Contents Risk Management Barriers and Types Barrier Evaluation Barrier Effectiveness Bow-ties and Example Risks and Barriers Impact of Barriers on Drilling Optimization Barrier Generation Barrier Design and Selection Inherently Safer Design/Practices Other Example Bow-ties and Barriers to Risks
3 Risk Management Risk Management: forecasting and evaluation of risks together with the development of barriers to avoid or minimize their impact
• Review effect of deviation in B • Assign probability and Impact measurable parameters • Determine acceptable risk • Review possible change in A • Cancel operations where energy in the system risks cannot be accepted • Energy – mechanical, hydraulic, heat, chemical etc. Risk Management
D-Monitoring and Review
• Review risks and barriers at pre-defined frequency D C C-Barriers Generation • Evaluate effectiveness and reliability of barriers • Testing and validation of • Preventative, barriers detection/control, mitigation • Consider upgrading barriers procedural barriers to • People, Process, Equipment passive/active barriers • Passive, Active, Procedural • Source new barriers due to better technology or government regulation • Establishing KPIs Barriers Barriers are simply “obstacle” to transfer/flow of energy Energy release “hazard” are contained by multiple barriers
Source: Process Safety – Recommended Practice on Key Performance
Indicators. Report No. 456, 2011 Types of Barriers Preventative Barriers: Reduce likelihood of occurrence Elimination Prevention Control/Detection Barriers: detection of risk events/control (indicators) Parameters trending such as ROP, WOB, d-exponent, MSE,Vibration, Power etc. Alarms Can be use to determine the effectiveness of an action implemented to address a risk It can be used to validate/update design (design vs. Actual) Mitigation Barriers: Minimize impact Mitigations Contingency plans
7 Barriers Control/Detection Elimination “Listening” Barriers: This Reduces the chance of involves operational occurrence parameters trending or Prevention testing such as: Decreasing Effectiveness Torque and Drag Detection/Control WOB, RPM, MW Vibration/shocks Mud properties Mitigation D-exponent Reduces the impact Positive and in-flow testing Contingency Plan Operation limits should be defined with high and low alarms 8 Comparison of Preventative and Mitigation Barriers
Source: Drilling Operations: Cost and Risk Management by P. AIDEYAN
9 Detection/Control Barriers Power Graph 200 180 160 Desired region: Low MSE, High ROP 140 120
Source: Drilling Operations: Cost and Risk Management by P. AIDEYAN
10 Evaluation of Barriers (1) Passive Barriers: No human action or control logic required e.g. Blast walls, casing, cement, mechanical plugs, etc. Active Barriers: Requires some form of human intervention or control logic e.g. BOP activation, alarms etc. Administrative/Procedural Barriers: Full human action required – someone has to take action e.g. Procedure to pump sweeps at defined intervals, procedure to ensure pipe movement etc. In most cases this should not form a basis of long term risk reduction plan. It should be a temporary solution until an active or passive barrier can be implemented
11 Evaluation of Barriers (2) People: Competency Behavior (speak up, STOP) Follow approved procedure or MOC to change Process/Procedures: Company/industry standards Procedures for interpreting and responding to upsets e.g. Ballooning Adequate procedure for tasks Equipment: Fit for purpose design/reliability Inspection, testing, maintenance Source: Drilling Operations: Cost and Risk Management by P. AIDEYAN
12 Barriers Effectiveness Barriers are more effective if they require less human action and/or communication interface because of the reduce probability of error and/or communication failure
Passive Active Barriers Administrative/Procedural
Barriers Barriers
13 Bow-ties and Example Risk Barriers Bow-tie is a useful tool for building a framework of barriers for any particular identified risk It is a diagrammatic representation of barriers to a risk event with preventative barriers on one end and mitigation barriers on the opposite end of the risk event Bow-tie makes it easier to spot barriers that need to be strengthened for example presence of too many procedural barriers
14 Example Risks and Barriers - Vibration
Source: Drilling Operations: Cost and Risk Management by P. AIDEYAN
15 Example Risks and Barriers – Vibration
Source: Drilling Operations: Cost and Risk Management by P. AIDEYAN
16 Example Risks and Barriers – Differential Stuck Pipe
Source: Drilling Operations: Cost and Risk Management by P. AIDEYAN
17 Example Risks and Barriers – Low ROP Prevention: Bit & BHA design, mud motor selection/RSS, mud design, drilling parameters, drilling practices such as hole cleaning Detection/Control: WOB, RPM, ROP, MSE, power graph & vibration measurement and trending Mitigation: Design BHA with anti-vibration tools, ROP enhancer Contingency: Plan to pull bit after wear, availability of different bit types on location (PDC vs. rock bit), spares on location
18 Example Risks and Barriers – Hole Cleaning
19 Source: Drilling Operations: Cost and Risk Management by P. AIDEYAN
Impact of Barriers on Drilling Optimization Reduced well cost due to low probability of NPT events Reduce cost of recovery from NPT event due to available mitigation and contingency barriers Quick detection and control of NPT events (parameters monitoring & trending) Real time provides quick detection and better control Effective barriers reduce the chance of NPT events People, process/procedures/equipment are barriers to risk events
Source: Drilling Operations: Cost and Risk Management by P. AIDEYAN
20 Barriers Generation Barrier creation is a technical challenge that can be addressed by: Using existing technology e.g. Use of expandable liners Modifying of existing technology e.g. Development of RSS for onshore application, casing drilling High Impact, Low Cost High Impact, High Cost Inventing new technologies where
Impact appropriate and economical e.g. Ranging etc. Cost and impact of barriers should be evaluated Barrier options should be risk- weighted to determine the most Low Impact, Low Cost Low Impact, High Cost
economical option Incremental cost of developing a barrier should not outweigh its benefit and reliability Cost Source: Drilling Operations: Cost and Risk Management by P. AIDEYAN
21 Barrier Design & Selection Concepts (ISD) Simplification: Avoid complex systems where possible, minimize number of weak links, select barriers/designs that does not introduce other risks. Design cement jobs to limit the use of DV/stage cement tools Avoid foam cement in hydrocarbon zone Substitution: Use materials that are less “hazardous” or design well components to reduce risk Use of heavy weight drill pipe instead of drill collars in horizontal wells Use spiral drill collars in high angle wells to minimize the probability of differential stuck pipe Using rock bits to drill out cement plug Moderation: Avoid excess processes/procedures, people and equipment/tools Clear and concise procedures, well defined roles and responsibilities Limit downhole tools to what is absolutely necessary Optimize number of stabilizers and centralizers Modification: Modify well design, mud design, BHA design etc. to address identified risks Running PBL subs in BHA for lost circulation Adding stabilizers to BHA to control vibration Running intermediate casing/liner to isolate formation prone to wellbore instability Improve mud salinity to address wellbore instability
22 Inherently Safer Design/Practices (ISD) When possible, select designs that eliminates and/or reduce hazards rather than controlling them (designs with preventative barriers). If cost prohibitive , select designs robust enough to minimize impact of a risk event (designs with mitigation barriers) Well Design: Drilling away from faults or intercepting faults at 90 degrees to minimize wellbore exposure within faults, drilling away from shallow gas prone area Optimizing wellbore trajectory to minimize contacts force to reduce the chance of stuck pipe Mud Design: 3500
Adequate mud weight, sufficient rheology for hole cleaning
3000
2500
Shear force (lbf)
Mud properties to address wellbore stability 2000
1500
Drilling procedures/practices: 1000
500
Minimize swab and surge 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Proper connection make-up
Distance from Bit (ft)
Vertical Transverse
BHA Design: Source: Drilling Operations: Cost and Risk Management by P. Placing sensitive BHA components in section of BHA with low stress AIDEYAN
Stabilized BHA to prevent vibration and differential stuck pipe
Casing Design: Setting high integrity casing prior to penetrating hydrocarbon zone Using connections adequate for possible loads Long string vs. Liner + tieback
23 Risk Management/Barriers – Other Considerations Risks/barrier generation can be transferred to third party contractors through contracts and legal agreement. (barriers are generated by people with more expertise) for example the transfer of BOP NPT to rig contractors or BOP manufacturers which forces them to perform rigorous testing, inspection and maintenance Barriers to identified common risk can be jointly developed by companies that share same risk by forming a consortium for example the development of capping stack by Marine Well Containment Company (MWCC) or by participating in joint industry project
