Differential Calculus

Theorems on Limits
lim f ( x )
f ( x ) x →a
lim =
lim c=c x →a g ( x ) lim g ( x )
1. x →a 6. x →a
n
lim x=a lim √ f ( x )= n lim f ( x )
√
2. x →a 7. x →a x →a
n n

3.
lim cf ( x )=c lim f ( x )
x →a x→ a 8. x →a [
lim [ f (x ) ] = lim f ( x )
x→a ]
1
lim [ f ( x )+ g ( x ) ] =lim f ( x )+ lim g ( x ) lim =0
4. x →a x →a x →a 9. x→∞ xn
1
lim [ f ( x )⋅g ( x ) ] =lim f ( x )⋅lim g( x ) lim =∞
5. x →a x→a x→a 10. x →0 xn

Special Trigonometric Limits

sin x 1−cos x
lim =1 lim =0
1. x →0 x 2. x →0 x

Derivative of Functions

Algebraic Functions
du dv
v −u
d d u dx dx
(c )=0 ( )=
1. dx 6. dx v v 2

du
d d
( x )=1 ( √ u)= dx
2. dx 7. dx 2 √u
d du d n du
(cu )=c (u )=nun−1
3. dx dx 8. dx dx
d du dv d 1 −n du
(u+v )= + ( n )= n+1
4. dx dx dx 9. dx u u dx
d dv du
(uv )=u +v
5. dx dx dx

Trigonometric Functions
d du d du
(sin u )=cosu (cot u )=−csc 2 u
1. dx dx 4. dx dx
d du d du
(cosu )=−sin u (secu )=secu tan u
2. dx dx 5. dx dx
d du d du
( tanu )=sec2 u (cscu )=−csc u cotu
3. dx dx 6. dx dx .
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
d 1 du d 1 du
( Arcsin u )= ⋅ ( Arc cot u )=− ⋅
1.
dx √ 1−u2 dx
4. dx 1+u 2 dx
d 1 du d 1 du
( Arccos u)=− ⋅ ( Arcsec u)= ⋅
2.
dx √ 1−u2 dx 5.
dx u √ u −1 dx
2

d 1 du d 1 du
( Arc tan u)= ⋅ ( Arcsec u)=− ⋅
3. dx 1+u2 dx 6.
dx u √ u2 −1 dx

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

d u du d 1 du
(a )=au (ln a )⋅ (log b u)= (log b e )
1. dx dx 3. dx u dx
d u du d 1 du
( e )=e u⋅ (ln u )= ⋅
2. dx dx 4. dx u dx

Variable with Variable Exponent

d v d
(u )=uv ( v lnu )
dx dx

Hyperbolic Functions
d du d du
(sinh u )=cosh u (coth u)=−csch2 u
1. dx dx 4. dx dx
d du d du
(cosh u)=sinh u (sec hu)=−sec hu tanh u
2. dx dx 5. dx dx
d du d du
( tanhu )=sec h2 u (csc hu)=−csc hu coth u
3. dx dx 6. dx dx .

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

d 1 du d 1 du
(sinh−1 u )= 2 ⋅ (coth−1 u )=− ⋅
1.
dx √u +1 dx 4. dx 1−u2 dx
d 1 du d 1 du
(cosh−1 u)= 2 ⋅ (sec h−1 u )=− ⋅
2.
dx √u −1 dx 5.
dx u √ 1−u2 dx
d 1 du d 1 du
( tanh−1 u )= ⋅ (csc h−1 u )=− ⋅
3. dx 1−u 2 dx 6.
dx u √1+u dx
2