calculated in the Technical Limit
Checking section(a)
t1, t2 lower technical limit and upper technical limit
a1, a2 lower repeat limit and upper repeat limit
(a) See Technical limit check (>Test) on page D-11.
When the result (Conc.1) is less than the lower Technical Limit (t1), the result is
flagged with a <Test data alarm. When the result (Conc.1) is greater than the upper
Technical Limit (t2), the result is flagged with a >Test data alarm.
When the result (Conc.2) is less than the lower Repeat Limit (a1), the result is flagged
with a <Rept data alarm. When the result (Conc.2) is greater than the upper Repeat
Limit (a2), the result is flagged with a >Rept data alarm.
Reaction limit check (>React)
In rate assays, correct data cannot be obtained if the concentration or activity value is
beyond the quantitative range. For this reason, a check is performed with reference to
a set upper or lower absorbance limit. For rate assays with ascending absorbances, the
limit is an upper limit; for assays with descending absorbances, the limit is a lower
limit. The reaction limit value is displayed on Utility > Application > Analyze.
Reaction Limit (upper)

Reaction Limit (lower)
Figure D-6 Reaction limits for ascending and descending rate assays
A data alarm (>React) is issued if only 3 or less measure points remain in the within
the set absorbance limit. The alarm is not issued if there are 4 or more measure points
within the absorbance limit.
Roche Diagnostics
Data Number of points Photometric points Reaction process

alarm within Reaction Limit used for calculation
None 4 3 points within Photometric
reaction limit measurement range
Absorbance
Reaction Limit
Time
>React 3 3 points within Photometric

reaction limit Absorbance measurement range
Reaction Limit
Time
>React 2 or less First 2 points Photometric

measurement range
Absorbance
Reaction Limit
Time
Table D-2 Relationship between reaction limit check and photometric points
Automatic correction of Reaction The reaction limit check is performed with reference to the absorbance at the main
Limit absorbance wavelength. The analyzer automatically corrects the given reaction limit value by
adding absorbance due to sample turbidity, etc.:
Reaction limit absorbance after correction =
Input reaction limit absorbance
+ (L1 - Lb)
L1: Main wavelength absorbance of sample at photometric point 1
Lb: Main wavelength absorbance of reagent blank at photometric point 1
When L1 - Lb ≤ 0, the reaction limit absorbance is not corrected.
Roche Diagnostics
Roche Diagnostics
Quality control E
8 Applying QC rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-3

cobas c 311 analyzer 8 Applying QC rules
Table of contents
Applying QC rules
This chapter provides you with an overview of the application of quality control rules
by the cobas c 311 analyzer. The multi-rule Shewhart-type method using the
Westgard algorithm is described as well as possible alarms generated.

Introduction ............................................................................................................... E-5
Rule 1: 1-2SD .............................................................................................................. E-6
Rule 2: 1-2.5SD (Q2.5SD alarm) ............................................................................... E-6
Rule 3: 1-3SD (Q3SD alarm) ..................................................................................... E-7
Rule 4: 2-2SA (S2-2Sa alarm) .................................................................................... E-8
Rule 5: R-4SD (R4SD alarm) ..................................................................................... E-9
Rule 6: 2-2SW (S2-2Sw alarm) ................................................................................ E-10
Rule 7: 4-1SA (S4-1Sa alarm) .................................................................................. E-11
Rule 8: 4-1SW (S4-1Sw alarm) ................................................................................ E-12
Rule 9: 10XA (S10Xa alarm) .................................................................................... E-13
Rule 10: 10XW (S10Xw alarm) ................................................................................ E-14
Roche Diagnostics
COBI CD · Version 1.0 E-3
8 Applying QC rules cobas c 311 analyzer
Table of contents
Roche Diagnostics
E-4 COBI CD · Version 1.0
Introduction
Introduction
If selected in the software, the analyzer can utilize the Realtime QC to evaluate QC by
a multi-rule Shewhart-type method using the Westgard algorithm. For each test, this
algorithm applies a set of rules selected on QC > Individual > Realtime QC > Rules.
Any combination of rules may be specified. A pair of controls for each test being
processed is compared against a known standard deviation (SD) and mean. If one or
both of the controls fail a rule, the analyzer continues applying the testing criteria for
all selected rules. When at least one rule violation is found, the appropriate data alarm
for that rule is issued, and both the graph on the screen and the QC results on
Workplace > Data Review are flagged. The QC alarm for the last rule violated is
issued. The following is an explanation of each QC rule, using a display example
where appropriate.
All data alarms are listed in the Data alarms chapter of the Operator’s Manual.
Control values Xn, Yn
No
1-2SD Inside control range
Yes
No
No No No No No No No No
1-2.5SD 1-3SD 2-2SA R-4SD 2-2SW 4-1SA 4-1SW 10XA 10XW
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Outside control range (error message)
Figure E-1 Application of Westgard rules
Roche Diagnostics
Rule 1: 1-2SD
Rule 1: 1-2SD
1-2SD represents the control rule where one control result exceeds limits defined as
the mean ± 2SD. Each control sample pair X and Y is compared against its respective
expected mean and standard deviation. If both X and Y are within the mean ± 2SD,
the QC results are accepted. No alarm is issued and no additional rules are checked
for this control pair. If either X or Y results are outside the mean ± 2SD, the test fails,
but no alarm is issued. The next selected rule is then applied and tested.
Rule 2: 1-2.5SD (Q2.5SD alarm)
1-2.5SD symbolizes the control rule violated when one control result exceeds the limit
defined as the mean ± 2.5SD.
If tighter QC restrictions are desired, this rule may be selected in place of Rule 2: 1-
3SD. If both the 1-3SD and 1-2.5SD rules are selected in the QC > Individual >
Realtime QC > Select Rules window and a set of controls fails both rules, the Q3SD
alarm is issued. The deviation of a single sample is compared against 2.5 SD for each
control. If either control X or Y is outside the mean ± 2.5 SD, the rule is violated. A
Q2.5SD data alarm is issued for an indeterminate QC error, and a “ ” displays on
the Yoden plot
. 1-2.5SD
Y
2.5SD
Are all X n and Y n in the
cross-hatched area?
Q2.5SD
Figure E-2 Q2.5SD alarm situation
Roche Diagnostics
Rule 3: 1-3SD (Q3SD alarm)
Rule 3: 1-3SD (Q3SD alarm)
1-3SD is the control rule violated when a single control X or Y result exceeds the limit
defined as the mean ± 3SD. Each control sample X and Y is compared against its
respective expected mean and standard deviation. If both X and Y are within the
mean ± 3SD, the QC results are accepted.
If either X or Y results are outside the mean ± 3SD, a Q3SD alarm is issued indicating
an indeterminate QC error has occurred. A “ ” displays on the screen in the
appropriate part.
1-3SD
Y
3SD
Are all X n and Y n in the

cross-hatched area?
Q3SD
Figure E-3 Q3SD alarm situation
Roche Diagnostics
Rule 4: 2-2SA (S2-2Sa alarm)
The results of one assay on each control are evaluated (a total of two control results
are tested).
The results of the most recent control pair of X and Y are compared against standard
deviations. If both X and Y deviate outside ± 2SD and both are either above or below
the mean, the rule is violated. A S2-2Sa data alarm is issued indicating a systematic
QC error has occurred. A “ ” displays on the Yoden plot.
The S2-2Sa alarm is issued when the two results (both X and Y in this case) are
outside the ± 2SD limit, across control materials. This is a systematic violation.
2-2SD
Y
2SD
Are X n and Y n in the same

cross-hatched area?
S2-2Sa
Figure E-4 S2-2Sa alarm situation
Roche Diagnostics
Rule 5: R-4SD (R4SD alarm)
Rule 5: R-4SD (R4SD alarm)
R-4SD is the control rule in which there is a range or a difference between the control
materials that exceeds 4SD, as would be the case if the X control exceeded the -2SD
limit and the Y control exceeded the +2SD limit.
The run size specified when R-4SD is selected on the QC > Individual > Realtime
QC > Select Rules window determines the number of consecutive control X and Y
samples tested. The maximum deviations of X minus the minimum deviations of Y,
and the maximum deviations of Y minus the minimum deviations of X are
computed. If either of these differences is greater than 4SD, the rule is violated. A
R4SD data alarm is issued for a random QC error, and a “ ” displays on the Yoden
plot.
R-4SD
Y
2SD
Are X n and Y n in the same
cross-hatched area? (n is
entered in the screen)
R4SD
Figure E-5 R4SD alarm situation
Roche Diagnostics
Rule 6: 2-2SW (S2-2Sw alarm)
The results of the two most recent assays of each control are evaluated. A total of four
control results are tested. If either or both X and Y results deviate outside ± 2SD, the
rule is violated. A S2-2Sw data alarm is issued indicating a systematic QC error has
occurred. A ” ” displays on the Yoden plot.
The S2-2Sw alarm is issued when two consecutive control results are outside of the
2SD limit, within a control material. This is a systematic violation.
2-2SD
Y Y
-2SD 2SD
2SD
X X
-2SD
Are X n and X n – 1 or
Y n and Y n – 1 in the same

cross-hatched area?
S2-2Sw
Figure E-6 S2-2Sw alarm situation
Roche Diagnostics
4-1SA is the control rule violated when four consecutive control results exceed the
same limit, either mean + 1SD or mean - 1SD. The S4-1Sa alarm is issued when three
control results are outside the ± 1SD limit and one control result is outside the ± 2SD
limit across control materials. This is a systematic alarm.
The results of two consecutive assays of each control are evaluated (total four samples
tested). If insufficient data are available, the test is not performed. If all X and Y
results exceed ± 1SD, and either the current X or Y value exceeds ± 2SD, and all are on
the same side of the mean, then the rule is violated. A S4-1Sa data alarm is issued for a
systematic QC alarm, and a ” ” displays on the Yoden plot.
4-1SA
Y
1SD
Are X n , Y n , X n – 1 and
Y n – 1 in the same cross-

hatched area?
S4-1Sa
Figure E-7 S4-1Sa alarm situation
Roche Diagnostics
The results of four consecutive assays of each control are evaluated (total of eight
samples tested). If fewer than four samples are available, the test is not performed. If
all X or Y results exceed one standard deviation, and fall on the same side of the mean,
and the current X or Y value exceeds ± 2SD then the rule is violated. A S4-1Sw data
alarm is issued for a systematic QC alarm, and a “ ” displays on the Yoden plot.
The S4-1Sw alarm is issued when three consecutive control results are outside the ±
1SD limit and one control result is outside the ± 2SD limit within a control material.
This is a systematic violation.
4-1SW
Y Y
-1SD 1SD
1SD
X X
-1SD
Are all X n to X n-3 or
Y n to Y n-3 in the same

cross-hatched area?
S4-1Sw
Figure E-8 S4-1Sw alarm situation
Roche Diagnostics
Rule 9: 10XA (S10Xa alarm)
Rule 9: 10XA (S10Xa alarm)
10X is the control rule where there are 10 consecutive control observations (5 pairs)
on the same side of the mean. The S10Xa alarm is issued when nine consecutive
control results are on the same side of the mean and one control is outside the ± 2SD
limit, across control materials. This is a systematic violation.
The results of five consecutive assays of each control are evaluated (total 10 samples
tested). If fewer than five samples are available for each control, the test is not
performed. The signs of all sample deviations for both controls are compared with
zero. If all are nonzero and have the same sign, and one of the current X and Y
samples exceeds 2SD, then the rule is violated. A S10Xa data processing alarm is
issued for a systematic QC alarm, and a “ ” displays on the Yoden plot.
10XA
Y
Are all X n to X n – 4 and
all Y n to Y n – 4 in the same
cross-hatched area?
S10Xa
Figure E-9 S10Xa alarm situation
Roche Diagnostics
Rule 10: 10XW (S10Xw alarm)
Rule 10: 10XW (S10Xw alarm)
The results of 10 consecutive assays of each control are evaluated (total 20 samples
tested). If fewer than 10 samples are available for each control, the test is not
performed. All sample deviations are compared with zero. If all are nonzero and have
the same sign, and the current sample (X or Y) exceeds ± 2SD, the rule is violated. A
S10Xw data alarm is issued for a systematic QC alarm, and a “ ” displays on the
Yoden plot.
The S10Xw alarm is issued when nine consecutive control results are on the same side
of the mean and one control result is outside the ± 2SD limit within a control
material. This is a systematic violation.
10XW
Y Y
X X
Are all X n to X n – 9 and
Y n to Y n – 9 in the same
cross-hatched area?
S10Xw
Figure E-10 S10Xw alarm situation
Roche Diagnostics
Index F
cobas c 311 analyzer Index
Index
A D
Absorbance limit, rate assays, D-12 Data alarm calculation
Antigen readdition, D-5 – absorbance limit, D-12
Approvals, 2 – calibrator duplicates, D-9
Assay principles – linearity, D-7
– ion selective electrode, B-3 – repeat limit, D-12
– photometric: See assay types. – sensitivity limit, D-9
– serum index, B-47 – substrate depletion, D-12
Assay types, photometric – technical limit, D-11
– overview, B-9 Document information, 2
– 1 Point, B-24 Duplicate limit, D-9
– 2 Point End, B-12
– 2 Point Rate, B-36 E
– Rate A, B-17
– Rate A with sample blank, B-33 Edition notice, 2
– summary, B-44 Electromotive force (EMF), B-5
EMF (electromotive force), B-5
B Endpoint assays
– 1 Point, B-24
Bichromatic measurement, A-5 – 2 Point End, B-27
Blank calibration, C-17
F
C
Full calibration, C-18
C. Value, ISE calibration, C-7
Calibration methods, photometric H
– 2 Point calibration, C-18
– Blank calibration, C-17 Hemolysis index, calculation, B-50
– Full calibration, C-18
– Span calibration, C-17 I
Calibration types, photometric, C-15
Calibration update types, photometric, C-19 Icterus index, calculation, B-50
Cell Blank Measurements report, B-21 Instrument approvals, 2
Concentration calculation Intended use, 2
– 1 Point assay, B-26 Internal standard calculation, C-6
– 2 Point End assay, B-28 ISE calibration
– 2 Point Rate assay, B-36 – internal standard, C-6
– Rate A assay, B-31 – reference electrode, C-8
Contact addresses, 3 – slope calculation, C-6
Copyrights, 2 ISE reference electrode, C-8
ISE, calculating concentrations, B-5
Roche Diagnostics
COBI CD · Version 1.0 F-3
Index cobas c 311 analyzer
K Q
K factor QC rules
– calculation, C-19 – rule 1: 1-2SD, E-6
– definition, C-15 – rule 2: 1-2.5SD, E-6
– rule 3: 1-3SD, E-7
L – rule 4: 2-2SA, E-8
– rule 5: R-4SD, E-9
Line Graph calibration, C-33 – rule 6: 2-2SW, E-10
Linear 2 point calibration, C-22 – rule 7: 4-1SA, E-11
Linearity verification, D-7 – rule 9: 10XA, E-13
Lipemia index, calculation, B-50 – rule10: 10XAW, E-14
N R
Non-linear calibration Rate assays
– Line Graph, C-33 – 2 Point Rate, B-36
– RCM, C-25 – Rate A with sample blank, B-33
– RCM2T1, C-27 RCM calibration, C-25
– RCM2T2, C-29 RCM2T1 calibration, C-27
– Spline, C-31 RCM2T2 calibration, C-29
Reaction limit, D-12
O Reaction rate method, D-6
Realtime QC, E-5
One-point calibration Repeat limit, D-12
– ISE, C-7 Revision History, 2
– photometric test, C-17
Others tab, Utility > Application screen, B-23 S
P Sensitivity limit, D-9

Serum index
Photometer – calculation, B-50
– general characteristics, A-5 – data alarms, B-51
– light path, A-5 – definition, B-49
Photometric assays – principles, B-47
– assay types, B-9 Shewhart multi-rule method, E-5
Photometric calibration Span calibration, C-17
– overview, C-14 Spline calibration, C-31
– calibration methods, C-16 Substrate depletion, D-12
– calibration types, C-15
– calibration update types, C-19 T
Prozone check
– antigen readdition, B-39 Technical limit, D-11
– check value calculation, B-41 Trademarks, 2
– reaction rate method, B-42 Two-point calibration, C-18
Prozone effect, definition, D-5
W
Weighting, photometric calibration, C-21
Westgard rules, E-5
Working Information window, B-22
Roche Diagnostics
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cobas c 311 analyzer

Revision history COBI CD Edition for Revision date Changes

Edition notice cobas c 311 analyzer Compendium of Background Information

Copyright © 2007, Roche Diagnostics GmbH. All rights reserved.

Trademarks The following trademarks are acknowledged:

Complies with the IVD directive 98/79/EC.

Issued by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) for Canada and the

Manufacturer Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation

Authorized representative Roche Diagnostics GmbH

Document information 2 6 Photometric calibration

5 ISE unit - Ion selective electrode calibration

How to use the CD

This CD is provided as an information source for background knowledge regarding

Installation of Adobe Acrobat Reader

Where to find information

The following documents are provided to assist in finding desired information

COBI CD The COBI CD (Compendium of Background Information) provides you with

Online Help system

1 Photometric technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3

This chapter provides you with an overview of the application of photometric

In this chapter Chapter 1

General photometer characteristics

An illustration of the light path is shown below.

A Grating F Reaction cell and contents K Infrared cut filter

Figure A-1 Photometer lightpath

Figure A-2 Bichromatic absorbance

2 ISE unit - Ion selective electrode principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3

ISE unit - Ion selective electrode principles

In this chapter Chapter 2

The ISE unit performs indirect measurement of electromotive force (EMF) in

Calculation of unknown sample concentrations

The concentration of the sodium, potassium, and chloride in a sample is calculated

Equation B-1 C s = C.Value + C IS × 10 ( E s – E IS ) ⁄ S

Cs Concentration of the specific ion in sample

C.Value Compensation value

C IS Concentration of the internal standard

In this chapter Chapter 3

Antigen readdition method ............................................................................... B-39

Types of photometric assays

There are two fundamental types of photometric assays on this instrument:

Assay types and measure points

Fundamental assay type Assay type Characteristic

e For more information on endpoint assays, see:

Figure B-1 Photometer measure points

Displaying assay type and measure points

Figure B-2 Analyze tab on Utility > Application screen

a To view the assay type and measure points for a test

Comprehensive assay descriptions

Example of a 2 Point End assay

Figure B-3 2 Point End assay graph

C1, C2, ... The reaction cell's water blank values(a)

R1 Pipetting of reagent at R1 timing

R2 Pipetting of reagent at R2 timing

mp 1 1st photometric measure point (sample blank)

mp 2 2nd photometric measure point (endpoint)

Amp1 , Amp 2 Absorbances at measure point 1 and measure point 2

(a) See Cell Blank Measurement report on page B-21.

Entries on Utility >

Figure B-4 Entries on Utility > Application > Analyze

* (PRIMARY) - (SECONDARY) *

* (PRIMARY)-(SECONDARY) *

* (PRIMARY)-(SECONDARY) *