Insurance Law

Course Outline
Atty. Raoul Creencia

1. Brief History & the Evolving Legal Framework

During the pre-Spanish era, the concept of insurance was unknown in the country. As a
result, every loss was borne by the person or the family who suffered the misfortune.
Eventually, during the Spanish era, insurance, in its present concept, was introduced in
the Philippines when Lloyd’s of London appointed Strachman, Murray & Co., Inc. as its
representative here. At that time, the laws on insurance were found in the relevant
provisions of the Spanish Code of Commerce; and in the Spanish Civil Code.

Life insurance was eventually introduced in this country in 1898 with Sun Life Assurance
of Canada’s entry in the local insurance market. In 1906, the First domestic non-life
insurance company, the Yek Tong Lin Insurance Company, was organized. A few years
later in 1910, the first domestic life insurance company, the Insular Life Assurance Co.,
Ltd., began its operations.

In 1914, during the American Regime, the Philippine Legislature enacted the Insurance
Act (Act 2427), which took effect on 1 July 1915. This repealed the provisions of the
Spanish Code of Commerce on Insurance.

On 18 December 1974, Presidential Decree (PD) 612 was promulgated, ordaining and
instituting the Insurance Code of the Philippines, thereby repealing Act 2427. PDs 63,
123 and 317 were later issued, amending PD 612. Finally, PD 1460 which took effect on
June 11, 1976 consolidated all insurance laws into a single code, known as the Insurance
Code of 1978.

Social insurance

Social insurance was established in 1936 with the enactment of Commonwealth Act 186
which created the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS), covering government
employees. GSIS started operations in 1937. Presidential Decree 1146 (Revised
Government Service Insurance Act of 1977) was passed in 1977, but was later amended
by Republic Act 8291 in 1997.

For non-government employees, another law was enacted in 1954, i.e. -- Republic Act
1161, which provided for the organization of the Social Security System (SSS) covering
employees of the private sector. In 1997, Republic Act 8282 (Social Security Act of 1997)
was passed, which now governs the SSS.
Enriquez v. Sun Life Insurance of Canada
G.R. L-15895 (November 29, 1920)

While, as just noticed, the Insurance Act deals with life insurance, it is silent as to the
methods to be followed in order that there may be a contract of insurance. On the other
hand, the Civil Code, in Article 1802, not only describes a contact of life annuity
markedly similar to the one we are considering, but in two other Articles, gives strong
clues as to the proper disposition of the case. For instance, Article 16 of the Civil Code
provides that "In matters which are governed by special laws, any deficiency of the
latter shall be supplied by the provisions of this Code." On the supposition, therefore,
which is incontestable, that the special law on the subject of insurance is deficient in
enunciating the principles governing acceptance, the subject-matter of the Civil code, if
there be any, would be controlling. (underscoring supplied)

The Insular Life Assurance Company, Ltd. V. Ebrado

G.R. L-44059 (October 28, 1977)

This is a novel question in insurance law: Can a common- law wife named as beneficiary
in the life insurance policy of a legally married man claim the proceeds thereof in case of
death of the latter?

In essence, a life insurance policy is no different from a civil donation insofar as the
beneficiary is concerned. Both are founded upon the same consideration: liberality. A
beneficiary is like a donee, because from the premiums of the polic y which the insured
pays out of liberality, the beneficiary will receive the proceeds or profits of said
insurance. As a consequence, the proscription in Article 739 of the new Civil Code
should equally operate in life insurance contracts. The mandate of Article 2012 cannot
be laid aside: any person who cannot receive a donation cannot be named as beneficiary
in the life insurance policy of the person who cannot make the donation. Under
American law, a policy of life insurance is considered as a testament and in construing
it, the courts will, so far as possible treat it as a will and determine the effect of a clause
designating the beneficiary by rules under which wills are interpreted.

Filipinas Compania de Seguros, et al. v. Mandanas

G.R. L19638 (June 20, 1966)

[T]he purpose of Article 22 is to maintain a high degree or standard of ethical

practice, so that insurance companies may earn and maintain the respect of the public,
because the intense competition between the great number of non-life insurance
companies operating in the Philippines is conducive to unethical practices, oftentimes
taking the form of underrating; that to achieve this purpose it is highly desirable to have
cooperative action between said companies in the compilation of their total experience in
the business, so that the Bureau could determine more accurately the proper rate of
premium to be charged from the insured; that, several years ago, the very Insurance
Commissioner had indicated to the Bureau the necessity of doing something to combat
underrating, for, otherwise, he would urge the amendment of the law so that appropriate
measures could be taken therefor by his office; that much of the work of the Bureau has
to do with rate-making and policy-wording; that rate-making is actually dependent very
much on statistics; that, unlike life insurance companies, which have tables of mortality
to guide them in the fixing of rates, non-life insurance companies have, as yet, no such
guides; that, accordingly, non-life insurance companies need an adequate record of losses
and premium collections that will enable them to determine the amount of risk involved
in each type of risk and, hence, to determine the rates or premiums that should be charged
in insuring every type of risk; that this information cannot be compiled without full
cooperation on the part of the companies concerned, which cannot be expected from non-
members of the Bureau, over which the latter has no control; and that, in addition to
submitting information about their respective experience, said Bureau members must,
likewise, share in the rather appreciable expenses entailed in compiling the
aforementioned data and in analyzing the same.
(underscoring supplied)

2. Concept of Insurance

Section 2. Whenever used in this Code, the following terms shall have the respective
meanings hereinafter set forth or indicated, unless the context otherwise requires:

(a) A contract of insurance is an agreement whereby one undertakes for a

consideration to indemnify another against loss, damage or liability arising from an
unknown or contingent event.

A contract of suretyship shall be deemed to be an insurance contract, within the

meaning of this Code, only if made by a surety who or which, as such, is doing an
insurance business as hereinafter provided.

(b) The term doing an insurance business or transacting an insurance business,

within the meaning of this Code, shall include:

(1) Making or proposing to make, as insurer, any insurance contract;

(2) Making or proposing to make, as surety, any contract of suretyship as a

vocation and not as merely incidental to any other legitimate business or activity
of the surety;
 (3) Doing any kind of business, including a reinsurance business, specifically
recognized as constituting the doing of an insurance business within the
meaning of this Code;

(4) Doing or proposing to do any business in substance equivalent to any of the

foregoing in a manner designed to evade the provisions of this Code.

In the application of the provisions of this Code, the fact that no profit is derived
from the making of insurance contracts, agreements or transactions or that no separate
or direct consideration is received therefor, shall not be deemed conclusive to show that
the making thereof does not constitute the doing or transacting of an insurance
business.

(c) As used in this Code, the term Commissioner means the Insurance
Commissioner.

• Test of Insurance:

White Gold Marine Services Inc. v. Pioneer Insurance and Surety Corp.
G.R. 154514 (July 28, 2005)

The test to determine if a contract is an insurance contract or not, depends on the

nature of the promise, the act required to be performed, and the exact nature of the
agreement in the light of the occurrence, contingency, or circumstances under which the
performance becomes requisite. It is not by what it is called. Basically, an insurance
contract is a contract of indemnity. In it, one undertakes for a consideration to
indemnify another against loss, damage or liability arising from an unknown or
contingent event.

Philamcare Health Systems, Inc. v. Court of Appeals

G.R. 125678 (March 18, 2002)

In the case at bar, the insurable interest of respondent’s husband in obtaining the
health care agreement was his own health. The health care agreement was in the nature
of non- life insurance, which is primarily a contract of indemnity. Once the member
incurs hospital, medical or any other expense arising from sickness, injury or other
stipulated contingent, the health care provider must pay for the same to the extent
agreed upon under the contract.

• Surety - A contract of suretyship shall be deemed to be an insurance contract,

within the meaning of this Code, only if made by a surety who or which, as such,
is doing an insurance business as hereinafter provided.
 • Pre-need Plans are contracts which provide for the performance of future
services of or the payment of future monetary considerations at the time actual
need, for which plan holders pay in cash or installment at stated prices, with or
without interest or insurance coverage and includes life, pension, education,
interment, and other plans which the Commission may from time to time
approve.

• Mutual Benefit Association

RA 2629 – Investment Company Act

SEC. 403. Any society, association or corporation, without capital stock, formed
or organized not for profit but mainly for the purpose of paying sick benefits to
members, or of furnishing financial support to members while out of employment, or of
paying to relatives of deceased members of fixed or any sum of money, irrespective of
whether such aim or purpose is carried out by means of fixed dues or assessments
collected regularly from the members, or of providing, by the issuance of certificates of
insurance, payment of its members of accident or life insurance benefits out of such
fixed and regular dues or assessments, but in no case shall include any society,
association, or corporation with such mutual benefit features and which shall be carried
out purely from voluntary contributions collected not regularly and/or no fixed
amount from whomsoever may contribute, shall be known as a mutual benefit
association within the intent of this Code.

Any society, association, or corporation principally organized as a labor union

shall be governed by the Labor Code notwithstanding any mutual benefit feature
provisions in its charter as incident to its organization. In no case shall a mutual benefit
association be organized and authorized to transact business as a charitable or
benevolent organization, and whenever it has this feature as incident to its existence,
the corresponding charter provision shall be revised to conform with the provision of
this section. Mutual benefit association, already licensed to transact business as such on
the date this Code becomes effective, having charitable or benevolent feature shall
abandon such incidental purpose upon effectivity of this Code if they desire to continue
operating as such mutual benefit associations.

White Gold Marine Services Inc. v. Pioneer Insurance and Surety Corp.
G.R. 154514 (July 28, 2005)

[A] mutual insurance company is a cooperative enterprise where the members

are both the insurer and insured. In it, the members all contribute, by a system of
premiums or assessments, to the creation of a fund from which all losses and liabilities
are paid, and where the profits are divided among themselves, in proportion to their
interest. Additionally, mutual insurance associations, or clubs, provide three types of
coverage, namely, protection and indemnity, war risks, and defense costs.
 3. Characteristics of Insurance

a. Risk Distributing Device

Insurance serves to distribute the risk of economic loss among as many as

possible of those who are subject to the same kind of loss.

An essential characteristic of an insurance is its being synallagmatic, a highly

reciprocal contract where the rights and obligations of the parties correlate and
mutually correspond. The insurer assumes the risk of loss which an insured might
suffer in consideration of premium payments under a risk-distributing device. Such
assumption of risk is a component of general scheme to distribute actual losses among a
group of persons, bearing similar risks, who make ratable contributions to a fund from
which the losses incurred due to exposures to the peril insured against are assured and
compensated.

UPCB General Insurance Co. Inc. v. Masagana Telemart Inc.

G.R. 137172 (April 4, 2001)

b. Contract of Adhesion

Rizal Surety & Insurance Company v. Court of Appeals

G.R. 112360 (July 18, 2000)

Fortune Insurance and Surety Co. v. Court of Appeals,

G.R. 115278 (May 23, 1995)

Gulf Resorts, Inc. v. Philippine Charter Insurance Corporation

G.R. 156167 (May 16, 2005)

Eternal Gardens Memorial Park Corporation v. Philippine American Life Insurance

Company, G.R. 166245 (April 9, 2008)

Manila Banker’s Life Insurance Corporation v. Aban

G.R. 175666 (July 29, 2013)

c. Aleatory

By an aleatory contract, one of the parties or both reciprocally bind themselves to

give or to do something in consideration of what the other shall give or do upon the
happening of an event which is uncertain, or which is to occur at an indeterminate time.

Verendia v. Court of Appeals

 G.R. 75605 (January 22, 1993)

Western Guaranty Corporation vs. Court of Appeals

187 SCRA 652 [1980].

Gulf Resorts, Inc. v. Philippine Charter Insurance Corp.

G.R. 156167, May 16, 2005

Philamcare Health Systems Inc. v. Court of Appeals

G.R. 125678 (March 18, 2002)

d. Contract of Indemnity

Section 3. Any contingent or unknown event, whether past or future, which

may damnify a person having an insurable interest, or create a liability against
him, may be insured against.

The consent of the spouse is not necessary for the validity of an insurance
policy taken out by a married person on his or her life or that of his or her children.

All rights, title and interest in the policy of insurance taken out by an
original owner on the life or health of the person insured shall automatically vest
in the latter upon the death of the original owner, unless otherwise provided for
in the policy.

Verendia v. Court of Appeals

G.R. No. 75605 (January 22, 1993)

Fortune Insurance and Surety Co. v. Court of Appeals

G.R. No. 115278 (May 23, 1995)

e. Not a Wagering Contract

Section 4. The preceding section does not authorize an insurance for or against the
drawing of any lottery, or for or against any chance or ticket in a lottery drawing a prize.

f. Uberrimae Fides Contract (or uberrimae fidei)

One of Abundant Good Faith -- it requires the parties to the contract to disclose conditions
affecting the risk.

4. Elements of Insurance

a) Insurable Interest
 b) Risk of Loss
c) Assumption of Loss
d) Distribution of Losses
e) Premium

a. Insurable Interest

- Reason for Insurable Interest requirement:

o As deterrence to the insured – The requirement of an insurable interest to

support a contract of insurance is based upon considerations of public
policy which render wager policies invalid. A wager policy is obviously
contrary to public interest.

o As a measure of limit of recovery – If and to the extent that any particular

insurance contract is a contract to pay indemnity, the insurable interest of
the insured will be the measure of the upper limit of his provable loss
under the contract.

o Public policy requires an insurable interest to prevent wagering under the

guise of insurance, and to reduce to a safe level the temptation to destroy
the insured property.

o Lack of insurable interest is a defense created for the benefit of society,

not for the benefit of insurance company.

o The presence of insurable interest reduces moral hazard

o Insurable interest helps in measuring loss of the insured.

- In Life Insurance

Section 10 (Insurance Code)

Insurable interest in life and health:

o Himself
o His spouse
o His children
o Any person on whom he depends wholly or in part for education
o Any person on whom he depends wholly or in part for support
o Any person under a legal obligation to him for the payment of money, or
respecting property or services, of which death or illness might delay or
prevent the performance
 o Any person upon whose life any estate vested in him depends
o Any person upon whose life any interest vested in him depends

Section 11. The insured shall have the right to change the beneficiary he designated
in the policy, unless he has expressly waived this right in said policy. Notwithstanding
the foregoing, in the event the insured does not change the beneficiary during his lifetime,
the designation shall be deemed irrevocable.

Section 12. The interest of a beneficiary in a life insurance policy shall be forfeited
when the beneficiary is the principal, accomplice, or accessory in willfully bringing about
the death of the insured. In such a case, the share forfeited shall pass on to the other
beneficiaries, unless otherwise disqualified. In the absence of other beneficiaries, the
proceeds shall be paid in accordance with the policy contract. If the policy contract is
silent, the proceeds shall be paid to the estate of the insured.

Section 13. Every interest in property, whether real or personal, or any relation
thereto, or liability in respect thereof, of such nature that a contemplated peril might
directly damnify the insured, is an insurable interest.

- In Property Insurance

Test and kinds of Insurable Interest in Property Insurance

Time when Insurable Interest must exist

Section 14. An insurable interest in property may consist in:

(a) An existing interest;

(b) An inchoate interest founded on an existing interest; or
(c) An expectancy, coupled with an existing interest in that out of which the
expectancy arises.

Gaisano Cagayan, Inc. v. Insurance Company of North America

G.R. 147839 (June 8, 2006)

Geagonia v. Court of Appeals

G.R. 114427 (February 6, 1995)

RCBC, et al. v. Court of Appeals

G.R. 128833 (April 20, 1998)

Spouses Cha v. Court of Appeals

G.R. 124520 (August 18, 1997)

b. Risk of Loss
 Loss in insurance means the injury means the injury or damage sustained by the
insured in consequence of the happening of one or more of the accidents or
misfortune against which the insurer, in consideration of the premium, has
undertaken to indemnify the insured.

Bonifacio Bros., Inc., et al. v. Enrique Mora, et al.,

G.R. L-20853 (May 29, 1967)

The Insular Life Assurance Company, Ltd. v. Ebrado

G.R. No. L-44059 (October 28, 1977)

c. Distribution of Loss

d. Premium

Section 77 and 78, Insurance Code.

Sections 80-84, Insurance Code.

[P]remium is the elixir vitae of the insurance business because by law the insurer
must maintain a legal reserve fund to meet its contingent obligations to the public,
hence, the imperative need for its prompt payment and full satisfaction. All actuarial
calculations and various tabulations of probabilities of losses under the risks insured
against are based on the sound hypothesis of prompt payment of premiums. Upon
this bedrock insurance firms are enabled to offer the assurance of security to the
public at favorable rates [Tibay v. Court of Appeals G.R. 119655 (May 24, 1996)]

Arturo P. Valenzuela, et al. vs. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. 83122 (October 19, 1990)

Gaisano v. Development Insurance and Surety Corporation,

G.R. 190702 (February 27, 2017)

Makati Tuscany Condominium Corporation v. Court of Appeals, et al.

G.R. 95546 (November 6, 1992)

Gulf Resorts, Inc. v. Philippine Charter Insurance Corporation

G.R. 156167 (May 16, 2005)

Philamcare Health Systems Inc. v. Court of Appeals

G.R. 125678 (March 18, 2002)

UCPB General Insurance Co., Inc. v. Masagana Telemart, Inc.

G.R. 137172 (April 4, 2001)
 American Home Assurance Co. v. Chua
G.R. 130421 (June 28, 1999)

5. Event or peril insured against

Event may be past or future.

The designated peril in insurance is the specific cause of loss that is insured
against.

6. Risk

Risk is an element of an insurance contract that the insured is subject to a risk of

loss by the happening of a designated peril.

Any contingent or unknown event, whether past or future, which may damnify a
person having an insurable interest, or create liability against the insured.

All risk policies. Filipino Merchants Insurance Co., Inc. v. Court of Appeals and Choa
Tiek Seng, G.R. 85141, November 28, 1989.

Relevant Civil Code provisions:

Article 1174
Article 1179
Article 1185

Loss is the end result of the risk insured against. It involves diminution of value
or disappearance of value resulting from a risk.

Peril is the specific cause of loss that is insured against while risk is the
uncertainty that the property or person insured will be lost or damaged by reason of the
designated or some peril.

Hazards are circumstances or conditions that create or increase the risk of loss.
Hazards may either be:

Physical hazard – physical condition of the thing or the person that increases the
chance of loss.

Moral hazard – involves dishonesty or character defects in the individual that

increase the chance of loss.
 Morale hazard – includes carelessness or indifference to a loss because of
existence of insurance.

7. Claims Settlement and Subrogation

Article 2207 (New Civil Code): If the plaintiff's property has been insured, and he has
received indemnity from the insurance company for the injury or loss arising out of the
wrong or breach of contract complained of, the insurance company shall be subrogated
to the rights of the insured against the wrongdoer or the person who has violated the
contract. If the amount paid by the insurance company does not fully cover the injury or
loss, the aggrieved party shall be entitled to recover the deficiency from the person
causing the loss or injury.

a) Claims Settlement

o Unfair claims settlement practices

o Life Insurance policy
o Non-life insurance policy
o Unreasonable denial or withholding of claim

- New World International Development (Phils.) v. NYK-PhilJapan Shipping Corp., et al.,

G.R. 171468 (August 24, 2011), G.R. 174838 (June 1, 2016)
- Tio Kho Cho v. Court of Appeals, G.R. 76101-02 (July 12, 1994)
- Sun Life of Canada (Philippines), Inc. v. Sandra Tan Kit, G.R. 183272, October 15, 2014.

b) Fraudulent Claim

o Section 250 (Insurance Code)

o Section 251 (Insurance Code)

c) Subrogation

o Article 2207 (New Civil Code)

o Republic Flour Mills Corp. v. Forbes Factors, Inc., G.R. 152313 (October 19,
2011).
o Loadstar Shipping Company, Incorporated v. Malayan Insurance Company,
Incorporated, G.R. 185565 (November 26, 2014).
o The Philippine American General Insurance Company v. Court of Appeals and
Felman Shipping Lines, G.R. 116940 (June 11, 1997).
o Pan Malayan Insurance Corporation v. Court of Appeals, Erlinda Fabie, et al.,
G.R. 81026 (April 3, 1990).

o Requisites of Subrogation
o Limitations
 § Aboitiz Shipping Corporation v. Insurance Company of North America,
G.R. 168402 (August 6, 2008)
§ Federal Express Corporation v. American Home Assurance Company, G.R.
150094 (August 18, 2004)
§ Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company v. Manila Port Service, G.R. L-
16271 (October 31, 1961)
§ Keppel Cebu Shipyard, Inc. Pioneer Insurance and Surety Corporation,
G.R. 180880-81 (September 18, 2012)
§ Cebu Shipyard and Engineering Works, Inc. v. William Lines, Inc., G.R.
132607 (May 5, 1999)
§ Malayan Insurance Company, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. L-
36413 (September 26, 1988)
§ Manila Mahogany Manufacturing Corporation v. Court of Appeals and
Zenith Insurance Corporation, G.R. 52756 (October 12, 1987)

Exceptions to right of subrogation:

• Where the insured by his own act releases the wrongdoer or third party liable
for loss or damage from liability;

• The insurer loses his rights against the wrongdoer since the insurer can only be
subrogated to only such rights as the insured may have;

• Where the insurer pays the insured the value of the loss without notifying the
carrier who has in good faith settled the insured claim for loss.

8. Contract of Insurance

Development Bank of the Philippines v. Court of Appeals

G.R. L-109937 (March 21, 1994)

Enriquez v. Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada

G.R. L-15895 (November 29, 1920)

Great Pacific Life Assurance Company v. Court of Appeals

G.R. L-31845 (April 30, 1979)

9. Parties to an Insurance Contract

o Insurer / Insured / Beneficiary

o Sections 6 and 7, Insurance Code
o Sections 11, 53 and 182, Insurance Code
o Articles 38 and 39, New Civil Code
 o Women, Minors and Public Enemy

10. Double Insurance and Reinsurance

Double Insurance:

o Section 95, Insurance Code: A double insurance exists where the same
person is insured by several insurers separately in respect to the same
subject and interest.

o Double Insurance is not generarlly prohibited

Section. 64. No policy of insurance other than life shall be cancelled by

the insurer except upon prior notice thereof to the insured, and no notice of
cancellation shall be effective unless it is based on the occurrence, after the
effective date of the policy, of one or more of the following:

xxx

(f) Discovery of other insurance coverage that makes the total

insurance in excess of the value of the property insured;

xxx

Pioneer Insurance and Surety Corporation v. Oliva Yap

G.R. L-36232 (December 19, 1974)

Union Manufacturing Company, Inc. and Republic Bank v. Philippine Guaranty

Company, Inc.
G.R. L-27932 (October 30, 1972)

Emilio Gonzalez La’O v. Yek Tong Lin Fire and Marine Insurance Company, Ltd.
G.R. 33131 (December 30, 1930)

General Insurance and Surety Corporation v. Ng Hua

G.R. L-14373 (January 30, 1960)

Collateral Source Rule - Mitsubishi Motors Philippines Salaried Employees Union v.

Mitsubishi Motors Philippines Corporation, G.R. 175773 (June 17, 2013)

Reinsurer:
 Section 97, Insurance Code: A contract of reinsurance is one by which an insurer
procures a third person to insure him against loss or liability by reason of such original
insurance.

Duty of reinsured to disclose facts (cf., Section 98, Insurance Code)

Fieldmen’s Insurance Company, Inc. v. Asia Surety and Insurance Company, Inc.
G.R. L-23447 (July 31, 1970)

11. Marine Insurance

Republic Act 9295 – Domestic Shipping Development Act of 2004

Pan Malayan Insurance Corporation v. Court of Appeals, et al.

G.R. 95070 (September 5, 1991)

Oriental Assurance Corporation v. Court of Appeals and Panama Saw Mill Co., Inc.
G.R. 94052 (August 9, 1991)

Philippine Manufacturing Co. v. Union Insurance Company of Canton, Ltd.

G.R. L-16473 (November 22, 1921)

Filipino Merchants Insurance Co., Inc. v. Court of Appeals and Choa Tiek Seng
G.R. 85141 (November 28, 1989)

Delsan Transport Lines, Inc. v. Court of Appeals

G.R. 127897 (November 15, 2001)

12. Fire Insurance

a) Concept

Malayan Insurance Co, Inc. v. Gregoria Cruz Arnaldo, et al.

G.R. L-67835 (October 12, 1987)

b) Property Insured

American Home Assurance Company v. Tantuco Enterprises, Inc.

G.R. 138941 (October 8, 2001)

c) Alteration

Malayan Insurance Company, Inc. v. PAP Co., Ltd. (Phil. Branch)

 G.R. 200784 (August 7, 2013)

d) Prohibitions / Non-Alienation Clause

E.M. Bachrach v. British American Assurance Company

G.R. L-5715 (December 20, 1919)

13. Life Insurance

a) General Concepts
b) Kinds

Teresa vda. De Fernandez, et al. v. The National Life Insurance Company of the
Philippines [G.R. L-9146; January 27, 1959]

c) Annuity
d) Suicide
e) Accidental Death Benefit Clause

Emilia T. Biagtan, et al. v. The Insular Kide Assurance Company, Ltd.

G.R. L-25579 (March 29, 1972)

f) Group Life Insurance

Luz Pineda, et al. v. Court of Appeals, et al.

G.R. 105562 (September 27, 1993)

14. Casualty Insurance

Fortune Insurance and Surety Company, Inc. v. Court of Appeals

G.R. 115278 (May 23, 1995)

Sun Life Insurance Office, Ltd. v. Court of Appeals and Nerissa Lim
G.R. 92383 (July 17, 1992)

FGU Insurance Corporation v. Court of Appeals, et al.

G.R. 13775 (March 31, 2005)

Finman General Assurance Corporation v. Court of Appeals and Julia Surposa

G.R. 100970 (September 2, 1992)

Travellers Insurance and Surety Corporation v. Court of Appeals and Vicente

Mendoza [G.R. 82036 (May 22, 1997)
 First Integrated Bonding and Insurance Company, Inc. v. Hon. Harold Hernando
G.R. 51221 (July 31, 1991)

Malayan Insurance Co., Inc. v. Philippine First Insurance Co. Inc. and Reputable
Forwarder Services, Inc. [G.R. 184300 (July 11, 2012)]

William Tiu, et al. v. Pedro A. Arriesgado, et al.

G.R. 138060 (September 1, 2004)

Figuracio Vda. de Maglana, et al. v. Hon. Francisco Consolacion, et al.

G.R. 60506 (August 6, 1992)

Dionisia Guingon, et al. v. Iluminado Del Monte, et al.

G.R. L-22042 (August 17, 1967)

Summit Guaranty & Insurance Co., Inc. v. Hon. Gregoria Arnaldo

G.R. L-48546 (February 29, 1988)

15. Regulation of Insurance Business

16. The Insurance Commissioner