LIFEBOAT SEXTANT

INTRODUCTION
The accompanying sextant is a device for measuring the altitude
of the Sun (or star) to determine the ~ositionof the observer on
land or sea. This instrument and this booklet are sufficient ta
determine the observer's latitude and, if the correct time is known,
CHEC-IC OFF LIST his longitude, with an aoouracy of about 5 miles.
The booklet is so arranged that one yith no previous training
In abandoning ship check on the following: can concentrate an the simplest parts and do a fair job of navi-
1. Your lifeboat should contain for navigation: gating; other parts are sufficiently complete that one with previous
training or with plenty of curiosity and time can navigate with
a. Charts. all the power of the regular methods used on ships. There are
b. Compass. eight parts:
c. This booklet and instrument (with accessories).
d. Radio. I. Description and use of the sextant (p. 2).
2. Is there any navigational equipment on the ship such as 11. Simple methods for determining position from the
chronometers, watches, charts, sextants, etc., that you can still get? Sun (p. 12).
3. Do you h o w the error of your watch? If so make a note 111. Simple methods for determining position from the
of it but don't attempt to set it. Keep it wound. Keep it dry. stars (p. 22).
4. Do you know the date? If so mark it on the calendar IV. Simple methods of determining direction (p. 25).
(pp. 4445). ,
. V. Simule sailing instructions (p. 27).
5. Do you know your approximate position?. If sp make a VI. General navigation methods (p. 33)
note of it. (See part V.) VII. Star identification (P. 39).
6. Read pages 2 and 3 before taking the sextant from tho box. VIII; Tables, graph paper, plotting sheets.
...I.. i
..<
-, The beginner may omit part V I , and all of parts III and V I I
srcept the paragraphs dealing with Polaris.
All the tables will serve for any year. Data, are given for the
Sun and stars but not the Moon and planets.
 The Instrument 3

The sextant should he lifted only by the main fram"ework or

by the handle on the baok; never by the index arm or the mirrors.
Part I. DESCRIPTION AND USE OF THE SEXTANT The mirrors should not be touched except to clean them occasion-
ally by gently rubbing the surface with a piece of cloth; the
1. Description.-Read this page and the one opposite before accuracy of the alignlnent of these mirrors determines the accuracy
taking the sextant from the box, then re-read it with the sextant of the instrument.
in your hznd, examining each part as you read. The sighting tube is a hollow tube with a hole a t the eye end.
The imtmment consists of a ribbed sheet or frame of plastic, The horizon mirror is set directly in line with the sighting tube
to the front of which are attached: so that one can look through the tube into either the clear or the
(a) A movable index a m pivoted at one end to permit the silvered half of the horizon mirror. By using the clear half it is
index at the other end to slide along a graduated circular arc. possihle to look through the tube and through the glass directly
Mounted on the index arm and over the pivot is a mirror called at a distant object. By looking through the tube into the silvered
the index mirior. half one can see a reflection of the index mirror, and since the
(b) A mirror called the horizon mirror with the silver coating index mirror is itself silvered it is possible to see a distant object
absent from half its surface. such as the Sun or a star reflected in it. The light from the object
(c) A sighting tube. is refleoted at the index mlrror and again a t the horison mirror.
(dl Colored shade glasses.
TO DISTANT-.
INDEX MIRROR

PIVOT

EYE

By properly directing the instrument and moving the index arm

it is possible to look at two distant objects at the same time; one
by direct vision through the clear portion of the horizon mirror
and the other by reflection through the two mirrors. The instm-
ment is so constructed that when this is done the angle hetween
the two objects is indicated on the circular scale by the index.
The index is the end mark on the index arm and is identified
'INDEX
by the 0.
 Lifeboat Sextant The Instmment
TO SECOND OBJECT*

quarter degree or tenth estimated as above and to proceed with

'. the other phases of the worlr; since a. quarter of a degree is 15

t o about 8 miles if he reads the nearest quarter, degree. I n

view of the other errors that the beginner is liable to make therc
is a great deal to be said for accepting this degree of accuracy on
OBJECT the first attempt. However, by the use of the vernier desoribed
in the next paragraph it is possible to rend the angle to the nearest
. . , ;i , . 0 2 or 0:05 with assurance.
./ . . *READ ANGLE FROM SCALE The auxiliary marks on the index arm to the left of the index
.. line and parallel to it constitute the vernier. These 20 auxilia~y
The scaie is graduated in dpgrees, and by noting the position of marks are spaced a little closer together than the divisions on the
the index it is possible not only to read the whole degree but to main scale (20 divisions on the velnier cover 19 on the male);
sstimate the reading to the nearest quarter degree or even to the consequently in any position of the index arm one of them will
nearest tenth. Care should always be exercised to make sure that be more nearly apposite a scale division than the others. To
the index line (with the zero) is used rather than one of the other "read" the vernier it is only necessaly to decide which division of
lines parzllel to it. In the following illustration the reading is the vernier is most nearly lined up with a division of the scale.
seen to be 23% degrees (23%') ar, estimating tenths, 23.8 degrees In the preceding illustration the 15th division (counting from the
(23%). index) is the one to be noted. Each division corresponds to
3 minutes of arc (3') or 0%; consequently the 15th division
corresponds to 45' or 0 9 5 . Note that the lines marked 15, 30,
45 are the quarter degree marks. The exact reading for the setting
in the illustration is 23:75. When the vernier is read it is advisable
also to estimate the mading as in the previous parag~aphto avoid
QTOSS eTTO78.
The shade glasses are mounted so they may be rotated into the
line of sighl when sighting at the Sun. There are two of them
for cutting out glare in looking through the horizon glass and two
more for use with the index glass..
 Lifeboat Seztant 17- ~. , The Instrument

I n this case the instrument is held vertically by the right hand In observing the altitude of the Sun great care should be taken
and the observer sights through the sighting - ~
tube and the to hold the instrument vertioal when the final adjustment is
clear portion of the horizon mirror toward the distant horizon. made. The tilt of the instrument may be tested by rotating it
He should face toward the Sun about the horizontal line through the sighting tube and the clear ,
so the part of the horizon in the portion of the horizon mirror. If this rotation is performed while
field of view is directly under thc the index arm is fixed the Sun will appear to move away from
Sun. (If the glare on the water the horizon a s the instrument is tilted. The instrument should
HORIZON- is troublesome one of the shade be swung back and forth and the index arm so adjusted that the
glasses behind the horizon mirror horieon is even with the Sun's center at the lowest part of the arc.
WATER
// . mas be moved into the line of
I V "sight.) I
CLEAR M I R R O R The index arm is now rot8ted
GLASS
with the left hand until the glare
of the Sun begins to be reflected into his eve. At this staee one~~

of the shade glasses in front of the index mirror is turned into

place and the index arm moved again. When the image of the
INCORRECT SETTING CORRECT SETTING
Sun is finally brought into
view it may be necessary to When satisfied with the setting of the instrument, read the time
have both shade glasses in (if you hare a timepiece) and then read the angle from the
front of the index mirror. sextant. This angle gives you the altitude.
In making the final setting In the foregoing instructions it is assumed that the instrument
HORIZON+ __ the instrument should be ad- is in perfect adjustment, which is usually not the case in p~actice.
--& jnsted until the disk of the Instructions for adjusting the instrument will be given in a later
paragraph; in the meantime the navigator may wish to use the
Sun and the horizon line are
- ' 47 brought to the same height instrument as it is and apply a correction for the most important
in the horizon mirror. error, the a'ndes error. .Because of the importance of the index
If the horizon is set opposite the middle of the Sun's disk as error and becautuse the correction is easy to determine and apply
in the illustration the measured altitude is that of the center of most navigators
. determine it before and after each set of obser-
the Sun, which is what is required for determination of position. vatlons, though some prefer to adjust the instrument rather than
Navigators who have used a regular sextant with a telescope to correct for the error.
are accustomed to set the bottom edge of the Sun opposite the The index error is the amount by which a11 measurements with
horieon. If this is done the observed altitude must be increased a given instrument are either too large or too small. If the angles
by 0?25 to allow for the semidiameter of the Sun. are too large the correction should be subtracted, and if too small
the correction should be added.
i.
 Lifeboat Sestant

The simplest way to determine the index error is ta set the the vernier rather than from the right. For off arc readings it is
strument so it should read zero and see what it does read. The particularly important to estimate the reading of the index before
sextant should read zero when the direct and reflected images of looking at the vernier.
the samc distant object are side hy side; the most convenient 3. Adjusting the Sextant.-When the instrument is in perfect
object for this purpose is the horizon or the Sun. adjustment the horizon mirror and the index mirror are each
exactly perpendicular to the top of the frame of tho instrument.
On some sextants thumb screws are provided for making these
adjustments; on others the mirrors are moulded rigidly to the
frame and no adjustment is possible.
By holding the eye close to the index
mirror and nearly level with the top
of the instrument one can see the im-
age of the gradusted arc reflected in
the index mirror and also by direct
DIRECT REFLECTED
With the instrument set to determine the index error the index If the mirror is properly adjusted
will point exactly at zero, to the left of it (on the arc), or to the the portions of the arc seen by direct
right of it (off the arc). If the index points exitotly at zero no vision and by refleotion will appear continuous and in line. If
correction is applied. If the index is on the arc, the reading the line appears broken, the mirror should he adjusted by means
should be subtracted from altitudes measured with the instrument; of the thumbscrew directly in back of the mirror until the arc
if it is off the arc, the reading should be added. I t is advisable to appears continuous.
make this test several times and to take the average of the
different results.

NEEDS ADJUSTMENT PROPERLY

ON ARG:SUBTRACT 1\40 ADJUSTED
Note that in reading the vernier for index error, 0% arc readings
are taken just as for ordinary angles. In the case of off arc read-
ings it in n e c e , ~ x yto count the marks from the left hand end of
r 10 Lifeboat Sestant

determining index error the direct and reflected halves of the

Sun should together form a circular disk. If not adjust by means
of the appropriate screw.

NEEDS ADJUSTMENT PROPERLY

ADJUSTED
If one wishes to eliminate the index error rather than emre
each reading, set the index exactly on the zero scale division an
.

,
way whereas as daylight approaches the star will be difficult and
the sextant should be inverted.
5. Miseel1aneous.-The lifeboat sextant can be used on land
; where the sea horizon is not visible. Instead of looking at the
' sea horizon one 1001<s into a vessel or puddle of liquid a t the

The angle thus measured is twice

the altitude of the Sun, hence it should

sight a t the horizon or the Sun as in dete

Adjust the appropriate screw until the images appear as in the repair it. For example, if one of the L'Qulo
illustration on page 8. mimrs is broken, any piece of plain
4. Observing the Altitude of a Star.-The altitude of a star glass enough light for measuring the altitude of the Sun.
can be measured in much the same manner as that of the Sun, but wlien the sextant is used a t considerable height above the water
the observations are limited to the interval of twilight when both a for dip should be subtraoted from the meamred &]ti-
the horizon and the star can be seen. This period can be in- tude. The correction is as follows:
creased by practice and by the use of two special techniques.
In looking at a faint star or at the horizon when it is faint the
instrument should be moved up and down since faint objects
moving through the field are more quickly perceived than fixed 85
ones.
Also it must be remembered that the light which enters th This correction should be applied only to observations made with
eye direotly through the clear portion of the horizon mirror nude) the sea horieon and not to those made by reflection from a liquid.
goes fewer refleotions than that through the index mirror an<
fainter objects can be seen. Consequently the sextant should br
inverted and held in the left hand when necessary in order tc ,
use direct vision through the horieon glass on whichever is fainter,

.
the star or the horizon. As darknem approaches the horizon wi
 Position. from the Sun 13

The Sun rises each morning to the eastward and its altitude
gradually increases from zero when it rises until it reaches its
maximum value a t midday. Then the altitude decreases until
Part 11. SIMPLE METHODS FOR DETERMINING sunset when it is again zero.
POSITION FROM THE SUN At the instant of maximum altitude the Sun is said to be on the
meridian, and it is either due north, due south, or straight over-
1. Altitude of the Sun.-Part I of this book describes how the head (in the zenith), depending on the latitude of the observer
altitude of the Sun or its angle of elevation above the horiaon and the day of the year. The time of maximum altitude is called
can be measured with the sextant and how the time of the obser- awwarent
.. noon or the time of meridian passage.
vation should he read from the watch; this part describes the 2. Latitude from Noon ~1titude.-since on any given day the
method of computing the position of the observer from such maximum altitude d e ~ e n d sonly upon the latitude, it may be used
obse~~atiods.If the correct time is not available, latitucle only to determine the latitude of an observer. On any given day there
can be detcmmined. is one latitude on the Earth where the Sun will pass directly over-
head or through the zenith a t noon (i.e. maximum altitude 90").
In all latitudes north of this the Sun will pass to the south of the
eenith, and in those south of it the Sun will pass to the north,
and for each degree change of latitude the maximum altitude
will change by one degree. The latitude of a place where the
Sun is in the zenith at noon is equal to the declination of the
Sun for that day. The declination of the Sun for each day of
the year is given in table 11.
Ezample: On December 10, the declination of the Sun is 5'2219
so an observer who measures the maximum altitude as 90" would
know that he was in latitude S 22P9. If he measured a maximum
altitude of 85" with the Sun south of his zenith he would be 5"
north of S 22P9 or in latitude S 129, and if the Sun was north he
would be 5' south of S 2219 or S 2709.
To measure the meridian altitude accurately it is best to take
a series of observations near the time of meridian passage and
plot them on graph paper (pages 6F73). The maximum altitude
can then be read from a smooth curve drawn through all the
observations. This procedure will eliminate the danger of basing
the result on a single or incorrect observation.
. .
 Lifeboat Scstant Position from the Sun 15

:Example: On December 10, the following observations were tions. If no timepiece is available the observations should be
made: . . . taken a t regular intervals by estimation, and plotted at a conven-,,.
Time Observed altitude , , ient regular spacing on the graph paper. I .

20'Y).lV 74:s , , ,, I t is sometimes difficult to decide whether the Sun is north or

20 17.5 , , , . , south of the eenith at the time of maximum altitude; in such cases . .,
20 29.3 ' , the compass will usually settle the question. Further discussion
20 41.8 76.8 Sun South of 2eLt'h of the direction of the Sun is given in part IV.
20 53.6 77.1 The declination of the Sun taken directly from table I1 as
21 05.9 76.7 above may differ from the accurate value at the time of meridian
21 13.5 76.4 passage by a few tenths of a. degree (0:l = 6 miles). The accurate
The following plot shows the maximum altitude reached by value may be obtained by applying the correction from table 111,
the curve to be 77.1 degrees. The curve is so drawn as to have according to the month and year and the longitude of the observer.
the same shape as the top portion of the one on page 12 and to A very rough estimate of the longitude will suffice.
pass as near as possible to all the points. The following additional examples of latitude determination
illustrate the various cases that may arise.
Ezarn~lesof latitude from meridian altitude

Sun south of senith Sun north 01 zsnith

-.
I I
Y w .................. 1944 1944 1845 1846 1844 1946
Dste.................. Jan. 6 June 1s Sept.3.2 Oot. % Mar. 15 Sept. 1
Longitude ............ 70°W lWDE 170'W 60"W 10"E 140'E
Greatest aitltllds...... 75.4 68.2 32.0 64.3 68.1 28.0
Declination........... 8 22.8

I
NU.4 N 0.1 8 12.0 8 28 N 8.4
..ti^^
...................... N O . l 0.0 80.3 60.2 N0.2 NO.l
Corrected dedinatlon. 8 22.7 N23.4 S 0.2 S 12.2 S 2.1 N 8.5
8n0minusYYt~d%...l 14.6 Y.8 57.4 35.7 20.8 6'2.0
With the Sun south of the eenith and a maximum altitude of 7 7 3 Latltude .............. 8 8.1 N56.2 N57.2 8 47.8 S 23.0 8 53.6
-
the observer must be 90" 77"1= 12t9 north of the point indi- I I
cated by the declination of the Sun. The declination for December The altitude used in this discussion is that of the center of the
10 is S 22t9 hence the latitude of the observer is 12:Q north of Sun (see p. 6 ) and it is assumed that the correction for index
1 S 2279 or S 10:O. error has already been applied 8s prescribed on p. 8. The effect of
For dtrcrmining titt! m~rimltmaltitude in tllir il..,nnrr tt.c w.11 refraotivn on meridian altitude is negligible except for altitudes
~ t c c no[
i Lc correcr sinre its o ~ l !jllrl o c r is in ylolling- t1.c ul,iin
, '. 16 Lifeboat Sextant Position from the Sun 17

less than 18", which can be obtained only in high latitudes. The
following quantities may be subtracted from the observed alti- Minute 1 6eoond

tudes in such cases. 60 51

52 63 54 55 56 57 58 59 GO
55 -
-
--
- - -
- - -
-
-
56
57 - --
- - - -
- -- -
-
1 0.4 58
59 - -
2 0.3 . ,

4 i ", 0.2 The dash for 60 of each minute refers to the beginning of the next
10 ,' " 0.1 minute, and the long dash at 59" 60" is the beginn~ngof the next
0.0 hour (00'" 00'). The follow~ngschedule lists the present (June
3. Longitude and ~irn+-%%bserver can determine his longi- 1944) frequencies and hours of GCT; the long dash is 00" OOL of
tude by observing the Sun provided he knows the correct Green- the hour given.
wich Civil Time (GCT). The accuraoy of the determination is
limited by the uncertainty in the time; an error of one minute in
the time will cause an error of a quarter of a degree in the longi- station I Kiloeyolhs I Hours of GCT

tude. If the navigator does not have the correct time and has N6R. Maryland. 122. 4880.9425. 12630 4, 10, 16, 22
na radio to ~eeeiueit he cannot determine his longitude; he can NPG, California----.--........
115 0 , 17.20
115 9250 12640 3 , s . 15
only proceed to the correct latitude and then go east or west NPM, Hawaii -................ 909b. 148b0, 17370 4 , 16,20
to his destination (see part V). NBA, Canal Zone. 148, 5515, 11080 5
148, 2170, 5515, 11080 17
All navigational watches and chronometers used by the Navy,
the Merchant Marine, and the Army and Navy Air Forces show 1 I
GCT, and all times given in Army and Navy communications Changes in schedule are listed in the Hydrographic Bulletin.
are expressed in GCT. I t is reckoned from Oh to 24& rather On ships at see. zone time is frequently used. Zone time differs
than from 0" to 12V.M., and 0" to lZh P.M. by the nearest whole number of hours from GCT depending upon
Lifeboats equipped with two-way radio may obtain the correct the longitude of the nearest full honr meridian. Clocks near the
time by contacting ships or shore stations. Time signals in code 15"W meridian are one hour slower than GCT, and clocks near
sre broadcast by many countries; the various wavelengths, codes the 1573 meridian are one honr faster.
and times arc given in Radio Aids to Navigation (H.O. 205). Standard time in the United States is based on zone time:
Thb code used by American naval stations is as follows. During Eastern, Central, Mountain and Pacific being 5, 6, 7, 8 hours
the last five minutes of the hour there is a signal for each second slower than GCT. War time in each of these zones is one hour
except the 29th second of each minute and except during the last more advanoed than the corresponding standard time.
If you know the error of your watch within a few minutes
but do not know the correct hour you can still use it if you
18 Lifeboat Sextant position from the Sun

have a reasonable idea of your longitude. Proceed to determine

the longitude as described below and remember that an error
of one hour in the GCT kill give a. longitude wrong by 15' which
can then be corrected. If you are still uncertain of the hour
you can perhaps make use of the fact that you are in one of
I Examination of the top of the CUNe shows that maximum alti.
tude occurred near 13 hours. The follovhg more accurate deter-
minations are read from the steep pmts of the ourve.
altitude
15"
Borenoon
9"1Zm
Afternoon
16'46"
Aveiase
12'59"
two possible longitudes separated by 15". 20 9 47 16 13 13 00
4. Longitude from Equal Altitudes before and after Noon.- 30 11 15 14 47 13 01
The longitude of an observer can be computed from the GCT
of meridian passage or greatest altitude of the Sun.
Since the top of the altitude curve (see illustration on p. 12) I The times of sunrise and sunset can obviously be used for the
same purpose, the time of meridian passage being the average of

I
the two.
is rhther flat and the observations are subject to errors of several
tenths of a degree it is impossible t o determine accurately the In plotting observations to determine the times of equal altitude
time of meridian passage from this part of the daily altitude the entire curve need not be plotted, and a larger scale may he
curve. It can best he determined from the steep part of the used to obtain greater accuracy.
curve several hours before or d t e r meridian passage.
At equal times before and after meridian passage the altitude
of the Sun is the same. Hence the time of meridian passage
may be acourately determined as the average of two times, one
before apparent noon and one after, when the Sun had the same
altitude. This is illustrated by the following typical altitude curve.
1 ,I" 20 Lifeboat Sextant Position from the Sun 21
I - .
' I Example: Determine the GCT of meridian passage from the It is also possible to use equal altitudes taken on an afternoon
, following observations:

I
./ and on the following morning.
i! GCT ~ltitvda GCT Altitude If the observer moves east or west between equal altitude
! i 89779 8?3 20'133 lllP4 observations the longitude will be that of the midpoint of his track.
I ! , .
,
I
!'
i
, . 31.1
36.6
9.3
10.3
17.9
21 . 3
10.6
9.5
Motion north or south will introduce an error which may amount
to half the change in latitude.
39.9 11.2 25.9 8.5 As in $ 2 the altitude is that of the Sun's center corrected for
Inspection of the graphs shows that the Sun's altitude was 10" index error. No correction for refraction need be applied since
at 8"34'?5 and again at 20"19?5. The average is 14'2770 which its effect is eliminated by observing east and west of the meridian.
is the GCT of meridian passage in the observer's longitude.

1
The west longitude of a place where the Sun is on the meridian is ?,
.
'
equal to the Greenwich hour angle (GHA) of the Sun at that t

instant. This quantity which is measured westward from 0" t o

360" can be computed for any instant. Table I V gives its value
I
for Oh of each day of the year. The value from this table is to
be corrected according to table V for the hours, minutes and tenths
of GCT. Be sure to take the correction for the hours from the
Sun column in table V.
Example: The time of meridian passage found in the previous
example was 14h27%. Assuming this observation made on Septem-
ber 10,1944 what is the longitude?
Sun's GHA from table I V for September 1 0 . . ........ 18017
Correction for 14 hours (table V ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210.0.
Correction for 27.0 minutes (table V ) . .............. 6.8
-
GHA at time of local meridian passage (sum). . . . . . 397.5
Subtract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
......
.... . . . . . . . 360
-
1
t The longitude of the observer is therefore 37?5 W.
West longitudes greater than 180" may be converted to ear
37 5
1
longitudes by subtracting from 360'.
7 24 Lijeboat Seztant

, , The calculation is similar to that for the sun, the longitude

being equal to the GHA of the star at the time of meridian
Passage. The GHA of a particular star is obtained by adding the
GHA T for the time of observation to the SHA of the star; DIRECTION
! '
the GHA T is obtained from tahles V and VI and the SHA from
r
in t&le VI are for 0" GCT
,
,
,!I
.
.
i.

:
table VII. The values of the GHA
in 1944. T O obtain the values in other years they must he
corrected asfollaws:
he direction of true north may easily he obtained by ohsewing
the hearing of the Sun or a star. The identification of stars for
this purpose is explained in part VII.
7 January-Psbruaiv March-December Rough orientation may he obtained just by watching the motions
1944 No oorrection No correction of the stars without identifying any particular one. I t need only
1945 Add 0% Subtract Or2 be remembered that stars which are rising are in the eastern half
1946 Add 0?5 Suhtraet 0:5 the sky and those which are setting are in the western. Those
1947 Add 0 2 Subtract OD8 due east rise fastest and those due west set fastest while those due
north or south move horizontally.
The coll.ections far 1944, 1945, 1946 and 1947 may be used far
1948, 1949, 1950 and 1951 respectively. In northern latitudes Polaris (North Star) is extremely useful
it indicates north directly and is easily identified. Polaris is
E ~ a m p l e :Find the GHA of Sirius at 69553 GCT on J~~~~~ visible north of about lo", and gives a good determination of
16, 1944 direction except in high latitudes where it is nearly overhead.
As already explained in part I1 the Sun rises in an easterly
GHA T (table VI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.14:3
direction, crosses the meridian at noon due north, due ~ o u t hor
Correction for year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 in the zenith, depending upon the latitude, and sets in a westerly
Correction for '6 (table V ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.2 direction. About March 21 and September 21 the Sun rises due
Correction for 45?3 (table V ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 east and sets due west. From March till September it rises
- north of east and sets north of west, and from September till
GHA T (sum). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,215?8 March it rises south of east and sets south of west.
SEA Sirius (t,ahle VII). . . . . . . . . . . 259.3 In latitudes where the Sun does not pass too near the zenith,
- (see part I1 9 1) some use can be made of the fact that at apparent
475.1 noon when the Sun's altitude is greatest the Sun is either due
360 north or due south. In all oases where the Sun is more than 30"
-

I:
from the zenith a t noon it will he south of an observer in northern
GHA Sirius ... . . . . . . . 11511 latitudes and north of an observer in southern latitudes.
Table VIII A gives the bearing, from the north, of the Sun
=king or setting. Take the value from the table for the
month and the latitude.
25
26 Lifeboat Sextant
Example! On May 10 in latitude 30'N the Sun rises 70' east
of north (20' north of east) and sets 70" west of north (20' north
of west).
The bearing when rising is measured in the same manner as the Part V. SIMPLE SAILING INSTRUCTIONS
courses on the Pilot Chsrt and on the plotting sheet (part V); 1. Dead Reckoning-In addition to determining your position
the bearing when setting may be converted by subtracting from it is necessary to decide where you want to go, to start in the
360". In the above example these hearings are thus 70" when proper direction, and to keep track of your progress. This process
rising and 360' - 70" = 2 9 0 h h e n setting. which is known as dead reckoning should be begun a t once.
Table VIII B gives the bearing, when rising or setting, of any Write down the best estimate of the time, date and place of
object whose declination is known; it may be used for stars the accident, and try to keep track of all subsequent motion
or for the Sun when greater accuracy than that given in table whether due to wind, current, or rowing. This dead reckoning
VIII A is desired. may be kept on the pilot chart, in this hook, or in a special log
Example 1 : The declination of Sirius (taken to the nearest book.
degree from table VII) is 17%. Hence in latitude 10"S Sirius There are several pilot charts in the lifeboat, for the-different
rises 107" east of north (17' south of east) and sets 107' west of oceans and seasons of the year. Select the proper chart and plot
north. your position on it as best you can (see D 3).
Example 2: On May 10 the declination of the Sun (nearest Motion through the water can be determined by timing the
degree from tahle 11) is 18"N. Hence in latitude 30"N the bearing drift of bits of paper or other material as they float past. If no
of the Sun from tahle VIII B is 69". timepiece is available a simple pendulum consisting of a small
It must be remembered that stars cannot usually be seen on heavy object on the end of a string will do. A pendulum 10
the horiaon, and in rising or setting they change somewhat in inches long makes a complete oscillation from one end to the
bearing, especially in high latitude. I n the northern hemisphere other and hack in one second. A boat movlng 100 feet in a
the shift is toward the south in rising and toward the north in minute will travel one nautical mile in an hour. If no other
setting, and in the southern hemisphere the reverse is true. scale is available, the graph paper on pages 69-73 which is gradu-
Methods of obtaining bearings a t times other than those of ated in inches w ~ l lserve.
rising or setting are given in part VI. The direction of motion may be determined by the compass or
directly from the Sun or a star. The method of obtaining direc-
tion by means of the Sun and stars is explained in part IV. Even
if a compass is available it should be checked by the Sun and stars.
Knowing the direction and speed of the boat the position on
the ohart at the end of any given time may be plotted on the
chart. From the point of departure mark on the chart an arrow
indicating the direction of motion and lay off distances traveled
in any given interval of time.
27
 , . .. -.
T tw
Lilebaat Seztait /., Sailing Instructions
29
2. The Compass.-Thrcc principal types of compass are in
common use: the pocket type with a needle mounted on a pivot, The compass needle points toward magnetic north rpther than
the manneis with mJloating card, and the dial type. true north, but the variation far a particular location given on
The pocket compass is held in the hand and turned until the the pilot ehart may be applied to give true north. A variation
north point marked on the card is underneath the north end of of 10'W means that the needle points 10" west of true north.
the ncedle. In this position all the directions marked on the ) In addition t o the variation, the compass is affected by errors
eard are correct. due to any iron that may be near it. For this reasan if the compass
In the mariner's compass the floating eard is fastened to the or the iron is movable they should be kept apart, and once having
needle so that the eard automatically assumes the proper orienta- been properly located neither should be moved unnecessarily.
tion, and direction may be read from the card just as with the While there are tricks for eliminating the remaining error such
pocket type. In addition, there is an index line marked on the as fastening the compass to an oar and holding it out of the boat,
or compensating and adjusting, the safest general nlle is to leave
bowl for reading headings. If the compass is so mounted in the
haat that the line through this mark and the center of the compass it alone and determine the error by comparison with the Sun
or a star. On a given heading of the boat the error should remain
is exactly parallel to the axis of the boat, the heading of the boat
will be that shown by the index. fairly constant and it can be accurately determined by repeated
In the dial type compass there is no card but only a scale and use at each opportunity of the methods of part IV.
3. The Pilot Chart.-The pilot chart not only shows land areas,
index. The scale reading shown by the index is the direction in
which the compass is pointed, and if the compass is properly winds and currents, compass variation, latitude and longitude, eto.,
orientated in the hoat it is the direction in which the boat is hut it is so designed (Mercator type) that all the neoessary opera-
tions of dead reckoning may be done very simply on it. I n
headed.
order to save wear on the chart, however, it is advisable to use
Compass readings are given in terms of north, east, south and
the plotting sheets (see 8 4) for most of the work and to transfer
west, and also in terms of angles from 0 ' to 360", as shown in
the illustration. only the final results to the ehart itself.

I Latitude and longitude me shown on the ehart by means of

horizontal and vertical lines, with latitude scales along the right
and left hand edges and longitude scales an the top and bottom.
The latitude and longitude of any p i n t on the chart may be read
by means of these scales. The lines are drawn across the ehart
a t five-degree intervals and intermediate valucs are determined
by comparing the distance of the point from the nearest 5" linc
with the scale at the edge of the chart. The dislance may be
transferred by means of the dividers in the sextant box, or by
means of marks on a sheet of paper.
SOUTH SOUTH
The distance between two points on the chart may be measured
by means of the latitude scale. In any latitude a difference in
30 Liflboat Seztant

latitude of 1' is equal to a distance of one nautical mile (6080 ft.).

Sailing Inst7 n6
-
31

parallel of latitude sufficiently far to the east or west that there

Be sure to use the part of the scale in the latitude where the is no doubt whether it is east or west of him. He can then pro-
plotting is being done as the scale varies with the latitude. Note ceed due east or west, taking latitude observations as he goes
that 1" of longitude corresponds to a shorter distance than l o along, until lie reaches his destination.
of latitude, except at the equator, and should not be used in scaling An improvised sail in favorable winds and a se%anchor or drag
distances. in unfavorable ones will enable one to make the best use of
Directions may be plotted on the chart by means of the cimular wind and current.
scale printed on the chert. The bearing marked on the oircular The pilot chart indicates the prevailing winds in various places
scale may be transferred to another part of the chart by means of ' by means of arrows. These are explained on the chart. In the
parallel rulem or by making appropriate marks on a blank page Beaufort scale, wind speed is indicated by the number of feathers.
of this book. Speed in nautical
.Symbol mder p a hour
The vertical lines on the ohart run true north and south and
1-3
the horizontal ones east and west, east being to the right.
To the drift with respect to the water must be added that due )--o 4-6
)Lg 7-10
to currents of the water. The direction of flow of the principal
11-16
ocean currents is shown on the pilot charts by the small black
17-21
arrows. The rate of flow (drift) varies with the season, the
' 22-27
position of the Moon, etc., but a. general idea of the magnitude
may be obtained from the following examples. The South
Equatorial current in the Atlantic has a speed of 0.6 knots (nauti-
' 4. Uee of the Plotting Sheet.-The plotting sheets in the back
of this baok may be made up to represent a small portion of
cal miles per hour) near Africa, which increases to 2 or even 2.5 the pilot chart and can be used in the same manner for plotting
near South America. The North Atlantic current which starts courses, distances, eto. These sheets have a constant latitude
near the Cape Verde Islands averages 0.7 knots. The Gulf Stream scale and have provision far obtaining the proper foreshortened
starting in the Gulf of Mexico has a maximum of 2.2 knots be- longitude scale so they may be used for anylatitude. The fore-
tween Key West and Havana, 3.5 off Fowey Rocks, and about shortened longitude scale is easily established by laying off dis-
2 off Cape Ratteras. The Japan Stream has a speed of 2 or 3 tances (using the latitude scale, 1' = % inch) along a line inclined
knots near Japan. to the horizontal by an angle equal to the average latitude of the
I n setting your course toward shore examine the pilot chart area being plotted. The meridians of longitude may then be
carefully to determine the probable wind and ocean currents. drawn ~arallelto the central one or plotting may be done by
Remember that a current of only 1 knot will carry you 24 nautical scaling on the inclined line.
miles in a day, and the nearest land may not be the easiest Ezample: Construct a ~ l a t t i n gsheet centered at latitude 38"N
to reach. I and longitude 76" W. Plot the points 39t9 N, 77t1 W, and
When longitude cannot be determined the navigator sbould 37t2 N, 74% 3, and find the course and distance between them.
proceed to the latitude of his destination and try to strike t'
'
The line through the center of the diagram making an angle of
38" with the horiaontal is drawn. After the two points have been
32 Lifeboat Scstant

plotted the dotted line is drawn through the center of the cirole
parallel to the line connecting the two points, and the course is
read from the circular scale where the dotted line crosses it. The Part VI. GENERAL NAVIGATION METHODS
distance between the two points is measured with the latitude
scale. 1. Line of Position.-The methods given in parts II-V were
k designed for those with no technical background; the methods
outlined in this part are an ahridgment of the conventional
methods, and are designed for those with previous navigational
experience or for those who are somewhat academically inclined.
These methods permit the speedy reduction of an observation
taken at any time.
At any instant there is one point on the earth called the suh-
solar point where the Sun is in the zenith (altitude 90"); the
latitude and longitude of this point are equal to the declination
and GHA of the Sun. Concentric with this point are a series

The distance between the two points is 3P5 or 3.5 x 60=210

nautical miles, and the bearing of the second point from the first
is 141". Thus by traveling 210 miles on a course of 141" one
could go from 39P9 N, 77!1 W, to 3 7 2 N, 74!3 W. The course
on the return trip would be 321".
 1
.-. -
34 Lifeboat Sextant General Navigation Methods 35
The navigator refers to a portion of one of these circles of equal 2. Use of the Tables.-The first step in the computation of the
altitudes as a line of position. The lines of position are obviously
.1:
altitude and azimuth is t o take the declination and GHA from
a t right angles to the direction to the subsolar point, and in going . tables I1 and IV for the Sun or VI and VII for a star (see part
from one line of position to another, the altitude increases toward
I11 5 4). The data. given in tables 11, IV and VI are for 0"CT
the Sun.
in 1944. To obtain the values for OU GCT in any other year inter-
Thus at any given GCT in any small region of the navigator's
' pplate as follows:
chart there will be a series of parallel lines of position correspond-
ing to different altitudes of the Sun and all at right angles t o .. Ysar Jonuorv-Februaiy March-Decembei
the line toward the Sun. Lines separated by 60 nautical miles 1944 tabular value tabular value
on the chart will correspond to altitudes differing by one degree, 1945 $/a day later ?4day earlier
increasing toward the Sun. When any one such line has been 1946 ?hday later h
' day earlier
drawn and the altitude for it determined, the line for any other 1947 ' Y4 day later $/a day earlier
altitude differing from it by a small amount can be laid down
with the aid of the distance scale of the chart. The values for 1944, 1945, 1946 and 1947 may be used for 1948,
1949, 1950 and 1951 respectively. Correction for the hours and
In order to determine one line of position in a given neigb- minutes oi GCT is accomplished with the aid of table V. From
borhood a t a given time it is necessary only to compute the
altitude and direction (azimuth) of the Sun as seen from a chosen the GHA is then subtracted the west longitude (0" to 360') to
point in the neighborhood at the given time. The line toward give the local hour angle (LHA).
the Sun through the chosen point is then drawn on the ohart Knowing the assumed latitude, the declination, and the LHA,
the altitude and azimuth are taken from table IX. This table
according to the computed azimuth and the line of position
drawn through the same point at right angles to it. The cam- gives the altitude and aaimuth of a celestial body for each 5"
puted altitude corresponds to the line of position so determined. qf latitude, declination, and LHA. The values for a given latitude
The customary method of determining the line of position are on one page: those for latitude and declination both north
from an observed time and altitude (obtained as described in or both south (Same), and those for latitude north and deolina-
part I ) is as follows. The navigator assumes a latitude and tion south or latitude south and declination north (Contrary).
longitude and computes the altitude and azimuth for that posi- Refraction is included in the table so no correction should be used.
. The calculation is facilitated by taking the assumed latitude as
tion at the time of observation. He then draws on the chart
the line through the assumed position in the direction of the the nearest 5" parallel, and the longitude so that the LHA is
observed object by means of the computed azimuth. The line a multiple of 5'. It is then necessary to interpolate the altitude
of position through the assumed position is at right angles to and azimuth for the declination only.
the azimuth line and the altitude is the computed altitude; the The asimuth given in table I X is measured from the elevated
line of position through the observer's actual location is parallel pole toward the east or west according to whether the body is
east or west of the meridian. True azimuth from north through
to that through the assumed position, and a t a distance from
it equal to the difference between the observed and computed 360" is obtained as follows:
altitude.
"FC

1,:
I 71
' . Lifeboat Sestalzt
General Navigation Methods 37

Lat. North, LHA West, 360"-tabularaaimuth. The line of position as determined from the observation there-
! fore crosses the 244' azimuth line 1% toward the Sun from the
Lat. North, LHA East, tahular aeimuth.
I assumed ~ositionN 40°, W 7G9.
I
Lat.
Lat.
South, LHA West, 180"+tabularazimuth.
South, LHA East, 180"-tabularaaimuth. - ASSUMED POSITION

;, . Latitude zero should be treated as North in applying these rules.

i SO" 78. TB* 17' 766/7EoW
Example: On August 3, 1945 at 19" 30" GCT the altitude of
40-N
the Sun was observed to be 53% in approximate latitude 39"N,
longitude 75" W. Find the line of position.
The data from tables I1 and IY are: 3sa
Declinatia CHA
Aug. 3 ...................... :...... N1V6 178:5 38'

Aug. 3% ('/a da. earlier than 19'). ...

-
Aug. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N1V3
N17.4
178 5
-
178.5
TO
SUN 37'
Correction for 19' (table Y). ................. 285 .O
Correction for 30"V (table V ) . ................. - 7.5
Sum ......................................... 471.0 '
3. Intersection of Lines of Position.-The line of position so
-
360
111.o
obtained from an observation tells the navigator that he is some-
where on that line, hut does not tell him where on the line. If
Assumed latitude and longitude.. N40.0 ... W76.0
- he can determine a second line, from a second observation, which
LHA (difference) ........................... W357 interseots the first at a favorable angle he can then fix his position
(Note that the assumed longitude is the nearest value to 759 at the intersection of the two lines. The second observation can
which makes LHA an integral multiple of 5".) be that of a different object or of the same object after it has bad
From table I X for latitude 40" (Same) and LHA 35": time to change its bearing by m sufficient amount to give a good
intersection.
Altitude Arimuth The observer will usually he moving during the time between
Declination 15" ...................... 5076 119" the first and seoond observations and it is necessary to allow for
Declination 20" .....................
Declination 17.4 (by interpolation) ....
54.0
52.2
- -113
116
this motion by means of dead reckoning (see part Y). It is
obvious that by traveling a given distance in a given direction
Observed altitude ....................
Difference in altitude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53.6
1.4
- from any point on the line of position already laid down on the
chart one will arrive a t a point on a new line of position parallel
360"-Az. (Lat. North, LHA West). .......... to the old.
244
 38 Lifeboat Seztant

RESULTINO
' Part VII. STAR IDENTIFICATION
POSITION
The star c h a ~ ton pages 40, 41 will enable you to identify stars
, , for the uses described in parts 111, IV and VI. This ohart shows
, the stars as thev . suuear
-. in the sky, and should be held overhead

I
\ I 30.~
in comparing with the sky.
The network of vertical and Korizontal lines on the chart indi-
LlNE OF POSITION cates declination and sidereal hour angle (SHA). Declination
an the skv corresilonds exactly to latitude on the earth. In any
The intersection of this new line of position and the line of posi- given latitude a star that passea directly overhead or through
tion from the second ohservhtion is the position of the observer the zenith must have the declination equal to the latitude. Thus
a t the time of the second observation. in 40"N latitude the stars Deneb, Vega, and Capella will pass
Increased accuracy in the reduction of ,a particular observa- approximately through the aenith, and Arcturus with declination
tion may he obtained by separate reductions for four assumed 20"N will pass about 20" south of the zenith.
positions, for the 5' parallels north and south of the estimated Stars on the right-hand half of the chart are visible in general
position and for the 5" hour angles east and west. I t should be from September-March, and those on the left from March-
remembered however that the key to accurate determination of September.
position consists of taking many observations of many different The brightness or magnitude of each star is indicated by the
objects, hence the advantage of using stars. symbol according to the scale of magnitudes at the bottom of the
In some columns of tahle I X low altitudes were omitted for chart; the brightest stars are called first magnitude. The names
lack of space. These columns may be extended by estimation for
,
of the stars in tahle VII and of the principal star groups or con-
emergency use. Altitudes up to 90' are given although high alti- stellations are printed on the chart.
tudes should in general be avoided; they are difficult to observe Stars in the sky may he identified by comparison with the chart,
properly and the circle of position is not well represented by a brightness and conspicuous configurations making the identifica-
straight line. tion possible. The configurations on the star chart appear much
One familiar with this part of the book will have no difficulty as they do on the sky except for those with high declination
computing the bearing or azimuth of the Sun or a star for any ,.
where the map is badly distorted. In the northern hemisphere
time for the puwose described in part IV. He will also recognize ,' Ursa Major (the big dipper) and Cassiopeia are prominent groups
the angle between the meridian and the line through Cassiopeia :,
and the dipper used in part 111 as the LHA of Polaris.

&
42 Lifeboat Sextant
whose relative positions are badly distorted on the chart. They
I
are shown in the following sketch:

Part VIII

TABLES
GRAPH PAPER
PLOTTING SHEETS

These stars are seen the year around (in northern latitude) and
during the course of any one night they rotate about Polaris in
much the same manner as the hour hand of a clocli, but in the
other direction, making a complete revolution in slightly less
than 24 hours.
Ursa Major and Cassiopeia are useful in locating Polaris. The
two stars in the bowl of the dipper are called Pointers because
they point to Polaris.
The beginner may sometimes be confused-by the planets in
comparing the chart with the sky. These objects are brighter
than most stars and move about. They are always near the
dotted curved line on the chart and cause no confusion in other
parts of the chart.
month.
46 TBLE 11.-Declination oj the Sun. 111.-Correction to Sun's Declination at Time of
TABLE 47
, , M e d i a n Passage.

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oot. Nov. Deo.
------------- Longitude Longitllde
Date Date
1 8 WP1 8 17:5 8 7P7 N 4:4 N15PO N22:O N23!1 N18:I N 8P4 8 3Pl 8 14% 8 21%
2 23.0 17.2 7.3 4.8 l5.3 22.1 23.1 17.9 8.1 3.4 14.6 21.8 180W QOW 0 WE 180E 180W BOW 0 gOE 180E
3 22.9 16.9 6.9 6.2 15.6 22.3 23.0 17.6 7.7 3.8 15.0 22.1 --------
4 22.9 16.6 6.6 5.6 l5.g 22.4 22.9 17.3 7.3 4.2 15.3 2 2 2
5 22.8 16.3 6.2 5.9 16.2 22.5 22.8 17.1 7.0 4.6 15.6 22.3 1M 1946
Jm NOPa NO9 N0!1 OPO OPO Jan..... N0.3 N0.2 No. 2 NO.l No. 1
6 822.7816.08 5 . 8 N 6 . 3 N 1 6 . 4 N 2 2 . 6 N 2 2 . 7 N 1 6 . 8 N 8 . 6 8 6.0815.8822.5 Feb.... N0.3 N0.2 NO.2 NO.l 0.0 Feb.... N0.5 N0.4 N0.3 N0.2 N0.2
7 22.5 15.7 5.4 6.7 16.7 22.7 22.6 16.5 6.2 5.4 16.2 22.6 Mar .. N0.4 N0.3 N0.2 NO.l 0.0 Mar .. N0.2 N0.1 0.0 8 0 . 1 80.2
8 22.4 15.4 5.0 7.1 17.0 22.8 22.5 16.3 5.8 6.7 16.5 22.7 Apr .. N0.a NO.2 N0.2 N0.l 0.0 Apr .. NO.l NO.l 0.0 80.1 S0.1
9 22.3 15.1 4.6 7.4 17.3 22.9 22.4 16.0 5.5 6.1 16.8 21.8 May ...NO. 2 NO. 1 NO. 1 NO. 1 0.0 May ...NO.1 NO. 1 0.0 6'0.1 8 0.1
10 22.2 14.8 4.2 7.8 17.5 23.0 22.3 15.7 5.1 6.5 17.1 21.9 June ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 June ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
July .... 80.2 80.1 80.1 0.0 0.0 July ....8 0 . 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 N0.1
11 522,0514.58 3 . 8 N 8 . 2 N 1 7 . 8 N 2 3 . 1 N 2 2 . 2 N 1 5 . 4 N 4 . 7 8 6.8817.3823.0 Aug,...80.3 8 0 . 2 80.2 80.1 , 0.0 Aug.... 80.2 50.1 0.0 N0.1 No.2
12 21.9 14.1 3.5 8.6 18.0 23.1 22.0 15.1 4.3 7.3 17.6 23.1 Sept . 8 0 . 4 8 0 . 3 80.2 80.1 0.0 Sept.. 80.2 8 0 . 1 0.0 N0.1 N0.2
13 21.7 13.8 3.1 8.9 18.3 23.2 21.9 14.8 3.9 7.6 17.9 23.1 00t ... 8 0 . 3 9 0 . 2 50.2 80.1 0.0 Oct.~..~80.2 8 0 . 1 0.0 NO.1 N0.2
14 21.5 13.5 2.7 9.3 13.5 23.2 21.7 14.5 3.6 8.0 18.1 23.2 Nav.. 80.2 8 0 . 1 80.1 80.1 0.0 Nav .. 80.1 50.1 0.0 No.1 NO.1
15 21.4 13.1 2.3 9.6 18.8 W.3 21.6 14.2 3.2 8.4 18.4 23.3 DBD .... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 DBC .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

16 821.2812.88 1.9NlO.ON19.ON23.3N21.4N13.9N2.88 8.8818.7823.8 1845 1947

17 21.0 12.4 1.5 10.4 19.2 23.4 21.3 13.6 2.4 9.1 l8.9 23.3 Jm NO% N o 2 NO2 NO2 NOPl Jan No. 2 N0.2 No. 1 No. 1 0.0
18 20.3 12.1 1.1 10.7 19.5 23.4 21.1 13.2 2.0 9.5 19.1 23.4 Fsb. ... NO. 6 NO. 5 N0.4 NO. 3 NO. 2 Feb. ...N0.4 NO. 3 NO. 2 NO. 2 No. 1
19 20.6 11.7 0.7 11.1 19.7 23.4 20.9 12.8 1.6 8.9 18.4 23.4 Mar . N0.3 N0.2 NO.l 0.0 5 0 . 1 Mar NO.l ....
0.0 8 0 . 1 50.2 80.3
20 20.4 1 1 . 4 9 0 . 3 11.4 19.8 21.4 20.7 12.6 1.2 10.2 19.6 23.4 Apr .... NO.2 NO.1 NO.l 0.0 80.1 Apr.... NO.1 0.0 80.1 50.1 80.2
May ...NO.l NO.l NO.l 0.0 50.1 May ...NO.l 0.0 90.1 80.1 80.1
21 820.2S11.ONO.1N11.7N20.1NW.4N20.5N12.2N0.8S10.6Sl9.8S23.4 June ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 June.. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 on ~ ~

22 20.0 10.7 0.6 12.1 'X.3 23.4 20.4 11.9 0.5 10.8 20.1 23.4 July ...8 0 , 1 8 0 . 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 July .... 0.0 0.0 0.0 N0.1 NO.l
2.3 19.8 10.3 0.9 12.4 20.5 23.4 20.2 11.6N0.1 11.3 20.3 23.4 Aug.. 90.2 80.2 90.1 0.0 NO.l Aug .... 50.1 0.0 NO.l N0.2 N0.2
24 18.5 9.9 1.3 12.7 20.7 23.4 20.0 11.28 0.3 11.6 20.5 23.4 8 e ~ t 8 0 . 3 80.2 80.1 0.0 NO1 8ept 50.1 0.0 NO.l N0.2 N0.3
26 19.3 9.6 1.7 13.1 20.9 23.4 18.7 10.9 0.7 12.0 20.7 23.4 ...
O C ~ 80.2 5 0 . 2 80.1 0.0 NO.l Oot 80.1 0.0 NO.l N0.2 N0.2
Nov ....80.1 80.1 80.1 0.0 NO1 NOV.. 8 0 . 1 0.0 NO.l NO.l NO.l
28 8 1 9 . 0 8 9.2N2.1Nl3.4N2l.lNW.4Nl9.5N10.58
1.1812.3820.9S23.4 DBC .... 0.0 0.0 0.0
27 18.8 8.8 2.5 13.7 21.2 23.3 18.3 10.2 1.6 12.7 21.1 23.3 I I I I I I I I I I I I
23 18.5 8.5 2.9 14.0 21.4 23.3 18.1 9.8 1.8 13.0 21.3 23.3
29 18.388.1 3.2 14.4 21.6 23.3 18.8 9.5 2.3 13.3 21.4 23.3 The quantities in this table for 1944, 1945, 1946, 11947 will serve
30 18.0 ...... 3.6N14.7 21.7N23.2 18.6 8.18 2.7 13.7821.6 23.2 also for 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951 respectively.
48 IV,-GHA of the Sun
TABLB TABLEV.-Corrcclion o j GHA. 49

Sun or ?, T

Hours
01 / /
Oorreo- Minutes
tion GOT tion
1 I
Corre~. Minutes
of GOT
Correo-
tion
h0ur8
of GOT
Correo-
tian
 .
TABLE
V1,GHA T.
. TABLE
VII..Stars.

Name Msgnitude Declination

Achemar.............................. 0.6 S 57!5

A c w................................. 1.1 S 62.8
Aldebarm ............................ 1.1 N 16.4
Alpheratz............................. 2.2 N 28.8
Altsir................................. 0.9 N 8.7

1 ,<.:
Antares................................
Arcturus..............................
Bet8ig8u ..............................
1.2
0.2
8 26.3
N lQ. 5
N 7. 4
! ,
f(
C~nopus ...............................
01-12
4 . 8 S 52.7
I O~pelis............................... 0.2 N 45.8
I . .
Caph.................................. 2.4 N 58.8
Deneb ................................ 1.3 N 45.1
Dubhe.. .............................. 2.0 N 62.0
Fomalhaut............................ 1.3 8 28.8
Pe800Clr............................... 2.1 8 56.8

Polaris................................ 2.1 N 88.0

Poilux................................. 1.2 N 28.2
Pmcyon ............................... 0.5 N 5. 4
R~g~llls............................... 1.3 N 12.2
Rise1..............I................... 0.3 8 8. 3

Rigil Kent ............................ 0.3 s 60.6

8irim ................................. .1.6 S 18.8
8~ic& .................................. 1.2 S 10.0
Vega .................................. 0.1 N 38.7

i.
 TABLE
1X.-Alttitud and Azimuth.-Lat. 0" 53

1Dec.l '0 1 '6 1 10" 1 16' 1 90' 1 26" 1 so0

50 PO. 0
56 35.0
60 38.0
65 25.0
70 20.0
75 15.0
f.
54 TABLE
IX-Altitude and Azzmu1h.-Lat. 5" TABLE
1X.-Altitude and Azimuth.-Lat. 10" 55

DBO. Or
------
6" 10- 15- 20- 25" 30'

---
L E A AIt.
0
As. Alt.
O D
As. Alt.
D
-----
O
As. Az. Alt.
0
Ae. Alt.
O D
A
D
At.
O
As. Alt.
0 0

0' 80.0 18085.0 18090.0 ... 86.0 080.0 0 7L0 OlO..( 0

5 18.8 153 85.0 I35 85.1 80 63.9 44 78.9 25 7 4 3 17 68.6 12
10 15.9 136 18.8 11680.2 8879.9 6276.1 4312.2 31 67.c 24
15 72.0 123 7 4 3 108 75.2 89 14.5 70 72.4 64 69.3 42 66.6 33
20 01.7 11669.f 103 70.8 88 U.0 74 (8.3 80 W.8 4868.1 40
26 BJ.2 11004.1 1W 66.4 8 8 6 6 . 1 76 W..) 65 61.9 64 59.1 46
30 58.5 107 56.9 97 00.5 87 60.3 77 59.4 67 57.8 58 65.6 60
36 53.8 10455.0 9665.6 81 66.5 7 8 5 4 . 8 69 58.6 61 61.8 63
40 49.0 102 60.1 24 50.6 86 60.1 78 60.2 71 46.2 63 47.8 56
m 45 44.2 1W 45.2 83 46.1 86 45.9 78 45.6 72 44.8 66 43.6 68
M 39.3 88 40.2 9240.8 8 5 4 1 . 0 78 40.0 7 2 4 0 . 3 Qd39.4 59
55 34.4 9736.3 8185.0 8636.2 7836.2 7266.9 6035.2 80
60 29.6 96 30.4 80 31.0 84 31.4 78 31.5 73 11.3 67 30.9 61
65 24.6 96 25.6 88 26.1 84 20.6 78 26.8 72 26.8 67 26.4 61
70 19.7 9420.6 8821.3 8 3 2 1 . 8 7 8 a 2 . 1 7222.3. 6722.3 62
75 14.8 93 16.7, gS Y . 4 82 17.0 '71 11.1 72 11.8 87 18.8 62
80 11.9 92 10.8 87 11.5 82 12.2 77 12.8 72 13.3 66 13.1 61
5.1
--------
85 91 6.9 86 6.7 81 7.5 7 6 8 . 2 71 8.8 66 9.4 61
0 80.0 180 15.0 I80 100 180 65. 0 180 80.0 180 55.0 180 50.0 180
5 18.8 153 14.2 161 69.4 I66 64.5 I68 69.6 171 54.1 172 49.7 173
10 15.9 135 72.0 146 61.1 153 63.1 158 58.4 162 53.1 165 4&D I67
15 72.9 123 68.8 134 65.1 143 60.9 140 56.6 164 52.1 158 41.5 161
20 67.1 116 65.1 126 61.8 I35 58.1 141 54.1 147 50.0 151 45.6 155
25 63.2 lI0 60.9 lm 58.1 128 64.8 135 61.2 141 47.4 146 43.8 164
24 30
35
58.5
53.8
107
104
56.6
62.1
I15
112
54.1
49.9
123 51.2 I30 41.9 136 44.4
118 47.8 125 44.3 131 U .1
141
I36
40.1
37.1
145
I41

2
$
. 40
46
60
4%0
44.2
39.3
I02
1W
98
41.4
42.8
38.0
1,
106
104
45.6
41.9
36.4
116 Q.2 122 4&5 127 3 , 6
113 3& 0 118 3&6 124 33.9
110 34.5 116 32.4 122 30.1
I33
130
127
34.6
8l. 1
27.5
1 s
134
131
65 34.4 97 81.2 103 81.8 108 10.1 114 28.2 110 26.0 124 23.8 IZ
60 29.5 86 28.4 101 27.1 107 26.5 112 23.8 117 21.8 122 19.9 127
65 24.6 86 23.6 1W 22.4 106 X.9 110 19.4 I16 17.1 IN 16. 9 I25
70 19.7 94 18.1 98 17.6 104 16.4 108 15.0 114 13.5 119 11.9 124
75 14.8 93 13.9 88 12. 8 103 11.1 108 10.1 113 9.2 118 7.8 122
80 9.0 82 9.0 87 8.1 102 7.0 107 6.0 112 6.0 116 1.8 121
85 6.1 81 4.2 86 3.3 101 2 . 5 1 0 5 .... ... .... ... .... ...
 TABLE
1X.-Altitude and Azimuth.-Lat. 20' 57

Dm.
------
/ OD 5' lo0 15' 20' 25" 30.

------- -
L H A Alt.
D
Az. Alt. Az. Alt.
D O
As. Alt.
D O
Az. Alt.
0
As. Nt.
0
As. Alt.
0
he.
I)

0' 16.0 180 80.0 180 86.0 180 90.0 ... 85.0 0 80.0 0 16.0 0
5 14.2 161 78.9 153 83.0 135 85.2 88 83.1 43 79.0 24 74.3 16
10 12. 0 146 76.0 I84 79.0 116 80.3 89 19.2 01 76.3 42 72.4 30
16 6& 9 134 12.2 123 14.5 107 16.6 88 74.9 68 72.8 52 69. 6 40
$0 65.2 126 68.0 I15 68.9 lo2 70.7 87 70.3 72 68.8 69 66.3 47

156 47.4
149 46.5
143 La. l
 . .
58 TABLE
1X.-Altilude and Azimuth.-Lat. 25" TABLE
IX-Altitude and Azimuth.-Lat. 30' 59

I I 33.9 113 36.8

as. 8 108 sa. E
25.7 108 28.4
80 TABLE
1X.-Altitude and Azimuth.-Lst. 35' TABLE
1X.-Altitude and Azimuth.-Lat. 40" 61
62 TABLE
1X.-Altitude and Anmuth.-Lat. 45' TAB^ 1X.-Altitude aqd Azimuth.-Lat. 50" "3

m
------ 6- 10" 15' 20' 28' 30- Deo. OD
------
So lo0 15O 20' 25' 3OS
L E A Alt.
As. As. Alt. As. Alt. As. Alt. As. Alt. Az. Alt. Az. Alt.
L E A Alt. As. Altr-AS. Ale. Az. Alt. AS. Alt. As. Alt. Ae. Alt. Az.
- - ---- - - -------- 0 0 0 e * O D 0 0 0 0
0 D O O 0 D
O OD 0

0' 8.0 50.0

180 180 56.0 180 60.0 180 a . 0 180 70.0 180 75.0 180 0' 40. 0
180 8 . 0
180 50.0
1811 66.0 180 60.0 180 66.0 180 70.0 180
5 44.8 49.8
173 172 54.8 171 69.7 170 64.7 168 69.6 167 74.6 164 6 39.8173 44.8173 49.8
172 64.8 I72 69.8 171 64.7 189 69.6 168
10 44.2 49.1
168 I65 64.0 163 68.8 161 63.7 158 68.4 155 73.1 149 10 33.3I67 44.2I66 49.2
I65 54.1 163 69.0 162 63.8 159 68.6 156
15 43.1 159
47.9157 62.7 155 67.4 152 62.1 149 66.0 144 70.9 137 16 38.4161 43.3169 48.1
163 63.0 165 57.7 153 62.4 150 67.0 146
20 41.7 153
46.4150 61.0 148 66.6 144 60.0 140 64.3 134 68.3 127 20 37.2155 42.0I53 46.7
151 61.4 148 66.1 145 60.6 141 66.0 I36
25 39.9 44.6
147 144 49.0 I41 63.3 137 67.6 132 61.6 128 65.3 119 25 36.7140 40.8146 46.0
144 40.6 141 64.1 137 58.4 133 62.6 127
30 37.8 42.2
I41 138 46.6 134 60.8 130 64.8 125 68.6 119 62.1 112 R 30 33.0148 88.4141 43.0
138 47.4 134 61.7 131 66.9 126 69.0 120

''
36
40
45
35.4
32.8
30.0
39.7
135
130
37.0
125
34.1
132 43.9
127 41.0
122 38.0
128 48.0
123 46.0
113 41.8
124 61.8
119 48.7
114 45.4
119 65.5
114 52.2
108 48.8
114 68.8
108 66.4
104 61.9
107
102
97
%
3
35
40
46
31.8
29.5
27.1
138 36.3
132 33.9
127 31.3
135 40.7
132 46.0
130 38.3
12G 12.4
124 35.6
121 39.6
128 49.2
123 46.5
118 43.6
124 63.2
119 50.4
114 47.4
123 67.1
114 64.1
109 61.0
114
109
104
50 27.1 I21
31.0117 34.8 113 38.6 109 42.0 104 46.3 89 48.4 94 60 24.4123 28.6120 32.7
116 36.7 113 40.6 108 44.3 104 47.8 99
65 24.0 116
27.8113 31.5 108 36.1 105 38.6 1W 41.8 95 44.8 90 56 21.7118 26.8115 29.8
112 33.7 1M 37.5 104 41.2 100 44.6 95
60 20.7 112
24.61W 28.1 105 Zl.7 I01 36.1 96 38.3 92 41.3 86 60 18.8114 22.8111 26.7
107 30.6 104 34.4 1W 38.0 95 41.4 91
65 17.4 108
21.1105 24.7 101 28.2 97 31.6 93 34.8 88 37.8 83 66 15.8110 10.8106 23.7
103 27.6 99 81.2 96 34.8 02 38.2 87
70 14.1 104
17.7101 21.2 97 24.7 93 18.0 89 31.2 85 34.3 80 70 12.8106 16.7102 20.599 24.3 95 28.0 92 31.6 88 35.0 83
76 10.6 101
14.2 97 17.7 93 21.1 90 24.6 86 27.7 81 30.8 77 75 9.7102 13.6 98 17.395 21.1 92 24.8 88 28.4 84 31.8 80
80 7.2 97
10.7 94 14.2 90 17.6 86 21.0 82 24.3 78 27.4 74 80 6.6 9810.3 9414.1 9117.9 8821.6 8426.2 8028.7 76
85 3.7 94
7.2 9010.7 8614.1 8317.5 7830.8 7524.1 TI 85 3.4 94 7.2 9110.0 8714.7 8418.4 8022.0 7725.6 73
90 ....... 3.7 37 7.2 83 10.6 79 14.1 76 17.4 72 20.8 68 90 ....... 4.0 87 7.8 84 11.6 80 16.2 77 18.9 73 22.6 70
.............. 4.6
--
05 .............. 3.8
------ 79 7.2 76107 72 14.1
0 45.0 180 40.0 180 36.0 180 30.0 180 ab.0 180 20.0 180 16.1 180
69176 66
-
95
100
- ------
80 8.4
..................... 5.3
76 12.2
73 9 . 1
73 16.9
7012.9
70 16.6
66 16.7
66
63
0 40.0 130 35.0 180 30.0 180 26.0 130 20.0 180 16.1 180 10.1 180
6 39.8 173 34.9 174 29.9 174 24.9 175 19.9 175 14.9 175 10.0 176
10 39.3 167 34.4 168 29.4 168 24.4 169 19.6 170 14.6 171 9.6 171
15 38.4 161 33.6 162 28.6 163 23.7 164 18.8 165 13.9 166 9.0 167
20 37.2 155 32.4 156 27.6 I&? 22.7 159 17.8 160 13.0 161 8.1 163
24 26
30
36.7
33.9
149
143
30.9
29.2
151
145
26.2
24.6
152
147
21.4 164 16.6 158 11.9 157 7.1 158
19.0 149 16.2 151 1 0 6 163 6.8 154
* 35
40
31.8
29.6
138
132
27.3
25.1
140
135
22.7
20.6
I42
137
18.1 144 13.6 146 8.9 148
16.2 140 11.7 142 7.2 144 .......
.......
46 27.1 127 22.7 130 18.4 133 14.0 135 9.6 138 6.2 140 .......
60 24.4 123 20.2 128 16.0 128 11.7 131 7.4 134 ..............
65 21.7 118 17.6 121 13.4 124 0.2 127 6.0 129 ..............
00 18.8 114 14.8 117 10.7 120 6.6 123 .....................
65 16.8 110 11.9 113 7.9 116 3.8 119 .....................
70 12.8 106 8.9 109 6.0 112 '............................
I 64 TABLB
1X.-Altitude and Azimuth.-Lat. 55"
1 TABLE
1X.-AZtitud and Azimuth.-Lat. 60' 65
66 TABLE
1X.-Alttitud and Azimuth,-Lat. 65'

152 32.9 140 47.8

146 32.0 143 46.6
1&1 51.0 137 15.5
136 28.8 131 44.2
130 28.5 126 42.8
125 27.1 120 41.8
120 as.7 115 39.8
115 u.2 110 88%
110 22.5 10536.5
106 29.9 10034.9
101 a.2 9633.Z
96 17.6 0031.5
91 16.8 8629.7
86 14.1 8128.1
82 12.5 7629.4
77 19.8 7224.8
.. 9.2 6723.2
... 7.6 6321.7
... 6.1 68 ao.2
.......
-- 54 18.8
--
180 5.2 .......
175 .... .......
170 --.. .......
166 -.-. .......
160 .... .......
Graph Pap
Graph Paper.