Unit 1 - Arrays

1 What is an array? Explain with Example. What are the advantages of

using an array?

• An array is a fixed-size sequenced collection of elements of the same data type.

• An array is derived data type.
• The individual element of an array is referred by their index or subscript value.
• The subscript for an array always begins with 0.

Syntax : data_type array_name [size];

Example : int marks [5];

• The data_type specifies the type of the elements that can be stored in an array, like int, float
or char.
• The size indicates the maximum number of elements that can be stored inside the array.
• In the example, data type of an array is int and maximum elements that can be stored in an
array are 5.
Advantages:
• You can use one name to store many values with different indexes.
• An array is very useful when you are working with sequences of the same kind of data.
• An array makes program easier to read, write and debug.
Disadvantages:
• We must know size of an array in advance before value stored in array.
• It is static structure, the memory which is allocated to array cannot be increased or
decreased.
• Array’s size is fixed, so if we allocate more memory than requirement then it will be wastage
of memory.
• The elements of array are stored in consecutive memory locations.
• Insertions and deletions are very difficult and time consuming.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[5] = {5,12,20,54,68}, i ;
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
printf(“%d”, a[i]);
}
}
Types of an array:
1) Single dimensional array
2) Two dimensional array
3) Multi-dimensional array

1 Dept: CE ACP (3320702) Prof. Vishal K. Makwana

 Unit 1 - Arrays

2 Explain initialization and working of single and multi-dimensional array

with example.
Single Dimensional Array:

• An array using only one subscript to represent the list of elements is called single
dimensional array.

Syntax : data_type array_name [size];

Example : int marks [5];
• An individual array element can be used anywhere like a normal variable with a statement
such as
g = marks [60];
• More generally if i is declared to be an integer variable, then the statement g=marks[i]; will
take the value contained at ith position in an array and assigns it to g.
• We can store value into array element by specifying the array element on the left hand side
of the equals sign like marks[60]=95; The value 95 is stored at 60th position in an array.
• The ability to represent a collection of related data items by a single array enables us to
develop concise and efficient programs.
• For example we can very easily sequence through the elements in the array by varying the
value of the variable that is used as a subscript into the array.
for(i=0; i<66; i++);
sum = sum + marks[i];
• Above for loop will sequence through the first 66 elements of the marks array (elements 0 to
65) and will add the values of each marks into sum. When for loop is finished, the variable
sum will then contain the total of first 66 values of the marks.
• The declaration int values[5]; would reserve enough space for an array called values that
could hold up to 5 integers. Refer to the below given picture to conceptualize the reserved
storage space.
values[0]
values[1]
values[2]
values[3]
values[4]
Initialization of Single Dimensional array:
• The general form of initialization of array is:
data_type array_name [size] = {list of values} ;
• There are three ways to initialize single dimensional array,
1. int number [3] = {1, 5, 2} ;
will initialize 0th element of an array to 1, 1st element to 5 and 2nd element to 2.

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 Unit 1 - Arrays

2. int number [5] = {1, 7} ;

will initialize 0th element of an array to 1, 1st element to 7 and rest all elements will be
initialized to 0.

3. int number[ ] = {1, 5, 6} ;

first of all array size will be fixed to 3 then it will initialize 0th element to 1, 1st element to 5
and 2nd element to 6.

Two dimensional arrays:

• Two dimensional arrays are also called table or matrix.
• Two dimensional arrays have two subscripts.
• First subscript denotes the number of rows and second subscript denotes the number of
columns.
Syntax : data_type array_name [row_size] [column_size];
Example : int marks [10][20];
• Here m is declared as a matrix having 10 rows (numbered from 0 to 9) and 20 columns
(numbered 0 through 19). The first element of the matrix is m[0][0] and the last row last
column is m[9][19]
• A two dimensional array marks[4][3] is shown below. The first element is given by
marks[0][0] contains 35.5 & second element is marks[0][1] and contains 40.5 and so on.
marks [0][0] marks [0][1] marks [0][2]
35.5 40.5 45.5
marks [1][0] marks [1][1] marks [1][2]
66.5 55.5 60.5
marks [2][0] marks [2][1] marks [2][2]
85.5 78.5 65.3
marks [3][0] marks [3][1] marks [3][2]
25.6 35.2 76.2
Initialization of two dimensional array:
1. int table [2][3] = {1,2,3,4,5,6};
will initialize 1st row 1st column element to 1, 1st row 2nd column to 2, 1st row 3rd column to 3,
2nd row 3rd column to 6 and so on.
2. int table [2][3] = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6}};
here, 1st group is for 1st row and 2nd group is for 2nd row. So 1st row 1st column element is 1,
2nd row 1st column element is 4, 2nd row 3rd column element is 6 so on.
3. int table [2][3] = {{1,2},{4}}
initializes as above but missing elements will be initialized by 0.

3. Insertion Operation:
• Insert means to add new element into an array at specified Position. Considering C array
having Maximum Size 10 having currently n=5 elements, to insert an element at index 1,

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 Unit 1 - Arrays

first all the elements from position 1 to n-1 are shifted down by one position to make space
at index 1 then new value is to be copied at index 1.

10 10
17 50
12 17
8 12
24 8
24

Before Insert Element After Insert Element

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main( )
{
int a[100],k,i,n,val,pos;
printf("Enter the size of the array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n Enter array elements:");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
}
printf("\nEnter Position to insert : ");
scanf("%d",&pos);
printf("\n Enter Value:");
scanf("%d",&val);
for(k=n-1;k>=pos-1;k--)
{
a[k+1] = a[k];
}
a[pos-1]= val;
printf("\n After insertion array is :\n");
for(i=0; i<=n; i++)
{
printf("\n%d", a[i]);
}
getch();
}

4 Dept: CE ACP (3320702) Prof. Vishal K. Makwana

 Unit 1 - Arrays

4. Deletion Operation:
• Delete operation removes an element from the specified index. This requires all the
elements from next position to last position to be shifted up.
• After completing delete operation, size of the array is reduced by 1 as it deletes one
element from an array.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int array[100], position, c, n;
printf("Enter number of elements in array:");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d elements:\n", n);
for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
printf("Enter the location where you wish to delete
element\n");
scanf("%d", &position);
if ( position >= n+1 )
printf("Deletion not possible.\n");
else
{
for ( c = position - 1 ; c < n - 1 ; c++ )
{
array[c] = array[c+1];
}
printf(" After Deletion New Array is:\n");
for( c = 0 ; c < n - 1 ; c++ )
printf("%d\n", array[c]);
}
getch();
}

5. Sorting Operation:
• The sorting array means to arrange elements in an ascending or descending order this is very
important operation used in the database.
• The sorting is performed by comparing and exchanging the elements of an array if they are
not in order.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int array[100], i, j, n, swap;

5 Dept: CE ACP (3320702) Prof. Vishal K. Makwana

 Unit 1 - Arrays

printf("Enter Number of Elements:\n");

scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter Element Values:");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
scanf("%d", &array[i]);
}
for(i=0; i<n-1; i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<n; j++)
{
if (array[i] > array[j])
{
swap = array[i];
array[i] = array[j];
array[j] = swap;
}
}
}
printf("Sorted Array:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\n%d",array[i]);
getch();
}

6. Searching Operation:
• It is an operation used to search an element from the array.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int array[100], search, c, n;
printf("Enter the number of elements in array:\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter %d integers:\n", n);
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
{
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
}
printf("Enter the number to search\n");
scanf("%d", &search);
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
{
if (array[c] == search)
{

6 Dept: CE ACP (3320702) Prof. Vishal K. Makwana

 Unit 1 - Arrays

printf("%d is present at location %d.\n", search, c+1);

break;
}
}
if (c == n)
printf("%d is not present in array.\n", search);
getch();
}

7. Merging Operation:
• The merging operation joins two arrays one after another.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a1[5],a2[3],a[8];
int i,j;
printf("Enter First array:");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
scanf("%d",&a1[i]);
printf("Enter Second array:");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
scanf("%d",&a2[i]);
for(i=0,j=0;i<5;i++,j++)
a[j]=a1[i];
for(i=0;i<3;i++,j++)
a[j]=a2[i];

printf("Merged array:");
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
printf("\n%d",a[i]);
getch();
}

8. Matrix addition Program using 2-Dimensional array:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int mat_1[3][3],mat_2[3][3],i,j,k,sum=0;
printf("\nEnter 1st Matrix here");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{

7 Dept: CE ACP (3320702) Prof. Vishal K. Makwana

 Unit 1 - Arrays

scanf("%d",&mat_1[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\nEnter 2nd Matrix here");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&mat_2[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Sum of entered matrices:-\n");
for ( i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++ )
{
for ( j = 0 ; j < 3 ; j++ )
printf("%d\t", mat_1[i][j]+mat_2[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}

9. How to declare and initialize a string. Explain with example.

• The general form of declaration of a string variable is:
Syntax: char string_name[size];
• The size determines the number of characters in the string_name. Some examples are:
Example: char city[10];
char name[30];
• When the compiler assigns a character string to a character array, it automatically supports
a null character (‘\0’) at the end of the string.
• Therefore, size should be equal to the maximum number of characters in the string plus
one.
• Character arrays can be initialized in the following forms:
Example: char str[8] = “COMPUTER”;
char str[8] = {‘C’, ‘O’, ‘M’, ‘P’, ‘T’, ‘E’, ‘R’, ‘\0’};
• C also permits us to initialize a character array without specifying the number of elements.
Here, size of the array will be determined automatically, based on the number of initialized.
Example: char str[] = {‘G’, ‘O’, ‘O’, ‘D’, ‘\0’};
char str[] = “GOOD”;
• Defines the array str as a five element array.
• We can also declare the size much larger than the string size in the initialize. For
Example: char str[10] = ‘GOOD’; is permitted.

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 Unit 1 - Arrays

10. What is a string? What are the operations that can be performed on
string?
• String is a sequence of characters enclose in double quotes.
• String is collection of character array elements.
• Normally string is useful for storing data like name, address, city etc.
• ASCII code is normally used to represent string in memory.
• In ‘C’ each string is terminated by a special character called a NULL character.
• In ‘C’ NULL character is represented as ‘\0’or NULL.
• Because of this reason, the character array must be declared one size longer than the string
required to be stored.
Example:
C O M P U T E R \0
• Here, the string is stored is “COMPUTER”, which is having only 8 characters, but actually 9
characters are stored because of NULL character at the end.
Operations on String:
1) String Length
2) String Copy
3) Reverse a String
4) Compare two Strings
5) Convert String to upper case
6) Convert String to lower case
7) String Concatenation

12. How to read/write strings from terminal?

• The input function scanf() can be used with %s format specification to read a string of
characters.
Example: char address[10];
scanf (“%s”, address);
• Note: When using scanf() function for string, the scanf() does not use ‘&’ symbol for
scanning a string.
• We can also use the function gets() for reading a string.
• The array should be written within brackets.
Example: char name[20];
gets (name);
• The string can be printed using printf() function with %s format specifier, or by using puts()
function as shown below:
Example: char name[] = “Tom”;
printf(“%s”, name);
puts(name);

9 Dept: CE ACP (3320702) Prof. Vishal K. Makwana

 Unit 1 - Arrays

13 Explain difference between scanf() and gets(), printf() and puts()

scanf() gets()

It is used to read all types of data. It is used to read only string data.
It is terminated by enter key or at end of
It is terminated by using white space.
line.
It cannot read white space between two
It is used to read complete string with
words
white spaces.
of a string.
It requires format specifier to read It can read single string at a time, It does
formatted data. not require format specifier.
Syntax: scanf(“list of format specifier”, list
Syntax: gets(String_variable);
of addresses of variable);
Example: Example:
int a,b; char ch[10];
scanf (“%d%d”,&a,&b); gets(ch);

printf() puts()
It is used to display all types of data and It is used to display only string data and
messages. messages.
It requires format specifier to display It does not requires format specifier to
formatted data. display string.
It is used to display only one string at a
It can display multiple data at a time by
multiple format specifier in one printf( ). time.
Syntax: printf(“list of format specifier or Syntax: puts(variable);
message”, list of variables);
Example: Example:
int a,b; char ch[]=”Hello”;
printf (“%d%d”,a,b); puts(ch);

14. Explain various string handling operations available in ‘C’ with example.
• C has several inbuilt functions to operate on string. These functions are known as string
handling functions.
• Example:
char s1[20]= ”Computer”, s2[8]= ”Komputer”;

10 Dept: CE ACP (3320702) Prof. Vishal K. Makwana

 Unit 1 - Arrays

Function Meaning
l=strlen(str1) Returns length of the string.
l=strlen(str1); It Returns 8
strcmp(str1,str2) Compares two strings.
It returns negative value if str1<str2, or positive value if
str1>str2 and zero if str1=str2
printf(“%d”,strcmp(str1,str2)); OUTPUT : -1
strcpy(str1,str2) Copies 2nd String in to the 1st String
strcpy(str1,str2); copies the string str2 in to the sting str1, so
str1 is now “Komputer”
str2 remains unchaged
strcat(str1,str2) Appends 2nd String at the end of 1st String
strcat(str1,str2); a copy of string str2 is appended at the end of
string str1. Now str1 becomes “ComputerKomputer”
strchr(s1,c); Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of a given character in
the string str1.
printf(“%s”, strchr(str1,’e’); OUTPUT : er
strstr(str1,str2) Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of a given string str2 in
string str1.
printf( “%s”,strstr(str1,”ter”); OUTPUT: ter
strrev(str1); Reverse the given string.
strrev(str1); makes string str1 to “retupmoC”
strlwr(str1); Converts string str1 to lower case
printf(“%s”,strlwr(str1)); OUTPUT : computer
strupr(str1); Converts string str1 to upper case
printf(“%s”,strupr(str1)); OUTPUT : COMPUTER
strncpy(str1,str2,n) Copies first n characters of string str2 to string str1
str1=””; str2=”ComputerProgramming”;
strncpy(str1,str2,8);
printf(“%s”,str1); OUTPUT: Computer
strncat(str1,str2,n) Appends first n characters of string str2 at the end of the string
str1.
strncat(str1,str2,2);
printf(“%s”,str1); OUTPUT: ComputerKo
strncmp(str1,str2,n) Compares first n characters of string str1 and str2 and returns
similar result as strcmp() function.
str1=”Computer”;str2=”Komputer”;
printf(“%d”,strncmp(str1,str2,5)); OUTPUT: -13
strrchr(str1,c) Returns the last occurance of a given character in a string str1.
str1=”ComputerProgramming”;
printf(“%s”,strrchr(str1,’m’); OUTPUT: ming

11 Dept: CE ACP (3320702) Prof. Vishal K. Makwana

 Unit 1 - Arrays

12 Dept: CE ACP (3320702) Prof. Vishal K. Makwana