Scilab: basic/matrix operations

Dr. Madhu N. Belur

Control & Computing group

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Email: [email protected]
Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Outline

1 Vectors/matrices

2 Plotting

3 if-then-else-end and for-end loops

4 Polynomials

5 Other useful commands

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Today’s focus

Scilab is free.
Matrix/loops syntax is same as for Matlab.
Scilab provides all basic and many advanced tools.
Signal processing, Control systems, block-diagram-simulation
(xcos), Electrical, networks, op-amps, device simulation, ++
Toolboxes: image/video processing, wavelets, neural networks,
filter design, hardware-interfacing for real time control, ++
French National Space Agency (CNES) (like India ISRO) uses
only Scilab (search google Martin CNES Scilab )
Teaching Matlab is like MBBS colleges teaching to-be-doctors
how to use only very expensive medicines
Today: basic matrix operations and loops syntax, plotting
Also: signal processing: DSP,
Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra
Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Today’s focus

Scilab is free.
Matrix/loops syntax is same as for Matlab.
Scilab provides all basic and many advanced tools.
Signal processing, Control systems, block-diagram-simulation
(xcos), Electrical, networks, op-amps, device simulation, ++
Toolboxes: image/video processing, wavelets, neural networks,
filter design, hardware-interfacing for real time control, ++
French National Space Agency (CNES) (like India ISRO) uses
only Scilab (search google Martin CNES Scilab )
Teaching Matlab is like MBBS colleges teaching to-be-doctors
how to use only very expensive medicines
Today: basic matrix operations and loops syntax, plotting
Also: signal processing: DSP,
Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra
Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Today’s focus

Scilab is free.
Matrix/loops syntax is same as for Matlab.
Scilab provides all basic and many advanced tools.
Signal processing, Control systems, block-diagram-simulation
(xcos), Electrical, networks, op-amps, device simulation, ++
Toolboxes: image/video processing, wavelets, neural networks,
filter design, hardware-interfacing for real time control, ++
French National Space Agency (CNES) (like India ISRO) uses
only Scilab (search google Martin CNES Scilab )
Teaching Matlab is like MBBS colleges teaching to-be-doctors
how to use only very expensive medicines
Today: basic matrix operations and loops syntax, plotting
Also: signal processing: DSP,
Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra
Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Today’s focus

Scilab is free.
Matrix/loops syntax is same as for Matlab.
Scilab provides all basic and many advanced tools.
Signal processing, Control systems, block-diagram-simulation
(xcos), Electrical, networks, op-amps, device simulation, ++
Toolboxes: image/video processing, wavelets, neural networks,
filter design, hardware-interfacing for real time control, ++
French National Space Agency (CNES) (like India ISRO) uses
only Scilab (search google Martin CNES Scilab )
Teaching Matlab is like MBBS colleges teaching to-be-doctors
how to use only very expensive medicines
Today: basic matrix operations and loops syntax, plotting
Also: signal processing: DSP,
Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra
Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Today’s focus

Scilab is free.
Matrix/loops syntax is same as for Matlab.
Scilab provides all basic and many advanced tools.
Signal processing, Control systems, block-diagram-simulation
(xcos), Electrical, networks, op-amps, device simulation, ++
Toolboxes: image/video processing, wavelets, neural networks,
filter design, hardware-interfacing for real time control, ++
French National Space Agency (CNES) (like India ISRO) uses
only Scilab (search google Martin CNES Scilab )
Teaching Matlab is like MBBS colleges teaching to-be-doctors
how to use only very expensive medicines
Today: basic matrix operations and loops syntax, plotting
Also: signal processing: DSP,
Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra
Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Today’s focus

Scilab is free.
Matrix/loops syntax is same as for Matlab.
Scilab provides all basic and many advanced tools.
Signal processing, Control systems, block-diagram-simulation
(xcos), Electrical, networks, op-amps, device simulation, ++
Toolboxes: image/video processing, wavelets, neural networks,
filter design, hardware-interfacing for real time control, ++
French National Space Agency (CNES) (like India ISRO) uses
only Scilab (search google Martin CNES Scilab )
Teaching Matlab is like MBBS colleges teaching to-be-doctors
how to use only very expensive medicines
Today: basic matrix operations and loops syntax, plotting
Also: signal processing: DSP,
Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra
Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Today’s focus

Scilab is free.
Matrix/loops syntax is same as for Matlab.
Scilab provides all basic and many advanced tools.
Signal processing, Control systems, block-diagram-simulation
(xcos), Electrical, networks, op-amps, device simulation, ++
Toolboxes: image/video processing, wavelets, neural networks,
filter design, hardware-interfacing for real time control, ++
French National Space Agency (CNES) (like India ISRO) uses
only Scilab (search google Martin CNES Scilab )
Teaching Matlab is like MBBS colleges teaching to-be-doctors
how to use only very expensive medicines
Today: basic matrix operations and loops syntax, plotting
Also: signal processing: DSP,
Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra
Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Defining a matrix

A=[1 3 4 6] and A=[1 3 4 6];

B=[1 3 4 6;5 6 7 8] // next row by ;
length(A), ones(A), zeros(B), zeros(3,5)
size(A), size(A,’c’), size(A,’r’)
B(1,3)
B(1,3) = -45
quote ( ’ ) for transpose of A

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Defining a matrix

A=[1 3 4 6] and A=[1 3 4 6];

B=[1 3 4 6;5 6 7 8] // next row by ;
length(A), ones(A), zeros(B), zeros(3,5)
size(A), size(A,’c’), size(A,’r’)
B(1,3)
B(1,3) = -45
quote ( ’ ) for transpose of A

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Defining a matrix

A=[1 3 4 6] and A=[1 3 4 6];

B=[1 3 4 6;5 6 7 8] // next row by ;
length(A), ones(A), zeros(B), zeros(3,5)
size(A), size(A,’c’), size(A,’r’)
B(1,3)
B(1,3) = -45
quote ( ’ ) for transpose of A

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Defining a matrix

A=[1 3 4 6] and A=[1 3 4 6];

B=[1 3 4 6;5 6 7 8] // next row by ;
length(A), ones(A), zeros(B), zeros(3,5)
size(A), size(A,’c’), size(A,’r’)
B(1,3)
B(1,3) = -45
quote ( ’ ) for transpose of A

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Random numbers/matrices

rand(9) generates a 1 × 1 random number (uniformly distributed

between 0 and 1, etc: see help).
If A is an n × p matrix, then
B = rand(A) // defines a random matrix B of the size of A.
(A is not overwritten. The matrix B is defined.)

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Random numbers/matrices

rand(9) generates a 1 × 1 random number (uniformly distributed

between 0 and 1, etc: see help).
If A is an n × p matrix, then
B = rand(A) // defines a random matrix B of the size of A.
(A is not overwritten. The matrix B is defined.)

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Random numbers/matrices

rand(9) generates a 1 × 1 random number (uniformly distributed

between 0 and 1, etc: see help).
If A is an n × p matrix, then
B = rand(A) // defines a random matrix B of the size of A.
(A is not overwritten. The matrix B is defined.)

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Random numbers/matrices

rand(9) generates a 1 × 1 random number (uniformly distributed

between 0 and 1, etc: see help).
If A is an n × p matrix, then
B = rand(A) // defines a random matrix B of the size of A.
(A is not overwritten. The matrix B is defined.)

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Multiplication and addition

(Vectors are also matrices: with number of rows/columns = 1).

Suppose A and B are matrices of 3 rows and 4 columns.
A+B // same sizes of A and B required
A*B // Not defined. size(A,’c’) 6= size(B,’r’)
A*B’ // dimensions allow multiplication
A+4 // understood as elementwise addition
A*4 and 4*A // understood as elementwise multiplication
A• *B // understood as elementwise multiplication of matrices

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Multiplication and addition

(Vectors are also matrices: with number of rows/columns = 1).

Suppose A and B are matrices of 3 rows and 4 columns.
A+B // same sizes of A and B required
A*B // Not defined. size(A,’c’) 6= size(B,’r’)
A*B’ // dimensions allow multiplication
A+4 // understood as elementwise addition
A*4 and 4*A // understood as elementwise multiplication
A• *B // understood as elementwise multiplication of matrices

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Multiplication and addition

(Vectors are also matrices: with number of rows/columns = 1).

Suppose A and B are matrices of 3 rows and 4 columns.
A+B // same sizes of A and B required
A*B // Not defined. size(A,’c’) 6= size(B,’r’)
A*B’ // dimensions allow multiplication
A+4 // understood as elementwise addition
A*4 and 4*A // understood as elementwise multiplication
A• *B // understood as elementwise multiplication of matrices

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Multiplication and addition

(Vectors are also matrices: with number of rows/columns = 1).

Suppose A and B are matrices of 3 rows and 4 columns.
A+B // same sizes of A and B required
A*B // Not defined. size(A,’c’) 6= size(B,’r’)
A*B’ // dimensions allow multiplication
A+4 // understood as elementwise addition
A*4 and 4*A // understood as elementwise multiplication
A• *B // understood as elementwise multiplication of matrices

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Multiplication and addition

(Vectors are also matrices: with number of rows/columns = 1).

Suppose A and B are matrices of 3 rows and 4 columns.
A+B // same sizes of A and B required
A*B // Not defined. size(A,’c’) 6= size(B,’r’)
A*B’ // dimensions allow multiplication
A+4 // understood as elementwise addition
A*4 and 4*A // understood as elementwise multiplication
A• *B // understood as elementwise multiplication of matrices

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

for and if-then-end

v = -3:10 // vector from -3 to 20 (default increment 1)

v=1:2.3:10 // vector of ‘suitable length’
for i=1:10, // (or for i=v,)
disp(i)
end
i==4 // check this for undefined i, for i=5 and i=4
if (true or false) then
do something
end
(else, elseif-else, etc possible)

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

for and if-then-end

v = -3:10 // vector from -3 to 20 (default increment 1)

v=1:2.3:10 // vector of ‘suitable length’
for i=1:10, // (or for i=v,)
disp(i)
end
i==4 // check this for undefined i, for i=5 and i=4
if (true or false) then
do something
end
(else, elseif-else, etc possible)

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

for and if-then-end

v = -3:10 // vector from -3 to 20 (default increment 1)

v=1:2.3:10 // vector of ‘suitable length’
for i=1:10, // (or for i=v,)
disp(i)
end
i==4 // check this for undefined i, for i=5 and i=4
if (true or false) then
do something
end
(else, elseif-else, etc possible)

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

commands into a file

Write all commands, etc in a file (using Notepad or Scilab-editor)

.sce extension recommended
exec filename or exec(’filename’,2) // does not echo your file
filename could be a ‘function’ : very important

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

commands into a file

Write all commands, etc in a file (using Notepad or Scilab-editor)

.sce extension recommended
exec filename or exec(’filename’,2) // does not echo your file
filename could be a ‘function’ : very important

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

function

Recommended .sci extension

file1.sci (can have multiple functions with different function names)
These names should not already exist!
// —- file1.sci begins blah-blah
function total = addition(a,b)
total = a+b
endfunction
// — file1.sci ends
Scilab prompt:
–¿ exec(’file1.sci’,2)
–¿ q = addition(4,5)

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

eigenvalues (spectrum), trace

det(A), spec(A), trace(A)

sum prod
disp(i) (display i) or disp(’Text to be
displayed’)
rank, svd
find

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

eigenvalues (spectrum), trace

det(A), spec(A), trace(A)

sum prod
disp(i) (display i) or disp(’Text to be
displayed’)
rank, svd
find

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

eigenvalues (spectrum), trace

det(A), spec(A), trace(A)

sum prod
disp(i) (display i) or disp(’Text to be
displayed’)
rank, svd
find

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

plot and plot2d

x = 0:0.3:3
y = x• ˆ2 // elementwise squaring
plot(x) and plot(x,y) // independent, dependent-variable(s)
plot(x’,y’) // Now 2nd argument can have many columns
x = 0:0.3:3’; y2 = x• ˆ2; y3 = x• ˆ3;
plot(x, [y2 y3]),
plot2d(x, [y2 y3], [2, -4]) // help plot and plot2d

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

plot and plot2d

x = 0:0.3:3
y = x• ˆ2 // elementwise squaring
plot(x) and plot(x,y) // independent, dependent-variable(s)
plot(x’,y’) // Now 2nd argument can have many columns
x = 0:0.3:3’; y2 = x• ˆ2; y3 = x• ˆ3;
plot(x, [y2 y3]),
plot2d(x, [y2 y3], [2, -4]) // help plot and plot2d

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Defining polynomials

Polynomials play a very central role in control theory: the transfer

function is a ratio of two polynomials.
Key commands:
• s=poly(0,’s’) • s=poly(0,’s’,’roots’)
• p=s^2+3*s+2 • p=poly([2 3 1],’s’,’coeff’)
• roots(p) • horner(p,5)
• a = [1 2 3] • horner(p,a) • horner(p,a’)
• w=poly(0,’w’) • horner(p,%i*w)

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Differentiation

p=poly([1 3 4 -3],’s’,’coeff’)
cfp=coeff(p) constant term first
diffpcoff=cfp(2:length(cfp)).*[1:length(cfp)-1]
diffp=poly(diffpcoff,’s’,’coeff’)
degree(p) can be used instead of length(cfp)-1
Of course, derivat(p)

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Differentiation

p=poly([1 3 4 -3],’s’,’coeff’)
cfp=coeff(p) constant term first
diffpcoff=cfp(2:length(cfp)).*[1:length(cfp)-1]
diffp=poly(diffpcoff,’s’,’coeff’)
degree(p) can be used instead of length(cfp)-1
Of course, derivat(p)

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Differentiation

p=poly([1 3 4 -3],’s’,’coeff’)
cfp=coeff(p) constant term first
diffpcoff=cfp(2:length(cfp)).*[1:length(cfp)-1]
diffp=poly(diffpcoff,’s’,’coeff’)
degree(p) can be used instead of length(cfp)-1
Of course, derivat(p)

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Differentiation

p=poly([1 3 4 -3],’s’,’coeff’)
cfp=coeff(p) constant term first
diffpcoff=cfp(2:length(cfp)).*[1:length(cfp)-1]
diffp=poly(diffpcoff,’s’,’coeff’)
degree(p) can be used instead of length(cfp)-1
Of course, derivat(p)

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Differentiation

p=poly([1 3 4 -3],’s’,’coeff’)
cfp=coeff(p) constant term first
diffpcoff=cfp(2:length(cfp)).*[1:length(cfp)-1]
diffp=poly(diffpcoff,’s’,’coeff’)
degree(p) can be used instead of length(cfp)-1
Of course, derivat(p)

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Differentiation

p=poly([1 3 4 -3],’s’,’coeff’)
cfp=coeff(p) constant term first
diffpcoff=cfp(2:length(cfp)).*[1:length(cfp)-1]
diffp=poly(diffpcoff,’s’,’coeff’)
degree(p) can be used instead of length(cfp)-1
Of course, derivat(p)

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

csv: comma separated values file

write csv : writes data into a csv file.
read csv : reads data from a csv file.
horner find inv and pinv
dft (+ and − 1: options compulsory!)
Useful inbuilt variables:
%i, %s, %z, %e, %eps
a=5×10−3 : a = 5D-3
also a = 5d-3 & 5e-3 & 5E-3
Commands/variables are case sensitive!

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

csv: comma separated values file

write csv : writes data into a csv file.
read csv : reads data from a csv file.
horner find inv and pinv
dft (+ and − 1: options compulsory!)
Useful inbuilt variables:
%i, %s, %z, %e, %eps
a=5×10−3 : a = 5D-3
also a = 5d-3 & 5e-3 & 5E-3
Commands/variables are case sensitive!

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

csv: comma separated values file

write csv : writes data into a csv file.
read csv : reads data from a csv file.
horner find inv and pinv
dft (+ and − 1: options compulsory!)
Useful inbuilt variables:
%i, %s, %z, %e, %eps
a=5×10−3 : a = 5D-3
also a = 5d-3 & 5e-3 & 5E-3
Commands/variables are case sensitive!

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

csv: comma separated values file

write csv : writes data into a csv file.
read csv : reads data from a csv file.
horner find inv and pinv
dft (+ and − 1: options compulsory!)
Useful inbuilt variables:
%i, %s, %z, %e, %eps
a=5×10−3 : a = 5D-3
also a = 5d-3 & 5e-3 & 5E-3
Commands/variables are case sensitive!

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

The command ‘find’

find([%T %F %T %F %T %F %F])
gives ‘indices’ of TRUE’s.
x=[4 5 6 7]
x < 5.5
true indices of x=find(x < 5.5)
y=[5 6 7 8 9 0 -1]
y(true indices of x)

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra

Outline Vectors/matrices Plotting if-then-else-end and for-end Polynomials Other useful commands

Conclusions

Matrices and polynomials provide rich source of problems

Due to good (and cheap/free) computational tools available
currently, the future lies in computational techniques
Scilab provides powerful tools
We saw: for horner poly coeff roots find

Madhu Belur, CC group, EE, IITB Scilab/Linear Algebra