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2
NON RESIDENT TAXATION

LEARNING OUTCOMES
After studying this Chapter, you will be able to –
 determine the residential status of different persons and examine the scope of income
taxable in the hands of non-residents;
 determine the residential status of a company, other than an Indian company, based on
Place of Effective Management (POEM);
 identify whether a particular income is exempt in the hands of a non-resident based on the
provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961;
 compute the profits and gains from shipping business, business of operation of aircraft,
business of civil construction etc. in certain turnkey power projects in the case of non-
corporate non-residents and foreign company applying the presumptive tax provisions under
the Income-tax Act, 1961;
 determine the quantum of head office expenditure allowable as deduction, in the case of non-
residents;
 determine the tax payable by non-residents on dividend, royalty and fees for technical
service applying the special provisions of Chapter XII;
 determine the tax payable by non-residents applying the special provisions relating to certain
incomes of non-residents prescribed under Chapter XII-A;
 examine the withholding tax provisions to determine the tax, if any, required to be deducted
at source on certain payments made to non-residents;
 compute the total income of non-residents and tax payable thereon, applying the general
provisions and special provisions applicable to non-residents under the Income-tax Act, 1961;
 Integrate, analyse and apply the relevant provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961 to make
computations and address related issues.
© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

2.2 INTERNATIONAL TAXATION
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Taxation of cross-border transactions are generally based on the two concepts:
1. Residence based taxation
2. Source based taxation
Residence based taxation: The concept of residence-based taxation asserts that natural persons
or individuals are taxable in the country or tax jurisdiction in which they establish their residence or
domicile, regardless of the source of income. In case of companies, the place of incorporation or
the place of effective management is generally considered as its place of residence.
Source based taxation: According to this concept, a country considers certain income as taxable
income, if such income arises within its jurisdiction. Such income is taxed in the country of source
regardless of the residence of the taxpayer.
The overview of residence and source rules in India may largely be gathered from sections 5, 6 &
9 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. While residents are taxable on global income, non-residents are
taxed on their India-source income or income that is received in India or has accrued or deemed to
accrue in India.
2.2 IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

Before we proceed further, it is important to have a recap of some basic definitions given in
Section 2 of the Income-tax Act, 1961.
(1) Assessee [Section 2(7)]
“Assessee” means a person by whom any tax or any other sum of money is payable under this
Act. In addition, it includes —
(i) every person in respect of whom any proceeding under this Act has been taken for the
assessment of
(a) his income; or
(b) assessment of fringe benefits; or
(c) the income of any other person in respect of which he is assessable; or
(d) the loss sustained by him or by such other person; or
(e) the amount of refund due to him or to such other person.
(ii) every person who is deemed to be an assessee under any provision of this Act;
(iii) every person who is deemed to be an assessee in default under any provision of this Act.

NON RESIDENT TAXATION 2.3
(2) Person [Section 2(31)]

The definition of ‘assessee’ leads us to the definition of ‘person’ as the former is closely connected with
the latter. The term ‘person’ is important from another point of view also viz., the charge of income-tax
is on every ‘person’.
Person includes –
(i) an individual,
(ii) a Hindu undivided family (HUF),
(iii) a company,
(iv) a firm,
(v) an association of persons (AOPs) or a body of individuals (BOIs), whether incorporated or
not,
(vi) a local authority, and
(vii) every artificial juridical person e.g., idol or deity.
(3) Assessment year [Section 2(9)]
"Assessment year" means the period of 12 months commencing on the 1st day of April every year. The
year in which income is earned is previous year and such income is taxable in the immediately following
year which is the assessment year.
Income earned in the previous year 2018-19 is taxable in the assessment year 2019-20.
(4) Previous year [Section 3]
“Previous year" means the financial year immediately preceding the assessment year.
Business or profession newly set up during the financial year - In such a case, the previous
year shall be the period beginning on the date of setting up of the business or profession and
ending with 31st March of the said financial year.
If a source of income comes into existence in the said financial year, then, the previous year will
commence from the date on which the source of income newly comes into existence and will end
with 31st March of the financial year.
(5) Domestic Company [Section 2(22A)]
“Domestic company" means an Indian company, or any other company which, in respect of its
income liable to income-tax under this Act, has made the prescribed arrangements for the
declaration and payment, within India, of the dividends (including dividends on preference shares)
payable out of such income.

(6) Foreign Company [Section 2(23A)]

“Foreign company” means a company which is not a domestic company.
(7) India [Section 2(25A)]
"India" means the
- territory of India as referred to in article 1 of the Constitution,
- its territorial waters, seabed and subsoil underlying such waters,
- continental shelf,
- exclusive economic zone or
- any other specified maritime zone and the air space above its territory and territorial waters.
Specified maritime zone means the maritime zone as referred to in the Territorial Waters,
Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and other Maritime Zones Act, 1976.
(8) Resident [Section 2(42)]
Resident means a person who is resident in India within the meaning of section 6.
(9) Non-resident [Section 2(30)]
“Non-resident’’ means a person who is not a "resident", and for the purposes of sections 92 ,93 and
168 includes a person who is not ordinarily resident within the meaning of clause (6) of section 6.
Section Provision
92 Computation of income from international transaction having regard to Arm’s Length
Price (ALP). International transaction means a transaction between two or more
associated enterprises, either or both of whom are non-residents.
93 Avoidance of income-tax by transfer of assets resulting in transfer of income to non-
residents.
168 Determination of residential status of an Executor depending on the residential status
of deceased person.
(10) Transfer [Section2(47)]

"Transfer" in relation to a capital asset, includes,—
(i) the sale, exchange or relinquishment of the asset; or
(ii) the extinguishment of any rights therein; or
(iii) the compulsory acquisition thereof under any law; or

(iv) the owner of a capital asset may convert the same into the stock-in-trade of a business
carried on by him. Such conversion is treated as transfer; or
(v) the maturity or redemption of a zero coupon bond; or
(vi) possession of an immovable property in consideration of part-performance of a contract
referred to in section 53A of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882; or
(vii) any transaction (whether by way of becoming a member of, or acquiring shares in, a co-
operative society, company or other association of persons or by way of any agreement or
any arrangement or in any other manner whatsoever) which has the effect of transferring, or
enabling the enjoyment of, any immovable property.
2.3 CHARGE OF INCOME TAX [SECTION 4]

Where any Central Act enacts that income-tax shall be charged for any assessment year at any
rate or rates, income-tax at that rate or those rates shall be charged for that year in accordance
with, and subject to the provisions (including provisions for the levy of additional income-tax) of
this Act in respect of the total income of the previous year of every person [Section 4(1)].
However, where by virtue of any provision of this Act income-tax is to be charged in respect of the
income of a period other than the previous year, income-tax shall be charged accordingly. Further,
in respect of income chargeable under section 4(1), income-tax shall be deducted at source or
paid in advance, where it is so deductible or payable under any provision of this Act.
Thus, the charging section provides that
(a) income-tax shall be charged at the rate or rates prescribed in the Finance Act for the
relevant previous year
Rates of tax, surcharge and cess for foreign companies

Rate of Tax: Foreign Companies are taxable at the rate of 40%. This would further be increased
by surcharge, if applicable, and health and education cess (HEC)
Surcharge: Surcharge at the rate of 2% of such income-tax would be attracted, where the
total income exceeds ` 1 crore but does not exceed ` 10 crores. Surcharge at the rate of
5% of such income tax would be attracted, where the total income exceeds ` 10 crores.
Health and Education Cess (HEC): Health and Education cess @4% of income-tax plus
surcharge, if applicable, would be attracted irrespective of the level of income.
Note: For non-corporate non-residents, the rates are same as the rates applicable to residents.
However, the higher basic exemption limit for resident individuals of the age of 60 years and
above and 80 years and above at any time during the previous year would not be available for
non-resident individuals.

(b) the charge of tax is on various persons specified in Section 2(31).

(c) the income sought to be taxed is that of the previous year and not of the of assessment
year (there are certain exceptions provided by sections 172, 174, 174A, 175 and 176); and
(d) the levy of tax on the assessee is on his total income computed in accordance with and
subject to the appropriate provisions of the Income-tax Act, including provisions for the levy
of additional income-tax.
2.4 RESIDENTIAL STATUS AND SCOPE OF TOTAL

INCOME
(1) Residential Status [Section 6]
The tax incidence and imposition of tax is dependent upon the residential status of a person.
Therefore, the identification and classification of the residence of a person is one of the first steps
to be carried out in order to proceed with the assessing of income of a person. The rules for
determining the residential status of a person is governed by section 6 of Income-tax Act. For all
purposes of income-tax, taxpayers are classified into three broad categories on the basis of their
residential status viz.
(i) Resident and ordinarily resident (ROR)
(ii) Resident but not ordinarily resident (RNOR)
(iii) Non-resident
(i) Residential status of an individual
As per Section 6(1) an individual is said to be resident in India in any previous year if he satisfies
any one of the following conditions:
(a) He has been in India during the previous year for a total period of 182 days or more; or
(b) He has been in India during the 4 years immediately preceding the previous year for total
period of 365 days or more and has been in India for at least 60 days in the previous year.
If the individual satisfies any one of the conditions mentioned above he is a resident. If the
individual does not satisfy both the conditions he is said to be non-resident.
Exceptions:
The following categories of individuals will be treated as resident in India only if the period of their
stay during the relevant previous year amounts to 182 days. In other words, even if such persons
were in India for 60 days or more (but less than 182 days) in the relevant previous year, they will
not be treated as resident due to the reason that their stay in India was for 365 days or more
during the 4 immediately preceding years.

(a) Indian citizen, who leaves India during the previous year as a member of the crew of an
Indian ship or for the purposes of employment outside India, or
(b) Indian citizen or a person of Indian origin1, who, being outside India and comes on a visit to
India during the previous year.
Resident and ordinarily resident/ Resident but not ordinarily resident
Only individuals and HUF can be resident but not ordinarily resident in India. All other classes of
assessees can be either a resident or non-resident. A not-ordinarily resident person is one who satisfies
any one of the conditions specified under section 6(6).
(i) If such individual has been non-resident in India in any 9 out of the 10 previous years
preceding the relevant previous year, or
(ii) If such individual has during the 7 previous years preceding the relevant previous year been
in India for a period of 729 days or less.
Note: In simpler terms, an individual is said to be a resident and ordinarily resident if he

satisfies both the following conditions:
(i) He is a resident in any 2 out of the last 10 years preceding the relevant previous year, and
(ii) His total stay in India in the last 7 years preceding the relevant previous year is 730 days or
more.
If the individual satisfies both the conditions mentioned above, he is a resident and ordinarily
resident but if only one or none of the conditions are satisfied, the individual is a resident but not
ordinarily resident.
How to determine period of stay in India for an Indian citizen, being a crew member?
In case of foreign bound ships where the destination of the voyage is outside India, there was
uncertainty regarding the manner and the basis of determining the period of stay in India for an Indian
citizen, being a crew member.
To remove this uncertainty, Explanation 2 has been inserted in section 6(1) to provide that in the case
of an Individual, being a citizen of India and a member of the crew of a foreign bound ship leaving India,
the period or periods of stay in India shall, in respect of such voyage, be determined in the prescribed
manner and subject to the prescribed conditions.
Accordingly, the CBDT has vide, Notification No. 70/2015 dated 17.8.2015, inserted Rule 126 in the
Income-tax Rules, 1962 to compute the period of stay in such cases.
1
A person is said to be of Indian origin if he or either of his parents or either of his grandparents were born in
undivided India

According to Rule 126, for the purposes of section 6(1), in case of an individual, being a citizen of India
and a member of the crew of a ship, the period or periods of stay in India shall, in respect of an eligible
voyage, not include the following period:
Period to be excluded
Period commencing from Period ending on
the date entered into the Continuous and the date entered into the Continuous
Discharge Certificate in respect of joining Discharge Certificate in respect of signing off
the ship by the said individual for the eligible by that individual from the ship in respect of
voyage such voyage.
Meaning of certain terms:
Terms Meaning
(a) Continuous This term has the meaning assigned to it in the Merchant Shipping
Discharge (Continuous Discharge Certificate-cum Seafarer’s Identity Document)
Certificate Rules, 2001 made under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958.
(b) Eligible voyage A voyage undertaken by a ship engaged in the carriage of passengers or
freight in international traffic where –
(i) for the voyage having originated from any port in India, has as its
destination any port outside India; and
(ii) for the voyage having originated from any port outside India, has as its
destination any port in India.’.
Important points:
1. Residential status is to be determined on year to year basis
2. The term “stay in India” includes stay in the territorial waters of India (i.e. 12 nautical miles into the
sea from the Indian coastline). Even the stay in a ship or boat moored in the territorial waters of
India would be sufficient to make the individual resident in India.
3. The residence of an individual for income-tax purpose has nothing to do with citizenship, place of
birth or domicile. An individual can, therefore, be resident in more countries than one even though
he can have only one domicile.
4. For the purpose of counting the number of days stayed in India, both the date of departure as well
as the date of arrival are considered to be in India.
5. It is not necessary that the period of stay must be continuous or active nor is it essential that the
stay should be at the usual place of residence, business or employment of the individual.

(ii) Residential status of a HUF, firm, AOPs/BOIs, local authorities and artificial
juridical persons
Resident: These persons would be resident in India if the control and management of their affairs
is situated wholly or partly in India.
Non-resident: If the control and management of the affairs is situated wholly outside India, they would
become a non-resident.
Control and Management of HUF: It is with Karta or its Manager.
Control and Management of Firm/AOPs: It is with Partners/Members.
A HUF can be Resident and ordinarily resident (ROR) or Resident but not ordinarily resident (RNOR)
If Karta of resident HUF satisfies both the following additional conditions (as applicable in case of
individual) then, resident HUF will be Resident and ordinarily resident, otherwise it will be Resident but
not ordinarily resident.
Additional Conditions:
(a) Karta of Resident HUF should be resident in at least 2 previous years out of 10 previous
years immediately preceding relevant previous year.
(b) Stay of Karta during 7 previous year immediately preceding relevant previous year should be
730 days or more.
Firms, association of persons, local authorities and other artificial juridical persons can be either
resident or non-resident but they cannot be resident but not ordinarily resident in India.
Meaning of the term “control and management”:

 The expression ‘control and management’ referred to under section 6 refers to the central control
and management and not to the carrying on of day-to-day business by servants, employees or
agents.
 The business may be done from outside India and yet its control and management may be wholly
within India. Therefore, control and management of a business is said to be situated at a place
where the head and brain of the adventure is situated.
 The place of control may be different from the usual place of running the business and sometimes
even the registered office of the assessee. This is because the control and management of a
business need not necessarily be done from the place of business or from the registered office of
the assessee.
 But control and management do imply the functioning of the controlling and directing power at a
particular place with some degree of permanence.

(iii) Residential status of a Company

With effect from Assessment year 2017-18, a company would be resident in India in any previous year,
if-
(i) it is an Indian company; or
(ii) its place of effective management, in that year, is in India.
“Place of effective management” means a place where key management and commercial decisions
that are necessary for the conduct of the business of an entity as a whole are, in substance made
[Explanation to section 6(3)].
Guiding Principles for determination of Place of Effective management (‘POEM’) of a Company,
other than an Indian company – [Circular No. 6/2017, dated 24.01.2017 & Circular No. 8/2017,
dated 23-02-2017]:
Place of effective management' (POEM) is an internationally recognised test for determination of
residence of a company incorporated in a foreign jurisdiction. Most of the tax treaties entered into
by India recognises the concept of 'place of effective management' for determination of residence
of a company as a tie-breaker rule for avoidance of double taxation.
The CBDT has laid down the following guiding principles to be followed for determination of POEM.
Concept of Substance over form
Any determination of the POEM will depend upon the facts and circumstances of a given case.
The POEM concept is one of substance over form. It may be noted that an entity may have more
than one place of management, but it can have only one place of effective management at any
point of time. Since “residence” is to be determined for each year, POEM will also be required to
be determined on year to year basis.
Whether the company is engaged in active business outside India? - An important criterion for
determination of POEM
The process of determination of POEM would be primarily based on the fact as to whether or not the
company is engaged in active business outside India.
A company shall be said to be engaged in 'active business outside India'
- if passive income is not more than 50% of its total income, and
- less than 50% of its total asset are situated in India; and
- less than 50% of total number of employees are situated in India or are resident in India; and
- the payroll expenses incurred on such employees is less than 50% of its total payroll
expenditure.


Term Meaning
Income (a) As computed for tax purpose in accordance with the laws of the country of
incorporation; or
(b) As per books of account, where the laws of the country of incorporation
does not require such a computation.
Value of (a) In case of an individually The average of its value for tax
assets depreciable asset purposes in the country of incorporation
of the company at the beginning and at
end of the previous year; and
(b) In case of pool of fixed The average of its value for tax
asset, being treated as a purposes in the country of incorporation
block for depreciation of the company at the beginning and at
end of the year;
(c) In case of any other asset Value as per books of account
Number of The average of the number of employees as at the beginning and at the end of
employees the year and shall include persons, who though not employed directly by the
company, perform tasks similar to those performed by the employees.
Pay roll This term includes the cost of salaries, wages, bonus and all other employee
compensation including related pension and social costs borne by the
employer.
Passive It is the aggregate of, -
income (i) income from the transactions where both the purchase and sale of goods
is from/to its associated enterprises; and
(ii) income by way of royalty, dividend, capital gains, interest or rental income;
However, any income by way of interest shall not be considered to be passive
income in case of a company which is engaged in the business of banking or is
a public financial institution, and its activities are regulated as such under the
applicable laws of the country of incorporation.
Place of Effective Management:

(i) In case of Companies engaged in Active Business outside India
POEM of a company engaged in active business shall be presumed to be outside India if the
majority of the board meeting are held outside India.
However, in case the Board is not exercising its powers of management and such powers are
being exercised by either the holding company or any other person, resident in India, then POEM
shall be considered to be in India.

For this purpose, merely because the Board of Directors (BOD) follows general and objective
principles of global policy of the group laid down by the parent entity which may be in the field
of Pay roll functions, Accounting, Human resource (HR) functions, IT infrastructure and
network platforms, Supply chain functions, Routine banking operational procedures, and not
being specific to any entity or group of entities per se; would not constitute a case of BoD of
companies standing aside.
CBDT Circular No. 25/2017, dated 23.10.2017 clarifies that so long as the Regional
Headquarter operates for subsidiaries/ group companies in a region within the general and
objective principles of global policy of the group laid down by the parent entity in the field
of Pay roll functions, Accounting, HR functions, IT infrastructure and network platforms,
Supply chain functions, Routine banking operational procedures, and not being specific to
any entity or group of entities per se; it would, in itself, not constitute a case of BoD of
companies standing aside and such activities of Regional Headquarter in India alone will
not be a basis for establishment of PoEM for such subsidiaries/ group companies.
It is further mentioned in the said Circular that the provisions of General Anti-Avoidance
Rule contained in Chapter X-A of the Income-tax Act, 1961 may get triggered in such cases
where the above clarification is found to be used for abusive/ aggressive tax planning.
For the purpose of determining whether the company is engaged in active business outside India,
the average of the data of the previous year and two years prior to that shall be taken into account.
In case the company has been in existence for a shorter period, then data of such period shall be
considered. Where the accounting year for tax purposes, in accordance with laws of country of
incorporation of the company, is different from the previous year, then, data of the accounting year
that ends during the relevant previous year and two accounting years preceding it shall be
considered.
The final guidelines have clarified that mere following of global policies laid down by the Indian
holding company would not constitute that Board is standing aside.
(ii) In case Companies not engaged in active business outside India
The guidelines provide a two stage process for determination of POEM in case of companies not
engaged in active business.
(a) First stage: Identifying the person(s) who actually make the key management and commercial
decisions for the conduct of the company as a whole.
(b) Second stage: Determine the place where these decisions are, in fact, being made.
The place where these management decisions are taken would be more important than
the place where such decisions are implemented. For the purpose of determination of
POEM, it is the substance which would be conclusive rather than the form.

The conditions specified in the circular are depicted in the flow charts below:
The determination of POEM is based on the following categorization of

foreign companies:
Active Business Outside India (Business Test)
Companies fulfilling the test of Companies other than those

ABOI fulfilling the test of ABOI
 POEM outside India, if majority

Stage 1: Identification of persons who
BOD meetings are held outside
India actually make the key management and
commercial decision for conduct of the
 If de facto decision making company’s business as a whole
authority is not BOD but Indian
parent or resident, POEM shall be in Stage 2: Determination of place where
India these decisions are, in fact, made
What is ABOI test?
Its passive income* (wherever earned) is 50% or less of its

total income
A company is said
to be engaged in Less than 50% of its total assets situated in India
ABOI, if it fulfills
the cumulative
conditions of:
Less than 50% of the total number of employees are
situated in India or are residents in India
Payroll expenses incurred on such employees are less than

50% of its total payroll expenditure

* Passive income of a company shall be aggregate of:

(i) Income from the transactions where both the purchase and sale of goods is from/ to its
associated enterprises; and
(ii) income by way of royalty, dividend, capital gains, interest (except for banking
companies and public financial institutions) or rental income whether or not involving
associated enterprises
Some of the guiding principles which may be taken into account for determining the POEM
are as follows:
(a) Location where the Board of Directors meet and makes decisions: This location may be
the place of effective management of a company provided, the Board –
(i) retains and exercises its authority to govern the company; and
(ii) does, in substance, make the key management and commercial decisions necessary for
the conduct of the company’s business as a whole.
It may be mentioned that mere formal holding of board meetings at a place would by itself not
be conclusive for determination of POEM being located at that place. If the key decisions by
the directors are in fact being taken in a place other than the place where the formal
meetings are held then such other place would be relevant for POEM.
As an example this may be the case where the board meetings are held in a location distinct
from the place where head office of the company is located or such location is unconnected
with the place where the predominant activity of the company is being carried out.
If a Board has de facto delegated the authority to make the key management and commercial
decisions for the company to the senior management or any other person including a
shareholder, promoter, strategic or legal or financial advisor etc. and does nothing more than
routinely ratifying the decisions that have been made, the company’s place of effective
management will ordinarily be the place where these senior managers or the other person
make those decisions.
“Senior Management” in respect of a company means the person or persons who are
generally responsible for developing and formulating key strategies and policies for the
company and for ensuring or overseeing the execution and implementation of those
strategies on a regular and on-going basis. While designation may vary, these persons may
include:
(i) Managing Director or Chief Executive Officer;
(ii) Financial Director or Chief Financial Officer;
(iii) Chief Operating Officer; and

(iv) The heads of various divisions or departments (for example, Chief Information or Technology
Officer, Director for Sales or Marketing).
(b) Location of Executive Committee, in case powers are delegated by the Board: A
company’s board may delegate some or all of its authority to one or more committees such as
an executive committee consisting of key members of senior management. In these
situations, the location where the members of the executive committee are based and where
that committee develops and formulates the key strategies and policies for mere formal
approval by the full board will often be considered to be the company’s place of effective
management.
The delegation of authority may be either de jure (by means of a formal resolution or Shareholder
Agreement) or de facto (based upon the actual conduct of the board and the executive
committee).
(c) Location of Head Office: The location of a company’s head office will be a very important
factor in the determination of the company’s place of effective management because it often
represents the place where key company decisions are made. The following points need to
be considered for determining the location of the head office of the company:-
If the company’s senior management and their support staff are based in a single location
and that location is held out to the public as the company’s principal place of business or
headquarters then that location is the place where head office is located.
If the company is more decentralized (for example where various members of senior
management may operate, from time to time, at offices located in the various countries) then
the company’s head office would be the location where these senior managers,-
(i) are primarily or predominantly based; or
(ii) normally return to following travel to other locations; or
(iii) meet when formulating or deciding key strategies and policies for the company as a
whole.
Members of the senior management may operate from different locations on a more or less
permanent basis and the members may participate in various meetings via telephone or
video conferencing rather than by being physically present at meetings in a particular
location. In such situation the head office would normally be the location, if any, where the
highest level of management (for example, the Managing Director and Financial Director) and
their direct support staff are located.
In situations where the senior management is so decentralised that it is not possible to
determine the company’s head office with a reasonable degree of certainty, the location of a
company’s head office would not be of much relevance in determining that company’s place
of effective management.

“Head Office” of a company would be the place where the company's senior
management and their direct support staff are located or, if they are located at more than
one location, the place where they are primarily or predominantly located. A company’s
head office is not necessarily the same as the place where the majority of its employees
work or where its board typically meets.
(d) Use of modern technology: The use of modern technology impacts the place of effective
management in many ways. It is no longer necessary for the persons taking decision to be
physically present at a particular location. Therefore physical location of board meeting or
executive committee meeting or meeting of senior management may not be where the key
decisions are in substance being made. In such cases the place where the directors or the
persons taking the decisions or majority of them usually reside may also be a relevant factor.
(e) Decision via circular resolution or round robin voting: In case of circular resolution or
round robin voting the factors like, the frequency with which it is used, the type of decisions
made in that manner and where the parties involved in those decisions are located etc. are to
be considered. It cannot be said that proposer of decision alone would be relevant but based
on past practices and general conduct; it would be required to determine the person who has
the authority and who exercises the authority to take decisions. The place of location of such
person would be more important.
(f) Decisions made by Shareholders are not relevant factor in determination of POEM: The
decisions made by shareholder on matters which are reserved for shareholder decision under
the company laws are not relevant for determination of a company’s place of effective
management. Such decisions may include sale of all or substantially all of the company’s
assets, the dissolution, liquidation or deregistration of the company, the modification of the
rights attaching to various classes of shares or the issue of a new class of shares etc. These
decisions typically affect the existence of the company itself or the rights of the shareholders
as such, rather than the conduct of the company’s business from a management or
commercial perspective and are therefore, generally not relevant for the determination of a
company’s place of effective management.
However, the shareholder’s involvement can, in certain situations, turn into that of effective
management. This may happen through a formal arrangement by way of shareholder
agreement etc. or may also happen by way of actual conduct. As an example if the
shareholders limit the authority of board and senior managers of a company and thereby
remove the company’s real authority to make decision then the shareholder guidance
transforms into usurpation and such undue influence may result in effective management
being exercised by the shareholder.
Therefore, whether the shareholder involvement is crossing the line into that of effective
management is one of fact and has to be determined on case-to-case basis only.

(g) Day to day routine operational decisions are not relevant for determination of POEM: It
may be clarified that day to day routine operational decisions undertaken by junior and
middle management shall not be relevant for the purpose of determination of POEM. The
operational decisions relate to the oversight of the day-to-day business operations and
activities of a company whereas the key management and commercial decision are
concerned with broader strategic and policy decision. For example, a decision to open a
major new manufacturing facility or to discontinue a major product line would be examples of
key commercial decisions affecting the company’s business as a whole. By contrast,
decisions by the plant manager appointed by senior management to run that facility,
concerning repairs and maintenance, the implementation of company-wide quality
controls and human resources policies, would be examples of routine operational
decisions. In certain situations it may happen that person responsible for operational
decision is the same person who is responsible for the key management and commercial
decision. In such cases it will be necessary to distinguish the two type of decisions and
thereafter assess the location where the key management and commercial decisions are
taken.
If the above factors do not lead to clear identification of POEM then the final guidelines
provide that following secondary factors may be considered:
 Place where main and substantial activity of the company is carried out; or
 Place where the accounting records of the company are kept.
It needs to be emphasized that the determination of POEM is to be based on all relevant
facts related to the management and control of the company, and is not to be determined on
the basis of isolated facts that by itself do not establish effective management, as illustrated
by the following examples:
(i) The fact that a foreign company is completely owned by an Indian company will not be
conclusive evidence that the conditions for establishing POEM in India have been
satisfied.
(ii) The fact that there exists a Permanent Establishment of a foreign entity in India would
itself not be conclusive evidence that the conditions for establishing POEM in India have
been satisfied.
(iii) The fact that one or some of the Directors of a foreign company reside in India will not
be conclusive evidence that the conditions for establishing POEM in India have been
satisfied.
(iv) The fact of, local management being situated in India in respect of activities carried out
by a foreign company in India will not, by itself, be conclusive evidence that the
conditions for establishing POEM have been satisfied.

(v) The existence in India of support functions that are preparatory and auxiliary in
character will not be conclusive evidence that the conditions for establishing POEM in
India have been satisfied.
It is reiterated that the above principles for determining the POEM are for guidance only. No single
principle will be decisive in itself. The above principles are not to be seen with reference to any
particular moment in time rather activities performed over a period of time, during the previous
year, need to be considered.
In other words, a “snapshot” approach is not to be adopted. Further, based on the facts and
circumstances if it is determined that during the previous year the POEM is in India and also
outside India then POEM shall be presumed to be in India if it has been mainly /predominantly in
India
The CBDT also clarified that the Assessing Officer (AO) shall, before initiating any proceedings for
holding a company incorporated outside India, on the basis of its POEM, as being resident in India,
seek prior approval of the Principal Commissioner or the Commissioner, as the case may be.
Further, in case the AO proposes to hold a company incorporated outside India, on the basis of its
POEM, as being resident in India then any such finding shall be given by the AO after seeking
prior approval of the collegium of three members consisting of the Principal Commissioners or the
Commissioners, as the case may be, to be constituted by the Principal Chief Commissioner of the
region concerned, in this regard. The collegium so constituted shall provide an opportunity of being
heard to the company before issuing any directions in the matter.
Example 1: Company A Co. is a sourcing entity, for an Indian multinational group, incorporated in
country X and is 100% subsidiary of Indian company (B Co.). The warehouses and stock in them
are the only assets of the company and are located in country X. All the employees of the
company are also in country X. The average income wise breakup of the company’s total income
for three years is, -
(i) 30% of income is from transaction where purchases are made from parties which are non-
associated enterprises and sold to associated enterprises;
(ii) 30% of income is from transaction where purchases are made from associated enterprises
and sold to associated enterprises;
(iii) 30% of income is from transaction where purchases are made from associated enterprises
and sold to non-associated enterprises; and
(iv) 10% of the income is by way of interest.
Interpretation: In this case, passive income is 40% of the total income of the company. The
passive income consists of, -
(i) 30% income from the transaction where both purchase and sale is from/to associated
enterprises; and

(ii) 10% income from interest.

The A Co. satisfies the first requirement of the test of active business outside India. Since no
assets or employees of A Co. are in India the other requirements of the test is also satisfied.
Therefore, company is engaged in active business outside India.
Example 2: The other facts remain same as that in Example 1 with the variation that A Co. has a
total of 50 employees. 47 employees, managing the warehouse, storekeeping and accounts of the
company, are located in country X. The Managing Director (MD), Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
and sales head are resident in India. The total annual payroll expenditure on these 50 employees
is of ` 5 crore. The annual payroll expenditure in respect of MD, CEO and sales head is of ` 3
crore.
Interpretation: Although the first limb of active business test is satisfied by A Co. as only 40% of
its total income is passive in nature. Further, more than 50% of the employees are also situated
outside India. All the assets are situated outside India. However, the payroll expenditure in respect
of the MD, the CEO and the sales head being employees resident in India exceeds 50% of the
total payroll expenditure. Therefore, A Co. is not engaged in active business outside India.
Example 3: The basic facts are same as in Example 1. Further facts are that all the directors of
the A Co. are Indian residents. During the relevant previous year 5 meetings of the Board of
Directors is held of which two were held in India and 3 outside India with two in country X and one
in country Y.
Interpretation: The A Co. is engaged in active business outside India as the facts indicated in Example
1 establish. The majority of board meetings have been held outside India. Therefore, the POEM of A
Co. shall be presumed to be outside India.
Example 4: The facts are same as in Example 3 but it is established by the Assessing Officer that
although A Co.’s senior management team signs all the contracts, for all the contracts above ` 10
lakh the A Co. must submit its recommendation to B Co. and B Co. makes the decision whether or
not the contract may be accepted. It is also seen that during the previous year more than 99% of
the contracts are above ` 10 lakh and over past years also the same trend in respect of value
contribution of contracts above ` 10 lakh is seen.
Interpretation: These facts suggest that the effective management of the A Co. may have been
usurped by the parent company B Co. Therefore, POEM of A Co. may in such cases be not
presumed to be outside India even though A Co. is engaged in active business outside India and
majority of board meeting are held outside India.
Example 5: An Indian multinational group has a local holding company A Co. in country X. The A
Co. also has 100% downstream subsidiaries B Co. and C Co. in country X and D Co. in country Y.
The A Co. has income only by way of dividend and interest from investments made in its
subsidiaries. The Place of Effective Management of A Co. is in India and is exercised by ultimate
parent company of the group. The subsidiaries B, C and D are engaged in active business outside

India. The meetings of Board of Director of B Co., C Co. and D Co. are held in country X and Y
respectively.
Interpretation: Merely because the POEM of an intermediate holding company is in India, the
POEM of its subsidiaries shall not be taken to be in India. Each subsidiary has to be examined
separately. As indicated in the facts since B Co., C Co., and D Co. are independently engaged in
active business outside India and majority of Board meetings of these companies are also held
outside India. The POEM of B Co., C Co., and D Co. shall be presumed to be outside India.
Further, the CBDT vide Circular no. 8/2017 dated 23.02.2017 also clarified that POEM guidelines
shall not apply to a company having turnover or gross receipts of ` 50 crores or less in a
financial year.
Transition Mechanism for a company incorporated outside India and has not been assessed
to tax earlier [Chapter XII-BC – Section 115JH]
A transition mechanism for a company which is incorporated outside India, which has not been
assessed to tax in India earlier and has become resident in India for the first time due to
application of POEM, has been provided in Chapter XII-BC comprising of section 115JH.
(a) Accordingly, the Central Government is empowered to notify exception, modification and
adaptation subject to which, the provisions of the Act relating to computation of income,
treatment of unabsorbed depreciation, set-off or carry forward and set off of losses, special
provision relating to avoidance of tax and the collection and recovery of taxes shall apply in a
case where a foreign company is said to be resident in India due to its POEM being in India
for the first time and the said company has never been resident in India before.
(b) In a case where the determination regarding foreign company to be resident in India has
been made in the assessment proceedings relevant to any previous year, then, these
transition provisions would also cover any subsequent previous year, if the foreign company
is resident in India in that previous year and the previous year ends on or before the date on
which such assessment proceeding is completed. In effect, the transition provisions would
also cover any subsequent amendment upto the date of determination of POEM in an
assessment proceeding. However, once the transition is complete, then, normal provisions of
the Act would apply.
(c) In the notification issued by the Central Government, certain conditions including procedural
conditions subject to which these adaptations shall apply can be provided for and in case of
failure to comply with the conditions, the benefit of such notification would not be available to
the foreign company.

Accordingly, where in a previous year, any benefit, exemption or relief has been claimed and
granted to the foreign company in accordance with the notification, and subsequently, there
is failure to comply with any of the conditions specified therein, then –
(i) the benefit, exemption or relief shall be deemed to have been wrongly allowed;
(ii) the Assessing Officer may re-compute the total income of the assessee for the said
previous year and make the necessary amendment as if the exceptions, modifications
and adaptations as per the notification does not apply; and
(iii) the provisions of section 154 shall, so far as may be, apply thereto and the period of four
years for rectification of mistake apparent from the record has to be reckoned from the
end of the previous year in which the failure to comply with the condition stipulated in
the notification takes place.
(d) Every notification issued in exercise of this power by the Central Government shall be laid
before each house of the Parliament.
(e) Accordingly, in exercise of the power under section 115JH(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961,the
Central Government has, vide notification No. 29/2018, dated 22nd June, 2018, specified the
exceptions, modifications and adaptions subject to which, the provisions of the Act relating to
computation of income, treatment of unabsorbed depreciation, set-off or carry forward and
set off of losses, special provision relating to avoidance of tax and the collection and
recovery of taxes shall apply in a case where a foreign company is said to be resident in
India in any previous year on account of its POEM being in India and the such foreign
company has not been resident in India before the said previous year.
Particulars Provisions
Determination If the foreign company is assessed to tax in the foreign jurisdiction

of opening
Where depreciation is required to be taken into account for the
WDV
purpose of computation of its taxable income, the WDV of the
depreciable asset as per the tax record in the foreign country on the 1st
day of the previous year shall be adopted as the opening WDV for the
said previous year.
Where WDV is not available as per tax records, the WDV shall be
calculated assuming that the asset was installed, utilised and the
depreciation was actually allowed as per the provisions of the laws of
that foreign jurisdiction. The WDV so arrived at as on the 1st day of the
previous year shall be adopted to be the opening WDV for the said
previous year.

If the foreign company is not assessed to tax in the foreign jurisdiction

WDV of the depreciable asset as appearing in the books of account as on
the 1st day of the previous year maintained in accordance with the laws of
that foreign jurisdiction shall be adopted as the opening WDV for the said
previous year.
Brought If the foreign company is assessed to tax in the foreign jurisdiction

forward loss
Brought forward loss and unabsorbed depreciation as per the tax record
and
shall be determined year wise on the 1st day of the said previous year.
unabsorbed
depreciation If the foreign company is not assessed to tax in the foreign jurisdiction
Brought forward loss and unabsorbed depreciation as per the books of

account prepared in accordance with the laws of that country shall be
determined year wise on the 1st day of the said previous year.
Other provisions
Such brought forward loss and unabsorbed depreciation shall be
deemed as loss and unabsorbed depreciation brought forward as on the
1st day of the said previous year and shall be allowed to be set off and
carried forward in accordance with the provisions of the Act for the
remaining period calculated from the year in which they occurred for the
first time taking that year as the first year.
However, the losses and unabsorbed depreciation of the foreign company
shall be allowed to be set off only against such income of the foreign
company which has become chargeable to tax in India on account of it
becoming resident in India due to application of POEM.
In cases where the brought forward loss and unabsorbed depreciation
originally adopted in India are revised or modified in the foreign jurisdiction
due to any action of the tax or legal authority, the amount of the loss and
unabsorbed depreciation shall be revised or modified for the purposes of set
off and carry forward in India.
Period of The foreign company is required to prepare profit and loss account and
profit and balance sheet for the period starting from the date on which the accounting
loss account year immediately following said accounting year begins, upto 31st March

and balance of the year immediately preceding the period beginning with 1st April and
sheet in ending on 31st March during which the foreign company has become
cases where resident.
accounting
The foreign company is also required to prepare profit and loss account
year of
and balance sheet for succeeding periods of twelve months, beginning
foreign
from 1st April and ending on 31st March, till the year the foreign company
company
remains resident in India on account of its POEM.
does not end
on 31st March Examples:
Example 1: If the accounting year of the foreign company is a calendar
year and the company becomes resident in India during P.Y. 2018-19 for
the first time due to its POEM being in India, then, the company is required
to prepare profit and loss account and balance sheet for the period 1st
January, 2018 to 31st March, 2018. It is also required to prepare profit and
loss account and balance sheet for the period 1st April, 2018 to 31st March,
2019.
For the purpose of carry forward of loss and unabsorbed depreciation in this
case, since the period 1st January, 2018 to 31st March, 2018 is less than 6
months, it is to be included in the accounting year immediately preceding the
accounting year in which the foreign company is held to be resident in India
for the first time. Accordingly, the profit and loss and balance sheet of the 15
month period from 1 January, 2017 to 31st March, 2018 is to be prepared.
Example 2: If the accounting year of the foreign company is from 1st July
to 30th June and the company becomes resident in India during P.Y. 2018-
19 for the first time due to its POEM being in India, then, the company is
required to prepare profit and loss account and balance sheet for the
period 1st July, 2017 to 31st March, 2018. It is also required to prepare
profit and loss account and balance sheet for the period 1st April, 2018 to
31st March, 2019.
For the purpose of carry forward of loss and unabsorbed depreciation in this
case, since the period is more than 6 months, it is to be treated as a
separate accounting year.
The loss and unabsorbed depreciation as per tax record or books of

account, as the case may be, of the foreign company shall, be allocated on
proportionate basis.

Applicability Where more than one provision of Chapter XVII-B of the Act applies to the
of provisions foreign company as resident as well as foreign company, the provision
of Chapter applicable to the foreign company alone shall apply.
XVII-B (TDS
Compliance to those provisions of Chapter XVII-B of the Act as are
provisions)
applicable to the foreign company prior to its becoming Indian resident shall
be considered sufficient compliance to the provisions of said Chapter.
The provisions of section 195(2) relating to application to Assessing Officer
to determine the appropriate proportion of sum chargeable to tax shall apply
in such manner so as to include payment to the foreign company.
Availability of The foreign company shall be entitled to relief or deduction of taxes paid in
deduction accordance with the provisions of section 90 or section 91 of the Act.
under section
Where income on which foreign tax has been paid or deducted, is offered to
90 or 91
tax in more than one year, credit of foreign tax shall be allowed across those
(Foreign tax
years in the same proportion in which the income is offered to tax or
credit)
assessed to tax in India in respect of the income to which it relates and shall
be in accordance with the provisions of rule 128 of the Income-tax Rules,
1962 [Given as Annexure 4 at the end of this material].
Non The above exceptions, modifications and adaptations shall not apply in
applicability respect of such income of the foreign company which otherwise would have
of the been chargeable to tax in India, even if the foreign company had not become
notification Indian resident.
Applicability of In a case where the foreign company is said to be resident in India during a
the notification previous year, immediately succeeding a previous year during which it is
where foreign said to be resident in India; the exceptions, modifications and adaptations
company shall apply to the said previous year subject to the condition that the WDV,
becomes the brought forward loss and the unabsorbed depreciation to be adopted on
resident in the the 1st day of the previous year shall be those which have been arrived at
subsequent on the last day of the preceding previous year in accordance with the
previous year provisions of this notification.
also
No effect on Any transaction of the foreign company with any other person or entity under
other the Act shall not be altered only on the ground that the foreign company has
transactions become Indian resident.
Applicability Subject to the above exceptions, modifications and adaptions specifically

of other provided vide this notification, the foreign company shall continue to be
provisions treated as a foreign company even if it is said to be resident in India and all
relating to the provisions of the Act shall apply accordingly. Consequently, the
foreign provisions specifically applicable to,—
company
(i) a foreign company, shall continue to apply to it;
(ii) non-resident persons, shall not apply to it; and
(iii) the provisions specifically applicable to resident, shall apply to it.
Applicability In case of conflict between the provision applicable to the foreign company
of tax rate on as resident and the provision applicable to it as foreign company, the later
foreign shall generally prevail.
company
Therefore, the rate of tax in case of foreign company i.e., 40% shall remain
the same, i.e., rate of income-tax applicable to the foreign company even
though residency status of the foreign company changes from non-resident
to resident on the basis of POEM.
Applicability This notification shall be deemed to have come into force from the 1st April,
of notification 2017.
Meaning of The place of incorporation of the foreign company.

foreign
jurisdiction
Applicability of The rate of exchange for conversion into rupees of value expressed in
rule 115 of the foreign currency, wherever applicable, shall be in accordance with provision
Income-tax of rule 115 of the Income-tax Rules, 1962. [Given as Annexure 2 at the end
Rules, 1962. of this material]
Determination of Residential Status: A summary
Abbreviations used in the Flow Charts in pages 2.26 & 2.27

IC = Indian Citizen RPY = Relevant Previous Year
R = Resident NR = Non-resident
PPY = Preceding Previous Year AOP = Association of Persons
N & OR = Resident but Not Ordinarily Resident HUF = Hindu Undivided Family
ROR = Resident and Ordinarily Resident

Determination of Residential Status of Individual
Individual
Stayed in India Yes

< 60 days NR
No
Yes Stayed ≥ 182 days

Resident in RPY
No
Yes NR any 9 PPY

R & NOR
out of 10 PPY If Left for Employment
OR as Crew Member of
Indian Ship Yes
No
No
Yes Stayed ≤ 729
days during
Indian Citizen or a Yes
the 7 PPY
Person of Indian
Origin visiting India
during RPY
No
ROR No
Yes
No
Stayed ≥ 60 Days during
the RPY & ≥ 365 days
during the 4 PPY

Determination of Residential Status of HUF/ Firm/ AOP/ Company
HUF / FIRM / AOP Company
Control & Management

Yes
R Is it an Indian
Company?
No
Is it wholly or NR
partly in India?
No
Yes
Yes Is the Place of
R Effective Management
in India?
Resident HUF No
NR
Is the Karta NR Yes
in any 9 PPY
out of 10 PPY? RNOR
No
Is the Karta’s Yes

stay in India ≤
729 days during
the 7 PPYs?
Noo
HUF ROR

(2) Scope of Total Income [Section 5]

Section 5 provides the scope of total income in terms of the residential status of the assessee
because the incidence of tax on any person depends upon his residential status. The scope of
total income of an assessee depends upon the following three important considerations:
(i) the residential status of the assessee;
(ii) the place of accrual or receipt of income, whether actual or deemed; and
(iii) the point of time at which the income had accrued to or was received by or on behalf of the
assessee.
A non-resident’s total income under section 5(2) includes:
(i) income received or deemed to be received in India in the previous year; and
(ii) income which accrues or arises or is deemed to accrue or arise in India during the previous
year.
Clarification regarding liability to income-tax in India of a non-resident seafarer receiving

remuneration in NRE (non-resident external) account maintained with an Indian Bank
[Circular No.13/2017, dated 11.04.2017 and Circular no.17/2017, dated 26.04.2017]
Income by way of salary, received by non-resident seafarers, for services rendered outside India on-
board foreign ships, is being subjected to tax in India for the reason that the salary has been received
by the seafarer into the NRE bank account maintained in India by the seafarer. On receiving
representations in this regard, the CBDT examined the matter and noted that section 5(2)(a) of the
income-tax act, 1961 provides that only such income of a non-resident shall be subjected to tax in
India that is either received or is deemed to be received in India.
Accordingly, the CBDT has, vide this circular, clarified that that salary accrued to a non-resident
seafarer for services rendered outside India on a foreign going ship (with Indian flag or foreign
flag) shall not be included in the total income merely because the said salary has been credited in
the NRE account maintained with an Indian bank by the seafarer.
Note: All assessees, whether resident or not, are chargeable to tax in respect of their income accrued,
arisen, received or deemed to accrue, arise or to be received in India.
(i) Meaning of “Income received or deemed to be received”
All assessees are liable to tax in respect of the income received or deemed to be received by them
in India during the previous year irrespective of -
(i) their residential status, and
(ii) the place of its accrual.
Income is to be included in the total income of the assessee immediately on its actual or deemed

receipt. The receipt of income refers to only the first occasion when the recipient gets the money
under his control. Therefore, when once an amount is received as income, remittance or
transmission of that amount from one place or person to another does not constitute receipt of
income in the hands of the subsequent recipient or at the place of subsequent receipt.
Income deemed to be received in India [Section 7]
Contribution in excess of Contribution by the Amount transferred from

12% of salary to Recognised Central Government unrecognised provident fund
provident fund or interest or other employer to recognised provident fund
credited in excess of 9.5% p.a under a pension (being the employer's
(Annual accretion to the credit scheme referred u/s contribution and interest
of RPF) 80CCD thereon)
(ii) Meaning of income ‘accruing’ and ‘arising’

Accrue refers to the right to receive income, whereas due refers to the right to enforce payment
of the same. For e.g. salary for work done in December will accrue throughout the month, day to
day, but will become due on the salary bill being passed on 31st December or 1st January.
Similarly, on Government securities, interest payable on specified dates arise during the period
of holding, day to day, but will become due for payment on the specified dates.
Example: Interest on Government securities is usually payable on specified dates, say on 1st
January and 1st July. In all such cases, the interest would be said to accrue from 1st July to
31st December on 1st January, it will fall due for payment.
It must be noted that income which has been taxed on accrual basis cannot be assessed again
on receipt basis, as it will amount to double taxation.
With a view to removing difficulties and clarifying doubts in the taxation of income, Explanation 1 to
section 5 specifically provides that an item of income accruing or arising outside India shall not be
deemed to be received in India merely because it is taken into account in a balance sheet
prepared in India.
Further, Explanation 2 to section 5 makes it clear that once an item of income is included in the
assessee’s total income and subjected to tax on the ground of its accrual/deemed accrual or receipt, it
cannot again be included in the person’s total income and subjected to tax either in the same or in a
subsequent year on the ground of its receipt - whether actual or deemed.
(iii) Income deemed to accrue or arise in India [Section 9]
Under section 9, certain types of income are deemed to accrue or arise in India even though they
may actually accrue or arise outside India.

Income deemed to accrue or arise in

India [Clause (i), (ii), (iii) & (iv) Section
9(1) ]
Income accruing or Salary Salary payable Dividend

arising outside earned for by Government paid by
India, directly or services to Indian Citizen Indian
indirectly through or rendered in for services Company
from India rendered outside Outside
India India
Any Business Any property/asset Transfer of

Connection in or source of income capital asset
India in India situated in India
Income deemed to accrue or

arise in India [Clause (v), (vi)
&(vii) of Section 9(1)]
Interest, if Royalty, if payable Fees for technical

payable by by service, if payable by
Person A non-
resident i n Government
resident
India
If money is borrowed and If technical services
Exception used for the purpose of or royalty services
business or profession are utilised for the
carried on in India purpose of
business or
If the money borrowed profession carried
If the money borrowed on in India or
and used or technical and used or technical
services or royalty making income
services or royalty from any source in
services are utilised for services are utilised for
the purpose of business India
making income from any
or profession carried on source outside India
outside India

The categories of income which are deemed to accrue or arise in India are:
(1) Any income accruing or arising to an assessee in any place outside India whether
directly or indirectly
(i) through or from any business connection in India,
(ii) through or from any property in India,
(iii) through or from any asset or source of income in India or
(iv) through the transfer of a capital asset situated in India
would be deemed to accrue or arise in India.[Section 9(1)(i)]
(i) What is Business Connection?
‘Business connection’ shall include any business activity carried out through a person acting on behalf
of the non-resident [Explanation 2 to section 9(1)(i)]
For a business connection to be established, the person acting on behalf of the non-resident –
(a) must have an authority, which is habitually exercised in India, to conclude contracts on
behalf of the non-resident or
habitually concludes contracts or plays the principal role leading to conclusion of
contracts by that non-resident and such contracts are
- in the name of the non-resident; or
- for the transfer of the ownership of, or for the granting of the right to use, property
owned by that non-resident or that non-resident has the right to use; or
- for the provision of services by that non-resident.
Note - This amendment in the definition of “business connection” is for the purpose of
alignment with the provisions of the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) as
modified by Multilateral Instrument (MLI) so as to make the provisions in the treaty effective.
(b) In a case, where he has no such authority, but habitually maintains in India a stock of goods
or merchandise from which he regularly delivers goods or merchandise on behalf of the non-
resident, or
(c) habitually secures orders in India, mainly or wholly for the non-resident.
Further, there may be situations when the person acting on behalf of the non-resident secure
order for other non-residents. In such situation, business connection for other non-residents
is established if,
i. such other non-resident controls the non-resident or
ii. such other non-resident is controlled by the non-resident or
iii. such other non-resident is subject to same control as that of non-resident.

In all the three situations, business connection is established, where a person habitually
secures orders in India, mainly or wholly for such non-residents.
Mr. A acting on behalf of Mr. X, non-resident
Secures order for
Mr. X, non-resident Mr. Y, non-resident
Business connection Business Connection

directly established established, if
(i) Mr.X is controlled by Mr. Y or

(ii) Mr. Y is controlled by Mr. X or
(iii) Commonly controlled by Mr. Z, being
the person who controls Mr. X as well as
Mr. Y.
Agents having independent status are not included in Business Connection: Business
connection, however, shall not be established, where the non-resident carries on business through
a broker, general commission agent or any other agent having an independent status, if such a
person is acting in the ordinary course of his business.
A broker, general commission agent or any other agent shall be deemed to have an independent
status where he does not work mainly or wholly for the non-resident.
He will, however, not be considered to have an independent status in the three situations
explained above, where he is employed by such a non-resident.
Where a business is carried on in India through a person referred to in (a), (b) or (c) of (i) above,
only so much of income as is attributable to the operations carried out in India shall be deemed to
accrue or arise in India [Explanation 3 to section 9(1)(i)].
Significant economic presence [Explanation 2A to section 9(1)(i)]
Significant economic presence of a non-resident in India shall also constitute business

connection in India.

Significant economic presence means-
Nature of transaction Condition

(a) transaction in respect of any goods, Aggregate of payments arising from
services or property carried out by a non- such transaction or transactions during
resident in India including provision of the previous year exceeds such amount
download of data or software in India, as may be prescribed
(b) systematic and continuous soliciting of The users should be of such number as
business activities or engaging in may be prescribed
interaction with users in India through
digital means
The threshold of “aggregate of payments” in (a) and “users” in India in (b) would be
prescribed by Rules. Further, the above transactions or activities shall constitute
significant economic presence in India, whether or not,—
(i) the agreement for such transactions or activities is entered in India;
(ii) the non-resident has a residence or place of business in India; or
(iii) the non-resident renders services in India:
However, where a business connection is established by reason of significant economic
presence in India, only so much of income as is attributable to the transactions or activities
referred to in (a) or (b) above shall be deemed to accrue or arise in India.
Note – This provision has been inserted to take care of new business models such as digitized
businesses, which do not require physical presence of itself or any agent in India. Such
businesses can now be covered within the scope of section 9(1)(i).
In the case of a non-resident the following shall not, however, be treated as business
connection in India [Explanation 1 to section 9(1)(i)]:
(a) In the case of a business, in respect of which all the operations are not carried out in
India [Explanation 1(a) to section 9(1)(i)]: In the case of a business of which all the
operations are not carried out in India, the income of the business deemed to accrue or
arise in India shall be only such part of income as is reasonably attributable to the
operations carried out in India. Therefore, it follows that such part of income which cannot
be reasonably attributed to the operations in India, is not deemed to accrue or arise in
India.
(b) Purchase of goods in India for export [Explanation 1(b) to section 9(1)(i)]: In the case of
a non-resident, no income shall be deemed to accrue or arise in India to him through or
from operations which are confined to the purchase of goods in India for the purpose of
export.

(c) Collection of news and views in India for transmission out of India [Explanation 1(c) to
section 9(1)(i)]: In the case of a non-resident, being a person engaged in the business of
running a news agency or of publishing newspapers, magazines or journals, no income
shall be deemed to accrue or arise in India to him through or from activities which are
confined to the collection of news and views in India for transmission out of India.
(d) Shooting of cinematograph films in India [Explanation 1(d) to section 9(1)(i)]: In the
case of a non-resident, no income shall be deemed to accrue or arise in India through or from
operations which are confined to the shooting of any cinematograph film in India, if such non-
resident is :
 an individual, who is not a citizen of India or
 a firm which does not have any partner who is a citizen of India or who is resident in
India; or
 a company which does not have any shareholder who is a citizen of India or who is
resident in India.
(e) Activities confined to display of rough diamonds in SNZs [Explanation 1(e) to section
9(1)(i)]: In case of a foreign company engaged in the business of mining of diamonds, no
income shall be deemed to accrue or arise in India to it through or from the activities which
are confined to display of uncut and unassorted diamonds in any special zone notified by
the Central Government in the Official Gazette in this behalf.
(ii) & (iii) Income from property, asset or source of income in India
Any income which arises from any property in India (movable, immovable, tangible and intangible
property) would be deemed to accrue or arise in India.
Examples:
 Hire charges or rent paid outside India for the use of the machinery or buildings situated in
India,
 deposits with an Indian company for which interest is received outside India etc.
(iv) Income through transfer of a capital asset situated in India
Capital gains arising through or from the transfer of a capital asset situated in India would be
deemed to accrue or arise in India in all cases irrespective of the fact whether
 The capital asset is movable or immovable, tangible or intangible;
 The place of registration of the document of transfer etc., is in India or outside; and
 The place of payment of the consideration for the transfer is within India or outside.
Accordingly, the expression “through” shall mean and include and shall be deemed to have always
meant and included “by means of”, “in consequence of” or “by reason of”. [Explanation 4 to
section 9(1)(i)]

Further, an asset or a capital asset being any share or interest in a company or entity registered or
incorporated outside India shall be deemed to be and shall always be deemed to have been
situated in India, if the share or interest derives, directly or indirectly, its value substantially from
the assets located in India. [Explanation 5 to section 9(1)(i)]
However, an asset or capital asset, which is held by a non-resident by way of investment, directly
or indirectly, in Category-I or Category-II foreign portfolio investor under the Securities and
Exchange Board of India (Foreign Portfolio Investors) Regulations, 2014, made under the
Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992, shall not deemed to be or deemed to have
been situated in India [Proviso to Explanation 5 to section 9(1)(i)]
The CBDT has, vide Circular No. 28/2017, dated 07.11.2017, clarified that the provisions of section
9(1)(i) read with Explanation 5, shall not apply in respect of income accruing or arising to a non-resident
on account of redemption or buyback of its share or interest held indirectly (i.e. through upstream
entities registered or incorporated outside India) in the specified funds (namely, investment funds,
venture capital company and venture capital funds) if such income accrues or arises from or in
consequence of transfer of shares or securities held in India by the specified funds and such income is
chargeable to tax in India.
However, the above benefit shall be applicable only in those cases where the proceeds of redemption
or buyback arising to the non-resident do not exceed the pro-rata share of the non-resident in the total
consideration realized by the specified funds from the said transfer of shares or securities in India. It is
further clarified that a non-resident investing directly in the specified funds shall continue to be taxed as
per the extant provisions of the Act.
Declaration of dividend by a foreign company outside India does not have the effect of transfer
of any underlying assets located in India. Circular No. 4/2015, dated 26-03-2015, therefore,
clarifies that the dividends declared and paid by a foreign company outside India in respect of
shares which derive their value substantially from assets situated in India would NOT be deemed
to be income accruing or arising in India by virtue of the provisions of section 9(1)(i).
Explanation 6 to section 9(1)(i) provides that the share or interest in a company or entity registered
or incorporated outside India, shall be deemed to derive its value substantially from the assets
(whether tangible or intangible) located in India, if on the specified date, the value of Indian assets, -
 exceeds the amount of ` 10 crore; and
 represents at least 50% of the value of all the assets owned by the company or entity, as the case
may be;
Term Meaning
Value of an asset The fair market value as on the specified date, of such asset without
reduction of liabilities, if any, in respect of the asset, determined in
prescribed manner

Specified date The date on which the accounting period of the company or, as the case
may be, the entity ends preceding the date of transfer of a share or an
interest.
However, the date of transfer shall be the specified date of valuation, in a
case where the book value of the assets of the company or entity on the
date of transfer exceeds by at least 15%, the book value of the assets as
on the last balance sheet date preceding the date of transfer.
Accounting Each period of 12 months ending with 31st March.
period However, where a company or an entity, referred to in Explanation 5,
regularly adopts a period of 12 months ending on a day other than 31st
March for the purpose of—
(a) complying with the provisions of the tax laws of the territory, of which
it is a resident, for tax purposes; or
(b) reporting to persons holding the share or interest,
then, the period of twelve months ending with the other day shall be the
accounting period of the company or, as the case may be, the entity:
First Accounting First accounting period of the company or, as the case may be, the entity
Period shall begin from the date of its registration or incorporation and end
with the 31st March or such other day, as the case may be, following the
date of such registration or incorporation.
Later accounting Later accounting period shall be the successive periods of twelve
period months
Accounting If the company or the entity ceases to exist before the end of accounting
period of an period, as aforesaid, then, the accounting period shall end immediately
entity which before the company or, as the case may be, the entity, ceases to exist.
ceases to exist
Note - The manner of determination of fair market value of the assets of the foreign company is
given in Rule 11UB. Determination of income attributable to assets in India is given in Rule 11UC.
Students may note that the Rule 11UB and Rule 11UC have been given as Annexure – 1 at
the end of this material.
Explanation 7 to section 9(1)(i) provides that no income shall be deemed to accrue or arise to
a non-resident from transfer, outside India, of any share of, or interest in, a company or an entity,
registered or incorporated outside India, in the following cases;
(1) Foreign company or AND the transferor (whether individually or along with its
entity directly owns associated enterprises), at any time in the twelve months
the assets situated preceding the date of transfer, does not hold
in India  the right of management or control in relation to
foreign company or entity; or

 the voting power or share capital or interest

exceeding 5% of the total voting power or total share
capital or total interest, as the case may be, of the
(2) Foreign company AND the transferor (whether individually or along with its
or entity indirectly associated enterprises), at any time in the twelve months
owns the assets preceding the date of transfer, does not hold
situated in India  the right of management or control in relation to
 any right in, or in relation to, such foreign company or
entity which would entitle him to the right of
management or control in the company or entity that
directly owns the assets situated in India; or
 such percentage of voting power or share capital or
interest in foreign company or entity which results in
holding of (either individually or along with associated
enterprises) a voting power or share capital or
interest exceeding 5% of the total voting power or
total share capital or total interest, as the case may
be, of the company or entity that directly owns the
assets situated in India;
In effect, the exemption shall be available to the transferor of a share of, or interest in, a foreign
entity if he along with its associated enterprises, -
 neither holds the right of control or management,
 nor holds voting power or share capital or interest exceeding 5% of the total voting power or
total share capital or total interest,
in the foreign company or entity directly holding the Indian assets (direct holding company).
In case the transfer is of shares or interest in a foreign entity which does not hold the Indian assets
directly then the exemption shall be available to the transferor if he along with its associated
enterprises,-
 neither holds the right of management or control in relation to such company or the entity,
 nor holds any rights in such company which would entitle it to either exercise control or
management of the direct holding company or entity or entitle it to voting power or share
capital or total interest exceeding 5% in the direct holding company or entity.
Further, where all the assets owned, directly or indirectly, by a company or, as the case may be,
an entity registered or incorporated outside India, are not located in India, the income of the non-

resident transferor, from transfer outside India of a share of, or interest in the foreign company or
entity, deemed to accrue or arise in India under this clause, shall be only such part of the income
as is reasonably attributable to assets located in India and determined in the prescribed manner.
“Associated enterprise”, in relation to another enterprise, means an enterprise—
 which participates, directly or indirectly, or through one or more intermediaries, in the
management or control or capital of the other enterprise; or
 in respect of which one or more persons who participate, directly or indirectly, or through one
or more intermediaries, in its management or control or capital, are the same persons who
participate, directly or indirectly, or through one or more intermediaries, in the management or
control or capital of the other enterprise.
(2) Income from salaries earned in India [Section 9(1)(ii)]
Income, which falls under the head “Salaries”, deemed to accrue or arise in India, if it is earned in India.
Salary payable for service rendered in India would be treated as earned in India.
Further, any income under the head “Salaries” payable for rest period or leave period which is preceded
and succeeded by services rendered in India, and forms part of the service contract of employment,
shall be regarded as income earned in India.
(3) Income from salaries payable by the Government for services rendered outside India
[Section 9(1)(iii)].
Income from ‘Salaries’ which is payable by the Government to a citizen of India for services
rendered outside India would be deemed to accrue or arise in India.
However, allowances and perquisites paid outside India by the Government is exempt, by virtue of
section 10(7).
(4) Dividend paid by a Indian company outside India [Section 9(1)(iv)]
All dividends paid by an Indian company must be deemed to accrue or arise in India. Under
section 10(34), income from dividends referred to in section 115-O is exempt from tax in the hands
of the shareholder. However, it will not be exempt if such dividend is chargeable to tax under
section 115BBDA. Section 115BBDA, which brings to tax dividend in excess of ` 10 lakh in the
hands of the shareholder @10%, does not apply to the non-residents.
(5) Interest [Section 9(1)(v)]
Under section 9(1)(v), an interest is deemed to accrue or arise in India if it is payable by -
(i) the Government;
(ii) a person resident in India;
Exception: Where it is payable in respect of any debt incurred or money borrowed and
used, for the purposes of a business or profession carried on by him outside India or for the

purposes of making or earning any income from any source outside India, it will not be
deemed to accrue or arise in India.
(iii) a non-resident, when it is payable in respect of any debt incurred or moneys borrowed and
used, for the purpose of a business or profession carried on in India by him.
Exception: Interest on money borrowed by the non-resident for any purpose other than a
business or profession, will not be deemed to accrue or arise in India.
Example: If a non-resident ‘A’ borrows money from a non-resident ‘B’ and invests the
same in shares of an Indian company, interest payable by ‘A’ to ‘B’ will not be deemed to
accrue or arise in India.
Meaning of interest: Interest means interest payable in any manner in respect of any
moneys borrowed or debt incurred (including a deposit, claim or other similar right or
obligation) and includes any service fee or other charge in respect of the moneys borrowed
or debt incurred or in respect of any credit facility which has not been utilized.
Taxability of interest payable by the Permanent Establishment of a non-resident engaged
in banking business to the head office
In order to provide clarity and certainty, on the issue of taxability of interest payable by the
PE of a non-resident engaged in banking business to the head office, an Explanation has
been inserted in section 9(1)(v). Accordingly, in the case of a non-resident, being a
person engaged in the business of banking, any interest payable by the PE in India of
such non-resident to the head office or any PE or any other part of such non-resident
outside India, shall be deemed to accrue or arise in India.
Such interest shall be chargeable to tax in addition to any income attributable to the PE in India.
Further, the PE in India shall be deemed to be a person separate and independent of the non-
resident person of which it is a PE and the provisions of the Act relating to computation of
total income, determination of tax and collection and recovery would apply accordingly.
Also, the PE in India has to deduct tax at source on any interest payable to either the head
office or any other branch or PE, etc. of the non-resident outside India. Non-deduction
would result in disallowance of interest claimed as expenditure by the PE and may also
attract levy of interest and penalty in accordance with relevant provisions of the Act.
Permanent establishment includes a fixed place of business through which the business
of the enterprise is wholly or partly carried on.
(6) Royalty [Section 9(1)(vi)]

Royalty will be deemed to accrue or arise in India when it is payable by -
(i) the government;
(ii) a person who is a resident in India

Exception: Where it is payable for the transfer of any right or the use of any property or
information or for the utilization of services for the purposes of a business or profession
carried on by such person outside India or for the purposes of making or earning any income
from any source outside India, or
(iii) a non-resident only when the royalty is payable in respect of any right, property or information
used or services utilised for purposes of a business or profession carried on by such person
in India or for the purposes of making or earning any income from any source in India.
Important points:
1. Lumpsum royalty not deemed to accrue arise in India: Lumpsum royalty payments made
by a resident for the transfer of all or any rights (including the granting of a licence) in respect
of computer software supplied by a non-resident manufacturer along with computer
hardware under any scheme approved by the government under the policy on computer
software export, software development and training, 1986 shall not be deemed to accrue or
arise in India.
2. Meaning of Computer software: “Computer software” means any computer programme
recorded on any disc, tape, perforated media or other information storage device and
includes any such programme or any customised electronic data.
3. Meaning of Royalty: The term ‘royalty’ means consideration (including any lumpsum con-
sideration but excluding any consideration which would be the income of the recipient
chargeable under the head ‘capital gains’) for:
(i) the transfer of all or any rights (including the granting of licence) in respect of a patent,
invention, model, design, secret formula or process or trade mark or similar property;
(ii) the imparting of any information concerning the working of, or the use of, a patent,
invention, model, design, secret formula or process or trade mark or similar property;
(iii) the use of any patent, invention, model, design, secret formula or process or trade mark
or similar property;
(iv) the imparting of any information concerning technical, industrial, commercial or scientific
knowledge, experience or skill;
(v) the use or right to use any industrial, commercial or scientific equipment but not
including the amounts referred to in section 44BB;
(vi) the transfer of all or any rights (including the granting of licence) in respect of any
copyright, literary, artistic or scientific work including films or video tapes for use in
connection with television or tapes for use in connection with radio broadcasting, but not
including consideration for the sale, distribution or exhibition of cinematographic films;
(vii) the rendering of any service in connection with the activities listed above.

The definition of ‘royalty’ for this purpose is wide enough to cover both industrial royalties as
well as copyright royalties. The deduction specially excludes income which should be charge-
able to tax under the head ‘capital gains’.
4. Consideration for use or right to use of computer software is royalty within the
meaning of section 9(1)(vi)
Explanation 4 provides that the consideration for use or right to use of computer
software is royalty by clarifying that, transfer of all or any rights in respect of any right,
property or information includes and has always included transfer of all or any right for
use or right to use a computer software (including granting of a licence) irrespective of
the medium through which such right is transferred.
Consequently, the provisions of tax deduction at source under section 194J and
section 195 would be attracted in respect of consideration for use or right to use computer
software since the same falls within the definition of royalty.
Note - The Central Government has, vide Notification No. 21/2012 dated 13.6.2012 to be effective
from 1st July, 2012, exempted certain software payments from the applicability of tax deduction
under section 194J. Accordingly, where payment is made by the transferee for acquisition of
software from a resident-transferor, the provisions of section 194J would not be attracted if –
(1) the software is acquired in a subsequent transfer without any modification by the transferor;
(2) tax has been deducted either under section 194J or under section 195 on payment
for any previous transfer of such software; and
(3) the transferee obtains a declaration from the transferor that tax has been so deducted along
with the PAN of the transferor.
5. Consideration in respect of any right, property or information – Is it royalty?
Explanation 5 provides that Royalty includes and has always included consideration in
respect of any right, property or information, whether or not,
(a) the possession or control of such right, property or information is with the payer;
(b) such right, property or information is used directly by the payer;
(c) the location of such right, property or information is in India.
6. Meaning of Process
Explanation 6 provides that the term “process” includes and shall be deemed to have always
included transmission by satellite (including up-linking, amplification, conversion for down-
linking of any signal), cable, optic fibre or by any other similar technology, whether or not
such process is secret.

(7) Fees for technical services [Section 9(1)(vii)]

Any fees for technical services will be deemed to accrue or arise in India if they are payable by -
(i) the Government.
(ii) a person who is resident in India
Exception: Where the fees is payable in respect of technical services utilised in a business
or profession carried on by such person outside India or for the purpose of making or earning
any income from any source outside India.
(iii) a person who is a non-resident, only where the fees are payable in respect of services utilised in a
business or profession carried on by the non-resident in India or where such services are utilised
for the purpose of making or earning any income from any source in India.
Fees for technical services mean any consideration (including any lumpsum consideration) for
the rendering of any managerial, technical or consultancy services (including providing the
services of technical or other personnel). However, it does not include consideration for any
construction, assembly, mining or like project undertaken by the recipient or consideration which
would be income of the recipient chargeable under the head ‘Salaries’.
Income deemed to accrue or arise in India to a non-resident by way of interest, royalty and fee
for technical services to be taxed irrespective of territorial nexus (Explanation to section 9)
Income by way of interest, royalty or fee for technical services which is deemed to accrue or arise
in India by virtue of clauses (v), (vi) and (vii) of section 9(1), shall be included in the total income of
the non-resident, whether or not –
(i) the non-resident has a residence or place of business or business connection in India; or
(ii) the non-resident has rendered services in India.
In effect, the income by way of fee for technical services, interest or royalty, from services utilized
in India would be deemed to accrue or arise in India in case of a non-resident and be included in
his total income, whether or not such services were rendered in India.
(3) Presence of Eligible Fund Manager in India not to constitute Business
Connection in India of such Eligible Investment Fund on behalf of which he
undertakes Fund Management Activity [Section 9A]
(i) Fund Management Activity through an eligible fund manager not to constitute business
connection: In the case of an eligible investment fund, the fund management activity carried
out through an eligible fund manager acting on behalf of such fund shall not constitute
business connection in India of the said fund, subject to fulfillment of certain conditions.
(ii) Location of Fund Manager in India not to affect residential status of an eligible
investment fund: An eligible investment fund shall not be said to be resident in India merely

because the eligible fund manager undertaking fund management activities on its behalf is located
in India.
(iii) Conditions to be fulfilled by an Eligible Investment Fund: The eligible investment fund
means a fund established or incorporated or registered outside India, which collects funds
from its members for investing it for their benefit. Further, it should fulfill the following
conditions:
(a) the fund should not be a person resident in India;
(b) the fund should be a resident of a country or a specified territory with which an
agreement referred to in section 90(1) or section 90A(1) has been entered into or
should be established or incorporated or registered outside India in a country or a
specified territory notified by the Central Government in this behalf;
(c) the aggregate participation or investment in the fund, directly or indirectly, by persons
being resident in India should not exceed 5% of the corpus of the fund;
(d) the fund and its activities should be subject to applicable investor protection
regulations in the country or specified territory where it is established or incorporated
or is a resident;
(e) the fund should have a minimum of 25 members who are, directly or indirectly, not
connected persons;
(f) any member of the fund along with connected persons shall not have any participation
interest, directly or indirectly, in the fund exceeding 10%;
(g) the aggregate participation interest, directly or indirectly, of ten or less members along
with their connected persons in the fund, shall be less than 50%;
(h) the investment by the fund in any entity shall not exceed 20% of the corpus of the
fund;
(i) no investment shall be made by the fund in its associate entity;
(j) the monthly average of the corpus of the fund shall not be less than ` 100 crore. If the
fund has been established or incorporated in the previous year, the corpus of fund
shall not be less than ` 100 crore rupees at the end of such previous year;
However, this condition shall not be applicable to a fund which has been wound up in
the previous year.
(k) the fund shall not carry on or control and manage, directly or indirectly, any business
in India;
(l) the fund should neither be engaged in any activity which constitutes a business
connection in India nor should have any person acting on its behalf whose activities
constitute a business connection in India other than the activities undertaken by the
eligible fund manager on its behalf.

(m) the remuneration paid by the fund to an eligible fund manager in respect of fund
management activity undertaken on its behalf should not be less than the arm’s length
price of such activity.
(iv) Certain conditions not to apply to investment fund set up by the Government or the
Central Bank of a foreign State or a Sovereign Fund or other notified fund [Proviso
to Section 9A(3)]: The following conditions would, however, not be applicable in case of
an investment fund set up by the Government or the Central Bank of a foreign State or a
sovereign fund or such other fund notified by the Central Government (i.e., an
investment fund set up by a Category-I or Category-II Foreign Portfolio Investor
registered under the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Foreign Portfolio
Investors) Regulations, 2014, made under the Securities and Exchange Board of
India Act, 1992:
(e) the fund should have a minimum of 25 members who are, directly or indirectly, not
connected persons;
(f) any member of the fund along with connected persons shall not have any participation
interest, directly or indirectly, in the fund exceeding 10%;
(g) the aggregate participation interest, directly or indirectly, of ten or less members along
with their connected persons in the fund, shall be less than 50%.
(v) Eligible Fund Manager [Section 9A(4)]: The eligible fund manager, in respect of an
eligible investment fund, means any person who is engaged in the activity of fund
management and fulfills the following conditions:
(a) the person should not be an employee of the eligible investment fund or a connected
person of the fund;
(b) the person should be registered as a fund manager or investment advisor in
accordance with the specified regulations;
(c) the person should be acting in the ordinary course of his business as a fund manager;
(d) the person along with his connected persons shall not be entitled, directly or indirectly,
to more than 20% of the profits accruing or arising to the eligible investment fund from
the transactions carried out by the fund through such fund manager.
(vi) Furnishing of Statement in prescribed form [Section 9A(5)]: Every eligible investment
fund shall, in respect of its activities in a financial year, furnish within 90 days from the end of
the financial year, a statement in the prescribed form to the prescribed income-tax authority.
The statement should contain information relating to –
(a) the fulfillment of the above conditions; and
(b) such other relevant information or document which may be prescribed.

If any eligible investment fund fails to furnish such statement or information or document
within 90 days from the end of the financial year, the income-tax authority prescribed under
the said sub-section may direct that such fund shall pay, by way of penalty, a sum of
` 5,00,000. [Section 271FAB]
(vii) Non-applicability of special taxation regime under section 9A [Section 9A(6)]: This
special taxation regime would not have any impact on taxability of any income of the
eligible investment fund which would have been chargeable to tax irrespective of whether
the activity of the eligible fund manager constituted business connection in India of such
fund or not.
Further, the said regime shall not have any effect on the scope of total income or
determination of total income in the case of the eligible fund manager.
(viii) CBDT to prescribe guidelines for the manner of application of the provisions of this section.
(ix) Meaning of certain terms:
Term Meaning
Associate An entity in which a director or a trustee or a partner or a member or a
fund manager of the investment fund or a director or a trustee or a partner
or a member of the fund manager of such fund, holds, either individually or
collectively, share or interest, being more than 15% of its share capital or
interest, as the case may be.
Corpus The total amount of funds raised for the purpose of investment by the
eligible investment fund as on a particular date.
Connected Any person who is connected directly or indirectly to another person and
person includes,—
(a) any relative of the person, if such person is an individual;
(b) any director of the company or any relative of such director, if the
person is a company;
(c) any partner or member of a firm or association of persons or body of
individuals or any relative of such partner or member, if the person is
a firm or association of persons or body of individuals;
(d) any member of the Hindu undivided family or any relative of such
member, if the person is a Hindu undivided family;
(e) any individual who has a substantial interest in the business of the
person or any relative of such individual;
(f) a company, firm or an association of persons or a body of individuals,
whether incorporated or not, or a Hindu undivided family having a
substantial interest in the business of the person or any director,
partner, or member of the company, firm or association of persons or
body of individuals or family, or any relative of such director, partner
or member;

(g) a company, firm or association of persons or body of individuals,

whether incorporated or not, or a Hindu undivided family, whose
director, partner, or member has a substantial interest in the business
of the person, or family or any relative of such director, partner or
member;
(h) any other person who carries on a business, if -
(i) the person being an individual, or any relative of such person, has
a substantial interest in the business of that other person; or
(ii) the person being a company, firm, association of persons, body of
individuals, whether incorporated or not, or a Hindu undivided
family, or any director, partner or member of such company, firm
or association of persons or body of individuals or family, or any
relative of such director, partner or member, has a substantial
interest in the business of that other person;
2.5 EXEMPT INCOME OF NON RESIDENTS

Section 10 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 exempts from tax various incomes including the following
in the hands of a non-resident:
(1) Interest on moneys standing to the credit of individual in his NRE A/c
[Section 10(4)(ii)]
As per section 10(4)(ii), in the case of an individual, any income by way of interest on moneys
standing to his credit in a Non-resident (External) Account (NRE A/c) in any bank in India in
accordance with the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA, 1999), and the rules
made thereunder, would be exempt, provided such individual;
 is a person resident outside India, as defined in FEMA, 1999, or
 is a person who has been permitted by the Reserve Bank of India to maintain such
account.
In this context, it may be noted that the joint holders of the NRE Accounts do not constitute an
AOP by merely having these accounts in joint names. The benefit of exemption under section
10(4)(ii) will be available to such joint account holders, subject to fulfil lment of other conditions
contained in that section by each of the individual joint account holders.
Example: Mrs. Neena Kansal, is resident of Singapore since year 2000. She holds an NRE
account with Bank of Baroda, New Delhi Branch. Interest of ` 10,000 was credited to such
account during financial year 2018-19. Such interest income earned by her shall be exempt from
income-tax while she files her tax return for A.Y 2019-20.
(2) Remuneration received by individuals, who are not citizens of India [Section 10(6)]
(i) Remuneration received by officials of Embassies etc. of Foreign States [Section 10(6)(ii)]:
The remuneration received by an individual, who is not a citizen of India, for services as an

official by whatever name called of an embassy, high commission, legation, commission,

consulate or trade representation of foreign state, or a member of staff of any of these official
is exempt.
Conditions
(a) The remuneration received by our corresponding Government officials resident in such
foreign countries should be exempt.
(b) The above-mentioned officers should be the subjects of the respective countries and
should not be engaged in any other business or profession or employment in India.
Examples:
1. Mr. A, a citizen of India but resident of USA since year 2012, was appointed as a senior
official of the US embassy in India. He earned a remuneration of ` 10 lakhs during F.Y.
2018-19. Being an Individual who is a citizen of India, though fulfilling other
conditions of the section, such remuneration shall not be exempt in his hands for
A.Y. 2019-20.
2. Mr. Vikram Kohli, an Indian born person but currently the resident and Citizen of USA,
was appointed as a senior official of the US embassy in India. He earned a remuneration
of ` 10 lakhs during F.Y. 2018-19. Being an Individual who is not a citizen of India
and also fulfilling other conditions of the section, such remuneration shall be
exempt in his hands for A.Y. 2019-20.
3. Mr. Frank D’Souza, an Irish Citizen but currently the resident of USA, was appointed as a
senior official of the US embassy in India. He earned a remuneration of ` 10 lakhs during
F.Y. 2018-19. Being an Individual who is not a citizen of India, such remuneration
shall be exempt in his hands for A.Y. 2019-20, subject to fulfilment of the
conditions.
(ii) Remuneration received for services rendered in India by a Foreign National employed by
foreign enterprise [Section 10(6)(vi)] : The remuneration received by a foreign national as an
employee of a foreign enterprises, for services rendered by him during his stay in India is also
exempt from tax.
Conditions
(a) The foreign enterprise is not engaged in any business or trade in India:
(b) The employee’s stay in India does not exceed in the aggregate a period of 90 days in
such previous year and
(c) The remuneration is not liable to be deducted from the income of the employer
chargeable under the Income-tax Act.

Examples:
1. Mr. A, citizen of India but resident of USA since year 2012, was appointed in India in
October, 2018 as an employee of a US enterprise. Such US enterprise is not engaged in
any business in India. A’s job requires him to visit his US office every twenty five (25)
days for reporting purposes.
During F.Y. 2018-19, Mr. A earned a remuneration of ` 10 Lakhs for his India related
assignment and his stay in India in aggregate was 85 days. Further such US enterprise
has not claimed any deduction of such remuneration under the Income-tax Act of India.
Being an Individual who is a citizen of India, such remuneration shall not be
exempt in his hands for A.Y. 2019-20 under this section, though he may get
exemption under any other provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961.
2. In the above case, let’s consider that Mr. A is a citizen of USA. All other facts remaining
same, his remuneration shall be exempt from tax in his hands for A.Y. 2019-20
under this section.
3. Let’s take another variation, Mr. A is a citizen of USA but the remuneration paid to him is
borne by the permanent establishment of such US enterprises in India. ` 10 lakhs paid to
A is cross charged by US enterprise to its Indian permanent establishment (‘PE’).
In this case, the remuneration shall not be exempt from taxation in the hands of
Mr. A as the same is getting deducted from the income of the Indian PE of such
foreign enterprise.
(iii) Salary received by a non-citizen for services rendered in connection with employment on
foreign ship [Section 10(6)(viii)] : Any income chargeable under the head “Salaries” received
by or due to, non-citizen of India who is also a non-resident as remuneration for services
rendered in connection with his employment on a foreign ship is exempt provided his total
stay in India does not exceed 90 days during the previous year.
(iv) Remuneration received by Foreign Government employees during their stay in India for
specified training [Section 10(6)(xi)] : Any remuneration received by employee of the
Government of a foreign state from their respective Government during his stay in India, is
exempt from tax, if remuneration is received in connection with training in any establishment
or office of or in any undertaking owned by,-
(a) the Government, or
(b) any company owned by the Central Government or any State Government or
(c) any company which is subsidiary of a company referred to in (b) above, or
(d) any statutory corporation; or
(e) any society registered under Societies Registration Act, 1860 or under any law and
wholly financed by the Central Government or any State Government.

It may be carefully noted that exemption is available under section 10(6) only to an
Individual who is not a citizen of India.
Exempt Income of Non-Residents
Section Income Available to
10(4)(ii) Interest on money standing to the credit in a Non- Person resident outside India
resident (External) account in India. (under FEMA Act) or a person
who has been permitted to
maintain said account by RBI
10(4B) Interest on saving certificates issued before Indian citizen or a person of
1.6.2002 by the Central Government Indian origin, who is a non-
resident if has subscribed to
the savings certificates in
convertible foreign exchange
remitted from a country
outside India
10(6)(ii) Remuneration received by Foreign Diplomats/ Individual (not being a citizen
Consulate and their staff (Subject to conditions) of India)
10(6)(vi) Remuneration received as employee of a foreign Individual - Salaried
enterprise for services rendered by him during his Employee (not being a citizen
stay in India, if: of India)
a) Foreign enterprise is not engaged in any
trade or business in India;
b) His stay in India does not exceed the
aggregate a period of 90 days in such
previous year; and
c) Such remuneration is not liable to deducted
from the income of employer chargeable
under this Act
10(6)(viii) Salary received by or due for services rendered in Individual (Non-resident who
connection with his employment on a foreign ship is not a citizen of India)-
if his total stay in India does not exceed 90 days in Salaried Employee
the previous year.
10(6)(xi) Remuneration received as an employee of the Individual - Salaried
Government of a foreign state during his stay in Employee (not being a citizen
India in connection with his training in any of India)
Government Office/ Statutory Undertaking/
corporation/ registered society etc.
10(6A) Tax paid by Government or Indian concern (under Foreign Company
terms of agreement entered into after 31-3-1976
but before 1-6-2002 by the Government or Indian
concern with the foreign company) on income

derived by way of royalty or fees for technical

services by the foreign company from
Government or Indian concern.
10(6B) Tax paid by Government or Indian concern under Non-corporate non-resident or
terms of agreement entered into before 1-6-2002 foreign company
by Central Government with Government of
foreign State or international organization on
income derived by a non-corporate non-resident
or foreign company from the Government or
Indian concern, other than income by way of
salary, royalty or fees for technical services
10(6BB) Tax paid by Indian company, engaged in the Government of foreign State
business of operation of aircraft, which has or foreign enterprise (i.e., a
acquired an aircraft or an aircraft engine on lease, person who is a non-resident)
under an approved (by Central Government)
agreement entered into between 1-4-1997 and 31-
3-1999, or after 31-3-2007, on lease rental/income
derived (other than payment for providing spares
or services in connection with the operation of
leased aircraft) by the Government of a Foreign
State or foreign enterprise.
10(6C) Income derived by way of royalty or fees for Foreign company (notified by
technical services under an agreement with that Central Government)
Government for providing services in or outside
India in projects connected with security of India
10(6D) Income arising by way of royalty from or fees Non-corporate non-resident
from technical services rendered in or outside or foreign company
India to, the National Technical Research
Organisation (NTRO)
10(8) Foreign income; and Individual who is assigned to
Remuneration received by an individual from the duties in India
Government of a foreign State, in connection with
any co-operative technical assistance programme
and project under agreement between Central
Government and the Government of a foreign
State.
10(8A) Foreign income; and (i) Individual, being a:
Any remuneration or fee received by such person a) Non-Indian citizen;
(agreement relating to his engagement must be or
approved) out of funds made available to an b) Indian citizen who
international organization (agency) under a is not ordinarily

technical assistance grant agreement between resident in India, or

that agency and the Government of a foreign (ii) any other person, being
State (such technical assistant should be in a non- resident
accordance with an agreement between the engaged by the agency for
Central Government and the agency). rendering technical services in
India in connection with any
technical assistance
programme or project in
accordance with the approved
agreement.
10(8B) Foreign income; and Individual, being a:
Remuneration received by an employee of the a) Non-Indian citizen; or
consultant as referred to in section 10(8A) b) Indian citizen who is not
(contract of service must be approved by the ordinarily resident in
prescribed authority before commencement of India
service). who is assigned to duties in
India in connection with
technical assistance
programme and project in
accordance with an
agreement between Central
Government and the agency.
10(9) Foreign income Any family member of
individual as referred to in
section 10(8)/(8A)/(8B),
accompanying him to India.
Foreign income referred in section 10(8)/(8A)/(8B)/(9) above refers to the other income accruing or
arising outside India. Such income would be exempt provided:
it is not deemed to accrue or arise in India; and
the individual is required to pay any income tax or social security tax of such income to the
Government of that Foreign State or Country of origin of such member.
10(15)(iiia) Interest on deposits made by a foreign bank with Bank incorporated outside
scheduled bank with approval of RBI. India and authorised to
perform Central Banking
functions in that country.
10(15)(iv)(fa) Interest payable by scheduled bank on deposits in a) Non-resident
foreign currency where acceptance of such b) Individual or HUF being
deposits is duly approved by RBI. a resident but not
[Scheduled bank does not include co-operative ordinary resident
bank]

10(15)(viii) Interest on deposit in an Offshore Banking Unit on Person who is a non-resident

or after 01.04.2005 or not ordinarily resident
10(15A) Lease rental paid by Indian company, engaged in Government of foreign State
the business of operation of aircraft, to acquire an or foreign enterprise (i.e., a
aircraft or an aircraft engine on lease (other than person who is a non-resident)
payment for providing spares or services in
connection with the operation of leased aircraft)
under an approved (by Central Government)
agreement not entered into between 1-4-1997
and 31-3-1999, or after 31-3-2007.
10(23BBB) Income of European Economic Community from European Economic
interest, dividends or capital gains from Community
investment out of its funds under notified scheme
of Central Government.
10(23BBC) Income of SAARC Fund for Regional Projects set SAARC Fund for Regional
up by Colombo Declaration. Projects.
10(48) Income received in India in Indian currency on Foreign company on account
account of sale of Crude oil or any other goods or of sale of crude oil, any other
rendering of services as may be notified by the goods or rendering of
Central Government in this behalf. Foreign services. It should not be
company and agreement should be notified by the engaged in any other activity
Central Government in national interest. in India.
10(48A) Income accruing or arsing on account of storage of Foreign company on account
crude oil in a facility in India and sale of crude oil of storage of crude oil in a
therefrom to any person resident in India. Foreign facility in India and sale of
company and agreement should be notified by the crude oil therefrom.
Central Government in national interest.
10(48B) Income from sale of leftover stock of crude oil Foreign company from sale of
from facility in India after the expiry of agreement leftover stock of crude oil from
or arrangement referred to in section 10(48A) or the facility in India.
on termination of the said agreement or
arrangement, in accordance with the terms
mentioned therein, as the case may be, subject
to such conditions, as may be notified by the
Central Government.
2.6 PRESUMPTIVE TAXATION FOR NON RESIDENTS

Section 28 details the income chargeable to tax under the head “Profits and Gains of Business or
Profession”. Certain provisions have been incorporated in the Income-tax Act, 1961, whereby the
“Profits and gains of business or profession” of certain non-resident assessee is computed on the basis
of certain percentage of their gross total receipts.

(1) Special provision for computing the profits and gains of shipping business in the
case of non-residents [Section 44B]
Section 44B is a non-obstante clause. Accordingly, sections 28 to 43A are not applicable in the case of
a non-resident engaged in the business of operation of ships.
Section 44B provides that profits and gains of a non-resident engaged in the business of operation
of ships are to be taken @ 7.5% of the aggregate of the following amounts:
(i) paid or payable, whether in or out of India, to the assessee or to any person on his behalf
on account of carriage of passengers, livestock, mail or goods shipped at any port in India;
and
(ii) received or deemed to be received in India by or on behalf of the assessee on account of
the carriage of passengers, livestock mail or goods shipped at any port outside India.
The amounts referred to in (i) and (ii) shall include demurrage charges or handling charges or any other
amount of similar nature.
The amounts paid or payable or the amounts received or deemed to be received will also include the
amount paid or payable or received or deemed to be received by way of demurrage charges or
handling charges or any other amount of similar nature [CIT v. Japan Lines Ltd. 260 ITR 656 (Mad)].
Thus 7.5% of the gross amounts mentioned above would be liable to tax and no deduction would be
allowed for any expenditure, (i.e. the provisions of section 28 to 43A are not to be taken into account)
however carried forward losses would be allowed to be set off from such income.
Analysis of section 44B and section 172:
Section 44B Section 172
Presumptive tax provisions for non-residents engaged Complete code for taxation of occasional
in shipping business. It does not, however, contain shipping business of non- residents,
any procedure for assessment and collection of tax. including assessment and collection of
tax.
Manner of computation of presumptive Income:
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained Where a ship carries passengers,
in sections 28 to 43A, in the case of an assessee, livestock, mail or goods shipped at a
being a non-resident, engaged in the business of port in India, a sum equal to 7.5% of
operation of ships, a sum equal to 7.5% of the
- the amount paid or payable on
aggregate of the -
account of such carriage to the owner
- amount paid or payable (whether in or outside India) or the charterer or to any person on
to the non-resident or to any other person on his his behalf, whether that amount is paid
behalf on account of the carriage of passengers, or payable in or out of India,

livestock, mail or goods shipped at any Indian port and

shall be deemed to be income
accruing in India to the owner or
- the amount received or deemed to be received in
charterer on account of such carriage.
India on account of the carriage of passengers,
livestock, mail or goods shipped at any port outside
India.
shall be deemed to be the profits and gains of
such business chargeable to tax under the head
"Profits and gains of business or profession".
The difference between section 44B and section 172 has been explained by the Karnataka High
Court in V. M. Salgaocer & Bros Ltd. v. Deputy Controller (1991)187 ITR 381. Those who do
regular shipping business are covered by section 44B and they will be assessed in accordance
with the provision of the Act applicable to the rates specified in section 44B, while causal visit of
Indian port is covered by section 172.
Other provisions of section 172
(i) Furnish a return of the amount paid to the owner: Section 172(3) imposes an obligation
on the master of the ship to prepare and furnish to the Assessing Officer a return of the full
amount paid or payable to the owner or charterer or any person on this behalf, on account of
the carriage of all passengers, livestock, mail or goods shipped at any port in India since the
last arrival of the ship thereat. Such return is, ordinarily, to be furnished by the master of the
ship before the departure, from that port in India, of the ship.
A return may, however, be filed by the person authorized by the master of the ship within 30 days
of the departure of the ship from the port, if:
(a) the Assessing Officer is satisfied that it is not possible for the master of the ship to
furnish the return required by section 172(3) before the departure of the ship from the
port and
(b) the master of the ship has made satisfactory arrangement for the filing of the return and
payment of tax by any other person on this behalf.
(ii) Assessment [Section 172(4)]: This section provides for a summary procedure of
assessment. On receipt of the return filed by the master of the ship or by any person on this
behalf, the Assessing Officer has to determine the tax payable on the taxable income. By
virtue of the provisions of section 172(2), the taxable income is a sum equal to 7.5% of the
amount paid or payable on account of carriage of passengers etc. to the owner or charterer
or to any person on his behalf, whether that amount is paid or payable in or out of India. The
tax payable on such taxable income is to be calculated at the rate or rates in force applicable
to the total income. The master of the ship is liable for payment of such tax.

The Supreme Court, in A.S. Glittre v CIT (1997) 225 ITR 739 (SC), held that the assessment
made under section 172(4) shall be an ‘adhoc’ assessment and it will be superceded if a
regular assessment is opted as per the provisions of the Act.
(iii) Time limit for passing the assessment order [Section 172(4A)/(5)]: It is incumbent on the
Assessing Officer to pass the order of assessment within 9 months from the end of the
financial year in which the return of income under section 172(3) is filed.
For the purpose of determining the tax payable, Assessing Officer is empowered to call for
such accounts and documents as he may require.
(iv) Grant of port of clearance to the ship [Section 172(6)]: A port clearance shall not be
granted to the ship until the Collector of customs or other authorized officer, is satisfied that
the tax assessable under section 172 has been duly paid or that satisfactory arrangements
have been made for the payment thereof.
(v) Option to pay tax as per normal provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961 on the income
chargeable to tax under section 172 [Section 172(7)]: The owner or charterer has the option
to claim before the expiry of the assessment year relevant to the previous year in which the
date of departure of the ship from the Indian port falls, that an assessment in respect of his total
income for the previous year and the tax payable on the basis thereof be determined in
accordance with the other provisions of this Act. In such a case, any payment made under
section 172 is to be treated as a payment in advance of the tax leviable for that assessment
year and the difference between the sum so paid and the amount of tax found payable by him
on such assessment is to be paid by him or refunded to him, as the case may be.
The sum chargeable to tax under this section shall include amounts payable by way of demurrage
charge or handling charge or any other amount of similar nature [Section 172(8)].
ILLUSTRATION 1
Sea Port Shipping Line, a non-resident foreign company operating its ships on the Indian Ports
during the previous year ended on 31.3.2019, had collected freight of ` 100 lakhs, demurrages of
` 20 lakhs and handling charges of ` 10 lakhs. The expenses of operating its fleet during the year
for the Indian Ports were ` 110 lakhs. The company denies its liability to tax in India. Examine.
SOLUTION
The provisions of section 44B would be beneficial in this case. This section provides that in the
case of an assessee, being a non-resident, engaged in the business of operation of ships, a sum
equal to 7.5% of the aggregate of the following amounts would be deemed to be the profits and
gains of such business chargeable to tax under the head “Profits and gains of business or
profession”.
(i) The amount paid or payable, whether within India or outside, to the assessee or to any
person on his behalf on account of the carriage of passengers, livestock, mail or goods
shipped at any port in India; and

(ii) The amount received or deemed to be received in India by the assessee himself or by any
other person on behalf of or on account of the carriage of passengers, livestock, mail or
goods shipped at any port outside India.
The above amounts will include demurrage charges and handling charges.
These provisions for computation of the income from the shipping business in case of non-
residents would apply notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the provisions of
sections 28 to 43A of the Income-tax Act, 1961.
Therefore, in this case, M/s. Sea Port Shipping Line is required to pay tax in India on the basis of
presumptive scheme as per the provisions of section 44B. The assessee shall not be entitled to
set off any of the expenses incurred for earning of such income. Therefore, the Shipping Line is
required to pay tax on deemed profit of ` 9.75 lacs (7.50% on the total receipts of ` 130 lacs).
(2) Special provision for computing profits and gains in connection with the business of
exploration etc. of mineral oils [Section 44BB]
Section 44BB is a non-obstante clause. Accordingly, sections 28 to 41 and section 43 and 43A
are not applicable in the case of a non-resident engaged in the business of providing services of
facilities in connection with, or supplying plant and machinery on hire used, or to be used in the
prospecting for, or extraction or production of, mineral oils.
(i) Eligible assessee: Section 44BB provides for determination of income of taxpayer being a
non-resident engaged in the business of providing services and facilities in connection with,
or supplying plant and machinery on hire used or to be used in the prospecting for, or
extraction or production of mineral oils.
(ii) Presumptive rate: In such case, the profits and gains shall be deemed to be equal to 10%
of the following amounts:
 paid or payable to the taxpayer or to any person on his behalf whether in or out of India,
on account of the provision of such services or facilities or supply of plant & machinery
for the aforesaid purposes in India; and
 received or deemed to be received in India by or on behalf of the assesse on account of
such service or facilities or supply of plant and machinery used or to be used in
prospecting for, or extraction or production of mineral oils outside India.
(iii) Non-applicability of presumptive taxation under section 44BB: The provisions of
section 44BB shall not apply to any income to which the provisions of section 42 or section
44DA, 115A or 293A apply for the purpose of computing profit or gains or any other income
referred to in these sections.
Section Provision
42 Special provision for deductions in the case of business for prospecting,
etc., for mineral oil

44DA Special provisions for computing income by way of royalties, etc., in case of non-
residents.
115A Tax on dividends, royalty and fees for technical services in the case of
foreign companies
293A Power to make exemption, etc., in relation to participation in the business of
prospecting for, extraction, etc., of mineral oils.
(iv) Option to claim lower profits: An assessee may claim lower income than the presumptive
rate of 10%, if he keeps and maintains books of account under section 44AA(2) and get
them audited and furnish a report of such audit under section 44AB. The assessment in all
such cases shall be done by the Assessing Officer under section 143(3).
(v) Meaning of certain terms: For the purposes of this section,-
(a) “Plant” includes ships, aircraft, vehicles, drilling units, scientific apparatus and
equipment, used for the purposes of the said business;
(b) “Mineral oil” includes petroleum and natural gas.
Note - If the income of a non-resident is in the nature of fees for technical services, it shall be
taxable under the provisions of either section 44DA or section 115A irrespective of the business to
which it relates. Section 44BB would apply only in a case where consideration is for services and
other facilities relating to exploration activity which are not in the nature of technical services.
(3) Special provision for computing profits and gains of the business of operation of
aircraft in the case of non-residents [Section 44BBA]
Section 44BBA is a non-obstante clause. Accordingly, sections 28 to 43A are not applicable in
the case of a non-resident engaged in the business of operation of aircraft.
(i) Eligible assessee: Section 44BBA provides presumptive rate in case of a non-resident
engaged in the business of operation of aircraft.
(ii) Presumptive rate: Income from such business is calculated at a flat rate of 5% of the
following:
(a) amount paid or payable, in or out of India, to the tax payer or to any person on his behalf
on account or carriage of passenger, livestock, mail or goods from any place in India and
(b) amount received or deemed to be received in India by or on behalf of the taxpayer on
account of carriage of passenger, livestock, mail or goods from any place outside India.
ILLUSTRATION 2
Mr. Q, a non-resident, operates an aircraft between Singapore and Chennai. He received the following
amounts while carrying on the business of operation of aircrafts for the year ended 31.3.2019:
(i) ` 2 crores in India on account of carriage of passengers from Chennai.

(ii) ` 1 crore in India on account of carriage of goods from Chennai.

(iii) ` 3 crores in India on account of carriage of passengers from Singapore.
(iv) ` 1 crore in Singapore on account of carriage of passengers from Chennai.
The total expenditure incurred by Mr. Q for the purposes of the business during the year ending
31.3.2019 was ` 6.75 Crores.
Compute the income of Mr. Q chargeable to tax in India under the head “Profits and gains of
business or profession” for the assessment year 2019-20.
What would be your answer in case the business was carried on by a foreign company, Q Airlines (P) Ltd?
SOLUTION
Section 44BBA says for computing profits and gains of the business of operation of aircraft in the
case of non-residents a sum equal to 5% of the aggregate of the following amounts -
(a) paid or payable, whether in or out of India, to the assessee or to any person on his behalf on
account of the carriage of passengers, livestock, mail or goods from any place in India; and
(b) received or deemed to be received in India by or on behalf of the assessee on account of
the carriage of passengers, livestock, mail or goods from any place outside India.
Keeping in view the provisions of section 44BBA, the income of Mr. Q chargeable to tax in India under
the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" is worked out hereunder-
Particulars `
Amount received in India on account of carriage of passengers from Chennai 2,00,00,000
Amount received in India on account of carriage of goods from Chennai 1,00,00,000
Amount received in India on account of carriage of passengers from Singapore 3,00,00,000
Amount received in Singapore on account of carriage of passengers from Chennai 1,00,00,000
7,00,00,000
Income from business under section 44BBA at 5% of ` 7,00,00,000 is ` 35,00,000, which is the
income of Mr. Q chargeable to tax in India under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”
for the A.Y. 2019-20.
In case the assessee is a foreign company, say, Q Airlines (P) Ltd, the answer would be the
same since section 44BBA does not distinguish corporate and non-corporate taxpayers who
operate aircraft provided their residential status is that of non-resident.
(4) Special provision for computing profits and gains of foreign companies engaged in the
business of civil construction etc. in certain turnkey power projects [Section 44BBB]
(i) Eligible assessee: A foreign company engaged in the business of civil construction or the
business of erection of plant or machinery or testing or commissioning thereof in connection
with a turnkey power project approved by the Central Government in this behalf.

(ii) Presumptive rate: A sum equal to 10% of the amount paid or payable (whether in or out of
India) to the said assessee or to any person on his behalf on account of such civil
construction, erection, testing or commissioning shall be deemed to be the profits and gains
of such business chargeable to tax under the head 'profits and gains of business or
profession'.
(iii) Option to claim lower profits: An assessee may claim lower income than the presumptive
rate of 10%, if he keeps and maintains books of account under section 44AA(2) and get them
audited and furnish a report of such audit under section 44AB. The assessment in all such
cases shall be done by the Assessing Officer under section 143(3).
(5) Deduction in respect of head office expenses in case of non-residents [Section 44C]
In case of a non-resident, head office expenditure is allowed in accordance with the provision of
section 44C. This section is a non-obstante provision and anything contrary contained in sections
28 to 43A is not applicable.
Deduction in respect of head office expenditure is restricted to the least of the following:
(a) an amount equal to 5% of “adjusted total income” or in the case of loss, 5% of the
“average” adjusted total income; or
(b) the amount of so much of the expenditure in the nature of head office expenditure incurred by
the assessee as is attributable to the business or profession of the assessee in India.
Term Meaning
Adjusted total Total income computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act without
income giving effect to the following :-
 Allowance under this section
 Unabsorbed depreciation allowance under section 32(2).
 Expenditure incurred by a company for the purpose of promoting family
planning amongst its employees under first proviso to section 36(1)(ix).
 Business loss brought forward under section 72(1).
 Speculation loss brought forward under section 73(2).
 Loss under the head Capital Gain under section 74(1).
 Loss from certain specified source brought forward under Section 74A(3).
 Deduction under Chapter VI-A.
Average (a) The total income of the assessee, assessable for each of the three
adjusted total assessment years immediately preceding the relevant assessment
income year, one third of the aggregate amount of the adjusted total income in
respect of previous years relevant to the aforesaid three assessment
years is average adjusted total income.
(b) When the total income of the assessee is assessable only for two of the
aforesaid three assessment years, one half of the aggregate amount of

the adjusted total income in respect of the previous year’s relevant to the
aforesaid two assessment years is taken on average adjusted total income.
(c) Where the total income of the assessee is assessable only for one of
the aforesaid three assessment years, the amount of the adjusted
total income in respect of the previous year relevant to that assessment
year is average adjusted total income.
Head office Executive and general administration expenditure incurred by the assessee
expenditure outside India, including expenditure incurred in respect of:
a. rent, rates, taxes, repairs or insurance of any premises outside India
used for the purpose of the business or profession.
b. salary, wages, annuity, pension, fees, bonus, commission, gratuity,
perquisites or profit in lieu of or in addition to salary, whether paid or
allowed to any employee or other person employed in, or managing the
affairs of, any office outside India;
c. traveling by any employee or other person employed in, or managing the
affairs, of any office outside India; and
d. such other matters connected with executive and general administrative
as may be prescribed.
ILLUSTRATION 3
The net result of the business carried on by a branch of foreign company in India for the year
ended 31.03.2019 was a loss of ` 100 lakhs after charge of head office expenses of ` 200 lakhs
allocated to the branch. Explain with reasons the income to be declared by the branch in its return
for the assessment year 2019-20.
SOLUTION
Section 44C restricts the allowability of the head office expenses to the extent of lower of an
amount equal to 5% of the adjusted total income or the amount actually incurred as is attributable
to the business of the assessee in India.
For the purpose of computing the adjusted total income, the head office expenses of ` 200 Lakhs
charged to the profit and loss account have to be added back.
The amount of income to be declared by the assessee for A.Y. 2019-20 will be as under:
Particulars `
Net loss for the year ended on 31.03.2019 (100 lakhs)
Add: Amount of head office expenses to be considered separately as per section 44C 200 lakhs
Adjusted total income 100 lakhs
Less: Head Office expenses allowable under section 44C is the lower of
(i) ` 5 lakhs, being 5% of ` 100 lakhs, or
(ii) ` 200 lakhs. 5 lakhs
Income to be declared in return 95 lakhs

(6) Special provision for computing income by way of royalties etc. in case of non-
residents [Section 44DA]
(i) Eligible assessee: Section 44DA provides the method of computation of income by way of
royalty or fees for technical services arising from the agreement made by the non-resident
with the Indian company or Government of India after 31.03.2003 where:
(a) such non-resident carries business/ profession in India through permanent
establishment or fixed place of profession; and
(b) the right, property or contract in respect of which the royalty or fees for technical services are
paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed place of service.
(ii) Expenses not allowed as deduction: While computing the income chargeable to tax under
this section, the following expenses are not allowed as deduction:
- expenditure or allowance incurred which is not wholly and exclusively for such
permanent establishment or fixed place of service in India
- amount paid (otherwise than Reimbursement of actual expenses) by the permanent
establishment to head office or to any of its other offices.
(iii) Non-applicability of section 44BB: The provisions of section 44BB do not apply in respect
of income covered by this section.
(iv) Mandatory requirement to maintain books of account and get them audited: Under this
section, the non-resident is mandatorily required to keep and maintain the books of account
under section 44AA and get them audited and furnish a report of such audit.
SUMMARY OF PRESUMPTIVE RATE PROVISIONS
Section Particulars Rate of presumptive Type of
income/deduction in Business
respect of expenditure
44B Income from shipping business shall 7.5% of specified sum Non-resident
be computed on presumptive basis shall be deemed to be engaged in
(subject to certain conditions). the presumptive income shipping
business
44BB Income of a non-resident engaged in 10% of specified sum Non-resident
the business of providing services or shall be deemed to be engaged in
facilities in connection with, or the presumptive income business of
supplying plant and machinery on exploration of
hire used, or to be used, in the mineral oils.
prospecting for, or extraction or
production of, mineral oils shall be
computed on presumptive basis
(Subject to certain conditions).
Lower profits may be claimed
provided the assessee maintains
books of account under section

44AA and gets them audited under

section 44AB.
44BBA Income of a non-resident engaged in 5% of specified sum shall Non-resident
the business of operation of aircraft be deemed to be the engaged in the
shall be computed on presumptive presumptive income. business of
basis (Subject to certain conditions). operating of
aircraft.
44BBB Income of a foreign company 10% of specified sum Foreign
engaged in the business of civil shall be deemed to be Company
construction or the business of the presumptive income.
erection of plant or machinery or
testing or commissioning thereof, in
connection with turnkey power
projects shall be computed on
presumptive basis (subject to certain
conditions).
Lower profits may be claimed
provided the assessee maintains
books of account under section
44AA and gets them audited under
section 44AB.
44C Deduction for Head office Deduction for head-office Non-resident
Expenditure (subject to certain expenditure shall be
conditions and limits). limited to lower of
following:
a) 5% of adjusted total
income; or
b) Head office
expenses as
attributable to
business or profession
of taxpayer in India.
44DA Royalty and fees for technical Expenditure incurred Non-corporate
services received under an wholly and exclusively for non-resident or
agreement made after 31.03.2003 the business of PE or foreign company
which is effectively connected to the fixed place of profession
PE of non-resident in India (subject in India and
to certain conditions). reimbursement of actual
Books of accounts to be maintained expenses by the
under section 44AA and the same to Permanent Establishment
be audited under section 44AB. to head office or to any of
its offices shall be
allowed as deduction.

2.7 CAPITAL GAINS TAXATION FOR NON RESIDENTS

Any person including a foreign company or non-corporate non-resident is liable to capital gains tax
in India, if there is a transfer of a property (capital asset) in India which results in profit or gain.
Section 45 provides that any profits or gains arising from transfer of a capital asset effected in
the previous year shall be chargeable to income tax under the head “Capital gain” and shall be
deemed to be the income of the previous year in which the transfer took place.
The requisites of a charge to income-tax, of capital gains under Section 45(1) are:
(i) There must be a capital asset.
(ii) The capital asset must have been transferred.
(iii) The transfer must have been effected in the previous year.
There must be a gain arising on such transfer of a capital asset. Such capital gain should not be
exempt under Sections 54, 54B, 54D, 54EC, 54EE, 54F, 54G, 54GA or 54GB.
(1) Meaning of Capital Asset
Definition: According to section 2(14), a capital asset means –
(a) property of any kind held by an assessee, whether or not connected with his business or profession;
(b) any securities held by a Foreign Institutional Investor which has invested in such securities in
accordance with the SEBI regulations.
However, it does not include—
(i) Stock-in trade: Any stock-in-trade [other than securities referred to in (b) above], consumable
stores or raw materials held for the purpose of the business or profession of the assessee;
The exclusion of stock-in-trade from the definition of capital asset is only in respect of sub-
clause (a) above and not sub-clause (b). This implies that even if the nature of such security
in the hands of the Foreign Portfolio Investor is stock in trade, the same would be treated as
a capital asset and the profit on transfer would be taxable as capital gains.
Further, the Explanatory Memorandum to the Finance (No.2) Bill, 2014 clarifies that the
income arising from transfer of such security by a Foreign Portfolio Investor (FPI) would be in
the nature of capital gain, irrespective of the presence or otherwise in India, of the Fund
manager managing the investments of the assessee.
(ii) Personal effects: Personal effects, that is to say, movable property (including wearing apparel and
furniture) held for personal use by the assessee or any member of his family dependent on him.
EXCLUSIONS:
(a) jewellery;
(b) archaeological collections;

(c) drawings;
(d) paintings;
(e) sculptures; or
(f) any work of art.
Definition of Jewellery - Jewellery is a capital asset and the profits or gains arising from the
transfer of jewellery held for personal use are chargeable to tax under the head “capital
gains”. For this purpose, the expression ‘jewellery’ includes the following:
(i) Ornaments made of gold, silver, platinum or any other precious metal or any alloy
containing one or more of such precious metals, whether or not containing any precious
or semi-precious stones and whether or not worked or sewn into any wearing apparel;
(ii) Precious or semi-precious stones, whether or not set in any furniture, utensil or other
article or worked or sewn into any wearing apparel.
(iii) Rural agricultural land in India i.e., agricultural land in India which is not situated in any
specified area.
As per the definition that only rural agricultural lands in India are excluded from the purview
of the term ‘capital asset’. Hence urban agricultural lands constitute capital assets.
Accordingly, the agricultural land described in (a) and (b) below, being land situated within
the specified urban limits, would fall within the definition of “capital asset”, and transfer of
such land would attract capital gains tax -
(a) agricultural land situated in any area within the jurisdiction of a municipality or cantonment
board having population of not less than ten thousand, or
(b) agricultural land situated in any area within such distance, measured aerially, in relation
to the range of population as shown hereunder –
Shortest aerial distance from the Population according to the last
local limits of a municipality or preceding census of which the relevant
cantonment board referred to in figures have been published before the
item (a) first day of the previous year.
(i) ≤ 2 kilometers > 10,000 ≤ 1,00,000
(ii) ≤ 6 kilometers > 1,00,000 ≤ 10,00,000
(iii) ≤ 8 kilometers > 10,00,000
Explanation regarding gains arising on the transfer of urban agricultural land -
Explanation to section 2(1A) clarifies that capital gains arising from transfer of any
agricultural land situated in any non-rural area (as explained above) will not constitute
agricultural revenue within the meaning of section 2(1A).
In other words, the capital gains arising from the transfer of such urban agricultural lands
would not be treated as agricultural income for the purpose of exemption under section 10(1).
Hence, such gains would be exigible to tax under section 45.

(iv) Specified Gold Bonds: 6½% Gold Bonds, 1977, or 7% Gold Bonds, 1980, or National
Defence Gold Bonds, 1980, issued by the Central Government;
(v) Special Bearer Bonds, 1991 issued by the Central Government;
(vi) Gold Deposit Bonds issued under the Gold Deposit Scheme, 1999 or deposit certificates
issued under the Gold Monetisation Scheme, 2015 notified by the Central Government.
Note – ‘Property’ includes and shall be deemed to have always included any rights in or in relation
to an Indian company, including rights of management or control or any other rights whatsoever.
CAPITAL ASSET
[Section 2(14)]
Property of any kind held by an Any securities held by a FII

assessee, whether or not connected which has invested in such
with his business or profession securities as per SEBI
Regulations
EXCLUSIONS
Stock-in- Personal Rural 6½ Gold Gold Deposit

trade, Effects Agricultural Bonds, 1977, Bonds issued
consumable [i.e., movable Land 7% Gold under Gold
stores, raw property Bonds, 1980, Deposit Scheme,
materials including National 1999/Deposit
held for wearing apparel Defence Certificates issued
business or and furniture Gold Bonds, under the Gold
profession held for 1980, Special Monetisation
personal use by Bearer Scheme, 2015
the assessee or Bonds, 1991 notified by the
his family] issued by the Central Govt.
Central Govt.
EXCLUSIONS FROM PERSONAL

EFFECTS
Jewellery Archaelogical Drawings Paintings & Any work

collections Sculptures of art
These assets are hence, capital assets u/s 2(14)

(2) Short term and Long term Capital Asset

(i) Definition – As per section 2(42A), short-term capital asset means a capital asset held by an
assessee for not more than 36 months immediately preceding the date of its transfer.
As per section 2(29A), long-term capital asset means a capital asset which is not a short-
term capital asset.
Thus, a capital asset held by an assessee for more than 36 months immediately preceding
the date of its transfer is a long-term capital asset.
(ii) Exceptions - A security (other than a unit) listed in a recognized stock exchange, or a unit of
an equity oriented fund or a unit of the Unit Trust of India or a Zero Coupon Bond will be
considered as a long-term capital asset if the same is held for more than 12 months
immediately preceding the date of its transfer.
Further, a share of a company (not being a share listed in a recognized stock exchange in
India) or an immovable property, being land or building or both would be treated as a short-
term capital asset if it was held by an assessee for not more than 24 months immediately
preceding the date of its transfer.
Thus, the period of holding of unlisted shares or an immovable property, being land or building
or both, for being treated as a long-term capital asset would be “more than 24 months”
instead of “more than 36 months”.
(iii) Meaning of certain terms:
Term Meaning
Equity A fund set up under a scheme of a mutual fund specified under section
oriented fund 10(23D).
[Clause (a) of Circumstances Condition
Explanation
In a case where the a minimum of 90% of the total proceeds of such
to section
fund invested in the fund is invested in the units of such other fund; and
112A] units of another such other fund also invests a minimum of 90% of
fund which is its total proceeds in the equity shares of domestic
traded on a companies listed on a recognised stock exchange;
recognised stock and
exchange
In any other case a minimum of 65% of the total proceeds of such
fund is invested in the equity shares of domestic
companies listed on a recognised stock exchange
However, the percentage of equity shareholding or unit held in respect of the
fund, as the case may be, shall be computed with reference to the annual
average of the monthly averages of the opening and closing figures.

Zero Coupon A bond

Bond [Section - issued by any infrastructure capital company or infrastructure capital
2(48)] fund or a public sector company or a scheduled bank on or after 1st
June, 2005,
- in respect of which no payment and benefit is received or receivable
before maturity or redemption from such issuing entity and
- which the Central Government may notify in this behalf.
Note: The income from transfer of a Zero coupon bond (not being held as stock-in-trade) is to
be treated as capital gains. Section 2(47)(iva) provides that maturity or redemption of a Zero
coupon bond shall be treated as a transfer for the purposes of capital gains tax.
(iv) Period of holding of shares acquired on redemption of GDRs - Where share(s) of a
company is acquired by the non-resident assessee on redemption of Global Depository
Receipts referred to in clause (b) of section 115AC(1) held by such assesse, the period shall
be reckoned from the date on which a request for such redemption was made.
Period of holding: A summary
STCA, if held for ≤
12 month • Security (other than unit) listed in a recognized stock exchange
• Unit of equity oriented fund/ unit of UTI
LTCA, if held for > 12
• Zero Coupon bond
months
STCA, if held for ≤
24 month • Unlisted shares
• Land or building or both
LTCA, if held for >
24 months
STCA, if held for ≤ • Unit of debt oriented fund
36 month • Unlisted securities other than shares
LTCA, if held for > 36 • Other capital assets
months
(3) Transactions not regarded as transfer [Section 47]

Section 47 specifies certain transactions which will not be regarded as transfer for the purpose of
capital gains tax in respect of non-residents and foreign companies.
(i) Transfer of share(s) held in an Indian company by amalgamating foreign company to
amalgamated foreign company, in a scheme of amalgamation [Section 47(via)]: Any
transfer, in a scheme of amalgamation, of shares held in an Indian company by the
amalgamating foreign company to the amalgamated foreign company.
Conditions –
(a) At least 25 percent of the shareholders of the amalgamating foreign company must
continue to remain shareholders of the amalgamated foreign company;

(b) Such transfer should not attract capital gains in the country in which the amalgamating
company is incorporated.
(ii) Transfer of share(s) of foreign company by amalgamating foreign company to
amalgamated foreign company, in a scheme of amalgamation [Section 47(viab)]: Any
transfer, in a scheme of amalgamation, of a capital asset, being a share of a foreign company
referred to in Explanation 5 to section 9(1)(i), which derives, directly or indirectly, its value
substantially from the share or shares of an Indian company, held by the amalgamating
foreign company to the amalgamated foreign company.
Conditions –
(a) At least 25 percent of the shareholders of the amalgamating foreign company must
continue to remain shareholders of the amalgamated foreign company;
(b) Such transfer should not attract capital gains in the country in which the amalgamating
company is incorporated.
(iii) Transfer of share(s) held in an Indian company by demerged foreign company to
resulting foreign company, in a scheme of demerger [Section 47(vic)]: Any transfer in a
demerger, of a capital asset, being a share or shares held in an Indian company, by the
demerger foreign company to the resulting foreign company.
Conditions –
(a) The shareholders holding at least three-fourths in value of the shares of the demerged
foreign company continue to remain shareholders of the resulting foreign company;
(b) Such transfer does not attract tax on capital gains in the country, in which the demerged
foreign company is incorporated.
However, the provisions of sections 391 to 394 of the Companies Act, 19562, shall not apply
in case of demergers referred to in this clause.
(iv) Transfer of share(s) of foreign company by demerged foreign company to resulting
foreign company, in a scheme of demerger [Section 47(vicc)]: Any transfer, in a scheme
of demerger, of a capital asset, being a share of a foreign company referred to in Explanation
5 to section 9(1)(i), which derives, directly or indirectly, its value substantially from the share
or shares of an Indian company, held by the demerged foreign company to the resulting
foreign company.
Conditions –
(a) The shareholders holding at least three-fourths in value of the shares of the demerged
foreign company continue to remain shareholders of the resulting foreign company;
(b) Such transfer should not attract capital gains in the country in which the demerged
foreign company is incorporated.
2
Sections 230 to 232 of the Companies Act, 2013

However, the provisions of sections 391 to 394 of the Companies Act, 19563, shall not apply
in case of demergers referred to in this clause.
(v) Transfer of bond or Global Depository Receipts by a non-resident to another non-
resident outside India [Section 47(viia)]: Any transfer of bonds or Global Depository
Receipts referred to in section 115AC(1), by a non-resident to another non-resident outside
India.
(vi) Transfer of Rupee Denominated bond by a non-resident to another non-resident
outside India [Section 47(viiaa)]: Any transfer, made outside India, of a capital asset
being rupee denominated bond of an Indian company issued outside India, by a non-
resident to another non-resident.
(vii) Transfer of specified capital asset by a non-resident on a recognized stock exchange
located in any IFSC [Section 47(viiab)] – Any transfer of a capital assets, being a bond or
GDR referred to in section 115AC(1) or a rupee denominated bond of an Indian company or
derivative, by a non-resident on a recognised stock exchange located in any International
Financial Services Centre (IFSC) and where the consideration for such transaction is paid or
payable in foreign currency.
(viii) Transfer of Government Security by a non-resident to another non-resident outside
India through an intermediary [Section 47(viib)]: Any transfer of a capital asset, -
(a) being a Government Security carrying a periodic payment of interest,
(b) made outside India through an intermediary dealing in settlement of securities,
(c) by a non-resident to another non-resident
(4) Mode of computation of capital gains [Section 48]

(i) Amounts deductible while computing capital gains: The income chargeable under the head
‘Capital gains’ shall be computed by deducting from the full value of consideration received
or accruing as a result of the transfer of the capital asset the following amounts viz:
i) expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively in connection with such transfer; and
ii) the cost of acquisition of the asset and the cost of any improvement thereto.
(ii) No deduction in respect of STT paid: No deduction shall, however, be allowed in
computing the income chargeable under the head “Capital Gains” in respect of any amount
paid on account of securities transaction tax (STT) under Chapter VII of the Finance (No.2)
Act, 2004.
(iii) Cost inflation index: Under section 48, for computation of long term capital gains, the cost of
acquisition and cost of improvement increased by applying the cost inflation index (CII). Once the
3 Sections 230 to 232 of the Companies Act, 2013

cost inflation index is applied to the cost of acquisition and cost of improvement, it becomes
indexed cost of acquisition and indexed cost of improvement.
This means an amount which bears to the cost of acquisition, the same proportion as CII for
the year in which the asset is transferred bears to the CII for the first year in which the asset
was held by the assessee or for the year beginning on 1st April, 2001, whichever is later.
Similarly, indexed cost of any improvement means an amount which bears to the cost of
improvement, the same proportion as CII for the year in which the asset is transferred bears
to the CII for the year in which the improvement to the asset took place.
The cost inflation indices for the financial years so far have been notified as under:
Financial Year Cost Inflation Index
2001-02 100
2002-03 105
2003-04 109
2004-05 113
2005-06 117
2006-07 122
2007-08 129
2008-09 137
2009-10 148
2010-11 167
2011-12 184
2012-13 200
2013-14 220
2014-15 240
2015-16 254
2016-17 264
2017-18 272
2018-19 280
(5) Special provisions of computation in case of non-residents

(i) First Proviso to Section 48 read with Rule 115A:-
In order to give protection to non-residents who invest foreign exchange to acquire capital assets,
the first proviso to section 48 provides that capital gains arising from the transfer of shares or
debentures of an Indian company is to be computed as follows:

 The cost of acquisition, the expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively in connection
with the transfer and the full value of the consideration are to be converted into the same
foreign currency with which such shares or debentures were acquired.
 The resulting capital gains shall be reconverted into Indian currency.
The aforesaid manner of computation of capital gains shall be applied for every purchase and sale
of shares or debentures in an Indian company.
Benefit of indexation will not be applied in this case.
Rule 115A of the Income-tax Rules, 1962 provides that the average of the telegraphic
transfer buying rate and telegraphic transfer selling rate of the foreign currency initially
utilized in purchase of the capital asset as on the date specified in column (3) in the table
below, shall be used to convert rupees into foreign currency for the purpose of computation
of capital gains.
(1) (2) (3)
S. No. Item Date
(a) Cost of acquisition of capital asset Date of acquisition of capital asset
(b) Expenditure incurred wholly and Date of transfer of capital asset
exclusively in connection with transfer of
capital asset
(c) Full value of consideration received or Date of transfer of capital asset
accruing as a result of transfer of a capital
asset
For reconverting capital gains computed in the foreign currency initially utilized in the
purchase of the capital asset into rupees, the telegraphic transfer buying rate of such
currency, as on the date of transfer of the capital asset, is to be considered.
Meaning of certain terms
Term Meaning
Telegraphic The rate or rates of exchange adopted by the State Bank of India for buying
transfer foreign currency having regard to the guidelines specified from time to time
buying rate by the RBI for buying foreign currency where such currency, made
available to that bank through a telegraphic transfer.
Telegraphic The rate of exchange adopted by the State Bank of India for selling foreign
transfer currency where such currency is made available by that bank through
selling rate telegraphic transfer.
However, the benefit of indexation and currency fluctuation would not be applicable to the
capital gains arising from the transfer of the following long term capital assets referred to
in section 112A –

(i) equity share in a company on which STT is paid both at the time of acquisition
and transfer
(ii) unit of equity oriented fund or unit of business trust on which STT is paid at the time
of transfer.
Other Important Points:
a. It is also provided that the aforesaid manner of computation of capital gains shall be
applicable in respect of capital gains accruing or arising from every re-investment
thereafter in and sale of shares in or debentures of an Indian company.
b. If the total income of an assessee includes any income chargeable under the head
‘capital gains’ arising from transfer of a capital asset being an equity share in a
company or unit of an equity oriented fund or unit of a business trust, then, short term
capital gains shall be payable at the rates specified in section 111A if transaction of sale
of such security has been entered on or after October 1, 2004 on which Securities
Transaction Tax is chargeable; and long-term capital gains shall be payable on such
securities as per section 112A, if STT has been paid both at the time of acquisition and
transfer of equity share or at the time of transfer of unit of equity oriented fund or unit of
business trust.
c. Section 50C provides that the consideration received or accruing as a result of the
transfer by an assessee of a capital asset, being land or building or both, is less than
the value adopted or assessed by any authority of a State Government for the purpose
of payment of stamp duty in respect of such transfer, the value so adopted or assessed
shall, for the purpose of section 48, be deemed to be the full value of the consideration
received or accruing as a result of such transfer.
However, the stamp duty value on the date of agreement can be adopted only in a case
where the amount of consideration, or a part thereof, has been received by way of an
account payee cheque or account payee bank draft or use of electronic clearing system
through a bank account, on or before the date of the agreement for the transfer of such
immovable property. Further, where the stamp duty value does not exceed 105% of
the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer, the consideration
so received or accruing shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration.
d. Section 50CA provides that where the consideration received or accruing as a result of
transfer of a capital asset, being share of a company other than a quoted share, is less
than the fair market value of such share determined in such manner as may be
prescribed, such fair market value shall be deemed to be the full value of consideration
received or accruing as a result of such transfer.
e. Section 50D provides that, in case where the consideration received or accruing as a
result of the transfer of a capital asset by an assessee is not ascertainable or cannot be
determined, then, for the purpose of computing income chargeable to tax as capital

gains, the fair market value of the said asset on the date of transfer shall be deemed to
be the full value of consideration received or accruing as a result of such transfer.
f. The shares and debentures (whether listed or non-listed) of Indian companies only are
covered under this proviso. Indian company shall include Government company.
However, bonds of Central Government/State Government and RBI are not covered for
this purpose.
ILLUSTRATION 4
Mr. A, a non-resident Indian remits US $ 40,000 to India on 16.09.2005. The amount is partly
utilised on 3.10.2005 for purchasing 10,000 equity shares in A Ltd, an Indian Company, at
the rate of ` 12 per share. These shares are sold for ` 48 per share on 30.03.2019. Fair
Market value of these shares on 31.01.2018 was ` 35 per share.
The telegraphic transfer buying and selling rate of US dollars adopted by the State Bank of
India is as follows :-
Date Buying Rate (1 US$) Selling Rate (1 US $)
16.09.2005 18 20
3.10.2005 19 21
30.3.2019 59 61
Compute Capital gain chargeable to tax for the A.Y. 2019-20 on the assumption that –
(a) These shares have not been sold through a recognised stock exchange
(b) These shares have been purchased and sold through a recognised stock exchange.
SOLUTION
(a) Where the shares are not sold through recognised stock exchange
Particulars US $
Sale consideration (` 4,80,000/60) 8000
Less: Cost of Acquisition (1,20,000/20) 6000
Long term capital gain 2000
Long-term capital gain converted into $ 2000 x ` 59 = ` 1,18,000
(b) Where the shares are purchased and sold through a recognised stock exchange
Particulars `
Sale consideration 4,80,000
Less: Cost of Acquisition
Higher of the following

Cost of acquisition of assets 1,20,000

Lower of Fair market value as on 31.1.2018 and Full
value of consideration (i.e., lower of ` 3,50,000 and
` 4,80,000) 3,50,000 3,50,000
Long term capital gain 1,30,000
Long term capital gains upto ` 1,00,000 would be exempt. Long term capital gains
exceeding ` 1,00,000, i.e., ` 30,000 is taxable @10% under section 112A.
(ii) Fourth Proviso to Section 48
As a measure to enable Indian companies to raise funds from outside India, the RBI has
permitted them to issue rupee denominated bonds outside India. Accordingly, in case of non-
resident assessees, any gains arising on account of appreciation of rupee between the date of
purchase and the date of redemption of rupee denominated bond of an Indian company held
by him against foreign currency in which investment is made shall not be included in
computation of full value of consideration. This would provide relief to the non- resident
investor who bears the risk of currency fluctuation.
Non-residents and foreign companies to be subject to tax at a concessional rate of 10% (without
indexation benefit or currency fluctuation) on long-term capital gains arising from transfer of
unlisted securities or shares of a company in which public are not substantially interested
[Section 112]
(6) Ascertainment of cost in specified circumstances [Section 49]
Section 49 provides for the guidelines for computing the cost of under different circumstances.
(i) Cost of previous owner deemed as cost of acquisition of asset [Section 49(1)]: In the
following cases, the cost of acquisition of the asset shall be deemed to be cost for which the
previous owner of the property acquired it. To this cost, the cost of improvement to the asset
incurred by the previous owner or the assessee must be added:
Where capital asset became the property of the assesse:
a) under any transfer referred to in section 47(via) of shares held in an Indian company, in a
scheme of amalgamation, by amalgamating foreign company to the amalgamated foreign
company;
b) under any transfer of a capital asset, being a share of a foreign company, which derives
directly or indirectly its value substantially from the share(s) of an Indian company, held by
the amalgamating foreign company to the amalgamated foreign company, in the scheme of
amalgamation referred to under section 47(viab);.

c) by any transfer of a capital asset, being share(s) held in an Indian company, by the
demerged foreign company to the resulting foreign company, in a scheme of demerger
referred to in section 47(vic);
d) by transfer of a capital asset, being a share in a foreign company, which derives, directly or
indirectly, its value substantially from the share or shares of an Indian company, held by the
demerged foreign company to the resulting foreign company in the scheme of demerger
referred under section 47(vicc).
Accordingly, section 2(42A) provides that in all such cases, for determining the period for which
the capital asset is held by the transferee, the period of holding of the asset by the previous owner
shall also be considered.
Note: The issue as to whether indexation benefit in respect of a gifted asset shall apply
from the year in which the asset was first held by the assessee or from the year in
which the same was first acquired by the previous owner was taken up by the Bombay
High Court in CIT v. Manjula J. Shah (2013) 355 ITR 474 (Bom.).
As per Explanation 1 to section 2(42A), in case the capital asset becomes the property of the
assessee in the circumstances mentioned in section 49(1), inter alia, by way of gift by the previous
owner, then for determining the nature of the capital asset, the aggregate period for which the
capital asset is held by the assessee and the previous owner shall be considered.
As per the provisions of section 48, the profit and gains arising on transfer of a long-term
capital asset shall be computed by reducing the indexed cost of acquisition from the net sale
consideration.
The indexed cost of acquisition means the amount which bears to the cost of acquisition the
same proportion as Cost Inflation Index (CII) for the year in which the asset is transferred
bears to the CII for the year in which the asset was first held by the assessee transferring it
i.e., the year in which the asset was gifted to the assessee in case of transfer by the previous
owner by way of gift.
The issue under consideration was whether, in a case where the assessee had acquired a capital
asset by way of gift from the previous owner, the said asset can be treated as a long- term capital
asset considering the period of holding by the assessee as well as the previous owner.
The Bombay High Court held that the indexed cost of acquisition in case of gifted asset has
to be computed with reference to the year in which the previous owner first held the asset and
not the year in which the assessee became the owner of the asset.
As per the plain reading of the provisions of section 48, however, the indexed cost of
acquisition would be determined by taking CII for the year in which in which asset is first held
by the assessee.

(ii) Cost of acquisition of shares acquired on redemption of Global Depository Receipts

[Section 49(2ABB)]: The cost of acquisition of the capital asset, being share or shares of a
company acquired by a non-resident assessee, consequent to redemption of GDRs [referred
to in section 115AC(1)(b)] held by him would be the price of such share or shares prevailing
on any recognized stock exchange on the date on which a request for such redemption was
made.
(7) Tax on Short term capital gains in respect of equity shares/ units of an equity
oriented fund/ units of a business trust [Section 111A]
(i) Concessional rate of tax in respect of STCG on transfer of certain assets: This section
provides for a concessional rate of tax (i.e. 15%) on the short-term capital gains on transfer of –
- an equity share in a company or
- a unit of an equity oriented fund or
- a unit of a business trust.
(ii) Conditions: The conditions for availing the benefit of this concessional rate are-
a) the transaction of sale of such equity share or unit should be entered into on or after
1.10.2004, being the date on which Chapter VII of the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2004 came
into force; and
b) such transaction should be chargeable to securities transaction tax under the said
chapter.
However, short-term capital gains arising from transactions undertaken in foreign currency on a
recognized stock exchange located in an International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) would be
taxable at a concessional rate of 15% even though STT is not leviable in respect of such
transaction.
(iii) Adjustment of unexhausted basic exemption limit: The benefit of adjusting the
unexhausted basic exemption limit is not available in the case of non-residents.
(iv) No deduction under Chapter VI-A against STCG taxable under section 111A: Deductions
under Chapter VI-A cannot be availed in respect of such short-term capital gains on equity
shares of a company or units of an equity oriented fund or units of a business trust included
in the total income of the assessee.
(v) Meaning of “Equity oriented fund”: The expression "equity oriented fund" has the same
meaning assigned to it in the Explanation to section 112A i.e., "Equity oriented fund" means a
fund set up under a scheme of a mutual fund specified under section 10(23D) and
(a) in a case where the fund invested in the units of another fund which is traded on a
recognised stock exchange –

(I) a minimum of 90% of the total proceeds of such fund is invested in the units of such
other fund; and
(II) such other fund also invests a minimum of 90% of its total proceeds in the equity
shares of domestic companies listed on a recognised stock exchange; and
(b) in any other case, a minimum of 65% of the total proceeds of such fund is invested in
the equity shares of domestic companies listed on a recognised stock exchange.
However, the percentage of equity shareholding or unit held in respect of the fund, as the case
may be, shall be computed with reference to the annual average of the monthly averages of the
opening and closing figures.
(8) Tax on long term capital gains [Section 112]

(i) Where the total income of a non-resident non-corporate or a foreign company includes
any income, arising from the transfer of a long-term capital asset, which is chargeable under
the head "Capital gains", the tax payable by the non-resident or foreign company on the total
income shall be the aggregate of —
(a) Long-term capital gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset, being unlisted
securities, or shares of a company not being a company in which the public are
substantially interested would be calculated at the rate of 10% on the capital gains
in respect of such asset without giving effect to the indexation benefit provided under
second proviso to section 48 and currency fluctuation under first proviso to section 48.
(b) In respect of other long-term capital gains, the applicable rate of tax would be 20%.
(ii) Lower rate of tax for transfer of listed securities and zero coupon bonds: Where the tax
payable in respect of any income arising from the transfer of a listed security (other than a unit) or
a zero coupon bond, being a long-term capital asset, exceeds 10% of the amount of capital gains
before indexation, then such excess shall be ignored while computing the tax payable by the
assessee.
(iii) No deduction under Chapter VI-A against LTCG: The provisions of section 112 make it
clear that the deductions under Chapter VIA cannot be availed in respect of the long-term
capital gains included in the total income of the assessee.
(iv) Rate of tax on long-term capital gains for non-residents non-corporate or foreign
company [Section 112]:
Capital Asset Period of holding to Rate of tax on long-term capital gains
qualify as a long-
term capital asset
Listed securities (other than > 12 months 10% (without indexation benefit)
unit) or Zero coupon bond or
20% (with indexation benefit)

whichever is more beneficial to the

assessee
Unlisted securities or > 24 months 10% (without benefit of indexation or foreign
shares of closely held currency fluctuation)
companies
Other capital assets > 36 months 20% (with indexation)
(9) Tax on long term capital gains on certain assets [Section 112A]
(i) Concessional rate of tax in respect of LTCG on transfer of certain assets: In order to
minimize economic distortions and curb erosion of tax base, new section 112A has been
inserted. This section provides that notwithstanding anything contained in section 112, a
concessional rate of tax @10% will be leviable on the long-term capital gains exceeding
` 1,00,000 on transfer of –
(a) an equity share in a company or
(b) a unit of an equity oriented fund or
(c) a unit of a business trust.
(ii) Conditions: The conditions for availing the benefit of this concessional rate are–
(a) In case of equity share in a company, STT has been paid on acquisition and transfer of
such capital asset
(b) In case of unit of an equity oriented fund or unit of business trust, STT has been paid on
transfer of such capital asset.
However, the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify the
nature of acquisition of equity share in a company on which the condition of payment of
STT on acquisition would not be applicable.
In view of the above, the Central Government has, vide notification No. 60/2018, dated 1st
October, 2018, notified that the condition of chargeability of STT shall not apply to the acquisition
of equity shares entered into
- before 1st October, 2004 or
- on or after 1st October, 2004 which are not chargeable to STT, other than the
following transactions.
In effect, only in respect of the following transactions mentioned in column (2), the
requirement of paying STT at the time of acquisition for availing the benefit of concessional
rate of tax under section 112A would apply. In may be noted that the exceptions are listed
in column (3) against the transaction. The requirement of payment of STT at the time of

acquisition for availing benefit of concessional tax rate under section 112A will not apply to
acquisition transactions mentioned in column (3).
(1) (2) (3)
Transaction Non-applicability of condition of chargeability
of STT
(a) Where acquisition of Where acquisition of listed equity share in a company
existing listed equity share –
in a company whose equity
(i) has been approved by the Supreme Court,
shares are not frequently
High Court, National Company Law
traded in a recognised stock
Tribunal, Securities and Exchange Board
exchange of India is made
of India or Reserve Bank of India in this
through a preferential issue
behalf;
(ii) is by any non-resident in accordance with
foreign direct investment guidelines issued by
the Government of India;
(iii) is by an investment fund referred to in
clause (a) of Explanation 1 to section
115UB or a venture capital fund referred to
in section 10(23FB) or a Qualified
Institutional Buyer;
(iv) is through preferential issue to which the
provisions of chapter VII of the Securities and
Exchange Board of India (Issue of Capital
and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations,
2009 does not apply.
(b) Where transaction for Following acquisitions of listed equity share in a
acquisition of existing listed company made in accordance with the provisions
equity share in a company of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956:
is not entered through a
(i) acquisition through an issue of share by a
recognised stock exchange
company other than through preferential
in India
the issue referred to in (a);
(ii) acquisition by scheduled banks,
reconstruction or securitisation companies
or public financial institutions during their
ordinary course of business;
(iii) acquisition by the Supreme Court, High
Courts, National Company Law Tribunal,
Securities and Exchange Board of India or
Reserve Bank of India in this behalf;

(iv) acquisition under employee stock option

scheme or employee stock purchase scheme
framed under the Securities and Exchange
Board of India (Employee Stock Option
Scheme and Employee Stock Purchase
Scheme) Guidelines,1999;
(v) acquisition by any non-resident in
accordance with foreign direct investment
guidelines of the Government of India;
(vi) acquisition in accordance with Securities and
Exchange Board of India (Substantial
Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers)
Regulation, 2011;
(vii) acquisition from the Government;
(viii) acquisition by an investment fund referred
to in clause (a) to Explanation 1 to section
115UB or a venture capital fund referred to
in section 10(23FB) or a Qualified
Institutional Buyer;
(ix) acquisition by mode of transfer referred to
in section 47 (e.g., transfer of capital asset
under a gift, an irrevocable trust, transfer of
capital asset between holding company
and its subsidiary, transfer pursuant to
amalgamation, demerger, etc.) or section
50B (slump sale) or section 45(3)
(Introduction of capital asset as capital
contribution in firm/ AOPs/ BOIs) or section
45(4) (Distribution of capital assets on
dissolution of firm/ AOPs/ BOIs) of the
Income-tax Act, if the previous owner or
the transferor, as the case may be, of such
shares has not acquired them by any mode
referred to in (a), (b) or (c) listed in column
(2) [other than the exceptions listed in column
(3)]
(c) acquisition of equity share
of a company during the
period beginning from the
date on which the company
is delisted from a

and ending on the date

immediately preceding the
date on which the company
is again listed on a
in accordance with the
Securities Contracts
(Regulation) Act, 1956 read
with Securities and
Exchange Board of India
Act,1992 and the rules
made thereunder;

S.No. Term Particulars
1 Frequently traded shares Shares of a company, in which the traded turnover on
a recognised stock exchange during the twelve
calendar months preceding the calendar month in
which the acquisition and transfer is made, is at least
10 percent of the total number of shares of such
class of the company.
However, where the share capital of a particular class of
shares of the company is not identical throughout such
period, the weighted average number of total shares of
such class of the company would represent the total
number of shares
2 “Preferential issue” and “Preferential issue” and “Qualified Institutional Buyer”
“Qualified Institutional would have the meanings respectively assigned to them
Buyer in sub-regulation (1) of regulation (2) of the Securities
and Exchange Board of India (ICDR) Regulations, 2009.
“Preferential issue” means an issue of specified
securities by a listed issuer to any select person or
group of persons on a private placement basis and
does not include an offer of specified securities made
through a public issue, rights issue, bonus issue,
employee stock option scheme, employee stock
purchase scheme or an issue of sweat equity shares
or depository receipts issued in a country outside
India or foreign securities.
“Qualified Institutional Buyer” means
(i) a mutual fund, venture capital fund, alternative

investment fund and foreign venture capital

investor registered with the SEBI;
(ii) a foreign portfolio investor other than Category
III foreign portfolio investor, registered with the
SEBI;
(iii) a public financial institution;
(iv) a scheduled commercial bank;
(v) a multilateral and bilateral development financial
institution;
(vi) a state industrial development corporation;
(vii) an insurance company registered with the
Insurance Regulatory and Development
Authority of India;
(viii) a provident fund with minimum corpus of ` 25
crore;
(ix) a pension fund with minimum corpus of ` 25
crore;
(x) National Investment Fund set up by resolution
no. F. No. 2/3/2005-DDII dated November 23,
2005 of the Government of India published in
the Gazette of India;
(xi) insurance funds set up and managed by army,
navy or air force of the Union of India; and
(xii) insurance funds set up and managed by the
Department of Posts, India; and
(xiii) systemically important non-banking financial
companies.
Further, long-term capital gains arising from transaction undertaken on a recognized stock
exchange located in an International Financial Service Centre (IFSC) would be taxable at a
concessional rate of 10%, where the consideration for transfer is received or receivable in foreign
currency, even though STT is not leviable in respect of such transaction.
(iii) Adjustment of Unexhausted Basic Exemption Limit: The benefit of adjustment of
unexhausted basic exemption limit is not available in the case of non-residents.
(v) No deduction under Chapter VI-A against LTCG taxable under section 112A: Deductions
under Chapter VI-A cannot be availed in respect of such long-term capital gains on equity
shares of a company or units of an equity oriented fund or unit of a business trust included in
the total income of the assessee.

Subsequent to insertion of section 112A, the CBDT has issued clarification F. No. 370149/20/2018-
TPL dated 04.02.2018 in the form of a Question and Answer format to clarify certain issues raised in
different fora on various issues relating to the new tax regime for taxation of long-term capital
gains. The relevant questions raised and answers to such questions as per the said Circular are
given hereunder:
Q 1. What is the meaning of long term capital gains under the new tax regime for long term
capital gains?
Ans 1. Long term capital gains mean gains arising from the transfer of long-term capital asset.
It provides for a new long-term capital gains tax regime for the following assets–
i. Equity Shares in a company listed on a recognised stock exchange;
ii. Unit of an equity oriented fund; and
iii. Unit of a business trust.
The new tax regime applies to the above assets, if–
a. the assets are held for a minimum period of twelve months from the date of
acquisition; and
b. the Securities Transaction Tax (STT) is paid at the time of transfer. However, in the
case of equity shares acquired after 1.10.2004, STT is required to be paid even at the
time of acquisition (subject to notified exemptions).
Q 2. What is the point of chargeability of the tax?
Ans 2. The tax will be levied only upon transfer of the long-term capital asset on or after 1st April, 2018,
as defined in clause (47) of section 2 of the Act.
Q 3. What is the method for calculation of long-term capital gains?
Ans 3. The long-term capital gains will be computed by deducting the cost of acquisition from the
full value of consideration on transfer of the long-term capital asset.
Q 4. How do we determine the cost of acquisition for assets acquired on or before 31st January,
2018?
Ans 4. The cost of acquisition for the long-term capital asset acquired on or before 31st of
January, 2018 will be the actual cost.
However, if the actual cost is less than the fair market value of such asset as on 31st of
January, 2018, the fair market value will be deemed to be the cost of acquisition.
Further, if the full value of consideration on transfer is less than the fair market value, then
such full value of consideration or the actual cost, whichever is higher, will be deemed to be
the cost of acquisition.

Q 5. Please provide illustrations for computing long-term capital gains in different

scenarios, in the light of answers to questions 4.
Ans 5. The computation of long-term capital gains in different scenarios is illustrated as under
Scenario 1 – An equity share is acquired on 1st of January, 2017 at Rs.100, its fair market
value is Rs.200 on 31st of January, 2018 and it is sold on 1st of April, 2018 at Rs.250. As the
actual cost of acquisition is less than the fair market value as on 31st of January, 2018, the
fair market value of Rs.200 will be taken as the cost of acquisition and the long-term capital
gain will be Rs.50 (Rs.250 – Rs.200).
value is Rs.200 on 31st of January, 2018 and it is sold on 1st of April, 2018 at Rs.150. In this
case, the actual cost of acquisition is less than the fair market value as on 31st of January,
2018. However, the sale value is also less than the fair market value as on 31st of January,
2018. Accordingly, the sale value of Rs.150 will be taken as the cost of acquisition and the
long-term capital gain will be NIL (Rs.150 – Rs.150).
case, the fair market value as on 31st of January, 2018 is less than the actual cost of
acquisition, and therefore, the actual cost of Rs.100 will be taken as actual cost of acquisition
and the long-term capital gain will be Rs.50 (Rs.150 – Rs.100).
case, the actual cost of acquisition is less than the fair market value as on 31st January,
2018. The sale value is less than the fair market value as on 31st of January, 2018 and also
the actual cost of acquisition. Therefore, the actual cost of Rs.100 will be taken as the cost of
acquisition in this case. Hence, the long-term capital loss will be Rs.50 (Rs.50 – Rs.100) in
this case.
Q 6. Whether the cost of acquisition will be inflation indexed?
Ans 6. Third proviso to section 48, provides that the long-term capital gain will be computed
without giving effect to the provisions of the second provisos of section 48. Accordingly, it is
clarified that the benefit of inflation indexation of the cost of acquisition would not be
available for computing long-term capital gains under the new tax regime.
Q 7. What will be the tax treatment of transfer made on or after 1st April 2018?
Ans 7. The long-term capital gains exceeding Rs.1 Lakh arising from transfer of these assets
made on after 1st April, 2018 will be taxed at 10 per cent. However, there will be no tax on
gains accrued upto 31st January, 2018.

Q 8. What is the date from which the holding period will be counted?
Ans 8. The holding period will be counted from the date of acquisition.
Q 9. Whether tax will be deducted at source in case of gains by resident tax payer?
Ans 9. No. There will be no deduction of tax at source from the payment of long-term capital gains
to a resident tax payer.
Q 10. What will be the cost of acquisition in the case of bonus shares acquired before 1st
February 2018?
Ans 10. The cost of acquisition of bonus shares acquired before 31st January, 2018 will be
determined as per section 55(2)(ac). Therefore, the fair market value of the bonus shares as
on 31st January, 2018 will be taken as cost of acquisition (except in some typical situations
explained in Ans 5), and hence, the gains accrued upto 31st January, 2018 will continue to
be exempt4.
Q 11. What will be the cost of acquisition in the case of right share acquired before 1st February
2018?
Ans 11. The cost of acquisition of right share acquired before 31st January, 2018 will be
determined as per section 55(2)(ac). Therefore, the fair market value of right share as on
31st January, 2018 will be taken as cost of acquisition (except in some typical situations
explained in Ans 5), and hence, the gains accrued upto 31st January, 2018 will continue to
be exempt4.
Q 12. What will be the treatment of long-term capital loss arising from transfer made on or
after 1st April, 2018?
Ans 12. Long-term capital loss arising from transfer made on or after 1st April, 2018 will be allowed
to be set-off and carried forward in accordance with existing provisions of the Act. Therefore,
it can be set-off against any other long-term capital gains and unabsorbed loss can be carried
forward to subsequent eight years for set-off against long-term capital gains
2.8 SPECIAL PROVISIONS PRESCRIBED UNDER

CHAPTER XII-A
Chapter XII-A, introduced in the Income-tax Act 1961 with effect from June 01, 1983, contains
seven sections viz. 115C, 115D, 115E ,115F,115G,115H,115-I. The provisions of this Chapter are
applicable to a non-resident Indian who derives investment income from a foreign exchange asset
and/ or long term capital gains in respect thereof.
4 Subjectto the notification issued by the Central Government to specify the nature of acquisition of equity share
in a company on which the condition of payment of STT on acquisition would not be applicable.

(1) Definitions [Section 115C]

Terms Meaning
(a) Convertible Foreign exchange which is for the time being treated by the Reserve Bank
foreign of India as convertible foreign exchange for the purposes of the Foreign
exchange Exchange Management Act, 1999, and any rules made thereunder.
(b) Foreign Any specified asset which the assessee has acquired or purchased
exchange asset with, or subscribed to in, convertible foreign exchange
(c) Investment Any income derived (other than dividends referred to in section 115-
income O) from a foreign exchange asset.
(d) Long-term Income chargeable under the head “Capital gains” relating to a capital asset,
capital gains being a foreign exchange asset which is not a short-term capital asset.
(e) Non-resident An individual, being a citizen of India or a person of Indian origin who
Indian is not a “resident.
A person shall be deemed to be of Indian origin if he, or either of his
parents or any of his grand-parents, was born in undivided India
(f) Specified asset Any of the following assets, namely:
(i) Shares in an Indian company;
(ii) Debentures issued by an Indian company which is not a private
company
(iii) Deposits in an Indian Company which is not a private company
(iv) Any security of the Central Government
(v) Any other asset which the Central Government may notify
(2) Special provisions relating to taxation of investment income and on long term capital
gains of a non-resident [Sections 115D to 115F]
(i) On gross basis [Section 115D(1)]: Section 115D deals with the computation of total
income of non-residents. In computing the investment income of non-resident Indian, no
deduction is to be allowed under any provision of the Act in respect of any expenditure or
allowance thereabout.
(ii) No deduction allowed [Section 115D(2)]: No deduction under Chapter VI-A shall be
allowed and indexation benefit will not be available, where the gross total income of a non-
resident Indian consists only of investment income or/and long term capital gain.
However, where the gross total income includes investment incomes or/and long term capital
gain, the deduction under Chapter VI-A shall be allowed only on that portion of gross total income
which does not include the investment income and long term capital gain.

(iii) Tax rate on investment income and long term capital gains [Section 115E]: Under
section 115E, the investment income and long-term capital gains of non-resident Indians
are to be treated as a separate block and charged to tax at flat rates.
Tax payable by shall be aggregate of –
(c) income-tax on Investment income at 20%;
(d) income-tax on long term capital gains from transfer of specified assets (i.e., purchased
in foreign currency) at 10%; and
(e) income-tax on his other total income
Investment Income
20% + Surcharge (if applicable) + Health and Education Cess@4%

Long-term Capital Gain on Foreign Exchange Assets
10% + Surcharge (if applicable) + Health and Education Cess@4%
(iv) Exemption for long-term capital gains [Section 115F]

Where a non-resident Indian has transferred a long-term foreign exchange asset and has
within a period of six months after the date of such transfer, invested the whole or part of
the net consideration in any specified asset then
(a) If the cost of the new asset is not less than the net consideration in respect of the original
asset , the whole of the capital gains shall not be charged to tax under section 45
(b) If the cost of the new asset is less than the net consideration in respect of the original
asset, the amount as calculated below shall not be charged to tax under section 45
Cost of acquisition of new asset
Capital Gains x
Net Consideration
Important points:
1. Net consideration means the full value of consideration from transfer less expenditure
incurred wholly and exclusively in connection with transfer.
2. Where the new asset is transferred or converted into money within a period of 3 years
from the date of its acquisition, the amount of capital gains arising from the transfer of
original asset not charged to tax earlier shall be deemed to be the income under the
head “Capital Gains ‘’ relating to long term capital assets. The same shall be charged
to tax in the previous year in which new asset is transferred or converted into money.

ILLUSTRATION 5
A non-resident Indian acquired shares in an Indian company, A Ltd., on 1.1.2009 for ` 1,00,000 in
foreign currency. These shares are sold by him on 1.1.2018 for ` 3,00,000. He invests ` 3,00,000
in shares on 31.03.2018 and these shares are sold by him on 30.06.2018 for ` 3,50,000. Discuss
the tax implications. Ignore the effect of first proviso to section 48.
SOLUTION
Computation of Long term Capital Gain for Assessment Year 2018-19
Particulars Amount (`)
Sale consideration 3,00,000
Less: Cost of Acquisition 1,00,000
Long term capital gain 2,00,000
Less: Exemption under section 115F 2,00,000
Exempt long-term capital gain NIL
Capital Gain for Assessment year 2019-20:

1. LTCG of ` 2,00,000 which was exempt in A.Y.2018-19 becomes taxable this year.
2. STCG of ` 50,000 is also taxable this year.
ILLUSTRATION 6
Mr. John, a non-resident Indian, purchased unlisted shares of an Indian Company at a cost of
` 70,000 on 01.07.20010 in foreign currency. Mr. John sold the said shares for a consideration of
` 2,50,000 on 01.08.2018 and the expenditure incurred wholly or exclusively in connection with the
transfer is ` 10,000. Compute the taxable capital gain if he deposited in specified assets
` 1,50,000 out of sale consideration. Ignore the effect of first proviso to section 48.
SOLUTION
Particulars Amount (`)
Sale Consideration 2,50,000
Less: Transfer Expenses 10,000
Net Consideration 2,40,000
Less: Cost of Acquisition 70,000
Long-term capital gain 1,70,000
Less: Exemption u/s 115F 1,06,250*
Taxable long-term capital gain 63,750
* 1,70,000 1,50,000
= ` 1,06,250
2,40,000

(v) Option not to file income-tax return [Section 115G]

A non-resident Indian need not furnish a return of income under section 139(1) if he
satisfies the following two conditions:-
(a) His total income consists only of investment income or income by way of long-term
capital gains or both; and
(b) Tax deductible at source has been deducted from such income.
(vi) Continuance of benefits after the non-resident becomes a resident [Section 115H]
(a) Where a person who is NRI in any previous year becomes assessable as a resident in
any subsequent year, then he may furnish a declaration in writing along with the return
of income under section 139 for the year in which he is so assessable.
(b) The declaration shall be to the effect that the provisions of this chapter shall continue
to apply to him in respect of the investment income derived from foreign exchange
assets being debentures, deposits, securities of Central Government and such other
notified assets as specified under section 115C.
(c) If he does so, the provisions of this chapter shall continue to apply to him in relation to
such income for that assessment year and every subsequent year until the transfer or
conversion into money of such assets.
(vii) Option to opt out of Chapter XII-A [Section 115-I]
This section gives an option to a non-resident Indian to elect that he should not be
governed by the special provisions of Chapter XII-A for any particular assessment year by
furnishing his return of income for that assessment year under section 139 declaring
therein that the provisions of Chapter XII-A shall not apply to him for that assessment year.
In case where such an option is exercised by a non-resident Indian, his total income for
that assessment year would be charged to tax under the general provisions of the Act.
2.9 DETERMINATION OF TAX IN CERTAIN SPECIAL

CASES [CHAPTER XII]
DTAA or Income-tax Act, 1961, whichever is more beneficial, to apply: Non-residents can
compute their tax liability as per the tax rates prescribed under the Income-tax Act or at the rates
prescribed under the DTAAs (Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements), whichever is more
beneficial.
As per section 90(2), where the Central Government has entered into an agreement with the
Government of any country outside India or specified territory outside India, for granting relief of
tax, or as the case may be, avoidance of double taxation, then, in relation to the assessee to
whom such agreement applies, the provisions of this Act shall apply to the extent they are more
beneficial to that assessee.

(1) Special provisions for computing tax on income by way of royalty, fees for technical
service, interest etc. [Section 115A]
(i) Tax on dividend and interest in case of non-corporate non-residents & Foreign
companies:
Where the total income of a foreign company or a Rate of

non-corporate non- resident includes any income by way of Tax
(1) Dividends [other than dividend referred to in section 115-O] 20%
(2) Interest received from the Government or an Indian concern on moneys 20%
borrowed or debt incurred by the Government /Indian concern in foreign
currency, other than 3 and 4 mentioned below
(3) Interest received from an infrastructure debt fund referred to in section 10(47) 5%
(4) Interest referred to in section 194LC received from an Indian company or 5%
business trust –
- in respect of monies borrowed by an Indian company or business
trust in foreign currency from sources outside India
 Under a loan agreement between 1.7.2012 and 30.6.2020 or
 by way of issue of long-term infrastructure bonds between
1.7.2012 and 30.9.2014 or
 by way of issue of long-term bonds including long term
infrastructure bond between 1.10.2014 and 30.6.2020
as approved by the Central Government
- in respect of monies borrowed from sources outside India by way of
rupee denominated bond before 1.7.2020
(5) Interest referred to in section 194LD payable between 1.6.2013 and 5%
30.6.2020 to a Foreign Institutional Investor or Qualified Foreign Investor
on investment made in –
- Rupee denominated bond of an Indian company
- Government security
(6) Interest referred to in section 194LBA(2), being interest income of a 5%
business trust from a SPV, distributed by business trust to non-resident
unit holders of a business trust
(7) Income received in respect of units purchased in foreign currency of a 20%
mutual fund specified under section 10(23D) or of the Unit Trust of India

(ii) Tax on royalty or fees for technical services in case of non-residents

Where the total income of a foreign company or a non-corporate Applicable Rate
non-resident includes any income by way of royalty or fees for of Tax
technical services other than the income referred to in section
44DA
(1) Received from the Government in pursuance of an agreement 10% of such
made by the non-resident/ foreign company with the Government royalty or fees for
technical services.
However, if the
(2) Received from the Indian concern in pursuance of an DTAA provides for
agreement made by the non-resident/ foreign company with a rate lower than
the Indian concern and the agreement is approved by the 10%, then, the
Central Government or where it relates to industrial policy of provisions of
Government of India, the agreement in accordance with that DTAA would apply.
policy.
Important Points:
1. Special rate of tax is applicable on the above mentioned incomes. Balance income of the
assessee will be chargeable to tax at normal rates applicable to assessee.
2. No deduction in respect of any expenditure or allowance shall be allowed to the assessee
under sections 28 to 44C and section 57 in computing the above income.
3. Deduction under Chapter VI-A is not available in respect of dividend and interest referred to
in (i) above.
4. It shall not be necessary for the assessee to furnish a return of income if the following
conditions are satisfied :
(a) The Total income consists of only the interest or dividend income referred to in (i) above
(b) Tax deductible at source has been deducted from such income.
(2) Special provision for computing tax on income from units purchased in foreign
currency or capital gains arising from their transfer in case of offshore fund [Section
115AB]
Where the total income of an overseas financial organisation (Offshore Fund) includes the following
incomes namely-
(i) Income received in respect of units purchased in foreign currency or
(ii) by way of long term capital gains arising from the transfer of units of a mutual fund specified
under section 10(23D) or units of UTI purchased in foreign currency,
Then, the income tax payable shall be the aggregate of the following:

(a) 10% on income referred to above

(b) the amount of income-tax with which the Offshore Fund would have been chargeable had
its total income been reduced by the amount of Long term Capital Gains and income
received referred to above.
Important Points:
(i) The benefit of indexation shall not be available in the computation of long term capital gains.
(ii) No deduction shall be allowed to the assessee under sections 28 to 44C or section 57(i)/(iii)
or under Chapter VI-A in computing the above income.
(iii) Where the gross total income of the Overseas Financial Organisation consists of other
incomes, then, the deduction under Chapter VI- A will be available in respect of other
incomes. The normal provisions of the Income-tax Act,1961 will apply for computation of
other income.
(iv) “Overseas Financial Organisation’’ means any fund, institution, association or body,
whether incorporated or not, established under the laws of a country outside India, which has
entered into an arrangement for investment in India with any public sector bank or public
financial institution or a mutual fund specified under section 10(23D). Such arrangement
should be approved by the Securities and Exchange Board of India.
(v) It may be noted that long term capital gains upto ` 1,00,000 on units of equity oriented fund
would be exempt and long term capital gains exceeding ` 1,00,000 shall be taxable @10%
under section 112A provided securities transaction tax has been paid on the sale of such
units.
(vi) It may be noted that short term capital gains on units of equity oriented fund are taxable
@15% under section 111A provided securities transaction tax has been paid on the sale of
such units.
(3) Special provision for computing tax on income from bonds or Global Depository
Receipts purchased in foreign currency or capital gains arising from their transfer
[Section 115AC]
(i) Eligible assessee and special rate of tax: According to section 115AC(1), where the total
income of an assessee, being a non-resident includes:
(a) income by way of interest on bonds of an Indian company issued in accordance with
such scheme as the Central Government may notify or on bonds of a public sector
company sold by the Government, and purchased by him in foreign currency; or
(b) income by way of dividends, other than dividends referred to in section 115-O, on Global
Depository Receipts-

(1) issued in accordance with such scheme as the Central Government may specify
against the initial issue of shares of an Indian company and purchased by him in
foreign currency through an approved intermediary; or
(2) issued against the shares of a public sector company sold by the Government and
purchased by him in foreign currency through an approved intermediary; or
(3) issued or re-issued in accordance with such scheme as the Central Government
may specify against the existing shares of an Indian company purchased by him in
foreign currency through an approved intermediary; or
(c) income by way of long-term capital gains arising from the transfer of above bonds or GDRs,
then, income-tax will be charged at the rate of 10% on the above income.
(ii) No other deductions [Section 115AC(2)]: Where the gross total income of the non-resident
consists only the aforesaid interest or dividend income referred to in (a) and (b) of (i) above,
no deduction shall be allowed to him under section 28 to 44C or section 57(i) or 57(iii) or
under Chapter VIA.
Deduction under Chapter VI-A is also not allowable against long term capital gains arising
from transfer of bonds or GDRs.
Where the gross total income of the non-resident consists of incomes other than interest, dividend
and long term capital gains referred to in (a), (b) and (c) of (i) above, then, the deduction under
Chapter VI-A will be available in respect of other incomes
(iii) First and Second Proviso to Section 48 shall not apply [Section 115AC(3)]: The
indexation benefit and benefit of computation of capital gains in foreign currency, shall not
apply for the computation of long-term capital gains arising out of the transfer of long term
asset, being bonds or GDRs.
(iv) Filing of Return of Income not required [Section 115AC(4)]: It shall not be necessary for a
non-resident to furnish under section 139(1), a return of income if his total income in respect
of which he is assessable under the Act during the previous year consisted only of aforesaid
interest or dividend income, and the tax deductible at source under the provisions of Chapter
XVII-B has been deducted from such income.
(v) Concessional tax treatment for GDR/Bonds acquired in course of Amalgamation
[Section 115AC(5)]: Where the assessee acquired GDR or bonds in an amalgamated or
resulting company by virtue of his holding GDR or bonds in the amalgamating or demerged
company, in accordance with the provisions of 115AC(1) the concessional tax treatment
would apply to such GDR or bonds.
(vi) Meaning of Global Depository Receipts: "Global Depository Receipts" means any instrument
in the form of a depository receipt or certificate (by whatever name called) created by the
Overseas Depository Bank outside India and issued to investors against the issue of —

(a) ordinary shares of issuing company, being a company listed on a recognised stock
exchange in India; or
(b) foreign currency convertible bonds of issuing company;
(4) Special provisions for computing tax on income of Foreign Institutional Investors
from securities or capital gains arising from their transfer [Section 115AD]
(i) Special rate of tax: Where the total income of a Foreign Institutional Investor includes the
income referred to in column (2), the same would be subject to tax at the rate mentioned in
column (3), subject to exceptions mentioned in column (4) in the table below:
(1) (2) (3) (4)
S. Income Rate of Exception
No. Tax
(a) Income (other than income by way of 20% Interest referred to in
dividends referred to in section 115-O) section 194LD taxable
received in respect of securities (other @5%
than units referred to in section 115AB)
(b) Income by way of short-term capital gains 30% Short-term capital gains
arising from the transfer of such securities referred to in section 111A
taxable @15%
(c) Income by way of long-term capital gains 10% In case of income
arising from the transfer of such securities arising from the transfer
of a long term capital
gains referred to in
section 112A, income
tax @10% on income
exceeding ` 1 lakh
(d) Other income of FII At normal -
rates of tax
(ii) No deduction is allowed [Section 115AD(2)]: Where the gross total income of the
Foreign Institutional Investor comprises only of the aforesaid interest or dividend income
from securities, no deduction shall be allowed to it under sections 28 to 44C or section
57(i) or 57(iii) or under Chapter VI-A.
Deduction under Chapter VI-A is also not allowable in case of short term capital gain or long term
capital gain arising from transfer of securities.
Where the gross total income of the Foreign Institutional Investor consists of incomes other
than income referred to in (a), (b) and (c) of table in (i) above, then, the deduction under
Chapter VI-A will be available in respect of other incomes.

(iii) First and second provisos to section 48 shall not apply [Section 115AD(3)]: The benefit
of computation of capital gains in foreign currency and the benefit of indexation would not be
available for the computation of capital gains arising out of the transfer of securities.
(5) Special provision for computing tax on non-resident sportsmen or sports
associations [Section 115BBA]
(i) Eligible assessee and special rate of tax: Where the total income of an assessee,
referred to in column (2) includes income referred to in column (3) of the table below, such
income would be chargeable to tax@20%.
Assessee Income
(1) (2) (3)
(a) A sportsman Any income received or receivable by way of—
(including an (i) participation in India in any game (other than a game
athlete), who is not the winnings wherefrom are taxable under section
a citizen of India 115BB, being winning from crossword puzzles, races
and is a non- including horse races, card games and other games of
resident any sort of gambling or betting) or sport; or
(ii) advertisement; or
(iii) contribution of articles relating to any game or sport in
India in newspapers, magazines or journals;
(b) A non-resident Any amount guaranteed to be paid or payable to such
sports association association or institution in relation to any game (other than
or institution a game the winnings wherefrom are taxable under section
115BB) or sport played in India
(c) An entertainer who Any income received or receivable from his performance in
is not a citizen of India
India and is a non-
resident
(ii) No other deduction: No deduction in respect of any expenditure or allowance shall be
allowed under any provision of this Act in computing the income referred to in (a) or (b) or
(c) in the table given above.
(iii) Filing of return of income not required: The assessee is not required to furnish under
section 139(1) a return of his income if—
(a) his total income in respect of which he is assessable under this Act during the
previous year consisted only of income referred to in (a) or (b) or (c) above; and
(b) the tax deductible at source under the provisions of Chapter XVII-B has been
deducted from such income.

Note: The issue as to whether the non-resident match referees and umpires in the games
played in India fall within the meaning of “sportsmen” to attract taxability under the
provisions of section 115BBA, and consequently attract the TDS provisions under section
194E in the hands of the payer was taken up by the Calcutta High Court in Indcom v.
Commissioner of Income-tax (TDS) (2011) 335 ITR 485.
In order to attract the provisions of the section 194E, the person should be a non-resident sportsperson
or non-resident sports association or institution whose income is taxable as per the provisions of
section 115BBA.
The umpires and the match referees can be described as professionals or technical persons who
render professional or technical services, but they cannot be said to be either non-resident sportsmen
(including an athlete) or non-resident sports association or institution so as to attract the provisions of
section 115BBA and consequently, the provisions of tax deduction at source under section 194E are
can not be attracted.
The Calcutta High Court held that although the payments made to non-resident umpires and the match
referees are “income” which has accrued and arisen in India, the same are not taxable under the
provisions of section 115BBA and thus, the assessee is not liable to deduct tax under section 194E.
It may be noted that since income has accrued and arisen in India to the non-resident umpires and
match referees, the TDS provisions under section 195 would be attracted and tax would be deductible
at the rates in force.
ILLUSTRATION 7
During the financial year 2018-19, Nadal, a tennis professional and a non-Indian citizen
participated in India in a Tennis Tournament and won prize money of ` 15 lacs. He contributed
articles on the tournament in a local newspaper for which he was paid ` 1 lac. He was also paid
` 5,00,000 by a Soft Drink company for appearance in a T.V. advertisement. Although his
expenses in India were met by the sponsors, he had to incur ` 3,00,000 towards his travel costs to
India. He was a non-resident for tax purposes in India.
What would be his tax liability in India for A.Y. 2019-20? Is he required to file his return of income?
SOLUTION
Under section 115BBA, all the three items of receipts in India viz. prize money of ` 15 lakhs,
amount received from newspaper of ` 1 lakh and amount received towards TV advertisement of
` 5 lakhs - are chargeable to tax. No expenditure is allowable against such receipts. The rate of
tax chargeable under section 115BBA is 20%, plus health and education cess @4%. The total tax
liability works out to ` 4,36,800 being 20.8% of ` 21 lakhs. Thus, Nadal will be liable to tax on the
income earned in India
He is not required to file his return of income if -
(a) his total income during the previous year consists only of income arising under section
115BBA; and

(b) the tax deductible at source under the provisions of Chapter XVII-B have been deducted from
such incomes.
ILLUSTRATION 8
Smith, a foreign national and a cricketer came to India as a member of Australian cricket team in
the year ended 31st March, 2019. He received ` 5 lakhs for participation in matches in India. He
also received ` 1 lakh for an advertisement of a product on TV. He contributed articles in a
newspaper for which he received ` 10,000. When he stayed in India, he also won a prize of
` 20,000 from horse racing in Mumbai. He has no other income in India during the year.
(i) Compute tax liability of Smith for Assessment Year 2019-20.
(ii) Are the income specified above subject to deduction of tax at source?
(iii) Is he liable to file his return of income for Assessment Year 2019-20?
(iv) What would have been his tax liability, had he been a match referee instead of a cricketer?
SOLUTION
(i) Computation of tax liability of Smith for the A.Y.2019-20
Particulars ` `
Income taxable under section 115BBA
Income from participation in matches in India 5,00,000
Advertisement of product on TV 1,00,000
Contribution of articles in newspaper 10,000
Income taxable under section 115BB
Income from horse races 20,000
Total income 6,30,000
Tax@ 20% under section 115BBA on ` 6,10,000 1,22,000
Tax@ 30% under section 115BB on income of 6,000

` 20,000 from horse races
1,28,000
Add: Health and Education cess@4% 5,120
Total tax liability of Smith for the A.Y.2019-20 1,33,120
(ii) Yes, the above income is subject to tax deduction at source.
Income referred to in section 115BBA (i.e., ` 6,10,000, in this case) is subject to tax
deduction at source@ 20% under section 194E.
Income referred to in section 115BB (i.e., ` 20,000, in this case) is subject to tax deduction
at source@30% under section 194BB.

Since Smith is a non-resident, the amount of tax to be deducted calculated at the

prescribed rates mentioned above, would be increased by health and education cess@4%.
(iii) Section 115BBA provides that if the total income of the non-resident sportsman comprises
of only income referred to in that section and tax deductible at source has been fully
deducted, it shall not be necessary for him to file his return of income. However, in this
case, Mr. Smith has income from horse races as well. Therefore, he cannot avail the
benefit of exemption from filing of return of income as contained in section 115BBA. Hence,
he would be liable to file his return of income for A.Y.2019-20.
(iv) The Calcutta High Court in Indcom v. CIT (TDS)(2011) 335 ITR 485 has held that ‘match
referee’ would not fall within the meaning of “sportsmen” to attract the provisions of section
115BBA. Therefore, although the payments made to non-resident ‘match referee’ are
“income” which has accrued and arisen in India, the same are not taxable under the
provisions of section 115BBA. They are subject to the normal rates of tax.
Particulars `
Tax@30% under section 115BB on winnings of ` 20,000 from horse 6,000
races
Tax on ` 6,10,000 at the rates in force
Upto ` 2,50,000 Nil
2,50,000 – 5,00,000 @5% 12,500
5,00,000 – 6,10,000 @ 20% 22,000 34,500
40,500
Add: Health and Education cess@4% 1,620
42,120
2.10 APPLICABILITY OF MAT ON FOREIGN COMPANIES

[SECTION 115JB]
As per section 115JB(1), in case of company (domestic or foreign), if the income-tax payable
on the total income computed under the Income-tax Act, 1961 is less than 18.5% of its book
profit, such book profit shall be deemed to be the total income of the assessee and the tax
payable by the assessee on such total income shall be the amount of income-tax at the rate
of 18.5% (add surcharge, if applicable, i.e., 7% for domestic companies and 2% for foreign
companies, where the total income exceeds ` 1 crore but does not exceed ` 10 crore, and
12% for domestic companies and 5% for foreign companies where the total income exceeds
` 10 crore). Further, health and education cess @4% shall be added on the aggregate of income-
tax and surcharge.

In order to address the issue relating to the applicability of section 115JB(1) to Foreign Institutional
Investors (FIIs) who do not have a permanent establishment (PE) in India, it has been provided
that in case of a foreign company, any income by way of capital gains on transactions in securities
or interest, royalty or fees for technical services chargeable to tax at the rates specified in Chapter
XII, is credited to statement of profit and loss and income-tax payable thereon is at a rate lower
than the rate specified in section 115JB, the same shall be reduced from the book profits; and the
corresponding expenditure will be added back, if the same is debited to statement of profit and
loss.
However, the above amendment by the Finance Act, 2015 was prospective w.e.f. A.Y.2016-
17. Therefore, the issue related to applicability for assessment year prior to A.Y.2016-17 remained
to be addressed.
The Committee on Direct Tax matters headed by Justice A.P. Shah, set up by the
Government to look into the matter, suggested that section 115JB be amended to clarify the
applicability of Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) provisions to Foreign Institutional Investors/
Foreign Portfolio Investors (FIIs/FPIs) in view of the fact that FIIs and FPIs normally do not
have a place of business in India.
Keeping in mind the suggestions of the Committee and in order to ensure certainty in taxation
of foreign companies, Explanation 4 has been inserted in section 115JB by the Finance Act,
2016 with retrospective effect from 01.04.2001 to provide for non-applicability of levy of MAT
under section 115JB in the following cases:
Existence of DTAA with the country of Additional condition to be satisfied for
residence of the foreign company non-applicability of MAT
(i) The foreign company is a resident of a It should not have a permanent
country or a specified territory with which establishment in India in accordance with
India has a DTAA under section 90(1) or the the provisions of such Agreement
Central Government has adopted any
agreement between specified associations for
double taxation relief under section 90A(1)
(ii) The foreign company is a resident of a It is not required to seek registration
country with which India does not have an under any law for the time being in force
agreement of the nature referred to in clause relating to companies.
(i) above
Explanation 4A to section 115JB has been inserted with retrospective effect from
01.04.2001 to clarify that MAT provisions shall not be applicable to a foreign company,
whose total income comprises solely of profits and gains from business referred to in
section 44B or section 44BB or section 44BBA and such income has been offered to tax at
the presumptive rates specified thereunder.
Note: For detailed understanding of the provisions of Minimum Alternate Tax, students may refer
to Chapter 12: Assessment of Various Entities in Module 2 of Paper 7: Direct Tax Laws and
International Taxation

2.11 SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CONVERSION

OF INDIAN BRANCH OF A FOREIGN BANK INTO A
SUBSIDIARY COMPANY [CHAPTER XII-BB]
(1) Conversion of an Indian branch of foreign company into subsidiary Indian company
[Section 115JG(1)]
(i) The provisions of this section apply to a foreign company engaged in banking business in
India through its branch situated in India, which is converted into an Indian subsidiary
company in accordance with the scheme framed by RBI.
(ii) If the conditions notified by the Central Government in this behalf are satisfied, then capital
gains arising from such conversion would not be chargeable to tax in the assessment year
relevant to the previous year in which such conversion takes place.
(iii) Also, the provisions of the Act relating to computation of income of foreign company and
Indian subsidiary company would apply with such exceptions, modifications and adaptations
as specified in the notification.
(iv) Further, the benefit of set-off of unabsorbed depreciation, set-off or carry forward and set-off
of losses, tax credit in respect of tax paid on deemed income relating to certain companies
available under the Act shall apply with such exceptions, modifications and adaptations as
specified in the notification.
(2) Consequences of failure to comply with the specified conditions [Section 115JG(2)]
If the conditions specified in the scheme of RBI or notification issued by the Central Government
are not complied with, then, all the provisions of the Act would apply to the foreign company and
Indian subsidiary company without any benefit, exemption or relief under this section.
(3) Consequences of subsequent failure to comply with the conditions [Section 115JG(3)]
(i) If the benefit, exemption or relief has been granted to the foreign company or Indian subsidiary
company in any previous year and thereafter, there is a failure to comply with any of the
conditions specified in the scheme or notification, then, such benefit, exemption or relief shall be
deemed to have been wrongly allowed.
(ii) In such a case, the Assessing Officer is empowered to re-compute the total income of the
assessee for the said previous year and make the necessary amendment. This power is
notwithstanding anything contained in the Income-tax Act, 1961.
(iii) The provisions of rectification under section 154, would, accordingly, apply and the four year
period within which such rectification should be made has to be reckoned from the end of the
previous year in which the failure to comply with such conditions has taken place.
(iv) Every notification under issued under this section shall be laid before each House of Parliament..

2.12 WITHHOLDING TAX PROVISIONS FOR NON-

RESIDENTS
(1) Salary payable in foreign currency [Section 192]
By virtue of section 9(1)(ii), salary is deemed to accrue or arise in India, if services are rendered in
India. Therefore, if a non-resident renders services in India, the salary income would be chargeable to
tax in India and the person responsible for paying the salary income i.e., the employer, has to deduct
withholding tax in accordance with the provisions of Section 192.
Such income-tax has to be calculated at the average rate of income-tax computed on the basis of the
rates in force for the relevant financial year in which the payment is made, on the estimated total
income of the assesse.
Average rate of income-tax means the rate arrived at by dividing the amount of income-tax calculated
on the total income, by such total income.
Section 192(6) deals with the provisions of withholding tax in case of salary payable in foreign currency.
In case, where salary is payable in foreign currency, the amount of tax deducted is to be calculated
after converting the salary payable into Indian currency at the telegraphic transfer buying rate as
adopted by State Bank of India on the last day of the month immediately preceding the month in which
the salary is due, or is paid in advance or in arrears. [Rule 26 read with Rule 115].
Students may note that the Rule 26 and Rule 115 have been given as Annexure – 2 at the
end of this material.
(2) Winnings from lotteries, crossword puzzles and horse races [Section 194B and 194BB]
(i) Rate of tax on casual income
Any income of a casual and non-recurring nature of the type of winnings from lotteries, crossword
puzzles, card game and other game of any sort, races including horse races, etc. will be charged
to income-tax at a flat rate of 30% [Section 115BB].
(ii) TDS on winning from lotteries, crossword puzzles etc.
According to the provisions of section 194B, every person responsible for paying to any
person, whether resident or non-resident, any income by way of winnings from lottery or
crossword puzzle or card game and other game of any sort, is required to deduct income-tax
therefrom at the rate of 30% if the amount of payment exceeds ` 10,000.
If payment is to a non-resident, surcharge, wherever applicable, and health and education cess
@4% have to be added to the above rate for deduction of tax at source.
(iii) Cases where winnings are partly in kind and partly in cash
In a case where the winnings are wholly in kind or partly in cash and partly in kind but the
part in cash is not sufficient to meet the liability of deduction of tax in respect of whole of the

winnings, the person responsible for paying shall, before releasing the winnings, ensure that
tax has been paid in respect of the winnings.
(iv) Person responsible for deduction of tax under section 194BB

Section 194BB casts responsibility on the following persons to deduct tax at source -
(a) a bookmaker; or
(b) a person to whom a license has been granted by the Government under any law for the
time being in force -
 for horse racing in any race course; or
 for arranging for wagering or betting in any race course.
(v) Threshold limit and rate of TDS under section 194BB

The obligation to deduct tax at source under section 194BB arises when the above-
mentioned persons make payment to any person of any income by way of winnings from any
horse race in excess of ` 10,000. The rate applicable for deduction of tax at source is 30%.
Surcharge, wherever applicable, and health and education cess @4% have to be added to
the above rate for deduction of tax at source in case of payment to a non-resident.
Tax will have to be deducted at source from winnings from horse races even though the
winnings may be paid to the person concerned in instalments of less than ` 10,000.
Similarly, in cases where the book-maker or other person responsible for paying the
winnings, credits such winnings and debits the losses to the individual account of the punter,
tax has to be deducted @30% on winnings before set-off of losses. Thereafter, the net
amount, after deduction of tax and losses, has to be paid to the winner.
(vi) Meaning of the expression “horse race”

In the context of the provisions of section 194BB, the expression ‘any horse race’ used
therein must be taken to include, wherever the circumstances so necessitate, more than one
horse race. Therefore, winnings by way of jack pot would also fall within the scope of section
194BB.
(3) Payments to non-resident sportsmen or sports association [Section 194E]
(i) Applicability: This section provides for deduction of tax at source in respect of any income
referred to in section 115BBA payable to a non-resident sportsman (including an athlete) or
an entertainer who is not a citizen of India or a non-resident sports association or institution.
(ii) Rate of TDS: Deduction of tax at source @20% plus surcharge, if applicable, plus health
and education cess @4% should be made by the person responsible for making the
payment.

(iii) Time of deduction of tax: Such tax deduction should be at the time of credit of such income
to the account of the payee or at the time of payment thereof in cash or by issue of a cheque
or draft or by any other mode, whichever is earlier.
(iv) Income referred to in section 115BBA
(a) income received or receivable by a non-resident sportsman (including an athlete) by
way of-
(1) participation in any game or sport in India (However, games like crossword
puzzles, horse races etc. taxable under section 115BB are not included herein); or
(2) advertisement; or
(3) contribution of articles relating to any game or sport in India in newspapers,
magazines or journals.
(b) Guarantee amount paid or payable to a non-resident sports association or institution in
relation to any game or sport played in India. However, games like crossword puzzles,
horse races etc. taxable under section 115BB are not included herein.
(c) income received or receivable by a non-resident entertainer (who is not a citizen of
India) from his performance in India.
(4) Commission etc. on the sale of lottery tickets [Section 194G]
(i) Applicability and Rate of TDS: Under section 194G, the person responsible for paying to
any person, who is or has been stocking, distributing, purchasing or selling lottery tickets, any
income by way of commission, remuneration or prize (by whatever name called) on lottery
tickets in an amount exceeding ` 15,000 shall deduct income-tax thereon at the rate of 5%
plus surcharge, if applicable, plus health and education cess @4%.
(ii) Time of deduction of tax: Such deduction should be made at the time of credit of such
income to the account of the payee or at the time of payment of such income by cash,
cheque, draft or any other mode, whichever is earlier.
Where any such income is credited to any account, whether called “Suspense Account” or
by any other name, in the books of account of the person liable to pay such income, such
crediting shall be deemed to be credit of such income to the account of the payee and the
provisions of this section shall apply accordingly.
(5) Income by way of interest from Infrastructure Debt Fund [Section 194LB]
(i) Special rate of tax on interest received by non-residents from notified infrastructure
debt funds: Interest income received by a non-corporate non-resident or a foreign company
from notified infrastructure debt funds set up in accordance with the prescribed guidelines
would be subject to tax at a concessional rate of 5% under section 115A on the gross amount
of such interest income as compared to tax @20% on other interest income of non-resident.

The concessional rate of tax is expected to give a fillip to infrastructure and encourage inflow
of long-term foreign funds to the infrastructure sector.
(ii) Rate of TDS: Accordingly, tax would be deductible @5% plus surcharge, if applicable, plus
health and education cess @4% on interest paid/credited by such fund to a non-
resident/foreign company.
(iii) Time of deduction: The person responsible for making the payment shall, at the time of
credit of such income to the account of the payee or at the time of payment thereof in cash or
by issue of a cheque or draft or by any other mode, whichever is earlier, deduct tax at source.
(6) Income from units of a business trust to non-resident [Section 194LBA]
(i) Applicability and rate of tax: A business trust shall be liable to deduct the tax at source
where any distributed income referred to in section 115UA, being in the nature referred to in
section 10(23FC)(a) or section 10(23FCA) is payable by the business trust to its unit holder,
being non-resident non-corporate and foreign company [Section 194LBA(2) & (3)].
Nature of distributed income to its non-resident non- Rate of tax
corporate and foreign company unit holders
(a) Interest income received by business trust from a SPV referred to 5%
in section 10(23FC)(a)
(b) Rental income arising to business trust, being real estate investment At the rates in
trust from real estate referred to in section 10(23FCA) force
Surcharge, wherever applicable, and health and education cess @4% have to be added to the
above rates for deduction of tax at source.
(ii) Time of deduction: Tax shall be deducted at the time of credit of such payment to the
account of the payee or at the time of payment thereof in cash or by the issue of a cheque or
draft or any other mode, whichever is earlier.
(iii) Meaning of Business Trust: “Business trust” means a trust registered as an Infrastructure
Investment Trust (Invit) under SEBI (Infrastructure Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014 or a Real
Estate Investment Trust (REIT) under SEBI (Real Estate Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014
and the units of which are required to be listed on a recognized stock exchange in
accordance with the aforesaid regulations.
(7) Income of units of investment fund to non-resident unit holders [Section 194LBB]
(i) Applicability and rate of tax: Investment fund to deduct tax at source on any income (other
than the proportion of income which is of the same nature as income chargeable under the
head “Profits and gains of business or profession” which is taxable at investment fund level)
payable by the investment fund to a unit holder at rates in force in case of payable to a non-
resident non corporate or non-corporate unit holder.

Any such income credited to any account, whether called “suspense account” or by any other
name, in the books of account of the person liable to pay such income, such crediting shall
be deemed to be the credit of such income to the account of the payee, and the provisions of
section 194LBB shall apply accordingly.
(ii) No TDS if income is not chargeable under the Act: In case of income payable to a non-
resident non corporate or non-corporate unit holder, no deduction is to be made in respect of
any income that is not chargeable to tax under the Act.
(iii) Time of deduction: Such tax has to be deducted at the time of credit of such income to the
account of the payee or at the time of payment, whichever is earlier.
(iv) Meaning of Investment Fund: Any fund established or incorporated in India in the form of a
trust or a company or a limited liability partnership or a body corporate which has been
granted a certificate of registration as a Category I or a Category II Alternative Investment
Fund and is regulated under the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Alternative
Investment Fund) Regulations, 2012, made under the Securities and Exchange Board of
India Act, 1992;
(8) Income in respect of investment made in a securitisation trust [Section 194LBC]
(i) Applicability and rate of tax: Tax deduction at source under section 194LBC shall be
effected by the securitisation at the rates in force trust where income is payable to an
investor, being a non-resident non-corporate or a foreign company, in respect of investment
in it.
Any such income credited to any account, whether called “suspense account” or by any other
name, in the books of account of the person liable to pay such income, such crediting shall
be deemed to be the credit of such income to the account of the payee, and the provisions of
section 194LBC shall apply accordingly.
(ii) Time of deduction: TDS shall be deducted at the time of credit of such payment to the
account of the payee or at the time of payment thereof in cash or by the issue of a cheque or
draft or any other mode, whichever is earlier.
(iii) Meaning of certain terms:
Term Meaning
(a) Investor Means a person who is holder of any securitised debt instrument
or securities or security receipt issued by the securitisation trust
(b) Securities Means debt securities issued by a Special Purpose Vehicle as

referred to in the guidelines on securitisation of standard assets
issued by RBI

(c) Securitisation A trust being a –

trust (i) Special purpose distinct entity as defined in and regulated
under SEBI (Public Offer and Listing of Securitised Debt
Instruments) Regulations, 2008
(ii) Special Purpose vehicle as defined in and regulated by the
guidelines on securitization of standard assets issued by the
Reserve Bank of India
(iii) Trust set-up by a securitization company or a reconstruction
company formed for the purpose of the Securitisation and
Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of
Security Interest Act, 2002 or any guidelines or directions
issued by the RBI for the same.
(9) Income by way of interest from an Indian company [Section 194LC]

(i) Concessional rate of tax on interest on foreign currency borrowings by an Indian
company or business trust: Interest paid by an Indian company or business trust to a
foreign company or a non-corporate non-resident in respect of borrowing made in foreign
currency from sources outside India between 1.7.2012 and 30.6.2020 would be subject to tax
at a concessional rate of 5% on gross interest (as against the rate of 20% of gross interest
applicable in respect of other interest received by a non-corporate non-resident or foreign
company from Government or an Indian concern on money borrowed or debt incurred by it in
foreign currency).
To avail this concessional rate, the borrowing should be from a source outside India under a
loan agreement at any time between 1.7.2012 and 30.6.2020 or by way of issue of long-term
infrastructure bonds during the period between 1.7.2012 and 30.9.2014 or by way of issue of
any long-term bond, including long-term infrastructure bonds during the period between
1.10.2014 and 30.6.2020 and approved by the Central Government in this behalf.
The interest to the extent the same does not exceed the interest calculated at the rate
approved by the Central Government, taking into consideration the terms of the loan or the
bond and its repayment, will be subject to tax at a concessional rate of 5% plus surcharge,
wherever applicable, plus health and education cess@4%.
(ii) Rate of TDS: Such interest paid by an Indian company or business trust to a non-corporate non-
resident or a foreign company would be subject to TDS@5% plus surcharge, wherever
applicable, plus health and education cess@4% under section 194LC.
(iii) Non-applicability of higher rate of TDS under section 206AA for non-furnishing of PAN:
Levy of higher rate of TDS@20% under section 206AA in the absence of PAN would not be
attracted in respect of payment of interest on long-term bonds, as referred to in section
194LC, to a non-corporate non-resident or to a foreign company.

(10) Interest on Government securities or rupee-denominated bonds of an Indian company

payable to a Foreign Institutional Investor (FII) or a Qualified Foreign Investor (QFI)
[Section 194LD]
(i) Applicability and Rate of TDS: Section 194LD provides that any income by way of interest
payable during the period between 1.6.2013 and 30.6.2020 in respect of investment made by
an FII or QFI in a rupee denominated bond of an Indian company or a Government security,
shall be subject to tax deduction at source at a concessional rate of 5% (as against the rate
of 20% of interest applicable in respect of other interest received by a QFI or FII).
The interest to the extent the same does not exceed the interest calculated at the rate notified by
the Central Government in this behalf will be subject to tax deduction at a concessional rate of 5%
plus surcharge, wherever applicable, plus health and education cess@4%.
(ii) Time of deduction: Any person who is responsible for paying to a person being a FII or a
QFI, any such interest shall, at the time of credit of such income to the account of the payee
or at the time of payment of such income in cash or by the issue of a cheque or draft or by
any other mode, whichever is earlier, deduct income-tax thereon@5% plus surcharge,
wherever applicable, plus health and education cess@4%.
(iii) Meaning of FII and QFI:
Term Meaning
(i) FII Foreign Institutional Investors specified by the Central Government by notification
in the Official Gazette.
(ii) QFI Qualified Foreign Investors i.e., Foreign Investors, being non-residents, who meet
certain KYC requirements under SEBI laws and are hence permitted to invest in
equity and debt schemes of Mutual Funds, thereby enabling Indian Mutual Funds
to have direct access to foreign investors and widen the class of foreign investors
in Indian equity and debt market. QFI does not include FII.
(11) Payment of any other sum to non-resident [Section 195]

(i) Applicability: Any person responsible for paying interest (other than interest referred to in
section 194LB or section 194LC or section 194LD) or any other sum chargeable to tax (other
than salaries) to a non-corporate non-resident or to a foreign company is liable to deduct tax
at source at the rates prescribed by the relevant Finance Act. Such persons are also required
to furnish the information relating to payment of any sum in such form and manner as may be
prescribed by the CBDT.
Payee to be a non-resident - In order to subject an item of income to deduction of tax under
this section the payee must be a non-corporate non-resident or a foreign company.

Payer may be a resident or non-resident - Under section 195(1), the obligation to deduct
tax at source from interest and other payments to a non-resident, which are chargeable to tax
in India, is on “any person responsible for paying to a non-resident or to a foreign company”.
The words “any person” used in section 195(1) is intended to include both residents and non-
residents. Therefore, a non-resident person is also required to deduct tax at source before making
payment to another non-resident, if the payment represents income of the payee non- resident,
chargeable to tax in India. Therefore, if the income of the payee non-resident is chargeable to tax,
then tax has to be deducted at source, whether the payment is made by a resident or a non-
resident.
Explanation 2 clarifies that the obligation to comply with section 195(1) and to make
deduction thereunder applies and shall be deemed to have always applied and extends and
shall be deemed to have always extended to all persons, resident or non-resident, whether or
not the non-resident has:-
(a) a residence or place of business or business connection in India; or
(b) any other presence in any manner whatsoever in India.
(ii) Time of deduction: The tax is to be deducted at source at the time of credit of such income
to the account of the payee or at the time of payment thereof in cash or by the issue of a
cheque or draft or by any other mode, whichever is earlier.
Where any interest or other sum as aforesaid is credited to any account, whether called
“Interest payable account” or “Suspense account” or by any other name, in the books of
account of the person liable to pay such income, such crediting shall be deemed to be credit
of such income to the account of the payee.
However, in the case of interest payable by the Government or a public sector bank within the
meaning of section 10(23D) or a public financial institution within the meaning of section 10(23D),
deduction of tax shall be made only at the time of payment thereof in cash or by the issue of a
cheque or draft or by any other mode.
(iii) Payments subject to tax deduction: The statutory obligation imposed under this section
would apply for the purpose of deduction of tax at source from any sum being income
assessable to tax (other than salary income) in the hands of the non-resident/ foreign
company. However, no deduction shall be made in respect of any dividends declared/
distributed/ paid by a domestic company, on which dividend distribution tax has been paid
under section 115-O.
Payment to a non-resident by way of royalties and payments for technical services rendered
in India are common examples of sums chargeable under the provisions of the Act to which
the liability for deduction of tax at source would apply.

(iv) Certificate of non-deduction of tax at source:

(a) Any person entitled to receive any interest or other sum on which income-tax has to be
deducted under section 195(1) may make an application in the prescribed form to the
Assessing Officer for grant of certificate authorizing him to receive such interest or other
sum without deduction of tax thereunder.
(b) Where any such certificate is granted, every person responsible for paying such interest
or other sum to the person to whom certificate is granted make payment of such interest
or other sum without deduction of tax at source under section 195(1), so long as the
certificate in force.
(c) Such certificate shall remain in force till the expiry of the period specified therein.
However, if it is cancelled by the Assessing Officer before the expiry of such period, the
certificate shall remain in force till such cancellation.
(d) The CBDT is empowered to make rules specifying the cases in which, and the
circumstances under which, an application may be made for the grant of certificate.
While doing so, it should take into account the convenience of the assessees and the
interests of the revenue.
(e) Such Rules would provide for the conditions subject to which such certificate may be
granted and any other matter connected therewith.
(v) Person responsible for paying any sum to non-resident to furnish prescribed
information: Section 195(6) provides that the person responsible for paying any sum,
whether or not chargeable to tax under the provisions of the Act, to a non-corporate non-
resident or to a foreign company, shall be required to furnish the information relating to
payment of such sum in the prescribed form and prescribed manner.
(vi) Specified class or classes of persons, making payment to the non-resident, to
mandatorily make application to Assessing Officer to determine the appropriate
proportion of sum chargeable to tax
(a) Under section 195(1), any person responsible for paying to a non-corporate non-
resident or to a foreign company, any interest or any other sum chargeable under the
provisions of the Act (other than salary), has to deduct tax at source at the rates in
force.
(b) Under section 195(2), where the person responsible for paying any such sum
chargeable to tax under the Act (other than salary) to a non-resident, considers that the
whole of such sum would not be income chargeable in the hands of the recipient, he
may make an application to the Assessing Officer to determine, by general or special
order, the appropriate proportion of such sum so chargeable. When the Assessing
Officer so determines, the appropriate proportion, tax shall be deducted under section
195(1) only on that proportion of the sum which is so chargeable.
(c) Consequent to the retrospective amendments in section 2(47), section 2(14) and section
9(1) by the Finance Act, 2012, sub-section (7) in section 195 provides that,
notwithstanding anything contained in sections 195(1) and 195(2), the CBDT may, by

notification in the Official Gazette, specify a class of persons or cases, where the person
responsible for paying to a non-corporate non-resident or to a foreign company, any
sum, whether or not chargeable under the provisions of this Act, shall make an
application to the Assessing Officer to determine, by general or special order, the
appropriate proportion of sum chargeable to tax. Where the Assessing Officer
determines the appropriate proportion of the sum chargeable, tax shall be deducted
under sub-section (1) on that proportion of the sum which is so chargeable.
(d) Consequently, where the CBDT specifies a class of persons or cases, the person
responsible for making payment to a non-corporate non-resident or a foreign company in
such cases has to mandatorily make an application to the Assessing Officer, whether or
not such payment is chargeable under the provisions of the Act.
(vii) Procedure for refund of TDS under section 195 to the person deducting tax in cases
where tax is deducted at a higher rate prescribed in the DTAA
(a) The CBDT has, through Circular No.7/2011 dated 27.9.2011, modified Circular
No.07/2007, dated 23.10.2007 which laid down the procedure for refund of tax deducted
at source under section 195 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 to the person deducting tax at
source from the payment to a non-resident. The said Circular allowed refund to the
person making payment under section 195 in the circumstances indicated therein as the
income does not accrue to the non-resident or if the income is accruing, no tax is due or
tax is due at a lesser rate. The amount paid to the Government in such cases to that
extent does not constitute tax.
(b) The said Circular, however, did not cover a situation where tax is deducted at a rate
prescribed in the relevant DTAA which is higher than the rate prescribed in the Income-
tax Act, 1961. Since the law requires deduction of tax at a rate prescribed in the relevant
DTAA or under the Income-tax Act, 1961, whichever is lower, there is a possibility that in
such cases excess tax is deducted relying on the provisions of relevant DTAA.
(c) Accordingly, in order to remove the genuine hardship faced by the resident deductor, the
CBDT has modified Circular No. 07/2007, dated 23-10-2007 to the effect that the
beneficial provisions under the said Circular allowing refund of tax deducted at source
under section 195 to the person deducting tax at source shall also apply to those cases
where deduction of tax at a higher rate under the relevant DTAA has been made while a
lower rate is prescribed under the domestic law.
(12) Income payable net of tax [Section 195A]
(i) Where, under an agreement or other arrangement, the tax chargeable on any income referred
to in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter is to be borne by the person by whom the
income is payable, then, for the purposes of deduction of tax under those provisions such
income shall be increased to such amount as would, after deduction of tax thereon, be equal
to the net amount payable under such agreement or arrangement.

(ii) However, no grossing up is required in the case of tax paid [under section 192(1A)] by an
employer on the non-monetary perquisites provided to the employee.
(13) Income from units [Section 196B]
The person responsible for making the following payment to an Offshore Fund shall deduct tax
@ 10% plus surcharge, wherever applicable, plus health and education cess@4% at the time of
credit of such income to the account of the payee or at the time of payment thereof in cash or by
the issue of a cheque or draft or by any other mode, whichever is earlier.
- income in respect of units referred to in section 115AB or
- income by way of long-term capital gains arising from the transfer of such units
(14) Income from foreign currency bonds or shares of Indian company [Section 196C]
The person responsible for making the following payment to a non-resident shall deduct tax
@ 10% plus surcharge, wherever applicable, plus health and education cess@4% at the time of
credit of such income to the account of the payee or at the time of payment thereof in cash or by
the issue of a cheque or draft or by any other mode, whichever is earlier.
- income by way of interest or dividends in respect of bonds or Global Depository Receipts
referred to in section 115AC or
- income by way of long-term capital gains arising from the transfer of such bonds or Global
Depository Receipts.
However, no deduction shall be made in respect of any dividends referred to in section 115-O.
(15) Income of foreign institutional investors from securities [Section 196D]
(i) The person responsible for making the payment in respect of securities referred to in
clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 115AD to a Foreign Institutional Investor shall
deduct tax @ 20% plus surcharge, wherever applicable, plus health and education
cess@4% at the time of credit of such income to the account of the payee or at the time of
payment thereof in cash or by the issue of a cheque or draft or by any other mode,
whichever is earlier.
(ii) However, no deduction shall be made in respect of the following
- any dividends referred to in section115-O
- income, by way of capital gains arising from the transfer of securities referred to in
section 115AD, payable to a Foreign Institutional Investor.
(16) Certificate for deduction of tax at a lower rate [Section 197]

(i) This section applies where, in the case of any income of any person or sum payable to any
person, income-tax is required to be deducted at the time of credit or payment, as the case may
be at the rates in force as per the provisions of sections 192, 194G, 194LBB, 194LBC and 195.

(ii) In such cases, the assessee can make an application to the Assessing Officer for deduction
of tax at a lower rate or for non-deduction of tax.
(iii) If the Assessing Officer is satisfied that the total income of the recipient justifies the deduction
of income-tax at lower rates or no deduction of income-tax, as the case may be, he may give
to the assessee such certificate, as may be appropriate.
(iv) Where the Assessing Officer issues such a certificate, then the person responsible for paying
the income shall deduct income-tax at such lower rates specified in the certificate or deduct
no tax, as the case may be, until such certificate is cancelled by the Assessing Officer.
(v) Enabling powers have been conferred upon the CBDT to make rules for prescribing the
procedure in this regard.
(17) Credit for tax deducted at source [Section 199]
(i) Tax deducted at source in accordance with the above provisions and paid to the credit of the
Central Government shall be treated as payment of tax on behalf of the-
(i) person from whose income the deduction was made; or
(ii) owner of the security; or
(iii) depositor; or
(iv) owner of property; or
(v) unit-holder; or
(vi) shareholder.
(ii) Any sum referred to in sub-section (1A) of section 192 and paid to the Central Government,
shall be treated as the tax paid on behalf of the person in respect of whose income, such
payment of tax has been made.
(iii) The CBDT is empowered to frame rules for the purpose of giving credit in respect of tax
deducted or tax paid under Chapter XVII. The CBDT also has the power to make rules for
giving credit to a person other than the persons mentioned in (i) and (ii) above. Further, the
CBDT can specify the assessment year for which such credit may be given.
(iv) Rule 37BA – Credit for tax deducted at source for the purposes of section 199
Rule 37BA(1) provides that credit for tax deducted at source and paid to the Central
Government shall be given to the person to whom the payment has been made or credit has
been given (i.e., the deductee) on the basis of information relating to deduction of tax
furnished by the deductor to the income-tax authority or the person authorized by such
authority.
Clause (i) of Rule 37BA(2) provides that where under any provisions of the Act, the whole or
any part of the income on which tax has been deducted at source is assessable in the hands

of a person other than the deductee, credit for the whole or any part of the tax deducted at source,
as the case may be, shall be given to the other person and not to the deductee.
However, the deductee should file a declaration with the deductor and the deductor should
report the tax deduction in the name of the other person in the information relating to
deduction of tax referred to in sub-rule (1) of Rule 37BA.
(18) Mandatory requirement of furnishing PAN in all TDS, bills, voucher and
correspondence between the deductor and deductee [Section 206AA]
(i) With a view to strengthening the PAN mechanism, section 206AA provides that any person
whose receipts are subject to deduction of tax at source i.e. the deductee, shall
mandatorily furnish his PAN to the deductor failing which the deductor shall deduct tax at
source at higher of the following rates –
(a) the rate prescribed in the Act;
(b) at the rate in force i.e., the rate mentioned in the Finance Act; or
(c) at the rate of 20%.
(ii) No certificate under section 197 will be granted by the Assessing Officer unless the
application contains the PAN of the applicant.
(iii) If the PAN provided to the deductor is invalid or it does not belong to the deductee, it shall
be deemed that the deductee has not furnished his PAN to the deductor. Accordingly, tax
would be deductible at the rate specified in (i) above.
(iv) The provisions of section 206AA shall not apply in respect of payment of interest on long-
term bonds, as referred to in section 194LC, to a non-corporate non-resident or to a foreign
company.
(v) Non-applicability of section 206AA to non-residents subject to fulfilment of certain
conditions: For the purpose of reducing the compliance burden, section 206AA provides
for non-applicability of the requirements contained in section 206AA to a non-corporate non-
resident or a foreign company not having PAN in respect of payment in the nature of interest,
royalty, fees for technical services and payments on transfer of any capital asset, subject to
the deductee furnishing the following details and documents to the deductor, namely:-
a. name, e-mail id, contact number;
b. address in the country or specified territory outside India of which the deductee is a
resident;
c. a certificate of his being resident in any country or specified territory outside India
from the Government of that country or specified territory if the law of that country or
specified territory provides for issuance of such certificate;

d. Tax Identification Number of the deductee in the country or specified territory of his
residence and in case no such number is available, then a unique number on the
basis of which the deductee is identified by the Government of that country or the
specified territory of which he claims to be a resident [Notification No. 53/2016 dated
24th June, 2016].
(vi) Both the deductor and the deductee have to compulsorily quote the PAN of the deductee in
all correspondence, bills, vouchers and other documents exchanged between them.
Withholding tax provisions for Non-resident: A Summary
Section Nature of payment Rate of TDS

192 Payment of salary Normal Slab
rates
194B Income by way of winnings from lotteries, crossword puzzles, 30
card games and other games of any sort
194BB Income by way of winnings from horse races 30
194G Commission etc. on the sale of lottery tickets 5
194E Specified payments to non-resident sportsmen/sports 20
association or an entertainer
194LB Payment of interest on infrastructure debt fund 5
194LBA(2) Distribution any interest income, received or receivable by a 5
business trust from a SPV, to its unit holders.
194LBA(3) Distribution of any income received from renting or leasing or At the rates in
letting out any real estate asset directly owned by the force
business trust, to its unit holders.
194LBB Investment fund paying income to a unit holder [other than At the rates in
income which is exempt under section 10(23FBB)]. force
194LBC(2) Income in respect of investment made in a securitisation trust At the rates in
(specified in Explanation to section 115TCA) force
194LC Payment of interest by an Indian Company or a business 5
trust to a non-corporate non-resident or foreign company in
respect of money borrowed in foreign currency from a
source outside India under a loan agreement or by way of
issue of long term bonds (including long term infrastructure
bond) or by way of issue of rupee denominated bond
194LD Payment of interest on rupee denominated bond of an Indian 5
Company or Government securities to a Foreign Institutional
Investor or a Qualified Foreign Investor

195 Payment of any other sum to a non-resident At the rates in

force
196B Income from units of a mutual fund or UTI purchased in 10
foreign currency (including long term capital gain on transfer
of such units) payable to an Offshore Fund
196C Income by way of interest on bonds of an Indian company or 10
public sector company sold by the Government and
purchased by a non-resident in foreign currency or GDRs
referred to in section 115AC (including long term capital gain
on transfer of such bonds or GDRs payable to a non-resident
196D Income of foreign Institutional Investors from securities (not 20
being income by way of interest referred to in section 194LD,
dividend referred under section 115-O or capital gain arising
from such securities)
Note: In all the above cases, the rate of tax would be increased by surcharge, wherever
applicable, and health and education cess @4%.
2.13 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

(1) Furnishing of Return of Income [Section 139(1)]
Filing an income-tax return in India is mandatory for non-residents except in the cases specified in
“Chapter XII: Determination of tax in certain special cases” of the Income-tax Act, 1961 [Refer to
para 2.9] .
Section 139(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 requires every person,—
(a) being a company or a firm; or
(b) being a person other than a company or a firm, if his total income or the total income of any
other person in respect of which he is assessable under this Act during the previous year
exceeded the basic exemption limit,
to furnish a return of his income or the income of such other person during the previous year, in
the prescribed form and verified in the prescribed manner and setting forth such other particulars
as may be prescribed on or before the due date specified thereunder.
‘Due date’ means -
Assessee Due Date
(i) Where the assessee, other than an assessee referred to in 30th September of the
clause (ii), is - assessment year
(a) a company,

(b) a person (other than a company) whose accounts are

required to be audited under the Income-tax Act, 1961 or
any other law in force; or
(c) a working partner of a firm whose accounts are required
to be audited under the Income-tax Act, 1961 or any
other law for the time being in force.
(ii) in the case of an assessee who is required to furnish a report 30th November of the
referred to in section 92E. assessment year
(iii) in the case of any other assessee. 31st July of the
assessment year
(2) Who may be regarded as Representative Assessee? [Section 160]

As per section 160(1)(i), in respect of the income deemed to accrue or arise in India to a non-
resident under section 9(1), the agent of the non-resident including a person who is treated as
an agent under section 163 would be treated as a representative assesse
(3) Who may be regarded as agent? [Section 163]

An agent is considered a representative assessee but only if he is the agent of non-resident
person. According to section 163, an agent, in relation to a non-resident person, includes any
person in India:
(i) who is employed by or on behalf of the non-resident;
(ii) who is having any business connection with the non-resident;
(iii) from or through whom the non-resident is in receipt of any income, whether directly or
indirectly;
(iv) who is trustee of the non-resident.
An agent also includes any other person who (whether resident or non-resident) has acquired a
capital asset in India by means of a transfer.
A Broker: Can he be treated as an agent?
Where transactions are carried on in the ordinary course of business through a broker in India and
the broker does not deal directly with or on behalf of a non-resident principal but deals with or
through a non-resident broker, the broker in India cannot be treated as an agent in respect of the
income arising to the non-resident from such transactions. Further, the non-resident broker should
also carry on such transactions in the ordinary course of his business as a principal. Accordingly,
where bona fide hedging transactions take place through a broker in India and a foreign broker
acting for an undisclosed principal, the Indian broker cannot be deemed to be agent of the foreign

principal. Thus, generally a broker is not deemed to be the agent of a non-resident person so long
as he functions exclusively in his capacity as a broker.
Opportunity of being heard to be given before treating a person as an agent of a non-
resident
Before a person can be treated as an agent of a non-resident he must be given a reasonable
opportunity of being heard by the Assessing Officer as to his liability to be so treated.
(4) Liability of Representative Assessee [Section 161]

Every representative assessee has the same responsibilities, duties and liabilities as if the income
were being received by or accruing to or in favour of him beneficially. He is liable to be assessed
in his own name in respect of such income but the assessment is deemed to have been made
upon him in his representative capacity. The tax is levied on and is recovered from such an
assessee, in like manner and to the same extent as it would have been levied upon and recovered
from the person represented by him.
If certain income is assessed in the hands of any person in the capacity of representative assessee, the
same income shall not be assessed in his hands under any other provision of the Act.
(5) Rights of representative assessee to recover tax paid [Section 162]

Every representative assessee who pays any amount under the Act, is entitled to recover the sum
so paid from the person on whose behalf he had paid it or to adjust it against any moneys in his
possession, but belonging to the other persons. The representative assessee has the right to
retain out of the moneys in his representative capacity, an amount equal to any sum paid by him
under the Act in addition to the right to recover the same from the beneficial owner of the income.
Any representative assessee or any person who apprehends that he may be assessed in respect
of any other person (principal) as a representative assessee, has the right to retain out of the
money payable by him to such other person, amount to the extent of his estimated liability.
In case of disagreement between the principal and representative assessee, such representative
assessee, may secure from the Assessing Officer a certificate stating the amount to be so retained
pending final settlement of the liability. The certificate so obtained shall be treated as warrant
authorising retention of the amount.
The amount recoverable from such representative assessee at the time of final settlement should
not exceed the amount specified in such certificate. However, where a representative assessee
holds, in his hands, any additional assets of the principal at the time of final settlement, then the
Assessing Officer may initiate the recovery of the balance tax liability of the principal from such
representative to the extent of assets held by him.

(6) Direct assessment or recovery not barred [Section 166]

Direct assessment of the person on whose behalf or for whose benefit income is receivable, or the
recovery from such person of the tax payable in respect of such income is not barred by any
provision in Chapter XV of the Income-tax Act, 1961.
(7) Remedies against property in cases of representative assessees [Section 167]

The Assessing Officer has the same remedies against all property of any kind vested in or under
the control or management of any representative assessee as he would have against the property
of any person liable to pay any tax, and in as full and ample a manner, irrespective of whether the
demand is raised against the representative assessee or directly against the beneficiary.
(8) Recovery of tax in respect of non- resident from his assets [Section 173]
In a case where the person entitled to the income arising from any business connection in India or
from any property in India or through or from any asset or source of income in India or through the
transfer of a capital asset situated in India is a non-resident, the tax chargeable thereon, whether
in his name or in the name of his agent who is liable as a representative assessee, may be
recovered by deduction under any of the provisions of Chapter XVII-B. Further, any arrears of tax
may be recovered also in accordance with the provisions of this Act from any assets of the non-
resident which are, or may at any time come, within India. These provisions are without prejudice
to the provisions of section 161(1) or of section 167.
(9) Recovery against the assessee’s property in foreign countries [Section 228A]
Where an assessee is in default or is deemed to be in default in making a payment of tax, the Tax
Recovery Officer may if the assessee has property in a country outside India (being a country with
which the Central Government has entered into an agreement for the recovery of income tax under
this Act and the corresponding law in force in that country) forward to the CBDT a certificate drawn
up by him under section 222. Thereafter, the CBDT may take such action thereon as it may deem
appropriate having regard to the terms of the agreement with such country.
Similarly, the Government of the other country or any authority under that Government may send to the
CBDT a certificate of recovery of any tax due under such corresponding law from a person having
property in India and the CBDT may forward such certificate to Tax Recovery Officer for recovery of
such tax. Tax Recovery Officer can proceed to recover the amount specified in the Certificate by –
(a) attachment and sale of assessee’s movable or immovable property
(b) arrest of the assessee and his detention in prison.
(c) appointing a receiver for the management of assessee’s movable and immovable property.
He shall thereafter remit the sum so recovered to the CBDT.

(10) Submission of statement by a non-resident having liaison office [Section 285]

(i) A non-resident can operate in India through a branch or a liaison office set up after getting
the approval of the Reserve Bank of India. Since the branch constitutes a permanent
establishment of the non-resident, it has to file its return of income. However, prior to
1.6.2011, there was no such requirement as regards a liaison office since no business
activity is allowed to be carried out in India via a liaison office of a non-resident.
(ii) With effect from 1.6.2011, such a non-resident is required to file a statement in the
prescribed form [Form No.49C] to the Assessing Officer having jurisdiction, within 60 days
from the end of the financial year, providing the details in respect of activities carried out by
the liaison office in India during the financial year.
(iii) This requirement has to be complied with by every person, being a non-resident having a
liaison office in India set up in accordance with the guidelines issued by the RBI under the
Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999.
(iv) The statement of a particular financial year should be filed on or before 30th May, of the
succeeding financial year in electronic form along with digital signature. For example, the
statement for F.Y. 2018-19 should be filed on or before 30th May, 2019. Further, the
statement is to be verified by a Chartered Accountant or by the Authorized Signatory i.e., the
person authorized by the non-resident in this behalf.
(11) Furnishing of information or documents by an Indian Concern [Section 285A]

(i) There shall be a reporting obligation on the Indian concern through or in which the Indian
assets are held by a foreign company or entity.
(ii) For the purposes of determination of any income accruing or arising in India under section
9(1)(i), an Indian concern has to furnish, within the prescribed period to the prescribed
income-tax authority, the information or documents, in prescribed manner, if -
- any share of, or interest in, a company or an entity registered or incorporated outside India
derives, directly or indirectly, its value substantially from the assets located in India, as
referred to in Explanation 5 to section 9(1)(i), and
- such company or, entity, holds, directly or indirectly, such assets in India through, or in, the
Indian concern.
(iii) If any Indian concern fails to furnish the information or documents, the income-tax authority,
as may be prescribed under the said section, may direct that such Indian concern shall pay,
by way of penalty,—

(a) @2% of the value of the transaction in respect of which such failure has taken place,
if such transaction had the effect of directly or indirectly transferring the right of
management or control in relation to the Indian concern;
(b) ` 5,00,000 in any other case.
Note – Rule 114DB prescribes the time limit and Information or documents to be furnished under
section 285A.
Students may note that the Rule 114DB has been given as Annexure – 3 at the end of this
material.
Note – In this Chapter, the provisions of income-tax law which specifically relate to non-residents
have been dealt with in detail. Further, certain significant general provisions of income-tax law,
which are also applicable to non-residents in the same or modified form are discussed in some
length. In addition to these provisions, there may be other general provisions of income-tax law,
which are also applicable to non-residents. For a detailed discussion of these provisions, students
are advised to refer to the Study Material of Paper 7: Direct Tax Laws and International Taxation,
wherein the entire income-tax law is discussed in detail. Students are expected to be aware of
such provisions and apply the same while solving problems and addressing issues related to non-
residents in this Elective Paper.

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2

NON RESIDENT TAXATION

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

2.2 IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

(2) Person [Section 2(31)]

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

(6) Foreign Company [Section 2(23A)]

(10) Transfer [Section2(47)]

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

2.3 CHARGE OF INCOME TAX [SECTION 4]

Rates of tax, surcharge and cess for foreign companies

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

(b) the charge of tax is on various persons specified in Section 2(31).

2.4 RESIDENTIAL STATUS AND SCOPE OF TOTAL

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Note: In simpler terms, an individual is said to be a resident and ordinarily resident if he

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Meaning of the term “control and management”:

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

(iii) Residential status of a Company

Concept of Substance over form

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Meaning of certain terms:

Place of Effective Management:

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

The determination of POEM is based on the following categorization of

Active Business Outside India (Business Test)

Companies fulfilling the test of Companies other than those

 POEM outside India, if majority

What is ABOI test?

Its passive income* (wherever earned) is 50% or less of its

Payroll expenses incurred on such employees are less than

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

* Passive income of a company shall be aggregate of:

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

(ii) 10% income from interest.

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Determination If the foreign company is assessed to tax in the foreign jurisdiction

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

If the foreign company is not assessed to tax in the foreign jurisdiction

Brought If the foreign company is assessed to tax in the foreign jurisdiction

Brought forward loss and unabsorbed depreciation as per the books of

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

The loss and unabsorbed depreciation as per tax record or books of

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Meaning of The place of incorporation of the foreign company.

Determination of Residential Status: A summary

Abbreviations used in the Flow Charts in pages 2.26 & 2.27

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Determination of Residential Status of Individual