www.Vidyarthiplus.

com

PIC Microcontrollers
PIC stands for Peripheral Interface Controller coined by Microchip Technology to identify its single-
chip microcontrollers. These devices have been phenomenally successful in 8-bit microcontroller mar-
ket. The main reason is that Microchip Technology has constantly upgraded the device architecture
and added needed peripherals to the microcontroller to ’suit customers’ requirements. The develop-
ment tools such as assembler and simulator are freely available on the internet at www.microchip.com

Low-end Architectures
Microchip PIC microcontrollers are available in various types. When P IC − M icro
MCU first
became available from General Instruments in early 1980’s, the microcontroller consisted of a very
simple processor executing 12-bit wide instructions with basic I/O functions. These devices are known
as low-end architectures.
Some of the low-end device past numbers are
12C5XX, 16C5X, and 16C505

Mid-range Architectures
Mid-range Architectures are built by upgrading low-end architecture with more number of peripherals,
more numbers of register and more data memory. Some of the mid-range devices are
16C6X
16C7X, 16F87X
↑Program memory type
C = EPROM
F = Flash
RC = Mask ROM
Popularity of PIC microcontrollers is due to the following factors-
1. Speed: Harvard Architecture, RISC Architecture
1 instruction Cycle = 4 clock cycles.
For 20 MHz clock, most of the instructions are executed in 0.2µs or five instructions per mi-
crosecond.
2. Instruction Set Simplicity:
The instruction set consists of just 35 instructions (as opposed to 111 instructions for 8051)
3. Power on reset
Power-out reset
Watch-dog timer
Oscillator Options
• low-power Crystal
• Mid-range Crystal
• High-range Crystal
• RC Oscillator
4. Programmable timer options on chip ADC

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

5. Up to 12 independent interrupt sources

6. Powerful output pin control

25mA (max.) current sourcing capability.

7. EPROM/OTP/ROM/Flash memory options.

8. Free assembler and simulator support from microchip at http://www.microchip.com

CPU Architecture and Instruction Set

Program Register
address address

8 Special
13
purpose
register
Program
CPU
Memory
+

Instruction Data data

memory
14 8 (ie RAM)

Pipelining of instruction fetch successive addressing

Fetch of n th
Cycle instruction
from address n

Execution of
Fetch of ( n+1) th
Cycle n th instruction instruction

Execution of Fetch of ( n+2) th

Cycle instruction
(n+1) th instruction

Execution of
Cycle
(n+2) th instruction

.
.
.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Introduction of extra cycle for a jump/goto instruction

Fetch of n th
Cycle instruction
from address n

Execution of Fetch of jump

Cycle n th instruction instruction from
address n+1

Change the program Fetch of ( n+2) th

Cycle count to new instruction
address

Cycle Ignore ( n+2) th Fetch instruction

instruction from new address

.
.
.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Register File Structure and Addressing Modes

Register file → locations that an instruction can access via an address.
Register file consists of two components.

1. General purpose register file (same as RAM)

2. Special purpose register file

7F
FF
Extra 64
bytes of RAM
in
PIC 16 C63
RAM 16 C65A
(96 bytes) 16 C73A
16 C74A
C0
BF
RAM
20 (32 bytes)
1F A0
Special purpose 9F
Register Special purpose
(32 bytes) Register
00 80 (32 bytes)
Bank 0
Bank 1
128 bytes
128 bytes

RPO bit in the Status register detects the bank. 7 bit of direct address TRPO determines the absolute
address of the register.
Indirect addressing mode
FSR contains the 8-bit address of the data/register.

CPU Registers
W, the working register, is used by many instructions as the source of an operand. It may also serve
as the destination for the result of the instructions execution. It works as the accumulator.
7 0

W working register
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 0 RP0 NOT_TO NOT_PD Z DC C

STATUS
(address 03H,83H)
C = Carry bit
DC = Digit Carry (same as AC, Auxiliary Carry)
Z = Zero bit
NOT-TO, NOT-PD→ Used in conjunction with PIC’s sleep mode
RPO → register bank select bit used in conjunction with the direct addressing mode.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

7 0

FSR
(address 04H,84H)
Indirect data memory address points.
FSR is the pointer used for indirect addressing.
The program is supported by an eight-level stack. When an interrupt occurs, the program counter
is automatically pushed on to the stack. Since PIC microcontrollers programs are normally designed
for handling one interrupt at a time, further

Basic Architecture of PIC Microcontroller

Program counter
Program 13
8
Memory

14

Instruction Register File

Address bus
Registers

Instruction
Decoder & Data
Control bus

ALU

W → Temporary holding register, often called as an accumulator, cannot be accessed directly. Instead,
contents must be moved to other registers that can be accessed directly.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Bank Addressing

Bank 0 Bank 1
00 INDF INDF 80
01 TMRO OPTION 81
02 PCL PCL 82
03 STATUS STATUS 83
04 FSR FSR 84
05 PORTA TRISA 85
06 PORTB TRISB 86
07 PORTC TRISC 87
08 PORTD TRISD 88
09 PORTE TRISE 89
0A PCLATH PCLATH 8A
0B INTCON INTCON 8B
0C .
.
1F .
9F

07F 0FF

TRIS bit set → Post bit in I mode

Reset → Post bit in 0 mode.

EX: To set PORT B bit 0 as an output and loaded with a 1, PIC micro
MCU code would exe-
cute as:
Port B. Bit = 1
STATUS. RPO = 1
TRIS B. Bit 0 = 0
STATUS. RPO = 0

PIC 16C74A
Program Memory 4k
(EPROM)×14
Data Memory 192
(Bytes)×8
I/O Pins 33
Parallel slave port Yes
A/D channel 8
Serial Comm SPI/I2 C,
USART
Interrupt sources 12

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Memory Organization
The PIC 16C7X family has a 13-bit program counter capable of addressing 8k×14 program memory.
PIC16C74A has 4k×14 program memory. For those devices with less than 8k program memory,
accessing a location above the physically implemented address will cause a wraparound.

Program memory map and stack

16C74A has 4k program memory. The address range is 0000H - 0FFFH. The reset vector is 0000H
and the interrupt vector is 0004H.
PC <12 : 0 >

Stack level 1
.
.
.
Stack level 8

Reset Vector 0000H

.
.
.
Int . Vector 0004H
0005H
Page (0)
07FFH
0800H
Page (1)
0FFFH

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

LED Driver Example

10k Ω
6

PORTB PORTA
+5V 1

8
11 V
+5V DD
0.1 µ F
12 VSS
8

PORTC
32 VDD PIC 16C74A

0.1 µ F 5
VSS
31
2 R
PORTD 1 Y
13 0 G
OSC 1
4 MHz Crystal
OSC 2 3
PORTE

14
22 pF 22 pF

PIC 16C74A has five ports. Each port is a bidirectional I/O port. In addition, they have the following
alternative functions.
I/O pins
Port Alternative uses of I/O pins 64A 62A
65A 63A
74A 73A

PORTA A/D Converter inputs ( PIC 16C7X parts) 6 6

PORTB External interrupt inouts 8 8

PORTC Serial port, Timer I/O 8 8

PORTD Parallel slave port 8 0

PORTE A/D Convertor inputs ( PIC 16C 7X ) 3 0

Total I/O pins 33 22

Total pins 40/44 28

Port D alternative function is parallel slave port which enables one PIC microcontroller to be connected
to the data bus of another microprocessor. Since three LED’s are connected to three pins of Port D
to be used as normal I/O operation, the special alternative function is ruled out.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Structure of a port - pin of PIC microcontrolller

D Q
TRIS

D Q
PORT

Pin write

Pin read
Data bus

TRIS register controls the direction of data flow.

TRIS = 1 Sets the pin in the input mode.
TRIS = 0 Sets the pin in the output mode.

; Toggle the green LED every half second.

List P = PIC16C74A, F = INHX8M, C = 160, N = 80
ST = FF, MM = OFF, R = DEC
include ”C:\MPLAB\P16C74A.INC”
- config ( CP OFF & PWRTE ON & XT-OSC & WDT OFF & BODEN OFF)
error level -302
; Equates
Bank0 RAM equ 20H
MaxCount equ 50
Green equ 0000000HB
TenMsH equ 13
TenMsL equ 250
; Variables
cblock Bank0RAM ; Variables are declared
BLNKCNT
COUNTH
COUNTL
endc
; Vectors
org 000H
goto Mainline
org 004H
Stop:
goto stop
Mainline:

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

call Initial ; Initialize

Main loop:
call Blink ; Blink LED
call TenMs ; Inset ten millisecond delay
indent goto Mainloop
;Initial Subroutine
Initial:
movlw MaxCount 0.5 second
movwf BLNKCNT BLKCNT ← N
movlw Green
movwf PORTD PORTD ← W
bsf STATUS,RPO Set register access to bank 1
clrf TRISD Set PORTD as O/P port
bcf STATUS,RPO Set register access to bank 0
return
; Blink Subroutine. This subroutine blinks a green LED in evey 0.5 sec
Blink:
decfsz BLNKCNT,F ; decrement loop counter and return if not zero
goto BlinkEnd
movlw MaxCount ; Reinitialize BLNKCNT
movwf BLNKCNT
movlw GREEN w ← Green Toggle green LED
Xorwf PORTD,F w ← Green Toggle green LED
Blink End;
return
; Ten Ms subroutine (delay of 10ms)
Ten Ms:
nop
movlw TenMsH
movwf COUNTH ; COUNTH ←w
movlw TenMsL
movwf COUNTL
TEN 1:
decfsz CountL.f
goto Ten 1
decfsz COUNTH,f
goto Ten 1
return

Ten Ms subroutine introduces a delay of 10ms by counting 10,000 instruction cycles. This is achieved
by nested loops. The sequence of instructions executed from calling Ten Ms is listed and correspond-
ing instruction cycles are mentioned against the instructions.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Instructions Instruction Cycles

Call ten Ms 2
nop 1
movlw 13 (TenMsH) 1
movwf COUNTH 1
movlw 250 (Ten MsL) 1
movwf COUNTL 1


decfsz COUNTL,F
COUNTL:250 →249→...→1 3 × 249 = 747
goto Ten 1
decfsz COUNTL,F COUNTL: 1 → 0 2
decfsz COUNTH,F COUNTH: 13 → 12 1
goto Ten 1
2
decfsz COUNTL,F
COUNTL: 0→255→254...→1
goto Ten 1
255 × 3 = 765
decfsz COUNTL,F COUNTL:1 →0 2
decfsz COUNTH,F COUNTH: 12 →11 1
2
goto Ten 1
770
770 ×11=8470
Repeat this block 11 times as
COUNTH:12→11→...→2→1

decfsz COUNTL,F COUNTL:0→255→...2→1 3×255=765

goto Ten 1
decfsz COUNTL,F COUNTL:1→0 2
decfsz COUNTH,F COUNTH:1→0 2
return 2

Total = 10,000

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

I2C Bus for Peripheral Chip Access

Requires two open-drain I/O pins.
Port-C of PIC IC can be used for I2 C communication.
SCL (Serial Clock) RC3/SCK/SCL
SDA (Serial Data) RC4/SDI/SDA
+5 V
PIC

1 kΩ

"0"

Low output on SCL or SDA I/O pin set to be an output with ”0” written to it.
+5 V
PIC

1 kΩ

High output on SCL or SDA I/O pin set to be an input.

Transfers on the I2 C bus take place a bit at a time.
Data bits Acknowledge bit
(driven by transmitter) (driven by receiver)

MSB LSB No Acknowledge

first Last
0
SDA
0
Acknowledge
SCL

Clock bits
(driven by master)

The clock line, SCL, is driven by the PIC chip, which server as bus master. The open drain feature
of every chip’s bus driver can be used by the receiver to hold the clock line low, there by signalling
the transmitter to pause until the clock line is released by the receiver. The open drain feature is also
needed if this PIC will ever become an I2 C slave to another PIC, in which it must relinquish control
of the SCL line.
The previous figure illustrates that the first eight bits on the SDA line are sent by the transmitter
whereas the ninth bit is the acknowledgment bit which is sent by the receiver in response to the byte
sent by the transmitter. For instance, when the PIC sends out a chip address, it is the transmitter,

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

while every other chip on the I2 C bus is a receiver. During the acknowledgment bit time, the addressed
chip is the only one that drives the SDA line, pulling it low in response to the masters pulse on SCL,
acknowledging the reception of its chip address.
When the data transfer direction is reversed that is form a peripheral chip to the PIC, which is the
master , the peripheral chip drives the eight daa bits in response to the clock pulse from PIC. In this
case, the acknowledge bit is driven in a special way by the PIC, which is serving as receive but also
as bus master. If the peripheral chip is one that can send the contents of successive internal address
back to the PIC, then PIC completes the reception of each byte and signals a request for the next
byte by pulling SDA line low in acknowledgment. After any number of bytes have been received by
the master from the peripheral, the PIC can signal the peripheral to stop any further transfers by not
pulling the SDA line low in acknowledgment.
SDA line should be stable during high period of the clock (SCL). When the slave peripheral is driving
SDA line , either as transmiter or acknowledge, it initiates the new bit in response to the falling edge
of SCL, after a specified time. It maintains that bit on SDA line until the next falling edge of SCL,
again afte r a specified hold time.
I2 C bus transfers consist of a number of byte transfers framed between a START condition and either
another START condition or a STOP condition. Both SDA and SCL lines are released by all drives
and float high when bus transfers are not taking place. The PIC (I2 C bus controller) initiates a
transfer with a START condition by first pulling SDA low and then pulling SCL as shown in the
figure.
SDA
SDA

SCL

SCL

START Condition STOP Condition

Similarly, the PIC terminates a multiple byte transfer with the STOP condition. With both SDA and
SCL initially low, it first releases SCL and then SDA. Both then occurrences are easily recognized by
I2 C hardware in each peripheral chip since they both consist of a chage in SDA line which SCL is
high, a condition that never happens in the middle of a byte transfer.

Data Communication protocol

In I2 C communication standard, there is one bus master and several slaves. It can be assumed here
that the PIC microcontroller is the bus master and several peripheral devices connected to SDA and
SCL bus are slaves.
Following a start condition, the master sends a 7-bit address of the slave on SDA line. The MSB
is sent first. After sending 7 bit address of the slave peripheral a R/W bit (8th bit) is sent by the
master. If R/W bit is 0 the following byte (after the acknowledgment) is written by the master to the
addressed slave peripheral. If R/W bit is 1, the following byte after the acknowledgment bit has to
be read from the slave by the master. After sending the 7-bit address of the slave, the master sends
the address of the internal register of the salve where from the data has to be used or written to. The
subsegment access is automatically directed to the next address of the internal register.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

The following diagrams give the general format to write and read from several peripheral internal
registers.
START R/ W = 0
condition 7-bit address for write Internal address N, Data to be written
of peripheral chip in peripheral into address N

A A A
C C C
S W K K K

SDA Data to be written

Data to be written STOP
into address N+1 into address N+2 condition
A A
C C
K K P

Acknowledge by
peripheral

General format to write to several peripheral internal registers or addresses.

START R/W = 0 R/ N = 0
condition 7-bit address for write Internal address N, 7-bit address for Read
of peripheral chip in peripheral Data read
of peripheral chip
from address N

A A A
C C C
K K
S W RK

Acknowledge by Data read from STOP

peripheral address N +1 condition

N
O
P
A
C
K

No acknowledgment by PIC
sent out as a signal
to terminate further transfers

General format to from several peripheral internal registers or addresses.

The 1995 I2 C bus specification includes the timing constraints for older chips designed for a maximum
bit rate of 100kbits/s. It also includes constraints for newer fast-mode 400kbits/s parts.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

I2 C Bus Subroutines:
I2 C bus fast-mode timing constraints.
STOP START
condition condition

SDA

SCL

t STOP-START
t STOP t START

STOP - to - START Constraints

START
Acknowledge bit
condition

SDA

SCL

t t START t START
LOW

t SETUP

Acknowledge bit to START (restart condition)

SDA data bit data bit

SCL

t SETUP t HOLD

t HIGH t LOW

Data bit to data bit

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Parameter Constraint Cycles required to meet constraint

ocs = 4MHz osc = 10MHz osc = 20MHz
Period = 1µs Period = 0.4µs Period = 0.2µs
tST ART > 0.6µ s 1 2 3
tSET U P > 0.1µ s 1 1 1
tHIGH > 0.6µ s 1 2 3
tHOLD > 0µ s 1 1 1
tLOW > 1.3µ s 2 4 7
tST OP > 0.6µ s 1 2 3
tST OP −ST ART > 1.3µ s 2 4 7
Because the SCL pin must have an open pin output which the SDA pin must be either an input
or have an open drain output, the I2 C subroutines will repeatedly access TRISC, the data direction
register for PORTC, However, TRISC is located at the bank 1 address 87H, which cannot be accessed
by direct addressing without changing RPO bit to 1.
bsf STATUS, RPO
Then required bit of TRISC can be changed followed by clearing RPO and reveting back to Bank 0.
bcf STATUS, RPO
Instead of doing this, the indirect pointer FSR can be loaded with the address of TRISC and the bit
setting and bit clearing of TRISC can be done indirectly.
For example, with the following definitions
SCL equ 3
SDA equ 4
bsf INDF, SDA
will release the SDA line, letting the external pull up register pull it high or some I2 C chp pull it low.
When FSR is used for indirect addressing, care should be taken to restore FSR value when a subroutine
is completed and the program returns to the mainline program.

I2C Subroutines
Freq equ 4
SDA equ 4
SCL equ 3

cblock
.
.
DEVADD ;The I2Cout subroutine transfers out three bytes:
INTADD
DATAOUT
DATAIN
TXBUFF
RXBUFF
.
.
endc
;DEVADD, INTADD, and DATAOUT

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

I2C out :
call start
movf DEVADD, W ; Send peripheral address with R/W̄ =0 (write)
Call Tx
movf INTADD, W
Call Tx
movf DATAOUT, W
Call Tx
Call Stop ; Generate Stop condition
return
; The I2C in subroutine transfers out DEVADD (with R/W̄ =0)
; and INTADD, restarts, transfers out DEVADD (with R/W=1)
; and read one byte back into DATAIN.

I2C in:
Call Start ; Generate start condition
movf DEVADD, W ; Send peripheral address R/W̄ =0 (write)
Call Tx
movf INTADD, W ; Send peripheral’s internal address
Call Tx
Call ReStart ; Re START
movf DEVADD ,W ; Send peripheral’s address.
iorlw 0000000.1 B ; with R/W̄ =1 (read)
Call Tx
bsf TXBUFF, 7 ; NOACK the following reading of one byte
Call Rx ; Read byte
movwf DATAIN ; inte DATAIN
Call stop ; Generate stop condition
return

; The start subroutine initializes the I2C bus and then

; generates the START condition on the I2C bus
; The ReStart entry point bypadd the initialization of the
; I2C bus

Start:
movlw 00111011 ; Enable I2C Master mode.
movwf SSPCON
bcf PORTC, SDA ; DRIVE SDA low when it is an output
bcf PORTC, SCL ; DRIVE SCL low when it is an output
movlw TRISC ; Set indirect pointer to TRISC
movwf FSR
ReStart:
bsf INDF, SDA ; Make sure SDA is high - I/P mode

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

bsf INDF ,SCL ; Make sure SCL is high - I/P mode

delay 0,1,2 not
bcf INDF ,SDA ; Make SDA low
delay 0,1,2 nop
bcf INDF, SCL ; Make SCL low
return

Stop:
bcf INDF, SDA ; Return SDA low
bsf INDF, SCL ; Drive SCL high
delay 0,1,2
bsf INDF, SDA ; and then drive SDA high
return

; The Tx subroutine sends out the byte passed to it in W.

; It returns with z = 1 if ACK occurs.
; It returns with z = 0 if NOACK occurs.

Tx:
movwf TXBUFF
bsf STATUS, C

Tx 1:
rlf TXBUFF, F ; rotate TXBUFF left, through carry
movf TXBUFF, F ; Set Z bit when all 8 bits have been transformed
btfss STATUS, Z ; until z = 1
Call Bitout ; Send carry bit then clear carry bit
btfss STATUS, Z
goto TX 1
Call Bit In
movlw 00000001 B
End wf RXBUFF, W ; z = 1 if ACK z = 0 if NOACK
return

; The Rx subroutine receives a byte from I2C bus into W,

; using RXBUFF buffer
; Call Rx with bit 7 of TXBUFF clear for ACK
; Call Rx with bit 7 of TXBUFF set for NOACK

Rx:
movlw 00000001 B
movwf RXBUFF
Rx 1:
rlf RXBUFF, F
Call Bit In
btfss STATUS, C

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

goto Rx 1
rlf TXBUFF, F
Call BitOut
movf RXBUFF, W
return
; The BitOut subroutine transmits, hthen clears, the carry bit
BitOut:
bcf INDF, SDA ; copy carrybit to SDA
btfsc STATUS, c
bcf INDF, SDA
bsf INDF, SCL ; pulse clockline
delay 0,1,2 ; t: HIGH
bcf INDF, SCL
bcf STATUS, c
return
; The bit In subroutine receives one bit into
; bit 0 of RXBUFF

BitIn:
bsf INDF, SDA
bsf INDF, SCL ; Drive clock line high
bcf RXBUFF, 0 ; copy SDA to bit 0 of RXBUFF
btfsc PORTC, SDA
bsf RXBUFF, 0
bcf INDF, SCL ; Drive clock low again
return
Q
D TRIS

P in
Control write

D PORT

Q
Pin write

Pin read

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Examples of I2C bus Interfacing

I. DAC Interfacing
Two digital-to-analog convste outputs are easily added to a PIC with MAX518 eight-pin DIP. Each
255
output channel produces an output voltage that ranges from 0v to VDD where VDD is the power
256
supply to the DAC chip. If VDD = 5V , an output of 2.5V will appear on the OUT0 pin if the following
three bytes are sent to the chip.

’01011000’, ’00000000’ ’10000000’

An output of 2.5 V will appear on the OUT1 pin by sending the following three bytes

’01011000’ ’00000001’ ’100000000’

The MAX518 chip includes a power-on reset circuit that drives the two outputs to 0V initially. The
two address inputs, AD1 and Ad0, provide an adjustable part of the chip’s I2 C address. With 5 bits
fixed at 01011 and two adjustable bits, it is possible to connect four MAC518 chips to a PIC.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

DAC Interfacing on I2 C bus

Analog outputs
PIC
+5V
+5V
8 1
OUT1 OUT0
7
1k Ω 1k Ω VDD
0.1 µF
4
RC4 /SD1 /SDA SDA AD1
5
3 AD0
RC3 /SCK /SCL SCL 6
END
2
MAX 518
Dual 8-bit DAC

7-bit address

First byte of 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
message string
Write
AD0
Match
AD1

Second byte 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

1: Select OUT 1
0: Select OUT 0

1: Power-down mode
( 4µA, typical)
0: Normal DAC operation

1: Reset all DAC Registers

0: Normal DAC operation

Third byte
B
Analog output voltage =VDD
256

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

II. Interfacing a Temperature Sensor

National Semiconductor’s LM 75 chip combines an analog temperature transducer, an analog-to-
digital convertor (9-bit), and an I2 C bus interface, all in a tiny S)-8 surface mount package. The
temperature range covered is -25o C to +100o C with ±2o C accuracy. The two’s complement form of
the temperature is available from the 9-bit ADC. The resolution of the ADC is about 0.5o C.
Temperature Digital Output
Binary Decimal
125o C 01111 1010 250
25o C 00011 0010 50
0.5o C 000000001 1
0o C 00000 0000 0
-0.5o C 11111 1111
-25o C 11100 1110
-55o C 11001 0010

LM 75 chip also includes a thermal watch dog that can be setup to interrupt PIC on its RBO/INT
edge-triggered interrupt input when the temperature rises above a programmable, TOS . It also in-
cludes programmable hysteresis so that the temperature must dip down below the setpoints TOS
threshold to a lower THY ST threshold before rising againpast the TOS setpoint to generate another
output edge.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

+5V
+5V

VS 8

1k Ω
1k Ω
0.1 µ F
A2 5
1
SDA SDA
2 A1 6
SCL SCL
3 A0 7
RB0 /INT 0.5
GND
4
Temperature Sensor
LM 75

T OS = 80 o C

T HYST = 75 o C

+5V
O.S.
output 0V

O.S. stands for over temperature shutdown

O.S. stands for over temperature shutdown.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Register Structure

When a ”write” message string is sent, the first byte selects the chip for a write and the second
byte loads the pointer register. The write message string can stop there or it can continue with a
2-byte write of TOS (Over tem shutdown). Once the pointer has been set, any of their register can be
read, reading two bytes for temperature, TOS , or THY ST or reading just 1 byte for the configuration
register.
Pointer P1 P0

0 0 Temperature (read only) default

0 1 Configuration (read / write)
1 0 T HYST (read / write)
1 1 T OS (read / write )

Configuration 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 : Low-power shut down

( 1µA typical)
0 : Normal operation
(default)

Other features not selected

Temp. b8 b7 b6 b3
b5 b4 b2 b1 b0 X X X X X X X

T OS b8 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 X X X X X X X

T HYST

Synchronous Serial Port Module

Mid range PIC microcontroller includes a Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) module, which can be con-
figured into either of two modes:

• Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

• Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2 C)
Either of these modes can be used to interconnect two oe more PIC chips to each other using a
minimal number of wires for interconnection. Alternatively, either can be used to connect a PIC

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

chip to a peripheral chip. In this case of the I2 C mode, the peripheral chip must also include an I2 C
interface. In contrast, the SPI mode provides the clock and serial data lines for direct connection to
shift registers, adding an arbitrary number of I/O pins to a PIC chips.

Serial Peripheral Interface

SPI block within PIC

SSPIF Flag
7 6 5 4 2 1 0
PIR1
SSPBUF

Output of SSPBUF register

RC5 /SD0 appears MSB first
Input goes to SSPBUF register
RC4 /SD1
MSB first
RC3 /SCR Eight clock pulses are emitted
in response to a write to
SSPBUF register

Portc three pins RC5, RC4 and RC3 are used for Synchronous Serial Interface. These pins revert
to their normal general purpose I/O pins if neither of the two SSP modes is selected. The SPI port
requires the RC3/SCK pin to be an output that generates the clock signal used by the external shift
registers. This output line characterizes the SPI’s master mode. In slave mode, RC3/SCK works as
the input for the clock.
When a byte of data is written to SSPBUF register, it is shifted out the SDO pip in synchronism
with the emitted pulses on the SCK pin. The MSB of SSPBUF is the first bit to appear on SDO
pin. Simultaneously, the same write to SSPBUF also initiates the 8-bit data reception into SSPBUF
of whatever appears on SDI pin at the time of rising edges of the clock on SCK pin.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Clear flag Flag set upon completion

of transfer

SSPIF

Write to
SSPBUF

SCK

SD0 bit 7 bit 6 bit 5 bit 4 bit 3 bit 2 bit 1 bit 0

SDI

The SDI pin is read at these times

CKP = 1
Timing with negative going pulses.

SSPIF

Write to
SSPBUF

SCK CKP = 0

Timing with
SD0 positive going
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
clock pulse
CKP = 0

SDI

A read or write of one of the PIC’s ports, such as PORTD takes one internal clock cycle to execute.
In contrast, a read or write of an expansion port that is implemented with an SPI-connected octal
shift register is slowed down by an order of magnitude by the eight clock pulses as seen before. If
the SSPIF flag in the PIR1 register is cleared before the SPI transmission is initiated, then it will
be automatically set at the completion of the transfer setting of SSSPIF flag indicated that the
transferred data is in place and ready to be used.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Output port expansion

b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 +5V
16
Vcc
Latch clock
10
SPI
Data in 13
RC5 /SD0 D Q D Q D Q D Q D Q D Q D Q D Q
RC4
Serial Clock
RC3 /SCK Gnd

74HC595

RD7

Port configurations

TRISC X X 0 0 0 X X X
87H
Output for SCK
Gen purpose o/p to drive latch
Output for SDO

TRISD
0 X X X X X X X
85H

General purpose o/p to drive latch

;
SSPCON
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
14H SPI "master" mode with
SCK = osc / 4
CKP = 1 : SCK will idle high
SSPEN = 1 : Enable Synchronous
Serial Port ( SPI )
PIR1
OCH

SSPIF = 1 When transfer is

complete: clear before
beginning of each transfer

SSPBUF
13H

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Input port expansion

b0 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1

PIC
RD7
Load
SPI Data out Data in
RC4 /SDI
74HC165 Shift register

serial clock
RC3 /SCK

MSB first

RD7

SSPIF

9 µs (for osc =4MHz )

Write to
SSBUF to
initiate transfer

SCK ( CKP =0)

SDI
bit 0 bit 7 bit 6 bit 5 bit 4 bit 3 bit 2 bit 1 bit 0

SPI reads
input bit here

Read SSPBUF

Timing diagram

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Port configurations

TRISC X 1 1 0 X X
X X
87H
Output for SCK
Input for SDI
General purpose input
(to preempt SD0 o/p)

TRISD
0 X 1 1 0 X X X
88H

Gen. purpose o/p to drive

load input

SSPCON 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0
14H
SPI "master" with SCK = ocs /4
CKP = 0 : SK0 will idle low
SSPEN = 1 : enable
Synchronous Serial Port ( SPI )

Analog-to-Digital Converter
Features (16C7X)

• Eight input channels

• An analog multiplexer

• A track and hold circuit for signal on the selected input channel

• Alternative clock sources for carrying out the conversion.

• An adjustable autonomous sampling rate.

• The choice of an internal or external ref. voltage.

• 8-bit conversion

• Interrupt response when conversion is completed.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

FF
FE
Digital
FD
output

04
03
02
01
00
0 1 2 3 253 254 255
256 256 256 256 256 256
input/ voltage / VREF
Port A and Port E pins are used for analog inputs/ Reference voltage for ADC.
Port A pins
RA0/AN0 - Can be used as analog input-0
RA1/AN1 - Can be used as analog input-1
RA2/AN2 - Can be used as analog input-2
RA3/AN3/VREF - RA3 can be used as analog input 3 or analog reference voltage
RA4/TOCKI - RA4 can be used as clock input to Timer-0
RA5/SS/AN4 - RA5 can be used as analog input 4 or the slave select for the sync serial port

Port E pins
RE0/RD/AN5 - Can be used as analog input 5
RE1/W R/AN6 - Can be used as analog input 6
RE2/CS/AN7 - Can be used as analog input 7

PIC microcontroller has internal sample and hold circuit. The input signal should be stable across
the capacitor before the conversion is initiated
Sampling
Other analog
switch
input cahnnels
Switch
PIC
resistance
Analog
multiplexer

R SOURCE VHOLD
VSOURCE to ADC
~
C HOLD
≈ 50 pF

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

After waiting out the sampling time, a conversion can be initiated. The ADC circuit will open the
sampling switch and carry out the conversion of the input voltage as it was at the moment of opening
of the switch. Upon completion of the conversion, the sampling switch is closed and VHOLD again
tracks VSOU RCE .

Using the A/D Converter

Registers ADCON1, TRISA, and TRISE must be initialized to select the reference voltage and the
input channels. The first step selects the ADC clock source from among four choices (OSC/2, OSC/8,
OSC/32, and RC). The constraint for selecting clock frequency is that the ADC clock period must
be 1.6
mus or greater.
The A/D modules has three registers. These registers are

• A/D Result Register (ADRES)

• A/D Control Register 0 (ADCONO)

• A/D Control Register 1 (ADCON1)

The ADCONO register as shown here, controls the operation of A/D module.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

ADCS1 ADCS0 CHS2 CHS1 CHS0 GO/DONE AD ON

bit 7 - 6
ADCS1 : ADCS 0
00 = Fosc /2
01 = Fosc /8
10 = Fosc /32
11 = FRC (clock derived from an internal RC oscillator)

bit 5 - 3
CHS2: CHS0
000 - channel 0 - AN0
001 - channel 1 - AN1
010 - channel 2 - AN2
011 - channel 3 - AN3
100 - channel 4 - AN4
101 - channel 5 - AN5
110 - channel 6 - AN6
111 - channel 7 - AN7

bit 2 A/D Conversion Status bit

GO/DON E
if ADON = 1
1 = A/D conversion is in progress (setting this bit starts the A/D conversion)
0 = A/D conversion is not in progress (this bit is automatically cleared by hardware when

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

A/D conversion is complete.)

bit 1
Unimplemented

bit 0 ADON: A/D on bit

1 = A/D converter module is ON
0 = A/D converter module is OFF (not operating.)

ADCON1 Register
bit 7 bit 0
PCFG2 PCFG1 PCFG0

PCFG2 : PCFG0 : A/D Port Configuration Control bits

PCFG2 : PCFG0 : A/D Port Configuration Control bits

PCFG2 : PCFG0 RA0 RA1 RA2 RA5 RA3 RE0 RE1 RE2 VREF
000 A A A A A A A A VDD
001 A A A A VREF A A A RA3
010 A A A A A D D D VDD
011 A A A A VREF D D D RA3
100 A A D D A D D D VDD
101 A A D D VREF D D D RA3
11X D D D D D D D D -
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
TRISA X X X

Analog I/P

1: Digital I

0: Digital 0
1 : D/A I

0 : Digital 0

TRISE
0 0 0 0

1: Analog / Digital
input
0:: Digital output
Disable Port E
alternate function

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

1. Configure A/D module

• Configure analog pins/ voltage reference/ and digital I/O (ADCON1)

• Select A/D channel (ADCON0)
• Select A/D conversion clock (ADCONO)
• Turn on A/D module (ADCONO)

2. Configure A/D interrupt (if required)

• Clear AD—F bit in PIR 1 reg

• Set AD—E bit in PIE 1 reg
• Set G—E bit

3. Wait for required acquisitiion time

4. Start conversion

• Set GO/DON E

5. Wait for A/D conversion to complete by either

• polling dor GO/DON E bit to be cleared

• waiting for the A/D interrupt

6. Read A/D result register (ADRES) Clear AD—F if required.

Example Program

A/D Conversion with Interrupt

bsf STATUS, RPO ; Select Bank1

clrf ADCON 1 ; Configure A/D input
bsf PIE1, ADIE ; Enable A/D interrupt
bcf STATUS, RPO ; Select Bank 0
movlw 0811+ ; Select fosc/32, channel 0, A/D on movwf ADCONO
bcf PIR1, ADIF
bsf INTCON, PEIE
bsf INTCON, GIE
; Ensure that the required sampling time for the
; selected input channel has elapsed.
; Then the conversion may be started
bsf ADCONO, GO ; start A/D conversion
; AD| F bit will be set
; and GO/DON E bit is cleared
; upon completion of A/D conversion

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Code structure for large Programs

Memory paging is essential if the code exceeds 2k of program memory (2048). PIC 16C74A supports
4096 addresses and hence it is important to consider memory paging for this processor.
PCL and PCLATH
The program counter (PC) is 13-bit wide. The low byte comes from the PCL register, which is
a readable and writable register. The upper bits (PC ¡12.8¿) are not readable, but are indirectly
writable through the PCLATH register. On any reset , the upper bits of the PC will be cleared.
PCL← 0 and PCLATH ← 0. Two situations for loading the PC following any reset are given here.

1. Any write to PCL register load the content of PCL to lower 8 bit of PC and content of PCLATH
to higher 5 bits.

;
mov wf PCL
12 PCH 8 7 PCL 0 Instruction with
PCL as a
PC
destination
5
PCLATH <4 : 0> 8

ALU

PCLATH

2. PC is also loaded during a call or goto instruction

0 ≤ k ≤ 2047

Operation:
k → P C < 10 : 0 >
P CLAT H < 4 : 3 >→ P C < 12 : 11 >
Goto is an unconditional branch. The eleven bit immediate value is loaded into PC bits < 10 : 0 >.
The upper bits of PC are loaded from PCLATH < 4 : 3 >.

;;;
;
PCH PCL
12 11 10 9 8 7 0
Goto , Call
PC Instruction

PCLATH <4 : 3> 11

Opcode <10 : 0>

PCLATH

STACK
The PIC16CXX family has an 8 level deep X 13-bit wide hardware stack. The stack space is not
part of either program or data memory and the stack pointer is not readable or writable. The PC
is pushed onto the stack when a CALL instruction is executed or an interrupt causes a branch. The

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

stack os POPed in the event of a RETURN, RETLW or a RETIE instruction execution. PCLATH
is not affected by a PUSH or a POP operation. The stack operates on a circular buffer.
Paging:
Following any reset PCL and PCLATH are cleared to 0. For a 4k .... program memory, the address
range is from 0000H to 0FFFH. Hence each call and goto instruction will actually reach the desired
address only if bit 3 of PCLATH is set or cleared correctly. However even for 4k PIC controllers, there
is no need to take care of PCLATH bit 3, if the code size fits into 2k address space. Bit 3 of PCLATH
will come out of reset in the zero state and there will never be a need to change it. Consequently,
every call and goto instruction will go to the correct place.
For large programs, it is helpful to break out blocks of code that are reached by a single call instruction
and that terminates in a single return instruction. Such a block of code can be placed on program
memory’s page 1. Then, before executing the call instruction to reach the block, the following in-
struction can be executed.
bsf PCLATH, 3 ; Switch to program memory’s Page 1.
When it is finally time to exit from the block to return to the mainline program in Page 0, the return
instruction is preceded by the instruction
bcf PCLATH, 3

Program memory allocation for large programs

Page 0 Page 1
Hex address Hex address
000 800

004 Int Service

Store W , STATUs
PCLATH restore PCLATH
bsf PCLATH , 3 STATUS, W
goto Int.Service retie
Main line Block1 .
.
bsf PCLATH , 3 .
Call Block 1 bcf PCLATH , 3
.
. return
. Block2

. bcf PCLATH , 3
. return
bsf PCLATH , 3
Call Block 2
.
7FF . FFF

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Overview of Timer Modules

Timer-0 Overview
The Timer 0 module is a simple 8-bit overflow counter. The clock source can be either the internal
clock (fosc /4) or an external clock. When the clock source is an external clock, the Timer-0 module
can be selected to increment on either the rising or falling edge.
Timer-0 module also has a programmable prescalar option. This prescalar can be assigned either to
Timer 0 or the watchdog Timer.
The counter sets a flag TOIF when it overflows and can cause an interrupt at that time if that
interrupt source has been enabled (TOIF=1). Timer 0 can be assigned an 8-bit prescalar that can
divide the input by 2,4,8,16,...,256. Writing to TMRO resets the prescalar assigned to it.
Timer-0, or its prescalar can be connected to either of two input sources.

1. fosc /4

2. RA4/ TOCKI, the input connected to bit 4 of PORTA.

RBPU INTEDG 0 TOSE 1 PS2 PS1 PS0

1: Prescaler assigned to
PSA watchdog timer
0: Prescaler assigned to
Timer 0

1: Timer 0 Clock source is

TOCS RA4 /TOCK
0: Timer 0 clock source is
f_osc / 4

TMRO 01H
8-bit counter 2-cycle delay f_osc / 4

Other Int . Set

Interrupt
CPU .
INTCON 1 1
0BH, 8BH

TOIE : Timer 0 TOIF : TMRO

GIE : overflow
overflow
Global int. int. flag
int. enable bit
enable bit

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Timer-0 use with prescalar

TOCS = 0, Timer 0 clock is f_osc / 4

OPTION_ REG
81H

PCA = 0, Prescaler assigned to Timer0

0 0 PS2 PS1 PS0

Prescaler .......

0 0 0 2
0 0 1 4
0 1 0 8
0 1 1 16
1 0 0 32
1 0 1 64
1 1 0 128
1 1 1 256

TMRO (01H) 2-cycle delay Presclar

8 - bit counter f osc /4
Overflow

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

External clock synchronization

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

External clock
Input or Prescaler
output
External clock/
Prescaler output
after sampling

Increment
Timer0 ( Q4 )

Timer 0

Timer-1 Module
The Timer1 module is a 16-bit timer/counter consisting of two 8-bit registers (TMR1H and TMR1L)
which are readable and writable. The TMR1 register pair (TMR1H: TMR1L) increments from 0000H
to FFFFH and rolls over to 0000H. The TMR1 interrupt, if enabled, is generated on overflow which
sets the interrupt flag bit TMR1IF-(PIR< 0 >). This interrupt can be enabled/disabled by set-
ting/clearing TMR1 interrupt enable bit TMR1IE-(PIE < 0 >)
The operating and control modes of Timer 1 is determined by the special purpose register T1CON.
T1CON (10H)

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

bit 7 0 bit 0

T1CKPS1 T1CKPS0 T10SCEN T1SYNC TMR1CS TMR1ON

Timer 1 ON bit
0 = Stops Timer 1
Timer 1 Input clock Prescale
1= Enables Timer 1
select bits
11 = 1:8 Prescale value
10 = 1:4 Prescale value Timer 1 clock source select bit
01 = 1:2 Prescale value 1 = External clock ( RCO /TIOSCO /T1CK1
00 = 1:2 Prescale value 0 = Internal clock ( f_ocs / 4)

Timer 1 External clock Input

Synchronization control bit

With TMR1CS = 1
Oscillator enable control bit
1 = Donot synchrinize
1 = oscillator is enabled
0 = Synchronize
0 = oscillator is shut off
With TMR1CS = 0
This bit is ignored.

Set flag bit

TMR1IF on 0
overflow
TMR1

TMR1H TMR1L

1
TMR1 ON
on / off
T1SYNC
RCO /T1OSC /T1CK7

1
Prescaler
Synchronize
1,2,4,8
T1OSCEN
Enable 0
oscillator f osc /4
Internal SLEEP input
RC1 / T1OSI / CCP2 T1CKPS1 : T1CKPS0
clock
TMR1CS

Timer 1 can operate in one of the two modes.

• As a timer. (TMR1CS = 0)
In timer mode, Timer 1 increments in every instruction cycle. The Timer 1 clock source is
fosc /4. Since the internal clock is selected, the timer is always synchronized and there is no
further need of synchronization.

• As a counter (TMR1CS = 1)

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

In counter mode, external clock input from the pin RCO/T1OSC/T1CKI is selected.

Use of Timer-2
Timer 0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescalar
Timer 1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescalar, can be incremented during sleep
via external crystal/clock.
Timer 2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescalar, post scalar.

Timer 2 Circuitry

Post Scaler Main Scaler Prescaler

A B C
A=1,2,3,....15,16 B=1,2,3,4,5,...255,256 (C=1,4,16)

8-bit resetable counter

TMR2
Count Reset Counter Count osc /4

8
equal
compensator
PR2 PR2 : Period Register
8

Set

TMR2IF
Peripheral bits 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Interrupt Register PIR1
0CH

Interrupt
CPU
TMR2IE

GIE PEIE
bits 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
INTCON
1 1 PIE 1
0BH / 8BH
8CH

Timer 2 is an 8-bit timer with a prescalar and a port sclar. It can be used on the PWM mode
of CCP modules. The TMR2 register is readable and writable and is cleared on any device reset.
The input clock (fosc /4) has a prescalar option of 1:1, 1:4 or 1:16 selected by bits 0 and 1 of T2CON
register.
The timer 2 module has a 8-bit period register (PR2). timer 2 increments from 00H until it matches
PR2 and then resets to 00H on the next increment cycle. PR2 is a readable and a writable register.
PR2 is initialized to FFH on reset.
The output of TMR2 goes through a 4-bit post scalar (1:1, 1:2 to 1:16) to generate a TMR2 interrupt
by setting TMR2IF flag.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

bits 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
T2CON
12H

Prescaler
00 C = 1
01 C = 4
1x C = 16

0 Disable TMR 2
1 Enable TMR 2

Post Scale
0000 A = 1
0001 A = 2
.
.
1110 A = 15
1111 A = 16

CCP overview
The CCP module(s) can operate in one of the three modes: 16-bit capture, 16-bit compare, or upto
1-bit Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).
Capture mode captures the 16-bit value of TMR1 into CCPRxH: CCPRxL register pair. The capture
event can be programmed for either the falling edge, rising edge, fourth rising edge, or the sixteenth
rising edge of the CCPx pair.
Compare mode compares the TMR1H: TMR1L register pair to the CCPRxH: CCPRxL register pair.
When a match occurs an interrupt can be generated, and the output pin CCPx can be forced to given
state (High or Low), TMR1 can be reset (CCP1) or TMR1 reset and start A/D conversion (CCP2).
This depends on the control bits < CCPxM3 : CCPxM0>
PWM mode compares the TMR2 register to a 10 bit duty cycle register (CCPRxH : CCPRxL<5:4>)
as well as an 8-bit period register (PR2). When the TMR2 register= Duty cycle register, the CCPx
pin will be forcred low. When TMR2=PR2, TM2 is cleared to 00H, an interrupt can be generated,
and the CCPx pin, if programmed in the O/P mode, will be forced high.

Compare Mode
Timer 1 is a 16-bit counter which can be used with CCP (Capture/compare/PWM) module to drive
a pin high or low at precisely controlled time, independent of what the CPU is doing at that time.
The pins are Port-C RC1/CCP2 and RC2/CCP1 pins.
Which Timer1 includes a prescalar to divide the internal clock by 1,2,4 or 8, the choice of divide-by-
one gives the finest resolution in setting the time of an output edge.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Capture/Compare/PWM modules
Each CCP (Capture/compare/PWM) module contains a 16-bit register which can operate as a 16-bit
capture register, as a 16-bit compare register or as a PWM master/slave duty cycle register. Both
CCP1 and CCP2 are identical in operation, with the exception of the operation of the special event
trigger.
The following shows the CCP mode timer resources.

CCP Mode Timer Resource

Capture Timer 1
Compare Timer 1
PWM Timer 2

CCP1 Module:
Capture/Compare/PWM Register 1 consists of two 8-bit register: CCPR1L (low byte) and CCPR2H
(high byte). THe CCP1CON register controls the operation of CCP1. All are readable and writable.

CCP2 Module:
Capture/Compare/PWM Register 2 consists of two 8-bit registers: CCPR2L (low byte) and CCPR2H
(high byte). The CCP2CON register controls the operation of CCP2. Al are readable and writable.

CCP1CON Register / CCP2CON Register

bit 7 bit 0
CCPxX CCPxY CCPxM3 CCPxM2 CCPxM1 CCPxM0

bit 5-4: CCPxX : CCPxY : PWM Least Significant bits.

Capture mode : Unused
Compare mode : Unused
PWM mode : These bits are the two LSBs of the PWM duty cycle. The eight MSBs are
found in CCPRxL.
bit 3-0: CCPxM3 : CCPxM0 : CCPx Mode select bits.
Capture Mode
Set flag bit
CCP1IF
Prescaler in PIR 1
1,4,16
RC2 / CCP 1 CCPR1H CCPR1L
pin

TMR1H TMR1L

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Compare Mode
Set flag bit CCP1IF
Special
PIR 1 < 2 >
event trigger

RC2 / CCP 1 CCPR1H CCPR1L

Q S
Output Comparator
Logic match
R

TRISC < 2 >

Output Enable TMR1H TMR1L

CCP1CON < 3.0 >

Mode Select

PWM Mode
In Pulse WIdth Modulation (PWM) mode, the CCPx pin produced upto a 10-bit resolution PWM
output. Since CCP1 pin is multiplexed with PORT C data latch, the TRISC < 2 > pin must be
cleared to make CCP1 pin an output.
Simplified PWM Block Diagram
CCP1CON < 5 : 4 >
CCPR1L

CCPR1H (slave)

Comparator
R Q

RC2 / CCP1
TMR2 S

TRISC < 2 >

Comparator
Clear Timer
CCP1 pin and
latch D.C.
PR2

PWM Output

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Period

Duty cycle

TMR2 = PR2 TMR2 = TMR2 = PR2

Duty Cycle

A PWM output as ashown has a time period. The time for which the output stays high is called duty
cycle.

PWM Period
The PWM period is specified by writing to PR2 register. The PWM period can be calculated using
the following formula:

PWM period = [(P R2) + 1] × 4 × Tosc × (TMR2 prescale value)

PWM frequency = 1/ PWM period

When TMR2 is equal to PR2, the following events occur on the next increment cycle.

• TMR2 is cleared

• the CCP1 pin is set (if PWM duty cycle is 0

• The PWM duty cycle is latched from CCPR1L into CCPR1H

PWM duty cycle

The PWM duty cycle is specified by writing to the CCPR1L register and to CCP1CON < 5 : 4 >
bits. Up to 10-bit resolution is available where CCPR1L contains the eight MSBs and CCP1CON
< 5 : 4 > contains the two LSB’s. The 10-bit value is represented by CCPR1L : CCP1CON < 5 : 4 >.
The PWM duty cycle is given by
PWM duty cycle = (CCPR1L : CCP1CON < 5 : 4 > ). Tosc . (TMR2 prescale value)
Although CCPR1L and CCP1CON < 5 : 4 > can be written to at anytime, the duty cycle value is
not latched
Post Scale TMR2 Prescaler Q Counter
N eight bit counter 1,4,16 2 bits
f osc
N = 1,2,3,....15,16

Counting mechanism in Timer 2

PWM Mode

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

TMR 2 Q - counter
8 - bit 2 - bits
f osc
ten bit counter

Prescaler set to divide by one

TMR 2 Prescaler Q - counter
8 - bit 2 - bits 2 - bits

ten bit counter

Prescaler programed to divide by four

Prescaler
TMR 2 Q - counter
Upper two bits Lower two bits
8 - bit 2 - bits 2 - bits 2 - bits

ten bit counter

into CCPR1H until a match between PR2 and TMR2 occurs. In PWM mode, CCPR1H is a read-only
register.
The CCPR1H register and a 2-bit internal latch are used to double buffer the PWM duty cycle. This
double buffering is essential for glitchless PWM operation. When the CCPR1H and 2-bit latch match
TMR2 concatenated with an internal 2-bit Q clock or 2-bits of prescalar, the CCP1 pin is cleared.
Maximum PWM resolution (bits) for a given PWM frequency can be calculated as

log( fPfosc
NM
)
log2

If the PWM duty cycle is longer than the PWM period, then the CCP1 pin will not be cleared.

PWM Period and duty cycle calculation

Example Desired PWM frequency = 78.125 kHz
fosc = 20MHz
TMR2 Prescalar = 1
1 1
= (P R2 + 1)4 × PR2 = 63
78.125 × 10 3 20 × 106
Find the maximum resolution of duty cycle that can be used with a 78.124 kHz frequency and 20
MHz oscillator.
1 1
= 2PWM Resolution . .1
78.125 × 10 3 20 × 106
256 = 2PWM Resolution
PWM Resolution = 8
At most, an 8-bit resolution duty cycle can be obtained from a 78.125 kHz frequency and 20 MHz
oscillator, ie, 0 ≤ CCPR1L : CCP1CON < 5 : 4 >≤ 255. Any value greater than 255 will result in a
100 o /o duty cycle. The following table gives the PWM frequency fP W M if fosc =20MHz

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
 www.Vidyarthiplus.com

Duty cycle resolution 10-bit counter scale PR2 value Prescalar 1 Prescalar 4 Prescalar 16
10 bit 1024 255 19.53 KHz 4.88 kHz 1.22 kHz
≈ 10 bit 1000 249 20kHz 5kHz 1.25kHz
8 bit 256 63 78.125kHz 19.53kHz 4.88kHz
6 bit 64 15 312.5kHz 78.125kHz 19.53kHz

Interrupt Logic
GIE TOIE
TOIF
INTE
INTF RBO / INT
RBIE
RBIF

PEIE

TMR2IE
TMR2IF
PSPIE
PSPIF

ADIE
ADIF
RCIE
RCIF
TXIE Peripheral
TXIF Interrupts

SSPIE
SSPIF
CCP1IE
CCP1IF
CCP2IE
CCP2IF
TMR1IE
TMR1IF

Four of PORTB’s pins RB7 : RB4 have an interrupt on change feature. Only pins configured on
inputs can cause this interrupt to occur. The input pins (of RB7 : RB4) are compared with the old
values on the last read of Port B. the ”mismatch” outputs of RB7 : RB4 are used together to generate
the RB port change interrupt flag bit RB1F.

www.Vidyarthiplus.com