TWO-PORT NETWORKS

In many situations one is not interested in the internal organization of a

network. A description relating input and output variables may be sufficient

A two-port model is a description of a network that relates voltages and currents

at two pairs of terminals

LEARNING GOALS
Study the basic types of two-port models
Admittance parameters
Impedance parameters
Hybrid parameters
Transmission parameters

Understand how to convert one model into another

 ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS

The network contains NO independent sources

The admittance parameters describe the currents in terms of the voltages

y21 determines the current I1  y11V1  y12V2 The first subindex identifies
flowinginto port 2 when the I 2  y21V1  y22V2 the output port. The second
the input port.
port is short - circuited and a
v oltage is applied to port 1
The computation of the parameters follows directly from the definition
I1 I1
y11  y12 
V1 V V2 V 0
2 0 1

I2 I2
y21  y22 
V1 V V2 V 0
2 0 1
LEARNING EXAMPLE Find the admittance parameters for the network
I1  y11V1  y12V2
I 2  y21V1  y22V2

Circuit used to determine y11, y21

1 3
I1  (1  )V1  y11  [ S ]
 I2 2 2
1 1 1
 I2  I1  I 2   V1  y21   [ S ]
1 2 2 2

Circuit used to determine y12 , y22

 1 1 5
I 2    V2  y22  [ S ]
 2 3 6
3 3 5 1
 I1  I2  V2  y12  [ S ]
23 5 6 2

Next we show one use of this model

An application of the admittance parameters Determine the current through the
4 Ohm resistor

I1  y11V1  y12V2
I 2  y21V1  y22V2

3 1
I1  V1  V2
2 2
1 5
I 2   V1  V2
2 6
1
I1  2 A, V2  4 I 2 I 2   V2
4
The model plus the conditions at the
ports are sufficient to determine the
other variables. 13
V1  V2
6
3 1
2  V1  V2 8
2 2 V2  [V ]
11
1 5 1
0   V1    V2 2
2 6 4 I 2   [ A]
11
QUIZ NO 6
LEARNING EXTENSION Find the admittance (Y) parameters
I1 I2
 
I1  y11V1  y12V2
V1 V2
I 2  y21V1  y22V2
 

I1 I2
1 1 3 1
 I1  (  )V1  V1 y11  [S]
21 42 42 14
V1 42 1
I2   I1 y21   [ S ]
 21  42 21

I1 I2
 2 1 1
y22  [ S ]
I 2    V2
V2  21 21  7
10.5 1
 I1   I2 y12   [ S ]
21  10.5 21
LEARNING EXTENSION Use the admittance (Y) parameters to find the current Io

I1 IO 1
y11  [S]
 I2  I1  y11V1  y12V2 14
V1 5 V2 I 2  y21V1  y22V2 1
y21   [ S ]
10 A  21

1
y22  [ S ]
Conditions at I/O ports 7
1
I1  10 A 1 y12   [ S ]
I 2   V2 21
5
Io   I2

Replace in model
1 1
10  V1  (5 I o )
14 21
1 1
 I o   V1  (5 I o )
21 7
Solve for variable of interest
420
Io  [ A]
98
 IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS

The network contains NO independent sources

V1  z11I1  z12 I 2
V2  z21I1  z22 I 2

The ‘z parameters’ can be derived in a manner similar to the Y parameters

V1 V2
z11  z21 
I1 I I1
2 0 I 2 0

V1 V2
z12  z22 
I2 I1 0
I2 I1 0
LEARNING EXAMPLE Find the Z parameters
V1  z11I1  z12 I 2
V2  z21I1  z22 I 2

V1 V2
z11  z21 
I1 I I1
2 0 I 2 0

V1 V2
Write the loop equations z12  z22 
I2 I1 0
I2 I1 0
V1  2 I1  j 4( I1  I 2 )
V2  j 2 I 2  j 4( I 2  I1 )

rearranging

V1  (2  j 4) I1  j 4 I 2  z11  2  j 4  z12   j 4
V2   j 4 I1  j 2 I 2 z21   j 4 z22   j 2
LEARNING EXAMPLE Use the Z parameters to find the current through the 4 Ohm
resistor

V1  z11I1  z12 I 2
V2  z21I1  z22 I 2

Output port constraint

V2  4I 2

Input port constraint

V1  120  (1) I1
V1  (2  j 4) I1  j 4 I 2
V2   j 4 I1  j 2 I 2
0   j 4 I1  (4  j 2) I 2  (3  j 4)
12  (3  j 4) I1  j 4 I 2  j4

48 j  (16  (4  j 2)(3  j 4)) I 2  I 2  1.61137.73

LEARNING EXTENSION Find the Z parameters.
Find the current on a 4 Ohm load with a 24V input source
I1 I2
I1 I2
 
  
V1 V2
V1 24V V2 4
 
  
V1  12 I1  6( I1  I 2 )
V1  18 I1  6 I 2
V2  3I 2  6( I1  I 2 )
V2  6 I1  9 I 2
z11  18, z12  6 output port constraint : V2  4I 2
z21  6, z22  9 inputport constraint : V1  24[V ]

24  18 I1  6 I 2
0  6 I1  13I 2  (3)
24  (39  6) I 2

24
I2   [ A]
33
 HYBRID PARAMETERS

The network contains NO independent sources

V1  h11 I1  h12V2
I 2  h21 I1  h22V2

V1 I2
h11  h21  h11  short - circuit inputimpedance
I1 V I1 V
2 0 2 0 h12  open - circuit rev erse v oltage gain
V1 I2 h21  short - circuit forward current gain
h12  h22 
V2 I1 0
V2 I1 0 h22  open - circuit output admittance
These parameters are very common in modeling transistors
LEARNING EXAMPLE Find the hybrid parameters for this circuit

Non-inverting amplifier V1  h11 I1  h12V2 Equivalent linear circuit

I 2  h21 I1  h22V2

I R2

I DS

R1R2
V1  ( Ri  R1 || R2 ) I1  h11  Ri  V1 
R1
V2  h12 
R1
R1  R2 R1  R2 R1  R2
R1 ARi I1
I 2   I R 2  I DS   I1  Vi  0  I 2 
V2
R1  R2 Ro Ro || ( R1  R2 )
 AR R1  Ro  R1  R2
h21   i   h22 
 o
R R1  R2 Ro ( R1  R2 )
LEARNING EXTENSION Find the hybrid parameters for the network

I1 I2
 
V1  h11 I1  h12V2
V1 V2
I 2  h21 I1  h22V2
 
I2
 
I1 I2 I1  0
V1 V2

 
V1 V2  0
 6 2
V1  V2  h12 
3 6 3
V1  (12  (6 || 3)) I1  h11  14
V2 1
6 2 I2   h22  [ S ]
I2   I1  h21   9 9
3 6 3
LEARNING EXTENSION Determine the input impedance of the two-port
I1 I2 V1  h11 I1  h12V2 V1
Rin 
 I 2  h21 I1  h22V2 I1

V1 V2 4 output port constraint : V2  4I 2
 
V1  h11 I1  h12 (4 I 2 )
h21
2 I 2  h21 I1  h22 (4 I 2 )  I 2  I1
h11  14, h12  1  4h22
3
2 1  4h12 h21 
h21   h22  [ S ] 
V1   h11   I1
3 9  1  4h22 

4(2 / 3)(2 / 3) 16
Rin  14   14   15.23
1  4(1 / 9) 13

Verification

42
Rin  12  6 || 7  12  
13
 TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS ABCD parameters

The network contains NO independent sources

V1  AV2  BI 2
I1  CV2  DI 2

V1 I1
A C A  open circuit voltage ratio
V2 I 2 0
V2 I 2 0
B  negative short - circuit transfer impedance
B
V1
D
I1 C  open - circuit transfer admittance
I2 V
2 0
I2 V
2 0
D  negative short - circuit current ratio
LEARNING EXAMPLE Determine the transmission parameters

V1  AV2  BI 2
I1  CV2  DI 2
V1 I1
A C
V2 I 2 0
V2 I 2 0

V1 I1
B D
I2 V I2 V
2 0 2 0

when I 2  0
whenV2  0
1 1
j j
V2  V  A  1  j I2   I1  
1
I1  D  1  j
1 1 1  j
1 1
1
j j
1 I   2  j 
V2  I1  1  j 1 
j V2 V1  1  (1 || ) I1     (1  j )I 2
 j   1  j 
B  2  j
LEARNING EXTENSION Determine the transmission parameters

V1  AV2  BI 2
I1 I2
I1  CV2  DI 2
 I3 
V1 I1
V1 V2 A C
V2 V2
  I 2 0 I 2 0

V1 I1
B D
when I 2  0 I2 V I2 V
2 0 2 0

10.5
V2  V1  A  3
10.5  21 When V2  0
42 V I 1
I3  I1  2  C  1  [ S ] I2  
42
I1  D 
3
42  21 10.5 V2 7 42  21 2
3
V1  (42 || 21) I1  14 I1  14  ( I 2 )
2
B  21
 PARAMETER CONVERSIONS

If all parameters exist, they can be related by conventional algebraic manipulations.

As an example consider the relationship between Z and Y parameters
V1  z11I1  z12 I 2
V2  z21I1  z22 I 2
1
V1   z11 z12   I1   I1   z11 z12  V1   y11 y12  V1 
V    z  
z22   I 2   I 2   z21

z22  V2   y21 y22  V2 
 2   21

1
 y11 y12   z11 z12  1  z22  z12 
y     z 
 21 y22   z21 z22  Z  21 z11 

with  Z  z11z22  z21z12

In the followingconversion table, the symbol  stands for the determinant of the
corresponding matrix

z11 z12 y11 y12 h11 h12 A B

Z  , Y  , H  , T 
z21 z22 y21 y22 h21 h22 C D
 INTERCONNECTION OF TWO-PORTS
Interconnections permit the description of complex systems in terms of simpler
components or subsystems
The basic interconnections to be considered are: parallel, series and cascade

PARALLEL: Voltages are the same.

Current of interconnection
is the sum of currents

The rules used to derive models

for interconnection assume that
each subsystem behaves in the
same manner before and after
the interconnection

SERIES: Currents are the same.

Voltage of interconnection is the su
of voltages

CASCADE:
Output of first subsystem
acts as input for the
second
 Parallel Interconnection: Description Using Y Parameters

Interconne ction
descriptio n
 I1   y11 y12  V1 
I    y y22  V2 
 2   21
I  YV

 I1a  V1a   y11a y12a  In a similar manner

I a   ,Va   ,Ya     I a  YaVa
 2a 
I  2a 
V  21a
y y 22 b  I b  YbVb
Interconnection constraints :
 I  I a  I b  I  YaVa  YbVb  (Ya  Yb )V
I1  I1a  I1b , I 2  I 2a  I 2b 
V  Va  Vb
V1  V1a  V1b , V2  V2a  V2b Y  Ya  Yb
Series interconnection using Z parameters SERIES: Currents are the same.
Voltage of interconnection is the sum
of voltages
Description of each subsystem
Va  Z a I a , Vb  Z b I b

Interconnection constraints Z  Za  Zb
Ia  Ib  I  V  Za I  Zb I  ( Za  Zb ) I
V  Va  Vb
Cascade connection using transmission parameters

CASCADE:
Output of first subsystem
acts as input for the
second

Interconnection constraints :
I 2a   I1b V2a  V1b
V1  V1a V2  V2b
I1  I1a I 2  I 2b
V1  AV2  BI 2

V1a   Aa Ba   V2a  I1  CV2  DI 2

 I   C Da   I 2a 
V1   A B   V2 
 1a   a  I   C
 1  D   I 2 

V1b   Ab Bb   V2b  Matrix multiplication does not commute.

 I   C Db   I 2b 
Order of the interconnection is important
 1b   b
V1   Aa Ba   Ab Bb   V2 
 I   C Da  Cb Db   I 2 
 1  a
LEARNING EXAMPLE Find the Y parameters for the network

I1  j2 I2
  y11a  
1 1
 j S , y12a   j
1
V1  V2   j 2 I1  3 1 1 1 
V1 V2 2j 2 2  j    j 
I 2   I1  5 2  5 2 
1 1 Y  [ S ]
  y21a   j S ; y22a  j S  1
   j  1  2 1 
2 2 j
  5 2 5 2 
I1 I2
 
1 2 V1  2 I1  I 2 2 1
1
1  3  1
V1 1 V2
V2  I1  3I 2 Yb     5  1 2 
   1 3  
Find the Y parameters for the network using a direct approach

I1 Vx I2

 
V1 V2
 

Vx Vx  V1 Vx  V2 2V  V
   0  Vx  1 2
1 1 2 5
V1  V x V1  V2
I1  
1  j2
V  V x V2  V1
I2  2 
2  j2

Replace Vx and rearrange

LEARNING EXAMPLE Find the Z parameters of the network
Network A

Use direct method,

or given the Y parameters transform to Z Network B
… or decompose the network in a series
connection of simpler networks
2  2 j 2 
3  2 j 3 2 j
Za  
 2 2  4 j  5  4 j 5 2 j
 3  2 j 3  2 j  3  2 j 3 2 j
Z  Za  Zb  
5  2 j 5  6 j 
1 1
Zb     3  2 j 3  2 j 
1 1
LEARNING EXAMPLE Find the transmission parameters

 A B  1  j 2  j 
By splitting the 2-Ohm resistor, C D    j 1  j 
the network can be viewed as the   
cascade connection of two identical
networks

 A B  1  j 2  j  1  j 2  j 
C D    j 1  j   j 1  j 
  
 A B   (1  j ) 2  (2  j ) j (1  j )(2  j )  (2  j )(1  j )

C D   
  j (1  j )  (1  j )( j ) j (2  j )  (1  j ) 2
 

 A B  1  4 j  2 2 4  6 j  2 2 
C D    
  2 j  2 1  4 j  2 2 
2

 LEARNING by APPLICATION Given the demand at the receiving end, determine
the conditions on the sending end

V1  AV2  BI 2
I1  CV2  DI 2
Transmission parameters
are best suited for this
application

In the next slide we show how to determine the transmission parameters for the
line. Here we assume them known and use them for analysis
| V2 | VL  300kV (line voltage)  V2 | VL | 0 Ptotal  3 |Vline || I line | cos f
P  3 | VL || I L |  pf  | I || I | P Qtotal  3 |Vline || I line | sin  f
L 2
3VL pf
P 1
 I2    cos pf Vline
3VL pf
Conditions at the
Power factor angle
sending end 
f
V1  AV2  BI 2 P I line
I1  CV2  DI 2   received
Psent
V1 
 pfsending  Psending
I1 
Determining the transmission parameters for the line V1  AV2  BI 2
I1  CV2  DI 2

V1 R  Z L  ZC
I2  0  A    0.95900.27
V2 ZC

V1
V2  0  B  
I2
V1  ( R  Z L ) I 2  B  R  Z L  100.0084.84

ZC V
IT  I1  2
R  Z L  2 ZC ZC
IT
I1 R  Z L  2 ZC
I2  0  C  C  975.1090.13S
V2 ZC2

I1 R  Z L  ZC
V2  0  D     0.95900.27
I2 ZC
LEARNING EXAMPLE Determine the effect of the load on the voltage gain
A  20,000, Ri  1M, Ro  500, R1  1k, R2  49k
Hybrid parameters are computed in next slide

R2
Ideal gain  1   50
R1
 h21 49.88
G 
h11 1.247
h11h22  h12 h21  1
RL RL

Using the hybrid parameters Effect of load resistance

V1  h11 I1  h12V2
I 2  h21 I1  h22V2
Eliminating I1 and solvingfor V2
 h21V1  h11I 2
V2 
h11h22  h12 h21
Constraint at output port : V2   RL I 2
Solvingfor V2
 h21
V2  V1
h
h11h22  h12 h21  11
RL
Computing the hybrid parameters for non-inverting amplifier (repeat earlier example)

Non-inverting amplifier V1  h11 I1  h12V2 Equivalent linear circuit

I 2  h21 I1  h22V2

I R2

I DS

R1R2
V1  ( Ri  R1 || R2 ) I1  h11  Ri  V1 
R1
V2  h12 
R1
R1  R2 R1  R2 R1  R2
R1 ARi I1
I 2   I R 2  I DS   I1  Vi  0  I 2 
V2
R1  R2 Ro Ro || ( R1  R2 )
 AR R1  Ro  R1  R2
h21   i   h22 
 o
R R1  R2 Ro ( R1  R2 )
LEARNING BY DESIGN Gain required = 10,000 on a load of 1kOhm
Amplifierparameters R
Ideal gain  1  2  10,000
A  20,000 R1
Ri  1M R  9.999 M 2
Ro  500 R1  1k
h11  1.001M, h12  1.0  104
h21  4.0  107 , h22  1.0mS
For the final solution we will need to cascade
amplifiers. Hence the transmission parameters
From the conversion table will prove very useful
  H h12 h21  h11h22 h
A  B   11 Analysis of solution:
h21 h21 h21
-Even with infinite load the maximum gain
h22 1 is only 6,667
C  D
h21 h21 Likely causes:
-R2 is higher than input resistance Ri
V1  AV2  BI 2
V2   RL I 2 -Desired gain is comparable to the maximum
I1  CV2  DI 2 gain, A, of the Op-Amp
eliminating I1 Proposed solution:
V2 1 6667 -Cascade two stages, each with ideal gain of
  100. This also lowers R2 to 99kOhm
V1 A  B 1  166.7
RL RL
 Analysis of proposed solution

Since the two stages will be cascaded, the transmission

parameters of the proposed solution will be

V1   Aa Ba   Ab Bb  V2   Aa Ba   Ab  Bb   V2 
 I   C Da  Cb    
Da  Cb  Db   I 2 
 1  a Db   I 2  Ca
A  Aa Ab  Ba Cb  V2  1
Effect of load resistance. G=10,000
B  Aa Bb  Ba Db V1 A  B
RL
Identical stages

Two-Ports