Designation: C 76 – 99

Standard Specification for

Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 76; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope C 150 Specification for Portland Cement5

1.1 This specification covers reinforced concrete pipe C 309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-
intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial pounds for Curing Concrete4
wastes, and storm water, and for the construction of culverts. C 497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,
1.2 A complete metric companion to Specification C 76 has or Tile3
been developed—C 76M; therefore, no metric equivalents are C 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements5
presented in this specification. C 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in
NOTE 1—This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specifica- Concrete4
tion only, and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or the
relationship between field load condition and the strength classification of
C 655 Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Cul-
pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performance of vert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe3
this product depends upon the proper selection of the class of pipe, type C 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related
of bedding and backfill, and care that installation conforms to the Products3
construction specifications. The owner of the reinforced concrete pipe C 1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and
specified herein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements Shotcrete4
with the class of pipe specified and provide inspection at the construction
site. 3. Terminology
NOTE 2—Attention is called to the specification for reinforced concrete
D-load culvert, storm drain, and sewer pipe (Specification C 655). 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to con-
crete pipe, see Terminology C 822.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Classification
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 82 Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete Re- 4.1 Pipe manufactured in accordance with this specification
inforcement2 shall be of five classes identified as Class I, Class II, Class III,
A 185 Specification for Steel Welded Wire, Fabric, Plain, Class IV, and Class V. The corresponding strength require-
for Concrete Reinforcement2 ments are prescribed in Tables 1-5.
A 496 Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for Concrete
5. Basis of Acceptance
Reinforcement2
A 497 Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric, De- 5.1 Unless otherwise designated by the owner at the time
formed, for Concrete Reinforcement2 of, or before placing an order, two separate and alternative
A 615/A 615M Specification for Deformed and Plain bases of acceptance are permitted as follows:
Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement2 5.1.1 Acceptance on the Basis of Plant Load-Bearing Tests,
C 14 Specification for Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Material Tests, and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for Visual
Culvert Pipe3 Defects and Imperfections—Acceptability of the pipe in all
C 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates4 diameters and classes produced in accordance with 7.1 or 7.2
C 39 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical shall be determined by the results of the three-edge bearing
Concrete Specimens4 tests as defined in 11.3.1; by such material tests as are required
in 6.1, 6.2, and 6.4; by absorption tests on selected samples of
concrete from the wall of the pipe; and by visual inspection of
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-13 on the finished pipe to determine its conformance with the
Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.02 on accepted design and its freedom from defects.
Reinforced Sewer and Culvert Pipe. 5.1.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Material Tests and Inspec-
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 1999. Published September 1999. Originally
published as C 76–30T. Last previous edition C 76–98a.
tion of Manufactured Pipe for Defects and Imperfections—
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.04.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05.
4 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.

Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 C 76
TABLE 1 Design Requirements for Class I Reinforced Concrete PipeA

NOTE 1—See Section 5 for basis of acceptance specified by the owner.

The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load
expressed in pounds-force per linear foot per foot of diameter) to produce a 0.01-in. crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate
load as specified below, multiplied by the internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.01-in. crack 800
D-load to produce the ultimate load 1200
Reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe wall
Wall A Wall B
Internal
Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi
Designated
Diameter, Circular Circular
in. Wall ReinforcementB Wall ReinforcementB
Elliptical Elliptical
Thickness, Thickness,
Inner Outer ReinforcementC Inner Outer ReinforcementC
in. in.
Cage Cage Cage Cage
60 5 0.25 0.15 0.28 6 0.21 0.13 0.23
66 51⁄2 0.30 0.18 0.33 61⁄2 0.25 0.15 0.28
72 6 0.35 0.21 0.39 7 0.29 0.17 0.32
78 61⁄2 0.40 0.24 0.44 71⁄2 0.32 0.19 0.36
84 7 0.45 0.27 0.50 8 0.37 0.22 0.41
90 71⁄2 0.49 0.29 0.54 81⁄2 0.41 0.25 0.46
96 8 0.54 0.32 0.60 9 0.46 0.28 0.51

Concrete Strength, 5000 psi

102 8⁄ 12 0.63 0.38 Inner Circular 0.25 91⁄2 0.54 0.32 Inner Circular 0.22
Plus Elliptical 0.38 Plus Elliptical 0.32
108 9 0.68 0.41 Inner Circular 0.27 10 0.61 0.37 Inner Circular 0.24
Plus Elliptical 0.41 Plus Elliptical 0.37
A A
114 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A
120 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A
126 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A
132 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A
138 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A
144 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A
For modified or special designs see 7.2 or with the permission of the owner utilize the provisions of Specification C 655. Steel areas may be interpolated between those
shown for variations in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical cage.
B
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area
of the inner circular cage plus the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table,
An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Fig. 1, or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Fig. 2.
C
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.

Acceptability of the pipe in all diameters and classes produced requirements of the specification. In no case, however, shall the
in accordance with 7.1 or 7.2 shall be determined by the results proportion of Portland cement, blended hydraulic cement, or a
of such material tests as are required in 6.1, 6.2, and 6.4; by combination of Portland cement and supplementary cementing
crushing tests on concrete cores or cured concrete cylinders; by materials be less than 470 lb/yd3.
absorption tests on selected samples from the wall of the pipe; 6.2 Cementitious materials:
and by inspection of the finished pipe including amount and 6.2.1 Cement—Cement shall conform to the requirements
placement of reinforcement to determine its conformance with for portland cement of Specification C 150 or shall be portland
the accepted design and its freedom from defects. blast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-
5.1.3 When agreed upon by the owner and manufacturer, forming to the requirements of Specification C 595, except that
any portion or any combination of the tests itemized in 5.1.1 or the pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland-pozzolan
5.1.2 may form the basis of acceptance. cement shall be fly ash.
5.2 Age for Acceptance—Pipe shall be considered ready for 6.2.2 Fly Ash—Fly ash shall conform to the requirements of
acceptance when it conforms to the requirements as indicated Class F or Class C of Specification C 618.
by the specified tests. 6.2.3 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious Materials—
6. Materials The combination of cementitious materials used in the concrete
shall be one of the following:
6.1 The aggregate shall be so sized, graded, proportioned,
6.2.3.1 Portland cement only,
and mixed with such proportions of Portland cement, blended
hydraulic cement, or Portland cement and supplementary 6.2.3.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only;
cementing materials, or admixtures, if used, or a combination 6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only, or
thereof, and water to produce a homogenous concrete mixture 6.2.3.4 A combination of portland cement and fly ash.
of such quality that the pipe will conform to the test and design 6.3 Aggregates—Aggregates shall conform to Specification

2
 C 76
TABLE 2 Design Requirements for Class II Reinforced Concrete PipeA

NOTE 1—See Section 5 for basis of acceptance specified by the owner.

The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load
expressed in pounds-force per linear foot per foot of diameter) to produce a 0.01-in. crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate
load as specified below, multiplied by the internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.01-in. crack 1000
D-load to produce the ultimate load 1500
Reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe wall
Wall A Wall B Wall C
Internal
Desig- Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi
nated
Circular Circular Circular
Diameter, Wall Wall Wall
Thick- ReinforcementB Elliptical Thick- ReinforcementB Elliptical Thick- ReinforcementC Elliptical
in.
ness, Inner Outer ReinforcementC ness, Inner Outer ReinforcementC ness, Inner Outer ReinforcementD
in. Cage Cage in. Cage Cage in. Cage Cage
12 13⁄4 0.07B ... ... 2 0.07B ... ... 23⁄4 0.07B ... ...
15 17⁄8 0.07B ... ... 21⁄4 0.07B ... ... 3 0.07B ... ...
18 2 0.07B ... 0.07B 21⁄2 0.07B ... 0.07B 31⁄4 0.07B ... 0.07B
21 21⁄4 0.12 ... 0.10 23⁄4 0.07B ... 0.07B 31⁄2 0.07B ... 0.07B
24 21⁄2 0.13 ... 0.11 3 0.07B ... 0.07B 33⁄4 0.07B ... 0.07B
27 25⁄8 0.15 ... 0.13 31⁄4 0.13 ... 0.11 4 0.07B ... 0.07B
30 23⁄4 0.15 ... 0.14 31⁄2 0.14 ... 0.12 41⁄4 0.07B ... 0.07B
33 27⁄8 0.16 ... 0.15 33⁄4 0.15 ... 0.13 41⁄2 0.07B ... 0.07B
36 3 0.14 0.08 0.15 4E 0.12 0.07 0.13 43⁄4E 0.07 0.07 0.08
42 31⁄2 0.16 0.10 0.18 41⁄2 0.15 0.09 0.17 51⁄4 0.10 0.07 0.11
48 4 0.21 0.13 0.23 5 0.18 0.11 0.20 53⁄4 0.14 0.08 0.15
54 41⁄2 0.25 0.15 0.28 51⁄2 0.22 0.13 0.24 61⁄4 0.17 0.10 0.19
60 5 0.30 0.18 0.33 6 0.25 0.15 0.28 63⁄4 0.22 0.13 0.24
66 51⁄2 0.35 0.21 0.39 61⁄2 0.31 0.19 0.34 71⁄4 0.25 0.15 0.28
72 6 0.41 0.25 0.45 7 0.35 0.21 0.39 73⁄4 0.30 0.18 0.33
78 61⁄2 0.46 0.28 0.51 71⁄2 0.40 0.24 0.44 81⁄4 0.35 0.21 0.39
84 7 0.51 0.31 0.57 8 0.46 0.28 0.51 83⁄4 0.41 0.25 0.46
90 71⁄2 0.57 0.34 0.63 81⁄2 0.51 0.31 0.57 91⁄4 0.48 0.29 0.53
96 8 0.62 0.37 0.69 9 0.57 0.34 0.63 93⁄4 0.55 0.33 0.61
Concrete Strength, 5000 psi
102 81⁄2 0.76 0.46 Inner 0.30 91⁄2 0.68 0.41 Inner 0.27 101⁄4 0.62 0.37 Inner 0.25
Circular Circular Circular
Plus El- 0.46 Plus El- 0.41 Plus El- 0.37
liptical liptical liptical
108 9 0.85 0.51 Inner 0.34 10 0.76 0.46 Inner 0.30 103⁄4 0.70 0.42 Inner 0.28
Circular Circular Circular
Plus El- 0.51 Plus El- 0.46 Plus El- 0.42
liptical liptical liptical
A A A
114 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
120 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
126 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
132 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
138 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
144 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A
For modified or special designs see 7.2 or with the permission of the owner utilize the provisions of Specification C 655. Steel areas may be interpolated between those
shown for variations in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical cage.
B
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified. The actual ultimate strength is greater than the minimum strength specified for
nonreinforced pipe of equivalent diameters in Specification C 14.
C
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area
of the inner circular cage plus the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table,
An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Fig. 1 , or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Fig. 2.
D
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.
E
As an alternative, single cage reinforcement may be used. The reinforcement area in square in. per linear foot shall be 0.20 for wall B and 0.16 for wall C.

C 33 except that the requirement for gradation shall not apply. Specification A 615/A 615M.
6.4 Admixtures and Blends—Admixtures and blends may be 6.6 Synthetic Fibers— Collated fibrillated virgin polypro-
used with the approval of the owner. pylene fibers may be used, at the manufacturer’s option, in
6.5 Steel Reinforcement—Reinforcement shall consist of concrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturing material. Only
wire conforming to Specification A 82 or Specification A 496 Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufactured specifi-
or of wire fabric conforming to Specification A 185 or Speci- cally for use in concrete and conforming to the requirements of
fication A 497 or of bars of Grade 40 steel conforming to Specification C 1116 shall be accepted.

3
 C 76
TABLE 3 Design Requirements for Class III Reinforced Concrete PipeA

NOTE 1—See Section 5 for basis of acceptance specified by the owner.

The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load
expressed in pounds-force per linear foot per foot of diameter) to produce a 0.01-in. crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate
load as specified below, multiplied by the internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.01-in. crack 1350
D-load to produce the ultimate load 2000
Reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe wall
Wall A Wall B Wall C
Internal Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi
Designated
Circular Circular Circular
Diameter, in.Wall Wall Wall
Thick- ReinforcementB Elliptical Thick- ReinforcementB Elliptical Thick- ReinforcementB Elliptical
nesses, Inner Outer ReinforcementC nesses, Inner Outer ReinforcementC nesses, Inner Outer ReinforcementC
in. Cage Cage in. Cage Cage in. Cage Cage
12 13⁄4 0.07D ... ... 2 0.07D ... ... 23⁄4 0.07D ... ...
15 17⁄8 0.07D ... ... 21⁄4 0.07D ... ... 3 0.07D ... ...
18 2 0.07D ... 0.07D 21⁄2 . 0.07D ... 0.07D 31⁄4 0.07D ... 0.07D
21 21⁄4 0.14 ... 0.11 23⁄4 . 0.07D ... 0.07D 31⁄2 0.07D ... 0.07D
24 21⁄2 0.17 ... 0.14 3 . 0.07D ... 0.07D 33⁄4 0.07 ... 0.07D
27 25⁄8 0.18 ... 0.16 31⁄4 0.16 ... 0.14 4 0.08 ... 0.07D
30 23⁄4 0.19 ... 0.18 31⁄2 0.18 ... 0.15 41⁄4 0.10 ... 0.08
33 27⁄8 0.21 ... 0.20 33⁄4 0.20 ... 0.17 41⁄2 0.12 ... 0.10
36 3 0.21 0.13 0.23 4 E 0.17 0.10 0.19 43⁄4E 0.08 0.07 0.09
42 31⁄2 0.25 0.15 0.28 41⁄2 0.21 0.13 0.23 51⁄4 0.12 0.07 0.13
48 4 0.32 0.19 0.35 5 0.24 0.14 0.27 53⁄4 0.16 0.10 0.18
54 41⁄2 0.38 0.23 0.42 51⁄2 0.29 0.17 0.32 61⁄4 0.21 0.13 0.23
60 5 0.44 0.26 0.49 6 0.34 0.20 0.38 63⁄4 0.25 0.15 0.28
66 51⁄2 0.50 0.30 0.55 61⁄2 0.41 0.25 0.46 71⁄4 0.31 0.19 0.34
72 6 0.57 0.34 0.63 7 0.49 0.29 0.54 73⁄4 0.36 0.22 0.40

Concrete Strength, 5000 psi

78 61⁄2 0.64 0.38 0.71 71⁄2 0.57 0.34 0.63 81⁄4 0.42 0.25 0.47
84 7 0.72 0.43 0.80 8 0.64 0.38 0.71 83⁄4 0.50 0.30 0.56

Concrete Strength, 5000 psi Concrete Strength, 5000 psi

90 7⁄ 12 0.81 0.49 0.90 8⁄ 12 0.69 0.41 0.77 9⁄
14 0.59 0.35 0.66
96 8 0.93 0.56 1.03 9 0.76 0.46 0.84 93⁄4 0.70 0.42 Inner 0.28
Circular
Plus El- 0.42
liptical
102 81⁄2 1.03 0.62 Inner 0.41 91⁄2 0.90 0.54 Inner 0.36 101⁄4 0.83 0.50 Inner 0.33
Circular Circular Circular
Plus El- 0.62 Plus El- 0.54 Plus El- 0.50
liptical liptical liptical
108 9 1.22 0.73 Inner 0.49 10 1.08 0.65 Inner 0.43 103⁄4 0.99 0.59 Inner 0.40
Circular Circular Circular
Plus El- 0.73 Plus El- 0.65 Plus El- 0.59
liptical liptical liptical
A A A
114 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
120 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
126 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
132 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
138 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
144 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A
For modified or special designs see 7.2 or with the permission of the owner utilize the provisions of Specification C 655. Steel areas may be interpolated between those
shown for variations in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical cage.
B
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area
of the inner circular cage plus the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table,
An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Fig. 1, or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Fig. 2.
C
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.
D
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified. The actual ultimate strength is greater than the minimum strength specified for
nonreinforced pipe of equivalent diameters in Specification C 14.
E
As an alternative, single cage reinforcement may be used. The reinforcement area in square in. per linear foot shall be 0.30 for wall B and 0.20 for wall C.

4
 C 76
TABLE 4 Design Requirements for Class IV Reinforced Concrete PipeA

NOTE 1—See Section 5 for basis of acceptance specified by the owner.

The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load
expressed in pounds-force per linear foot per foot of diameter) to produce a 0.01-in. crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate
load as specified below, multiplied by the internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.01-in. crack 2000
D-load to produce the ultimate load 3000
Reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe wall
Wall A Wall B Wall C
Internal
Concrete Strength, 5000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi
Designated
Diameter, Circular Circular Circular
in. Wall ReinforcementB Elliptical Wall ReinforcementB Elliptical Wall ReinforcementB Elliptical
Thickness, Reinforce- Thickness, Reinforce-Thickness, Reinforce-
in. Inner Outer mentC in. Inner Outer mentC in. Inner Outer mentC
Cage Cage Cage Cage Cage Cage
12 13⁄4 0.15 ... ... 2 0.07 ... ... 23⁄4 0.07D ... ...
15 17⁄8 0.16 ... ... 21⁄4 0.10 ... ... 3 0.07D ... ...
18 2 0.17 ... 0.15 21⁄2 0.14 ... 0.11 31⁄4 0.07D ... 0.07D
21 21⁄4 0.23 ... 0.21 23⁄4 0.20 ... 0.17 31⁄2 0.07D ... 0.07D
24 21⁄2 0.29 ... 0.27 3 0.27 ... 0.23 33⁄4 0.07 0.07 0.08
27 25⁄8 0.33 ... 0.31 31⁄4 0.31 ... 0.25 4 0.08 0.07 0.09
30 23⁄4 0.38 ... 0.35 31⁄2 0.35 ... 0.28 41⁄4 0.09 0.07 0.10
A
33 ... ... ... 33⁄4 0.27 0.16 0.30 41⁄2 0.11 0.07 0.12
A
36 ... ... ... 4 0.30 0.18 0.33 43⁄4 0.14 0.08 0.15
A
42 ... ... ... 41⁄2 0.35 0.21 0.39 51⁄4 0.20 0.12 0.22
A
48 ... ... ... 5 0.42 0.25 0.47 53⁄4 0.26 0.16 0.29
A
54 ... ... ... 51⁄2 0.50 0.30 0.55 61⁄4 0.34 0.20 0.38

Concrete Strength, 5000 psi

A
60 ... ... ... 6 0.59 0.35 0.66 63⁄4 0.41 0.25 0.46
A
66 ... ... ... 61⁄2 0.69 0.41 0.77 71⁄4 0.51 0.31 0.57

Concrete Strength, 5000 psi

A
72 ... ... ... 7 0.79 0.47 0.88 73⁄4 0.61 0.37 0.68
A A
78 ... ... ... ... ... ... 81⁄4 0.71 0.43 0.79
A A
84 ... ... ... ... ... ... 83⁄4 0.85 0.51 0.94
A A A
90 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
96 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
102 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
108 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
114 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
120 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
126 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
132 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
138 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
144 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A
For modified or special designs see 7.2 or with the permission of the owner utilize the provisions of Specification C 655. Steel areas may be interpolated between those
shown for variations in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical cage.
B
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area
of the inner circular cage plus the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table,
An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Fig. 1, or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Fig. 2.
For Wall C, in sizes 24 to 33 in., a single circular cage with an area not less than the sum of the specified inner and outer circular reinforcement areas.
C
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.
D
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified.

7. Design request approval by the owner of modified designs that differ

7.1 Design Tables—The diameter, wall thickness, compres- from the designs in 7.1; or special designs for sizes and loads
sive strength of the concrete, and the area of the circumferen- beyond those shown in Tables 1-5, 7.1, or special designs for
tial reinforcement shall be as prescribed for Classes I to V in pipe sizes that do not have steel reinforcement areas shown in
Tables 1-5, except as provided in 7.2. Tables 1-5 of 7.1.
7.1.1 Footnotes to the tables herein are intended to be 7.2.2 Such modified or special designs shall be based on
amplifications of tabulated requirements and are to be consid- rational or empirical evaluations of the ultimate strength and
ered applicable and binding as if they were contained in the cracking behavior of the pipe and shall fully describe to the
body of the specification. owner any deviations from the requirements of 7.1. The
7.2 Modified and Special Designs: descriptions of modified or special designs shall include the
7.2.1 If permitted by the owner the manufacturer may wall thickness, the concrete strength, and the area, type,

5
 C 76
TABLE 5 Design Requirements for Class V Reinforced Concrete PipeA

NOTE 1—See Section 5 for basis of acceptance specified by the owner.

The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load
expressed in pounds-force per linear foot per foot of diameter) to produce a 0.01-in. crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate
load as specified below, multiplied by the internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.01-in. crack 3000
D-load to produce the ultimate load 3750
Reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of pipe wall
Wall A Wall B Wall C
Internal
Concrete Strength, 6000 psi Concrete Strength, 6000 psi Concrete Strength, 6000 psi
Designated
Diameter, Circular Circular Circular
in. Wall ReinforcementB Elliptical Wall ReinforcementB Elliptical Wall ReinforcementB Elliptical
Thickness, Reinforce- Thickness, Reinforce- Thickness, Reinforce-
in. Inner Outer mentC in. Inner Outer mentC in. Inner Outer mentC
Cage Cage Cage Cage Cage Cage
A
12 ... ... ... 2 0.10 ... ... 23⁄4 0.07D ... ...
A
15 ... ... ... 21⁄4 0.14 ... ... 3 0.07D ... ...
A
18 ... ... ... 21⁄2 0.19 ... 0.16 31⁄4 0.10 ... ...
A
21 ... ... ... 23⁄4 0.24 ... 0.21 31⁄2 0.10 ... ...
A
24 ... ... ... 3 0.30 ... 0.24 33⁄4 0.12 0.07 0.13
A
27 ... ... ... 31⁄4 0.38 0.23 0.42 4 0.14 0.08 0.16
A
30 ... ... ... 31⁄2 0.41 0.25 0.46 41⁄4 0.18 0.11 0.20
A
33 ... ... ... 33⁄4 0.46 0.28 0.51 41⁄2 0.23 0.14 0.25
A
36 ... ... ... 4 0.50 0.30 0.56 43⁄4 0.27 0.16 0.30
A
42 ... ... ... 41⁄2 0.60 0.36 0.67 51⁄4 0.36 0.22 0.40
A
48 ... ... ... 5 0.73 0.44 0.81 53⁄4 0.47 0.28 0.52
A A
54 ... ... ... ... ... ... 61⁄4 0.58 0.35 0.64
A A
60 ... ... ... ... ... ... 63⁄4 0.70 0.42 0.78
A A
66 ... ... ... ... ... ... 71⁄4 0.84 0.50 0.93
A A
72 ... ... ... ... ... ... 73⁄4 0.99 0.59 1.10
A A A
78 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
84 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
90 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
96 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
102 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
108 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
114 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
120 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
126 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
132 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
138 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A A A
144 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
...
A
For modified or special designs see 7.2 or with the permission of the owner utilize the provisions of Specification C 655. Steel areas may be interpolated between those
shown for variations in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical cage.
B
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area
of the inner circular cage plus the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table,
An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Fig. 1, or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Fig. 2.
C
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.
D
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified.

placement, number of layers, and strength of the steel rein- ment per unit lengths of pipe.
forcement.
7.2.3 The manufacturer shall submit to the owner proof of 8. Reinforcement
the adequacy of the proposed modified or special design. Such 8.1 Circumferential Reinforcement—A line of circumferen-
proof may comprise the submission of certified three-edge- tial reinforcement for any given total area may be composed of
bearing tests already made, which are acceptable to the owner two layers for pipe with wall thicknesses of less than 7 in. or
or, if such three-edge-bearing tests are not available or accept- three layers for pipe with wall thicknesses of 7 in. or greater.
able, the manufacturer may be required to perform proof tests The layers shall not be separated by more than the thickness of
on sizes and classes selected by the owner to demonstrate the one longitudinal plus 1⁄4 in. The multiple layers shall be
adequacy of the proposed design. fastened together to form a single cage. All other specification
7.2.4 Such pipe must meet all of the test and performance requirements such as laps, welds, and tolerances of placement
requirements specified by the owner in accordance with in the wall of the pipe, etc., shall apply to this method of
Section 5. fabricating a line of reinforcement.
7.3 Area—In this specification, when the word area is not 8.1.1 Where one line of circular reinforcement is used, it
described by adjectives, such as cross-section or single wire, it shall be placed from 35 to 50 % of the wall thickness from the
shall be understood to be the cross-sectional area of reinforce- inner surface of the pipe, except that for wall thicknesses less

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than 21⁄2 in., the protective cover of the concrete over the
circumferential reinforcement in the wall of the pipe shall be 3⁄4
in.
8.1.2 In pipe having two lines of circular reinforcement,
each line shall be so placed that the protective covering of
concrete over the circumferential reinforcement in the wall of
the pipe shall be 1 in.
8.1.3 In pipe having elliptical reinforcement with wall
thicknesses 21⁄2 in. or greater, the reinforcement in the wall of
the pipe shall be so placed that the protective covering of
concrete over the circumferential reinforcement shall be 1 in.
from the inner surface of the pipe at the vertical diameter and
1 in. from the outer surface of the pipe at the horizontal
diameter. In pipe having elliptical reinforcement with wall
thicknesses less than 21⁄2 in., the protective covering of the
concrete shall be 3⁄4 in. at the vertical and horizontal diameters.
8.1.4 The location of the reinforcement shall be subject to NOTE 1—The total reinforcement area (Asi) of the inner cage plus the
the permissible variations in dimensions given in 12.5. quadrant mat in Quadrants 1 and 2 shall not be less than that specified for
8.1.5 The spacing center to center of circumferential rein- the inner cage in Tables 1-5.
NOTE 2—The total reinforcement area (Aso) of the outer cage plus the
forcement in a cage shall not exceed 4 in. for pipe up to and
quadrant mat in Quadrants 3 and 4 shall not be less than that specified for
including pipe having a 4-in. wall thickness nor exceed the the outer cage in Tables 1-5.
wall thickness for larger pipe, and shall in no case exceed 6 in. NOTE 3—The reinforcement area (A8si) of the inner cage in Quadrants
8.1.6 Where the wall reinforcement does not extend into the 3 and 4 shall be not less than 25 % of that specified for the inner cage in
joint, the maximum longitudinal distance to the last circumfer- Tables 1-5.
ential from the inside shoulder of the bell or the shoulder of the NOTE 4—The reinforcement area (A8so) of the outer cage in Quadrants
1 and 2 shall be not less than 25 % of that specified for the outer cage in
spigot shall be 3 in. except that if this distance exceeds one-half
Tables 1-5.
the wall thickness, the pipe wall shall contain at least a total NOTE 5—If the reinforcement area (A8so) of the outer cage in Quad-
reinforcement area of the minimum specified area per linear rants 1 or 2 is less than 50 % of that specified for the outer cage in Tables
foot times the laying length of the pipe section. The minimum 1-5, the quadrant mats used for the outer cage in Quadrants 3 and 4 shall
cover on the last circumferential near the spigot shoulder shall extend into Quadrant 1 and 2 not less than a distance equal to the wall
be 1⁄2 in. thickness as specified in Tables 1-5.
FIG. 1 Quadrant Reinforcement
8.1.6.1 Where reinforcement is in the bell or spigot the
minimum end cover on the last circumferential shall be 1⁄2 in. to position the cages during the placement of the concrete shall
in the bell or 1⁄4 in. in the spigot. not be a cause for rejection.
8.1.7 The continuity of the circumferential reinforcing steel 8.3 Joint Reinforcement—The length of the joint as used
shall not be destroyed during the manufacture of the pipe, herein means the inside length of the bell or the outside length
except that when agreed upon by the owner, lift eyes or holes of the spigot from the shoulder to the end of the pipe section.
may be provided in each pipe for the purpose of handling. The end distances or cover on the end circumferential shall
8.1.8 If splices are not welded, the reinforcement shall be apply to any point on the circumference of the pipe or joint.
lapped not less than 20 diameters for deformed bars and When convoluted reinforcement is used, these distances and
deformed cold-worked wire, and 40 diameters for plain bars reinforcement areas shall be taken from the points on the
and cold-drawn wire. In addition, where lapped cages of convolutions closest to the end of the pipe section. Unless
welded-wire fabric are used without welding, the lap shall otherwise permitted by the owner, the following requirements
contain a longitudinal wire. for joint reinforcement shall apply.
8.1.8.1 When splices are welded and are not lapped to the 8.3.1 Joint Reinforcement for Non-Rubber Gasket Joints:
minimum requirements above, pull tests of representative 8.3.1.1 For pipe 36 in. and larger in diameter, either the bell
specimens shall develop at least 50 % of the minimum speci- or spigot shall contain circumferential reinforcement. This
fied strength of the steel, and there shall be a minimum lap of reinforcement shall be an extension of a wall cage, or may be
2 in. For butt-welded splices in bars or wire, permitted only a separate cage of at least the area per foot of that specified for
with helically wound cages, pull tests of representative speci- the outer cage or one-half of that specified for single cage wall
mens shall develop at least 75 % of the minimum specified reinforcement, whichever is less.
strength of the steel. 8.3.1.2 Where bells or spigots require reinforcement, the
8.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement—Each line of circumferen- maximum end cover on the last circumferential shall be
tial reinforcement shall be assembled into a cage that shall one-half the length of the joint or 3 in., whichever is less.
contain sufficient longitudinal bars or members, to maintain the 8.3.2 Joint Reinforcement for Rubber Gasket Joints:
reinforcement in shape and in position within the form to 8.3.2.1 For pipe 12 in. and larger in diameter, the bell ends
comply with permissible variations in 8.1. The exposure of the shall contain circumferential reinforcement. This reinforce-
ends of longitudinals, stirrups, or spacers that have been used ment shall be an extension of the outer cage or a single wall

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NOTE 1—The total reinforcement area of the inner circular cage and the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in Tables
1-5.
NOTE 2—The total reinforcement area of the outer circular cage and the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in Tables
Tables 1-5.
FIG. 2 Triple Cage Reinforcement

cage, whichever is less, or may be a separate cage of at least the 10.2.1 Steam Curing—Pipe may be placed in a curing
same area per foot with longitudinals as required in 8.2. If a chamber, free of outside drafts, and cured in a moist atmo-
separate cage is used, the cage shall extend into the pipe with sphere maintained by the injection of steam for such time and
the last circumferential wire at least one in. past the inside such temperature as may be needed to enable the pipe to meet
shoulder where the pipe barrel meets the bell of the joint. the strength requirements. The curing chamber shall be so
8.3.2.2 Where bells require reinforcement, the maximum constructed as to allow full circulation of steam around the
end cover on the last circumferential shall be 11⁄2 in. entire pipe.
10.2.2 Water Curing—Concrete pipe may be water-cured
9. Joints by covering with water saturated material or by a system of
9.1 The joints shall be of such design and the ends of the perforated pipes, mechanical sprinklers, porous hose, or by any
concrete pipe sections so formed that the pipe can be laid other approved method that will keep the pipe moist during the
together to make a continuous line of pipe compatible with the specified curing period.
permissible variations given in Section 12. 10.2.3 The manufacturer may, at his option, combine the
methods described in 10.2.1 to 10.2.4 provided the required
10. Manufacture concrete compressive strength is attained.
10.1 Mixture—The aggregates shall be sized, graded, pro- 10.2.4 A sealing membrane conforming to the requirements
portioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious of Specification C 309 may be applied and should be left intact
materials and water as will produce a homogeneous concrete until the required strength requirements are met. The concrete
mixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the test at the time of application shall be within 10°F of the atmo-
and design requirements of this specification. All concrete shall spheric temperature. All surfaces shall be kept moist prior to
have a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53 the application of the compounds and shall be damp when the
by weight. Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 6.2 compound is applied.
and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 470
lb/yd3 unless mix designs with a lower cementitious materials 11. Physical Requirements
content demonstrate that the quality and performance of the 11.1 Test Specimens—The specified number of pipe re-
pipe meet the requirements of this specification. quired for the tests shall be furnished without charge by the
10.2 Curing—Pipe shall be subjected to any one of the manufacturer and shall be selected at random by the owner, and
methods of curing described in 10.2.1 to 10.2.4 or to any other shall be pipe that would not otherwise be rejected under this
method or combination of methods approved by the owner, that specification. The selection shall be made at the point or points
will give satisfactory results. The pipe shall be cured for a designated by the owner when placing the order.
sufficient length of time so that the specified D-load is obtained 11.2 Number and Type of Test Required for Various Delivery
when acceptance is based on 5.1.1 or so that the concrete will Schedules:
develop the specified compressive strength at 28 days or less 11.2.1 Preliminary Tests for Extended Delivery
when acceptance is based on 5.1.2. Schedules—An owner of pipe, whose needs require shipments

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at intervals over extended periods of time, shall be entitled to 11.5.3.3 When the compressive strength of the cylinders
such tests, preliminary to delivery of pipe, as are required by tested does not conform to the acceptance criteria stated in
the type of basis of acceptance specified by the owner in 11.5.3.1 or 11.5.3.2, the acceptability of the group shall be
Section 5, of not more than three sections of pipe covering each determined in accordance with the provisions of 11.6.
size in which he is interested. 11.6 Compression Testing of Cores:
11.2.2 Additional Tests—After the preliminary tests de- 11.6.1 Obtaining Cores— Cores shall be obtained and
scribed in 11.2.1, an owner shall be entitled to additional tests prepared in accordance with Section 6 of Test Methods C 497.
at such times as the owner may deem necessary, provided that 11.6.2 Number of Cores— One core shall be taken from a
the total number of pipe tested (including preliminary tests) pipe section selected at random from each day’s production run
shall not exceed one pipe or 1 %, whichever is the greater, of of a single concrete strength.
each size of pipe delivered. 11.7 Acceptability on the Basis of Core Test Results:
11.3 External Load Crushing Strength: 11.7.1 When the compressive strength of a core tested for a
11.3.1 The load to produce a 0.01-in. crack or the ultimate group of pipe sections is equal to or greater than the design
load, as determined by the three-edge-bearing method as concrete strength, the compressive strength of the concrete for
described in the Test Methods C 497 shall be not less than that the group is acceptable.
prescribed in Tables 1-5 for each respective class of pipe. Pipe
11.7.2 If the compressive strength of the core tested is less
that have been tested only to the formation of a 0.01-in. crack
than the design concrete strength, two additional cores shall be
and that meet the 0.01-in. crack load requirements shall be
taken from that pipe section and tested. Concrete represented
accepted for use. Three-edge-bearing test to ultimate load is not
by these three core tests shall be considered acceptable if: (1)
required for any class of pipe 60 in. or less in diameter listed
the average of the three core strengths is equal to at least 85 %
in Tables 1-5 provided all other requirements of this specifi-
of the specified strength and (2) no single core is less than 75 %
cation are met.
of the specified strength.
NOTE 3—As used in this specification, the 0.01-in. crack is a test 11.7.3 If the compressive strength of the three cores does
criterion for pipe tested in the three-edge-bearing test and is not intended not meet the requirements of 11.7.2, the pipe from which the
as an indication of overstressed or failed pipe under installed conditions. cores were taken shall be rejected. Two pipe sections from the
11.3.2 Retests of Pipe Not Meeting the External Load remainder of the group shall be selected at random and cored
Crushing Strength Requirements—Pipe shall be considered as and tested for conformance with either 11.7.1 or 11.7.2. If both
meeting the strength requirements when all test specimens pipe sections meet the core strength requirements of either
conform to the strength requirements. Should any of the test 11.7.1 or 11.7.2, the remainder of the group shall be acceptable.
specimens fail to meet the strength requirements, the manufac- If both pipe do not meet the test strength requirement, the
turer shall be allowed a retest on two additional specimens for remainder of the group shall be either rejected or, at the option
each specimen that failed, and the pipe shall be acceptable only of the manufacturer, each pipe section of the remaining group
when all of the retest specimens meet the strength require- shall be cored and accepted individually and any of the pipe
ments. sections that have core strengths less than the requirements of
CONCRETE TESTING 11.7.1 or 11.7.2 shall be rejected.
11.4 Type of Specimen— Compression tests determining 11.8 Plugging Core Holes—Core holes shall be plugged
concrete compressive strength may be made on either standard and sealed by the manufacturer in a manner such that the pipe
rodded concrete cylinders or concrete cylinders compacted and section will meet all of the requirements of this specification.
cured in like manner as the pipe, or on cores drilled from the Pipe sections so plugged and sealed shall be considered
pipe. satisfactory for use.
11.5 Compression Testing of Cylinders: 11.9 Absorption—The absorption of a sample from the wall
11.5.1 Cylinder Production—Cylinders shall be prepared in of the pipe, as determined in accordance with Test Methods
accordance with Section 11 of Test Methods C 497. C 497, shall not exceed 9 % of the dry mass for Method A or
11.5.2 Number of Cylinders—Prepare no fewer than five 8.5 % for Method B. Each Method A sample shall have a
test cylinders from a group (one day’s production) of pipe minimum mass of 0.1 kg, shall be free of visible cracks, and
sections. shall represent the full wall thickness of the pipe. When the
11.5.3 Acceptability on the Basis of Cylinder Test Results: initial absorption sample from a pipe fails to conform to this
11.5.3.1 When the compressive strengths of all cylinders specification, the absorption test shall be made on another
tested for a group are equal to or greater than the design sample from the same pipe and the results of the retest shall be
concrete strength, the compressive strength of concrete in the substituted for the original test results.
group of pipe sections shall be accepted. 11.10 Retests of Pipe— When not more than 20 % of the
11.5.3.2 When the average compressive strength of all concrete specimens fail to pass the requirements of this
cylinders tested is equal to or greater than the design concrete specification, the manufacturer may cull the project stock and
strength, and not more than 10 % of the cylinders tested have may eliminate whatever quantity of pipe desired and shall mark
a compressive strength less than the design concrete strength, those pipe so that they will not be shipped. The required tests
and no cylinder tested has a compressive strength less than shall be made on the balance of the order and the pipe shall be
80 % of the design concrete strength, then the group shall be accepted if they conform to the requirements of this specifica-
accepted. tion.

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11.11 Test Equipment— Every manufacturer furnishing pipe of 85 % of the elliptical nominal area and the outer cage
under this specification shall furnish all facilities and personnel nominal area may vary to the lower limit of 51 % of the
necessary to carry out the tests described in Test Methods elliptical nominal area provided that the total nominal area of
C 497. the inner cage plus the outer cage shall not vary beyond the
lower limit of 140 % of the elliptical nominal area.
12. Permissible Variations
12.1 Internal Diameter—The internal diameter of 12 to 13. Repairs
24-in. pipe shall vary not more than 61.5 % from the design 13.1 Pipe may be repaired, if necessary, because of imper-
diameter. The internal diameter of 27-in. and larger pipe shall fections in manufacture or damage during handling and will be
not vary from the design diameter by more than 6 1 % of the acceptable if, in the opinion of the owner, the repaired pipe
design diameter or 63⁄8 in., whichever is greater. conforms to the requirements of this specification.
12.2 Wall Thickness— The wall thickness shall not vary 14. Inspection
more than shown in the design or specified wall by more than
65 % or 3⁄16 in., whichever is greater. A specified wall 14.1 The quality of materials, the process of manufacture,
thickness more than required in the design is not cause for and the finished pipe shall be subject to inspection and
rejection. Pipe having localized variations in wall thickness approval by the owner.
exceeding those specified above shall be accepted if the 15. Rejection
three-edge-bearing strength and minimum steel cover require- 15.1 Pipe shall be subject to rejection on account of failure
ments are met. to conform to any of the specification requirements. Individual
12.3 Length of Two Opposite Sides—Variations in the lay- sections of pipe may be rejected because of any of the
ing length of two opposite sides of the pipe shall not be more following:
than 1⁄4 in. for all sizes through 24-in. internal diameter, and not 15.1.1 Fractures or cracks passing through the wall, except
more than 1⁄8 in./ft for all sizes larger with a maximum of 5⁄8 in. for a single end crack that does not exceed the depth of the
in any length of pipe through 84-in. internal diameter, and a joint.
maximum of 3⁄4 in. for 90-in. internal diameter or larger, except 15.1.2 Defects that indicate proportioning, mixing, and
where beveled end pipe for laying on curves is specified by the molding not in compliance with 10.1 or surface defects
owner. indicating honeycombed or open texture that would adversely
12.4 Length of Pipe— The underrun in length of a section of affect the function of the pipe.
pipe shall not be more than 1⁄8 in./ft. with a maximum of 1⁄2 in. 15.1.3 The ends of the pipe are not normal to the walls and
in any length of pipe. Regardless of the underrun or overrun in center line of the pipe, within the limits of variations given in
any section of the pipe, the end cover requirements of Sections 12.3 and 12.4.
8 and 12 shall apply. 15.1.4 Damaged or cracked ends where such damage would
12.5 Position or Area of Reinforcement: prevent making a satisfactory joint.
12.5.1 Position—The maximum variation in the position of 15.1.5 Any continuous crack having a surface width of 0.01
the reinforcement shall be 6 10 % of the wall thickness or in. or more and extending for a length of 12 in. or more,
61⁄2 in., whichever is greater. Pipe having variations in the regardless of position in the wall of the pipe.
position of the reinforcement exceeding those specified above
shall be accepted if the three-edge-bearing strength require- 16. Marking
ments obtained on a representative specimen are met. In no 16.1 The following information shall be legibly marked on
case, however, shall the cover over the circumferential rein- each section of pipe:
forcement be less than 1⁄4 in. as measured to the end of the 16.1.1 The pipe class and specification designation,
spigot or 1⁄2 in. as measured to any other surface. The preceding 16.1.2 The date of manufacture,
minimum cover limitations do not apply to mating surfaces of 16.1.3 The name or trademark of the manufacturer, and
nonrubber gasket joints or gasket grooves in rubber gasket 16.1.4 Identification of plant.
joints. If convoluted reinforcement is used, the convoluted 16.2 One end of each section of pipe with elliptical or
circumferential end wire may be at the end surface of the joint quadrant reinforcement shall be clearly marked during the
providing the alternate convolutions have at least 1 in. cover process of manufacturing or immediately thereafter, on the
from the end surface of the joint. inside and the outside of opposite walls along the minor axis of
12.5.2 Area of Reinforcement—Reinforcement will be con- the elliptical reinforcing or along the vertical axis for quadrant
sidered as meeting the design requirements if the area, com- reinforcing.
puted on the basis of nominal area of the wire or bars used, 16.3 Markings shall be indented on the pipe section or
equals or exceeds the requirements of 7.1 or 7.2. Actual area of painted thereon with waterproof paint.
the reinforcing used may vary from the nominal area according
to permissible variations of the standard specifications for the 17. Keywords
reinforcing. When inner cage and outer cage reinforcing is 17.1 circular pipe; culvert; D-load; pipe; reinforced con-
used, the inner cage nominal area may vary to the lower limit crete; sewer pipe; storm drain

10
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with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such
patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

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if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
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11