CSIT APPLICATION OF DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN

BUSINESS

Professional skill development activities (PSDA)

ARTICLE
On
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON HEALTHCARE

Submitted to
AMITY BUSINESS SCHOOL
Amity University (Noida, Uttar Pradesh)

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree

Of
Master of Business Administration (General) Sec - E
By
ADITI PRIYA (07)
NISHTHA GARG (35)

Under the guidance of

DR. TEENA BAGGA

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

THIS PROJECT WOULDN’T HAVE SEEN THE LIGHT OF DAY, HAD IT NOT BEEN
FOR THE INVALUABLE GUIDANCE OF DR. TEENA BAGGA.

I CANNOT THANK HER ENOUGH FOR THE COUNTLESS HOURS SHE PUT IN AND
FOR THE UNWAIVERING FAITH SHE SHOWED IN ME.

ABUNDANT GRATITUDE ALSO FOR THE INNUMERABLE PEOPLE WHO HAVE

HELPED SHAPE MY JOURNEY AND PLAYED PIVOTAL ROLES IN ALL MY
ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS.
CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2. ABSTRACT

3. INTRODUCTION
 AI
 HEALTHCARE
 HEALTHCARE AND TECHNOLOGY

4. HOW WILL A.I CHANGE IN HEALTH CARE

5. OVERVIEW OF MEDICAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

RESEARCH

6. HOW AI CAN BOOST THE HEALTHCARE INSURANCE

INDUSTRY

7. CHALLENGES OF AI IN HEALTHCARE

8. FUTURE OF AI IN MEDICINE: THE PATIENT-CENTRIC CARE

9. CONCLUSION

10.REFERENCES
PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS
Technology is evolving from time to time. As time goes by new technology has come to
place replacing the aged one. So we are in this modern era where AI is as much a part of our
lives as eating food is we cannot imagine even in our wildest dreams a moment without this
AI firmware.

Imagine a world where computer was a dream. Well in that case there wouldn’t be machines
such as the cardiogram ray CT scanners any other machines any doctor uses as preliminary
tests even to diagnose small diseases. All of these machines rum on various algorithms for
detection of problems .these algorithm are the structural unit of AI just like cells are basic
unit of our body.

Well AI is always the better option in healthcare than humans yeah theatre are many
controversies also. But as a matter of definite fact AI is surely the better option for healthcare.
This can be well elaborated as mentioned above the machinery run of basic algorithms, so
they do not do anything more or less than they are programmed for. For instance we take a
case of a doctor who accidently left a surgical blade in the intestine of the patient, certainly if
that work was done by a robot it would not have happened.

AI does prove to be useful in rural, areas too like in earlier times people were not connected
so the medical treatment were not in reach of everyone with the advancement in technology
they are well connected, right now if anyone in rural areas get sick or some any life
threatening disease affects them they can take advice of renowned doctors using video
conferencing as in mobile networks are also sort of AI.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Artificial intelligence is without a doubt one of the most pressing topics of the modern world.
The vast scope that AI encompasses, from healthcare to entertainment, is both fascinating and
alarming at the same time. It is courtesy of this expansive nature of AI that each individual
sector under it requires a comprehensive and detailed study of its own. Out of the multitude
of possibilities under AI, its impact on healthcare seems to offer the most promising returns
with great hope for the future advancements and quality of life. The following report
therefore chooses to elaborate in extensive detail about AI in the healthcare industry

This report is an unbiased opinion which will urge the reader to form their own viewpoint as
there will be categorical division about the various aspects that need to be looked at. Starting
with Introduction, moving on to Future Changes highlighting both the advantages and
disadvantages, this report will finally conclude with something far greater than everything
else- the viewer’s newfound thinking and approach.
ABSTRACT
Artificial intelligence (AI) aims to mimic human cognitive functions. It is bringing a
paradigm shift to healthcare, powered by increasing availability of healthcare data and rapid
progress of analytic techniques. We survey the current status of AI applications in healthcare
and discuss its future. AI can be applied to various types of healthcare data (structured and
unstructured). Popular AI techniques include machine learning methods for structured data,
such as the classical support vector machine and neural network, and the modern deep
learning, as well as natural language processing for unstructured data.

Major disease areas that use AI tools include cancer, neurology and cardiology. We then
review in more details the AI applications in stroke, in the three major areas of early
detection and diagnosis, treatment, as well as outcome prediction and prognosis evaluation.
We conclude with discussion about pioneer AI systems, such as IBM Watson, and hurdles for
real-life deployment of AI.

Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to make computer do things which at the moment
people do the better. Primary goal of artificial intelligence is to improve computer behaviour
so that it can be called intelligent. The origins of Artificial Intelligence??Usually incorporate
the theories and thoughts proclaimed by several ancient Greek philosophers and scientists.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field of study based on the premise that intelligent thought can
be regarded as a form of computation-one that can be formalized and ultimately mechanized.
To achieve this, however, two major issues need to be addressed.

The first issue is knowledge representation, and the second is knowledge manipulation. Within
the intersection of these two issues lies mechanized intelligence. AI combines precision and
computational power with pure logic, to solve problems and reduce error in operation.
Already, robot expert systems are taking over many jobs in industries that are dangerous for or
beyond human ability.

I highlight that the potential applications of Artificial Intelligence are abundant. They stretch
from the military for autonomous control and target identification, to the entertainment
industry for computer games and robotic pets.
INTRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence is an approach to make a computer, a robot, or a product to think how

smart human think. AI is a study of how human brain think, learn, decide and work, when it
tries to solve problems. And finally this study outputs intelligent software systems. The aim of
AI is to improve computer functions which are related to human knowledge, for example,
reasoning, learning, and problem-solving. AI is a study of how human brain think, learn,
decide and work, when it tries to solve problems. And finally this study outputs intelligent
software systems. The aim of AI is to improve computer functions which are related to human
knowledge, for example, reasoning, learning, and problem-solving.

The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of

 Reasoning

 Learning

 Problem Solving

 Perception

 Linguistic Intelligence
The objectives of AI research are reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning,
natural language processing, realization, and ability to move and manipulate objects. There are
long-term goals in the general intelligence sector.

INTRODUCTION OF HEALTH CARE

Healthcare is a big, complex industry with a simple definition: people in this field work to
help people get healthy…and stay that way

Healthcare has become one of India’s largest sectors - both in terms of revenue and
employment. Healthcare comprises hospitals, medical devices, clinical trials, outsourcing,
telemedicine, medical tourism, health insurance and medical equipment. The Indian
healthcare sector is growing at a brisk pace due to its strengthening coverage, services and
increasing expenditure by public as well private players.
Indian healthcare delivery system is categorised into two major components - public and
private. The Government, i.e. public healthcare system comprises limited secondary and
tertiary care institutions in key cities and focuses on providing basic healthcare facilities in
the form of primary healthcare centres (PHCs) in rural areas. The private sector provides
majority of secondary, tertiary and quaternary care institutions with a major concentration in
metros, tier I and tier II cities.
India's competitive advantage lies in its large pool of well-trained medical professionals.
India is also cost competitive compared to its peers in Asia and Western countries. The cost
of surgery in India is about one-tenth of that in the US or Western Europe.

Market Size
The healthcare market can increase three fold to Rs 8.6 trillion (US$ 133.44 billion) by 2022.
India is experiencing 22-25 per cent growth in medical tourism and the industry is expected
to reach US$ 9 billion by 2020.
There is a significant scope for enhancing healthcare services considering that healthcare
spending as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is rising. The government’s
expenditure on the health sector has grown to 1.4 per cent in FY18E from 1.2 per cent in
FY14. The Government of India is planning to increase public health spending to 2.5 per cent
of the country's GDP by 2025.

Healthcare and Technology

Advances in technology have a big impact on the way Healthcare professionals work. Right
now, telemedicine is helping patients in remote areas to access care. Artificial intelligence is
improving documentation and streamlining scheduling. And mobile technology is giving
patients the chance to manage their health on the go.

Artificial intelligence in healthcare refers to the use of complex algorithms designed to

perform certain tasks in an automated fashion. When researchers, doctors and scientists inject
data into computers, the newly built algorithms can review, interpret and even suggest
solutions to complex medical problems.

HOW WILL AI CHANGE IN HEALTH CARE

Technology is driving a major revolution in patient care. These days, wearable devices and
healthcare applications on smartphones are putting the power into patients’ hands, allowing
them to be more involved in their healthcare and in improving their overall health and
wellness. At the same time, robots are now making their way into hospitals around the world,
easing personnel shortages and enabling better care for patients.

But these changes are just the beginning. Artificial intelligence (AI) is paving the way for
smarter healthcare robots, improved drug development, advanced wearables, and a
fundamental change in how we approach patient care, emphasizing preventative care over
unnecessary interventions. Not only could AI applications in healthcare save $150 billion a
year by 2026, but they could also help to meet about 20% of our unmet clinical demand.
Here’s what you need to know about how AI is already beginning to transform healthcare -
and about what’s potentially ahead.

Achievements

Following are the achievements of the government in the year 2017:

 In 2017, the Government of India approved National Nutrition Mission (NNM), a

joint effort of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) and the Ministry of
Women and Child development (WCD) towards a life cycle approach for interrupting
the intergenerational cycle of under nutrition.
 As of September 23, 2018, the world’s largest government funded healthcare scheme,
Ayushman Bharat was launched.
 As of November 15, 2017, 4.45 million patients were benefitted from Affordable
Medicines and Reasonable Implants for Treatment (AMRIT) Pharmacies.
 As of December 15, 2017, the Government of India approved the National Medical
Commission Bill 2017, it aims to promote area of medical education reform.

MERGING MIND & AI: SAME TASKS, BETTER EFFICIENCY

One of the reasons AI is changing the way the healthcare industry functions on a fundamental
level is the efficiency it promises and the number of tasks it can assist with. Smart devices,
for instance, can take over some patient-monitoring duties, even alerting medical personnel to
the development of complications like sepsis in ICU patients.

AI is also making it easier for healthcare professionals to use EHR (Electronic Health
Records), which are now standard in medical institutions of all sizes. Not only can AI
automate some of the work that must be done to maintain EHR, saving time and preventing
burnout, but it can also employ data analysis to predict patients’ risk factors or even help to
contain antibiotic resistance risks by providing information on risks and infection patterns.

AI ASSISTANCE MEANS NURSES CAN TAKE ON MORE

RESPONSIBILITIES

Because nurses can get assistance from artificial intelligence to complete routine and
repetitive tasks, they have more time to work on tasks that require a human’s intuition and
creativity. Instead of sterilizing equipment or rushing around checking vital signs, they have
the opportunity to grow in their careers and potential advance skills like leadership and
patient treatment.

Nurses who gain a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) or Master of Science in Nursing (MSN)
can command higher salaries and do more fulfilling work. Many nurses are happy to give up
the mundane, dirty, and often dangerous jobs that robots and AI are taking over.
Though these degrees have more educational requirements than basic nursing certifications,
they can be a big step up for nurses and prepare them for the future nursing job market.
Overview of the medical artificial intelligence (AI) research

Recently AI techniques have sent vast waves across healthcare, even fuelling an active
discussion of whether AI doctors will eventually replace human physicians in the future. We
believe that human physicians will not be replaced by machines in the foreseeable future, but
AI can definitely assist physicians to make better clinical decisions or even replace human
judgement in certain functional areas of healthcare (e.g., radiology). The increasing
availability of healthcare data and rapid development of big data analytic methods has made
possible the recent successful applications of AI in healthcare. Guided by relevant clinical
questions, powerful AI techniques can unlock clinically relevant information hidden in the
massive amount of data, which in turn can assist clinical decision making.

Motivation of applying AI in Health Care.

The advantages of AI have been extensively discussed in the medical literature. AI can use
sophisticated algorithms to ‘learn’ features from a large volume of healthcare data, and then
use the obtained insights to assist clinical practice. It can also be equipped with learning and
self-correcting abilities to improve its accuracy based on feedback. An AI system can assist
physicians by providing up-to-date medical information from journals, textbooks and clinical
practices to inform proper patient care. In addition, an AI system can help to reduce
diagnostic and therapeutic errors that are inevitable in the human clinical practice. Moreover,
an AI system extracts useful information from a large patient population to assist making
real-time inferences for health risk alert and health outcome prediction.

Equal access no matter the cost or location

It’s an unfortunate truth that many people around the world do not have access to even basic
healthcare. Others may have insufficient care or many have to travel vast distances to see a
doctor, on a regular basis if they are suffering from a chronic condition.

Telemedicine is changing that. Not only is it helping people in rural areas of the United States
to get quality care without traveling excessive distances, but tele pathology is helping
countries with poor doctor-patient ratios and many rural areas, like Rwanda and Haiti, to get
access to diagnostics and treatment for patients.

Long-distance diagnostics work with the help of apps and AI. For instance, a doctor can send
a chest x-ray and AI imaging tools will scan it for tuberculosis or other issues. Although these
tools won’t replace radiologists, they can be key assistive options in areas where there are
few qualified specialists.

Everyone deserves high-quality healthcare, and with AI, doctors might not even need to be in
the same country as their patients.
DRUG CREATION

Developing pharmaceuticals through clinical trials can take more than a decade and cost
billions of dollars. Making this process faster and cheaper could change the world. Amidst
the recent Ebola virus scare, a program powered by AI was used to scan existing medicines
that could be redesigned to fight the disease.
The program found two medications that may reduce Ebola infectivity in one day, when
analysis of this type generally takes months or years - a difference that could mean saving
thousands of lives.

HEALTH MONITORING

Wearable health trackers - like those from Fitbit, Apple, Garmin and others - monitors heart
rate and activity levels. They can send alerts to the user to get more exercise and can share
this information to doctors (and AI systems) for additional data points on the needs and habits
of patients.

PRECISION MEDICINE

Genetics and genomics look for mutations and links to disease from the information in DNA.
With the help of AI, body scans can spot cancer and vascular diseases early and predict the
health issues people might face based on their genetics.

IMPROVING CARE & COSTS: HOW AI COULD BOOST THE

HEALTHCARE INSURANCE INDUSTRY
In the United States, one of the biggest concerns for patients is the cost and availability of
health insurance. We spend a huge amount on healthcare, much of which is wasted. In
fact, 16.9% of the United States’ GDP went to healthcare in 2016. Healthcare costs for the
uninsured are extremely high, yet many Americans cannot get or afford sufficient insurance
coverage.

Fortunately, this is yet another area where AI can help. Because risk plays a huge role in
insurance companies’ decision-making process, technology that could help make people
healthier could boost the health insurance industry and lower costs for patients. AI is doing
just that, by providing predictive information that patients can use to inform lifestyle
decisions, personalizing medicine, and streamlining operations.

As per Harvard Business Review, following are the ten promising AI applications in Health
Care.
 CHALLENGES OF AI IN HEALTHCARE

In order for an AI solution to be successful, it requires a vast amount of patient data to train
and optimise the performance of the algorithms. In healthcare, getting access to these datasets
poses a wide range of issues:

Patient privacy and the ethics of data ownership

Accessing personal medical records is strictly protected. In recent years data sharing between
hospitals and AI companies has generated controversy, highlighting several ethical questions:

 Who owns and controls the patient data needed to develop who owns and controls the patient
data needed to develop a new AI solution?
 Should hospitals be allowed to continue to provide (or sell) vast quantities of their patient
data – even if de-identified – to 3rd party AI companies?
 How can patients’ rights to privacy be protected?
 What are the consequences (if any) should there be a security breach?
 What will be the impact of new regulations, like the General Data Protection Regulation
(GDPR) in Europe – which includes a person’s right to have their personal data deleted in
certain circumstances, with non-compliance generating what could be multi-million dollar
penalties?
 Should hospitals be allowed to continue to provide (or sell) vast quantities of their patient
data – even if de-identified – to 3rd party AI companies?
 How can patients’ rights to privacy be protected?
 What are the consequences (if any) should there be a security breach?
 What will be the impact of new regulations, like the General Data Protection Regulation
(GDPR) in Europe – which includes a person’s right to have their personal data deleted in
certain circumstances, with non-compliance generating what could be multi-million dollar
penalties?

Quality and usability of data

In other industries, vast amounts of data is generally reliable and accurately measured – e.g.
aircraft engine sensors or car location and velocity data to predict highway traffic. In
healthcare, data can be subjective, and often inaccurate – with issues including:

 Data inaccuracy - a patient may be listed as a non-smoker, but were they just reluctant to
admit they had not been able to quit?
 Clinician’s notes in electronic medical records are unstructured and can be difficult to
interpret and process;
 Data sources are siloed across many services providers – making it difficult to capture a full
profile and range of determinants for a patient’s health.
 Developing regulations for a technology that is cloud-based and constantly evolving poses
obvious challenges. How can patients be protected? How do you provide adequate regulatory
oversight of a solution that is constantly learning and evolving – rather than a distinct,
version-controlled medical device? For AI solutions that involve direct patient interactions
without clinician oversight (such as chat-based primary care tools), it poses the question of
whether the technology is a 'practitioner of medicine' rather than just a device. In this
instance, will it extend to needing some form of medical licence to operate – and would a
national medical board agree to actually grant this licence?
 This also leads to the question of who is liable should anything go wrong. If diagnosis or
treatment is controlled by this technology, does the AI Company assume liability for the
patient’s wellbeing? In parallel, will insurance companies ever underwrite an AI tool?
 User adoption is another barrier to utilisation. The human touch of interacting with a doctor
can be lost with these types of tools. Are patients willing to trust a diagnosis from a software
algorithm rather than a human? Meanwhile are clinicians willing to embrace these new
solutions? In an industry that still widely uses the fax machine, it may be unrealistic to
expect rapid adoption rates beyond proof of concept studies.

DISADVANTAGES OF AI IN HEALTHCARE

 HIGH COST OF ROBOTICS: They can cost a lot of money and time to build and
repair these appliances. Robotic repair could be done to reduce time, but that will
require more money and resources.

 STORAGE OF THESE APPLIANCES: Storage is expensive and cumbersome, and

since they are costly, security also becomes important.
  ROBOTICS REPLACING JOBS: Robotics replacing jobs could lead to severe
unemployment, and can cause social instability amongst the community. While they
are very efficient, the idea of getting treated by a machine may not be accepted by
everyone in the community.

 MALFUNCTION COULD LEAD TO SEVERE INJURIES: Any malfunctions

during the use of these appliances could lead to severe and fatal injuries, and can
worsen the plight of the patient.

 DEPENDENCY: Doctors become dependent to these appliances as they make work

easier but can become inept.

 POWER REQUIREMENT: All these equipment require electricity and cannot be

used when the power is out, which could lead to lack of required healthcare provided
to the patient.

THE FUTURE OF AI IN MEDICINE: PATIENT-CENTRIC CARE

The best opportunities for AI in healthcare over the next few years are hybrid models, where
clinicians are supported in diagnosis, treatment planning, and identifying risk factors, but
retain ultimate responsibility for the patient’s care. This will result in faster adoption by
healthcare providers by mitigating perceived risk, and start to deliver measurable
improvements in patient outcomes and operational efficiency at scale.

One of the most important roles AI has played in healthcare has been in creating a shift
toward patient-centred care. Now that we have these powerful tools to help prevent and treat
illness, our hospitals will hopefully be ready for the future as the demand for healthcare in the
U.S. continues to grow.

What’s next for AI? With so many possible medical applications, it’s hard to say. But it’s
certain to fuel even more improvements in patient care to make us healthier, happier, and to
help our healthcare dollars go further.

CONCLUSION
AI-powered solutions have made small steps towards addressing key issues, but still have yet
to achieve a meaningful overall impact on the global healthcare industry, despite the
substantial media attention surrounding it. If several key challenges can be addressed in the
coming years, it could play a leading role in how healthcare systems of the future operate,
augmenting clinical resources and ensuring optimal patient outcomes.
REFERENCES

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