UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

Faculty of Mathematics

MATHEMATICS FOR THE

NATURAL SCIENCES
WORKBOOK

This workbook is intended for students coming to Cambridge to study physical science options
of the Natural Sciences Tripos, or the Computer Science Tripos.

June 28, 2019

Introduction

Mathematics is an essential tool for all scientists. In the first year of the Natural Sciences
Tripos, there are two mathematics courses: Mathematics (courses A or B) and Mathematical
Biology. Most students taking physical science options follow Mathematics (courses A or B),
Mathematical Biology is intended for students taking biological science options.

The choice whether to take the A or B course is made after discussion with your Director of
Studies on arrival in Cambridge. For more information on the criteria which help in deciding
which course to take and also on the content of the lecture courses, you can consult the course
schedules for NST Mathematics at http://www.maths.cam.ac.uk/undergradnst/

The first section of this workbook contains core scientific mathematics questions based around
material encountered in the A-level syllabus. If you are planning to take Mathematics (courses
A or B), which starts roughly at the level of the questions in this section, then we hope that
you will work through these questions before arriving in Cambridge.

The second section of this workbook contains a few additional questions based around material
usually encountered in A-level Further Mathematics. This section is included mainly for the
benefit of students who have not taken A-levels and are unsure whether they have covered the
material assumed in the B course. If you find any of this material unfamiliar or difficult then
you should probably take the A course.

You may have already mastered all the material, in which case this workbook will provide a
useful set of revision problems. However, if any of the material in section I is new to you, or
you get stuck on any of the questions in this section, then we suggest that you refer to an
appropriate A–level textbook, especially if you find all of the questions on a particular topic
problematic.

If you have difficulties with some questions, don’t worry; when you get to Cambridge, tell your
mathematics supervisor at the first opportunity and he or she will go through the relevant areas
with you.

At the end of the workbook there is a questionnaire. Please fill it in (there is no

need to give your name) as it helps us to make sure that the lectures are pitched
at the right level. The questionnaire will be collected during the first lecture.

In addition to the workbook, a selection of problems especially chosen to help prepare for the
study of Mathematics in the Cambridge Natural Science Tripos can be found on the NRICH
website: http://nrich.maths.org/6884. These problems will greatly aid your mathematical
thinking and are typically far more involved than those encountered at school. The NRICH web-
site also includes an interactive workout designed to test fluency at A-level mathematics (http:
//nrich.maths.org/7088). You will also benefit from working through some of the rich sci-
entific mathematics problems from stemNRICH: (http://nrich.maths.org/advancedstem).
Here you can find questions on mathematical biology, physics, chemistry, engineering and the
most important areas of applied mathematics. You will also find supporting articles to help you
to understand the important role that mathematics will play in your study of science.

Any comments or queries about this workbook should be sent to The Secretary of the Faculty
Board of Mathematics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3
0WA, (e-mail: [email protected]).

1
SECTION I

ALGEBRA

Being fluent with the manipulation of algebra is the most essential aspect of mathematics in
science.

A1 Powers
Simplify
1
 2 6
x− 5 × x 3
√ √ .
2 5
x × x5 × x2

A2 Factorisation
Factorise into the product of two factors:

(i) x2 − 1 ; (ii) a2 − 4 ab + 4 b2 ; (iii) x3 − 1 .

A3 Quadratic equations
Find the roots of:
(i) x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 (ii) x2 + 2 x = 0

(iii) x2 − x − 1 = 0 (iv) x4 − 3 x2 + 2 = 0 .

A4 Completing the square

By completing the square, find (for real x) the minimum values of:

(i) x2 − 2x + 6 ; (ii) x4 + 2x2 + 2 .

What is the minimum value of (i) in the domain 2 6 x 6 3 ?

A5 Inequalities
By factorizing a suitable polynomial, or otherwise, find the values of x and y which satisfy:

(i) x2 − 3x < 4 (ii) y 3 < 2y 2 + 3y .

A6 Factor theorem
(i) Divide x3 + 5 x2 − 2 x − 24 by (x + 4) and hence factorise it completely.

(ii) Use the factor theorem to factorise t3 − 7 t + 6 .

x3 + x2 − 2 x
(iii) Simplify .
x3 + 2 x2 − x − 2

2
A7 Partial fractions
Express the following in partial fractions:
2 x + 13 4x + 1
(i) (ii) (iii)
(x + 1)(x − 1) (x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 3) (x + 1)2 (x − 2)

FUNCTIONS AND CURVE SKETCHING

You will need to be familiar with standard functions: polynomials, trigonometric functions,
powers, exponentials and logarithms, along with combinations of these. You will need to be
aware of the key features (zeros, asymptotes, limits, stationary points) of these functions and
be able to sketch by hand combinations of these. You cannot rely on graphical calculators for
this!

FC1 Modulus function

Sketch the curves given by:

(i) y = |x| (ii) y = 2 − |x|

(iii) y = |2 − |x|| (iv) y = (2 − |x|)(3 + |x|) .

FC2 Transformations of functions

Let f (x) = x2 . Sketch the following curves:

(i) y = f (x) (ii) y = 2f (x) (iii) y = 2f (x) + 3

(iv) y = f (x − 2) (v) y = f (2x + 1) + 3 .

FC3 Transformations of functions

Repeat all parts of the previous question for the functions f (x) = ex and f (x) = ln x.

FC4 Trig and inverse trig functions

Sketch the following curves, for suitable values of x:

(i) y = cos 2x (ii) y = (sin x)2 (iii) y = 2 cot x

(iv) y = 2 cos−1 x (v) y = e−x sin x .

3
FC5 Logarithms
(i) If 3 = 9−x find x .
logα b
(ii) If loga b = c, show that c = logα a for any base α .

(iii) Find x if 16 logx 3 = log3 x .

FC6 Composition of functions

Let f1 (x) = x3 and f2 (x) = tan x . Sketch the following curves, taking particular care about
the gradients of the functions when y = 0 :
(Note that f1−1 (x) denotes the inverse function to f1 (x).)

(i) y = f1 (x) (ii) y = f2 (x) (iii) y = f1−1 (x)

(iv) y = f2−1 (x) (v) y = f1 (f2 (x)) (vi) y = f2 (f1 (x)) .

What have you done to f2 (x) to make f2−1 (x) well-defined in part (iv)?

FC7 Curve sketching

Sketch the curves in the xy plane given by:

x2 y 2
(i) y = 2x2/3 (ii) 2x + 3y − 1 = 0 (iii) + =1
9 4
x2 y 2
(iv) − =1 (v) y = 3t + 4 ; x = t + 1 (vi) x = 2 cos t ; y = 3 sin t
9 4
(vii) x = tan t ; y = sec t

In the last three parts, t is a real parameter which ranges from −∞ to ∞ .

GEOMETRY

You will need to be familiar with the basic properties of lines, planes, triangles and circles.

G1 Triangles
π
(i) In triangle ABC , AB = 1 , BC = 1 and ∠A = 3 radians. Find CA and ∠B .

(ii) In triangle ABC , AB = 2 , BC = 2 and AC = 3 . Find the angles of the triangle.

4
G2 Circles
π
Find, for a sector of angle 3 radians of a disc of radius 3:

(i) the length of the perimeter; and (ii) the area.

SEQUENCES AND SERIES

There are three different sorts of series you will commonly encounter in science: Firstly, you
will need to use the series expansions for common functions; secondly you will need to be able
expand brackets using the binomial theorem; thirdly you will need to be able to sum arithmetic
or geometric progressions

SS1 Arithmetic progressions

An arithmetic progression has third term α and ninth term β . Find the sum to thirty terms.

SS2 Binomial expansions

Expand the following expressions, using the binomial expansion, as far as the fourth term:

3 5
 
3 4
(i) (1 + x) (ii) (2 + x) (iii) 2+ .
x

SS3 Arithmetic and geometric progressions

N
P 1
Prove that n = 2 N (N + 1) .
1

Evaluate:
5
P
(i) the sum of the odd integers from 11 to 99 inclusive (ii) (3n + 2)
n=1

N 10
2r
P P
(iii) (an + b) (a and b are constants) (iv)
n=0 r=0

N
ar2n (a and r are constants).
P
(v)
n=0

SS4 Iterative sequences

The sequence un satisfies un+1 = kun , where k is a fixed number, and u0 = 1 . Express un in
terms of k . Describe the behaviour of un for large n in the different cases that arise according
to the value of k .

5
SS5 Binomial expansion for rational powers
Find the first four terms in the expansions in ascending powers of x of the following expressions,
stating for what values of x the expansion is valid in each case:
1
1 2 (1 + 2x) 2
(i) (1 + x) 2 (ii) (2 + x) 5 (iii) 1 .
(2 + x) 3

SS6 Composition of approximations

Given that, for small θ, sin θ ≈ θ − 61 θ3 and cos θ ≈ 1 − 1
2 θ2 , find an approximation, ignoring
powers of θ greater than 3, for sin( 12 θ) cos θ + sec 2 θ .

TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometrical functions are of fundamental importance in science. You will need to know
special values at which sin(x), cos(x) and tan(x) are zero, have turning points or tend to infinity.
There are many trigonometric identities and many formulae for double angles. You will need
to be aware of these and either know them or be able to work them out as required.

T1 Solving trig equations

Find the four values of θ in the range 0 to 2π that satisfy the equation 2 sin2 θ = 1 .

T2 Trig identities
cot2 x + sin2 x
Prove that = cosec x − cos x .
cos x + cosec x

T3 Trig identities
π π π
By writing 12 = 3 − 4 , use trigonometric identities to evaluate:
π π π
(i) cos ; (ii) sin ; (iii) cot .
12 12 12

T4 Trig identities
If t = tan 12 θ , express the following in terms of t: (i) cos θ ; (ii) sin θ ; (iii) tan θ .

T5 Trig identities
Simplify tan(arctan 31 + arctan 14 ) .

T6 Trig identities
If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle, prove that
       
B−C A B C
cos − sin = 2 sin sin .
2 2 2 2

6
T7 Solving trig equations
√
Write 3 sin θ + cos θ in the form A sin(θ + α), where A and α are to be determined.

T8 Solving trig equations

Find the values of θ in the range 0 to 2π which satisfy the equation

cos θ + cos 3θ = sin θ + sin 3θ .

VECTORS

Vectors are of fundamental importance in all branches of mathematics and it is good to become
comfortable with manipulating them.

V1 Vectors in 3D
Consider the four vectors
       
16 4 −15 12
A =  −6  , B =  14  , C =  7 , D =  12  .
1 −9 4 1

(i) Order the vectors by magnitude.

(ii) Calculate the distance between the points with position vectors A and B.

DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation measures the rate of change of a quantity; as such differentiation is very im-
portant in science. You will need to know how to differentiate standard functions, products,
quotients and functions of a function (using the chain rule).

D1 Stationary points
Find the stationary points of the following functions, stating whether they are local maxima,
minima or points of inflexion:

(i) y = x2 + 2 (ii) y = x3 − 3 x + 3

(iii) y = x3 − 3 x2 + 3 x (iv) y = x3 + 3 x + 3 .

Sketch the graphs of the functions.

D2 Differentiation from first principles

Calculate the derivative of y = x2 + 1 from first principles (i.e. by considering the derivative of
a function as the limit of the gradient of a chord).

7
D3 Chain rule and product rule
Using the chain and product rules etc., find the derivatives of:

(i) y = sin(x2 ) (ii) y = ax (hint: take logs) (iii) y = ln(xa + x−a )

(iv) y = xx (v) y = sin−1 x .

where a is a positive constant.

D4 Implicit differentiation
dy
If y + ey = x + x3 + 1 , find in terms of y and x .
dx

D5 Implicit differentiation
t+1 2t + 1 dy
If y = , and x = , find when t = 1 .
t−2 t−3 dx

INTEGRATION

Integration is used to find areas under curves and more generally as a summation tool. You
will need to know the integral of standard functions and be able to integrate function by parts
and by substitution.

I1 Integration techniques
Find the following indefinite integrals (stating the values of x for which the integrand is a real
function):
√
Z Z
1 1
(i) 2
dx (set x = 2 tan θ) (ii) √ dx (set x − 1 = 2 sin θ)
2+x 3 + 2x − x2
Z Z
1
(iii) √ dx (iv) ln x dx .
x 1−x

8
I2 Integration techniques
Evaluate the following definite integrals:
Z L Z π/2
−x
(i) xe dx (ii) sin 3θ cos θ dθ
0 0

1 π/2
x2 + 1
Z Z
1
(iii) dx (iv) dθ [ use t = tan( 12 θ) ] .
0 x3 + 3x + 2 0 3 + 5 cos θ

In part (i), can you suggest what happens as L → ∞?

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Equations of science often involve the rate of change of a quantity; solving equations involving
differentials is important. You will need to be able to solve linear second order differential
equations with constant coefficients and simple first order differential equations.

DE1 Separable first order ODEs

Solve the following differential equation:
dy
x + (1 − y 2 ) = 0 ; y = 0 when x = 1.
dx

9
SECTION 2 (FURTHER MATHEMATICS)

COMPLEX NUMBERS

C1 Basic manipulations

(i) determine the real and imaginary parts of

1+i
2−i

(ii) Find the roots of the quadratic equation z 2 − 2z + 2 = 0. Determine the modulus and
argument of each root. Plot the roots on an Argand diagram.

C2 Further properties

(i) Use de Moivre’s theorem to express cos 5θ in terms of powers of sin θ and cos θ.

(ii) Sketch the loci |z − i| = 2 and |z + i| = |z − 2|.

VECTORS

VE1 Vector equation of lines

Show that the points with position vectors
     
1 2 0
0 , 1 ,  −1  ,
1 0 2

lie on a straight line and give the equation of the line in the form r = a + λb .

MATRICES

M1 basic properties
Calculate A + B, AB and BA for
   
1 2 −2 −1
A= B=
3 4 4 2

M2 non-commutativity
Find matrices A and B such that AB = 0 and BA 6= 0.

10
M3 transformations
A linear transformation is described by the matrix
 
1 −1
1 1
Show that this transformation is the composition of a rotation and a scaling.

SERIES

SE1 Summation of series

Sum the following series
n
X n
X
r2 r(r2 + 2)
r=1 r=1

SE2 Method of differences

Use partial fractions to sum the series
n
X 1
r(r + 1)
r=1

MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

IN1 Sequences
If an+1 = 3an + 4 and a1 = 1 then deduce a formula for an for any n > 1. Use mathematical
induction to prove your result.

IN2 Integration
Use mathematical induction to prove that, for a non-negative integer n,
Z ∞
xn e−x dx = n!
0

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

H1 Basic properties
State the definitions of sinh x and cosh x. Prove that

cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1 sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x

H2 Differentiation
Prove that
d
tanh x = sech2 x
dx

11
ANSWERS TO SECTION 1

A1
1
x− 10 .

A2
(i) (x + 1)(x − 1); (ii) (a − 2b)2 ; (iii) (x − 1)(x2 + x + 1).

A3
1
√
5
√
(i) 3, 2 ; (ii) 0, −2 ; (iii) 2 ± 2 ; (iv) ± 1, ± 2 .

A4
(i) 5 ; (ii) 2 . The minimum is 6 .

A5
(i) −1 < x < 4; (ii) y < −1 and 0 < y < 3.

A6
(i) (x3 +5x2 −2x−24)÷(x+4) = x2 +x−6 and hence (x3 +5x2 −2x−24) = (x+4)(x+3)(x−2);

(ii) (t − 1)(t − 2)(t + 3);

x
(iii) x+1

A7
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
(i) − , (ii) − + , (iii) − + ,
(x − 1) (x + 1) x − 2 (x + 1) (x + 3) (x + 1)2 x + 1 (x − 2)

1 (3x + 4)
(iv) + .
(x − 1) (x2 + 2)

FC5
(i) x = − 21 ; (iii) x = 81 or x = 1/81.

FC6
π π
One has to restrict the range of x (to − < x < , say) to make the function f2 (x) one-to-one
2 2
(so that it has a unique value).

G1
π 3 1
(i) AC = 1, B = C = radians; (ii) cos C = cos A = , cos B = − .
3 4 8

12
G2
3π
(i) 6 + π; (ii) .
2

SS1
1
2 (125β − 65α).

SS2
(i) 1 + 3x + 3x2 + x3 , (ii) 16 + 32x + 24x2 + 8x3
240 720 1080
(iii) 32 + + 2 + 3
x x x

SS3
Proof: (e.g.) take average and multiply by number of terms.
a
−1
N (N + 1) + b(N + 1); (iv) 211 − 1; (v) a 1 − r2N +2 1 − r2


(i) 2475; (ii) 55; (iii) .
2

SS4
un = k n . If |k| < 1, un → 0; if k = 1, un = 1; if k = −1, un oscillates; if k > 1, un → ∞; if
k < −1, un oscillates, with |un | → ∞.

SS5
1 1
(i) 1 + 21 x − x2 + x3 , |x| < 1
8 16
x 3x2 x3
 
2
(ii) 2 5 1 + − + , |x| < 2;
5 100 125

5x 11x2 50x3
 
1
(iii) √3
1+ − + , |x| < 12 .
2 6 18 81

SS6
13 3
1 + 12 θ + 2θ2 − θ .
48

T1
π 3π 5π 7π
, , , .
4 4 4 4

T3
√
3+1 √
3−1
√
(i) √ ; (ii) √ ; (iii) 2 + 3.
2 2 2 2

13
T4
1 − t2 2t 2t
(i) 2
; (ii) 2
; (iii) .
1+t 1+t 1 − t2

T5
7
.
11

T7
 π
2 sin θ + .
6

T8
π π 5π 9π 3π 13π
, , , , , .
8 2 8 8 2 8

V1
(i) |A| = |B| > |C| > |D| ;
√
(ii) |A − B| = 644

D1
(i) (x, y) = (0, 2), a local minimum;
(ii) (x, y) = (1, 1), a local minimum; (x, y) = (−1, 5), a local maximum;
(iii) (x, y) = (1, 1), a point of inflexion;
(iv) no stationary points.

D3
a(xa−1 − x−a−1 )
(i) 2x cos(x2 ) , (ii) ax loge a , (iii) ,
(xa + x−a )
1
(iv) xx (ln x + 1) , (v) √ .
1 − x2

D4
1 + 3x2
.
1 + ey

D5
12
.
7

14
I1
 
1 x
(i) √ arctan √ + constant.
2 2
 
x−1
(ii) arcsin + constant.
2

[Hint: write 3 + 2x − x2 as 4 − (x − 1)2 and then substitute x = 1 + 2 sin θ ]

√
√
 
1− 1−x
(iii) loge √ + constant. [Hint: substitute y = 1 − x ]
1+ 1−x
(iv) x loge x − x + constant.

I2
1 1
(i) 1 − (1 + L)e−L , (ii) 1
2 , (iii) loge 3 , (iv) loge 3 .
3 4

DE1

1 − x2
y= .
1 + x2

15
 QUESTIONNAIRE

Please put a cross in one box in each table for each question

Table A Table B
Material covered at school Difficulty of questions
Yes No Easy Difficult
A1 A1

A2 A2

A3 A3

A4 A4

A5 A5

A6 A6

A7 A7

FC1 FC1

FC2 FC2

FC3 FC3

FC4 FC4

FC5 FC5

FC6 FC6

FC7 FC7

G1 G1

G2 G2

SS1 SS1

SS2 SS2

SS3 SS3

SS4 SS4

SS5 SS5

SS6 SS6
 QUESTIONNAIRE

Please put a cross in one box in each table for each question

Table A Table B
Material covered at school Difficulty of questions
Yes No Easy Difficult
T1 T1

T2 T2

T3 T3

T4 T4

T5 T5

T6 T6

T7 T7

T8 T8

V1 V1

D1 D1

D2 D2

D3 D3

D4 D4

D5 D5

I1 I1

I2 I2

DE1 DE1

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