Fundamentals UPS Eaton

Handbook
The Eaton UPS and power management

Fundamentals handbook
January 2019
2 EATON UPS and power management fundamentals handbook
Table of contents
4
Introduction
Questions to consider 5
Top UPS design considerations 6
Other UPS design considerations 8
Six considerations to achiving generator-UPS harmony 9
How to size a UPS 10
Head-to head UPS comparison for network closets and server rooms 11
UPS cost justification worksheet 12
UPS form factors 13
Input plugs and output receptacles 14
UPS startup 18
The difference between VA and watts 16
9 ways beer and UPSs are alike 17
UPS vs. surge suppressor 19
Decentralized or central UPS? 20
What is three-phase power? 22
Increase server energy efficiencies by using high-voltage power supplies and 208V UPSs 23
Worldwide voltage map 24
Worldwide voltages 25
The nine power problems 26
UPS topologies 27
UPS battery overview 28
Factors affecting battery life 30
Transfor your power infrastructure with lithium-ion batteries 31
UPS software overview 32
Make health-checking your UPS a top priority 33
Service overview 34
Frequently asked questions 35
Electric transmission distribution system 37
Eaton's Blackout Tracker 39
Prepare for summer outage threats 40
Commonly used acronyms 42
Glossary of power terms 44
EATON UPS and power management fundamentals handbook 3

Introduction
Welcome to the Eaton UPS and Why a UPS?
Power Management Fundamentals In general, a UPS protects IT equipment and other
electrical loads from problems that plague our electrical
Handbook. supply, performing the following three basic functions:
From plug and receptacle charts and facts about 1. Preventing hardware damage typically caused by surges
power problems to an overview of various UPS and spikes. Many UPS models continually condition
topologies and factors affecting battery life, you’ll incoming power as well.
find a wealth of pertinent resources designed to 2. Preventing data loss and corruption. Without a UPS,
help you develop the optimum solution. devices that are subjected to a hard system shutdown can
This handbook is your one-stop source for lose data completely or have it corrupted. In conjunction
with power management software, a UPS can facilitate a
essential information ... whether you need graceful system shutdown.
power protection for small, medium or large
data centers; health care facilities; or other 3. Providing availability for networks and other applications
environments in which ensuring uptime and while preventing downtime. In some cases, they provide
enough battery runtime to ride through brief outages; in
safeguarding data are critical. other cases, they provide hours of runtime to ride through
extended power outages. UPSs are also paired with
generators to provide enough time for them to power up.
Thanks to Eaton, IT pros are spending fewer nights and weekends

at work, leaving their desk toys at the office all alone.
N OW I S PEND
M Y T IME W ILL YOU A DOPT U S?
F OCUSING W E'RE A S OLID T EAM.
O N WORLD
D OMINATION.

Questions to consider
W IND M E U P A ND I' LL
P ROGRAM YOUR DATA
C ENTER TO R UN P ERFECTLY.
When it comes to backup power, here are some

basic questions to ask yourself.
Applications Accessories
1. How often do you refresh and maintain 1. How is power getting from the UPS to your
your IT hardware (including servers)? equipment?
What about your UPS equipment? 2. Do you have a need for enclosures,
2. If you have a converged data-voice network, communications, seismic mounting, floor
have you protected all critical switches? stands or rail kits?
3. If you have virtualized your servers, have you 3. Is a maintenance bypass switch needed?
considered the impact on your UPS 4. Are unorganized cables hindering your
equipment? efficiency or coming a safety concern?
4. What would happen if the power went out at
your facility right now? Software and connectivity
5. Have you thought about the impact of 1. Is there a need to have orderly scheduled
damaged or corrupted data? shutdowns?
6. How much energy do your UPS units 2. Do you want to remotely monitor the UPS?
consume? How efficient are they?
3. Would you like to remotely notify others of
UPS events?
UPS-specific
4. How will your UPS software manage virtual
1. What size UPS do you need? servers during an extended power outage?
(kVA or amperage)
5. Does your power management software
2. What voltage is currently available at integrate easily with your virtualization
your site? platforms?
3. What voltage do you need? 6. Do you need a network card? A network card
4. What runtime do you want? that has the UL 2900-2-2 cybersecurity
5. Are there any clearances or size constraints? certfication?
6. Do you have bypass requirements? Service

7. What types of input and output connections 1. Do you need immediate factory response?
are required?
2. What kind of parts and labor coverage do
8. Is there a generator on site? you need?
9. Does the UPS need to be scalable? 3. Do you want any type of preventive
10. Do you need redundancy? maintenance?
4. When’s the last time you checked the batteries
in your existing UPS units?

Top UPS design
considerations
The following factors outline the key design considerations to
take into account when analyzing your needs.
1. Power environment: single- 4. Availability and battery

and three-phase runtime
Understanding your existing This is where you need to
power infrastructure is a crucial determine your true runtime
step in the qualification and requirements. While runtime
sales process. While you may may seem like a simple thing to
focus on larger, three-phase quantify, understanding the facts
power systems, the majority of behind the numbers help
IT managers are dealing contribute to the development
primarily with single-phase of end-to-end solutions.
equipment, often at the rack Generally, the amount of
level. runtime required can
Many existing computer rooms significantly affect the solution
and small to mid-sized data cost, but many Eaton solutions
centers have single-phase loads
at the rack level. Ground-up
are actually more cost-effective
in extended runtime
M Y IT P RO S AYS E ATON
designs are increasingly moving
three-phase power to the point
applications. H ELPS H IM T RIM T HE
There are four basic battery
of utilization to gain efficiencies
and reduce costs, creating great
runtime configurations: FAT. F RANKLY, I 'M A
opportunity for three-phase
solutions in new construction.
1. U
PS with 10 to 15 minutes of
runtime and no generator. You
L ITTLE WORRIED.
are covered for 90 to 95
2. Installation environment percent of power outages.
You can either use UPS
It’s imperative to understand shutdown clients to save your
how a prospective UPS will be data or stay online as long as
deployed. Since most possible before the system
environments support several crashes.
different solutions, you may
need to evaluate these options. 2. U
PS with 10 to 15 minutes of
runtime and a generator. You
have a very reliable setup and
3. Power load most generators will startup
The VA or watt rating of your within one minute (five
power loads is one of the most minutes maximum). You are
important factors in identifying covered for most situations.
the right UPS. After identifying 3. R
edundant UPSs, generator
the power environment (if the and two power feeds for
UPS needs to be single- or dual-corded servers. You have
three-phase), the size of the a lot of money and/or are
UPS further narrows the really worried about the
selection. In single-phase power failing. It's time to get
deployments especially, it often a consultative person on-site
makes sense to select a UPS to help you figure it out.
that exceeds current power
requirements but offers greater 4. U
PS with two or more hours
runtimes and allows for future of battery runtime. In some
growth. cases, generators may not be
practical and you must rely
entirely upon batteries.

5. Form factor 7. Power distribution 9. Operation and maintenance
How much space are you willing to It is important for you to consider how While you may value the ability to service
designate to your UPS? Where do you power will be delivered to your critical your own equipment, the vast majority of IT
plan to install it? Answering these questions equipment. In some cases, you may simply and facility management professionals
will help you determine whether your plug loads directly into the UPS. In others, prefer the peace of mind that comes with
environment is better suited for a tower or you may need large PDUs to distribute full factory support through on-site service
rackmount model. Some UPSs have a 2-in-1 power. You may also incorporate rack-based or an advanced UPS exchange agreement.
form factor, allowing you to deploy the unit power distribution units into your design. To make an informed decision on service
either way. support, you must accurately assess your
8. Manageability own technical and service capabilities.
6. Scalability While a UPS protects the attached load Consider UPS and battery safety as there is
It’s always important to consider your future during a power outage, power management inherent danger when maintaining them.
expansion needs when evaluating solutions. software is required to ensure that all The more complicated the equipment, the
Eaton’s scalable UPS solutions provide a work-in-progress is saved and that sensitive more important it is to have experts
competitive advantage by offering a electronic equipment is gracefully shut perform the maintenance.
cost-effective way to increase capacity. down if the power outage exceeds the
Virtually all Eaton UPSs with a 6 kVA or battery runtime of the UPS. Without 10. Budget
greater power rating offer some form of software, the UPS simply runs until its Although the latest performance features of
scalability, either through a simple firmware batteries are depleted and then drops the a UPS may fit nicely with what you are
upgrade, the addition of modular hardware load. In addition to this basic functionality of looking for, budget constraints may force
components or the paralleling of multiple UPS software, you should consider the you to make trade-off decisions. Be
UPSs. following monitoring and manageability prepared to prioritize your needs for
capabilities: redundancy, scalability, efficiency, software
For cost-conscious or budget-constrained
customers, a UPS with inherent scalability • Power event notifications, including management, modularity and serviceability.
often proves to be the best value in the emails, pop-up alerts and text messages
long run, allowing you to increase capacity to pre-designated recipients
without purchasing additional hardware. A • Logging of power events
simple kVA upgrade is all that’s needed to
enable a UPS with inherent scalability to • Advanced capabilities in virtual
operate at full capacity. environments, including integration into
VMware’s ESXi and vSphere, Microsoft’s
You may want to service the UPS yourself. Hyper-V and Nutanix Ready Acropolis
If that’s the case, look for a unit that allows Hypervisor (AHV)
you to add capacity with power and/or
battery modules. • Dedicated battery monitoring and
advanced service notifications
While modular solutions—including
multiple, paralleled systems—are often a • Remote monitoring by service personnel
more affordable option initially, they can be from the UPS manufacturer
a more expensive solution over the long
term due to added hardware and installation
costs. Depending on your needs, a larger,
centralized, non-modular system with I LOVE M AKING
inherent scalability might ultimately be the
most cost-effective solution. P LANS. E VIL
O NES!

Other UPS design
considerations
The following design guidelines should be 6. Always be sure which wall receptacle 9. Using a UPS and a generator together.
reviewed and followed prior to ordering the is required to plug in the UPS.
A UPS provides backup power and actively
appropriate UPS solution.
Only UPSs with power ratings up to 1500 conditions and regulates voltage. Similarly,
VA plug into a standard 15-amp wall outlet. an auxillary generator provides backup
1. Check to see if there’s an adequate All others require a larger receptacle, which power, but typically takes 10-15 seconds to
electrical supply near the UPS. must be installed by an electrician. Things start up, depending on its type. For long-
Compare UPS fuse ratings (amps) and go more smoothly if you aren’t waiting for term backup servers and IT equipment, this
breaker types and whether any electrical this to be done after all of the equipment isn’t an optimal situation, so during that
work may be needed (i.e., cabling to the has arrived. Most small and rackmounted downtime the UPS kicks in. Basically, the
UPS terminal block input). computers run on normal 120 volt, 15-amp UPS bridges the power gap between loss of
electrical service. Some computers have power and generator coming online.
2. Find out the dimensions of the UPS power cords that require a higher voltage of When choosing your UPS solution, it’s
and include any battery cabinets. 208V or 240V, in which case you’ll need a important to keep power ratings in mind;
3000 VA or larger UPS. you cannot size a generator in a 1:1 match
Make sure your installation site has enough
space available. to the UPS and expect successful results.
7. Hardwired connections. There are two reasons for this: first, UPSs
Hardwired outputs are generally useful if aren’t 100 percent efficient and second,
3. Ensure the UPS can be placed in its generators need to account for step loads.
final position. you want the UPS output to be distributed
via electrical panels. Using an electrical In addition, very small generators don’t often
Will the UPS components fit through doors? distribution panel allows for flexibility with provide enough kinetic energy to provide a
Are there any stairs? Do you have existing receptacles types. If there’s no other UPS smooth transition. As a rule of thumb, for 20
racks that the UPS must fit into? Please that fits your receptacle and power require- kVA and above, auxiliary generators should
consult Eaton’s website for detailed UPS ments, you may need to hardwire it. be sized 1.5 times the size of the output
dimensions and specifications: Hardwired UPS models typically require the rating of the UPS in kW, while for 20 kVA
Eaton.com/UPS. use of a certified electrician to wire them to and below, they should be two times larger.
the electrical distribution panel, which could It’s also important to note that gas-powered
4. Verify that the floor is strong enough be a more costly option. generators should be sized a bit larger.
to support the UPS and battery cabinets.
8. Installing small UPS models behind 10. Building codes.
The UPS and its battery cabinets can be
heavy, so make sure the site has the proper larger UPS models. Verify that the final UPS solution meets local
floor loading capacity. If you’re installing a smaller UPS behind a building codes.
larger UPS, you must consider the total
5. Confirm that the UPS will have potential power of the smaller UPS as well
adequate ventilation. as other loads that will be powered by the
larger UPS. For example, if you’re plugging a
Eaton UPS models use internal fans to cool
1500 VA UPS into a 10,000 VA UPS, you
them. You shouldn’t install the UPS in a
must consider the load of the smaller UPS
sealed container or small, sealed room.
rather than just the load that’s plugged into
it. In addition, the larger UPS must be at
least five times larger than the smaller UPS.
This design guideline must be followed due
to charging capacity that may be required by
the smaller UPS; any anomalies associated
with the building power, and to avoid
overheating or potential over loading of the
larger UPS which may result in failure of the
all UPS models in the string.

Six considerations to
achieving generator-UPS
harmony
As an ever-escalating list of threats 1. Assess the generator frequency. 4. Don’t overlook the governor.
leave today’s mission-critical environments Every UPS has a set input voltage and Portable generators are equipped with a
even more vulnerable to downtime, a frequency window that if exceeded, will governor, which limits the speed of fuel
growing number of organizations are cause the UPS to go on battery. If a being delivered to the engine to a safe level
bolstering their level of security by generator’s frequency range is too wide for amid load changes. Electronic governors
combining an UPS with a backup generator. the UPS to accept, then the UPS may are quick to respond, while mechanical
Although UPSs offer an excellent line of interpret the generator as an unstable power governors are slower and can also cause
defense against dirty power, data loss and source. If this occurs, the UPS remains on calibration challenges.
equipment damage—as well as provide battery permanently, which will ultimately
backup during short-term blackouts—they cause the battery to fail and drop your load. 5. Consider the UPS topology.
are not designed to deliver power
indefinitely. Enter the standby generator, an The type of UPS will also impact UPS
2. Size up the generator.
ideal complement for applications that must generator compatibility and configuration,
remain online 24/7 without interruption. Proper generator sizing is essential to as not all can compensate for frequency
ensuring the safety of both the UPS load variations without relying on the battery.
Yet, harmonization issues are inherent and an organization’s personnel during a Both standby and line-interactive UPSs use
when interfacing these two devices. Pairing lengthy outage. Many companies expect the battery power to prevent frequency
the optimal UPS and generator backup is generator to accommodate air conditioning, variations from affecting the protected load.
kind of like a blind date; compatibility is emergency lighting, communications and A double-conversion, online UPS, on the
never guaranteed. To help ensure you find other vital services. Yet if the generator isn't other hand, recreates the sine wave and
the perfect match—and not an epic clashing sized large enough, it won’t be able to hold filters frequency variations as part of its
of personalities—it is vital to understand the voltage and frequency within input normal operation, thereby preserving battery
operational characteristics, load interaction tolerances when the UPS comes online. life. Because it constantly rectifies AC to DC
and design of these devices. Safeguard and then inverts the DC back to AC, the
UPS generator system reliability and The bigger the generator engine, the more
stable the frequency, and therefore the online UPS produces an output that corrects
performance by taking into account the for voltage and frequency deviations. For
following considerations: more it can handle as the UPS comes off
of battery. With that in mind, whenever this reason, double-conversion technology
budgets permit, it is wise to size up and also is the most common for critical load
allow for some potential growth with the applications, and the most advantageous
generator friendly UPS. The general type of system for generator integration.
recommendations for UPS models up to
25 kW are as follows:
• 2
times the total load 6. Consult with the manufacturers.
(including the UPS, A/C, and all other Often you can avoid a range of potential
equipment that must remain online) for problems and the UPS not working on
natural gas-powered and mechanical generator power by first ensuring that the
governor generators generator manufacturer has tested and
• 1
.5 times the total load approved the product’s intended use with
for propane- or diesel-powered UPSs. To ensure that optimal UPS vs
generators and those with an generator sizing is achieved, it is wise to
electronic governor consult with both the UPS and the generator
manufacturer prior to finalizing a purchase.
3. Consider the fuel source. In addition, capacities of prospective loads
to be protected can generally be found in
The most common generator fuel options the manufacturer’s specifications.
include propane, natural gas and diesel, each
of which comes with its own set of own
advantages and disadvantages. Natural
gas-operating generators can be slower to
respond and may need to be sized larger
than their propane counterparts. Diesel is
widely considered the best fuel and is
predominant for generator solutions 50 kW
and larger; however, it has a short storage
life and its cost can strain budgets.

How to size a UPS I C HAT W ITH
T HE I NSIDE
You have decided that you need a UPS. What’s next? Well, you have to pick the right one! S ALES T EAM
Alternative #1: A LL T HE T IME.
Visit Eaton.com/UPSselector
T HEY'RE COOL.
Alternative #2:
Call our knowledgeable inside sales team: 800.356.5794
Alternative #3:
Do it the old fashioned way. Completing these steps is also very useful for the first two alternatives.
1 List all equipment to be protected by the UPS. (Remember to include monitors, external hard drives,
routers, etc.)
2 List the amps and volts for each device. These ratings can typically be found on the label on the back
of the equipment. Multiply amps by volts to determine VoltAmps (VA). Some devices may list their
power requirements in watts.
To convert watts to VA, divide the watts by power factor. For servers, the power factor is often 0.9.
3 Multiply the VA by the number of pieces of equipment to get the VA subtotals.
4 Add the VA subtotals together.
5 Multiply the total by 1.2 to get the grand total. This step accounts for future expansion.
6 Use the grand total to select a UPS. When choosing a UPS, be sure that the total VA requirement of
supported equipment does not exceed the VA rating of the UPS.
UPS sizing worksheet

1 2 2 2 3 3
Equipment Amps x Volts = VA x Quantity = VA Subtotal
x = x =
x = x =
x = x =
x = x =
x = x =
x = x =
x = x =
x = x =
x = x =
x = x =
x = x =
x = x =
4 Total
5 x1.2
6 Grand Total

Head-to-head UPS
comparison for
network closets and
server rooms
You’ve narrowed down your UPS choices to two or three models. Now what? How Professor Wattson has lessons
can you make sure that you’re making an apples-to-apples comparison? Are you
considering all aspects related to total cost of ownership (TCO)? We’ve created this on demystifying sizing, ratings,
quick checklist so you can ask yourself the right questions for network closet and maintenance bypass and
server room applications. network-class UPSs on
Switchon.eaton.com/power101
Factor UPS 1 UPS 2

Voltage
Be sure the input and output voltages are the same. For example, a 208V UPS will cost more than a standard 120V UPS.
Power rating
UPSs are typically rated in volt-amperes (VA) and watts. Watts measures real power and is the key rating. For example a UPS
rated at 1000 VA / 900 watts provides one third more power than one rated at 1000 VA / 600 watts.
Input plug
Do both UPSs have the same input plug? Does it match your wall socket? UPSs 1500 VA and below plug right into a standard
wall socket. Larger models may require you to hire an electrician to install a new wall socket.
Output receptacles
Does each UPS have the same quantity of output receptacles? The same type? Be sure the UPS has enough output
receptacles and that they’ll accommodate the power cords of your servers, etc.
Warranty
Are the warranties the same duration? How long does the warranty cover the batteries?
User interface
Do both UPSs utilize the same interface? Do both have an intuitive LCD or basic LEDs?
Network card
If you need/want a network card, does the UPS price include one? Some UPSs include a card while others do not and this can
impact the price. Does the network have the UL 2900-2-2 cybersecurity certification?
Software
Do both UPSs have equivalent software capabilities? For example, if integration into VMware vCenter is a priority, be sure the
UPS software can do it.
Mounting hardware
Do you plan to mount the UPS in a rack enclosure or 2-post rack? If the mounting is not included with the UPS, you’ll likely
need to purchase hardware separately.
Rack height
If you are evaluating rack mount UPSs, are they the same rack height (U)? For example, going with a 1U UPS over a 2U model
may allow you to fit another server in your rack.
Maintenance bypass
Have you considered the price of a maintenance bypass module that will allow you to keep your IT equipment up and running
if you ever need to replace the UPS or if the UPS fails?
Batteries
Have you considered the cost of additional battery packs? The cost of replacing the batteries in the UPS?

UPS cost justification
worksheet
This worksheet helps you determine the estimated dollar savings that a UPS can deliver. Simply fill in
the information to calculate the costs of one hour of downtime. Actual dollar amounts will vary from
company to company, location to location, and industry to industry.
1. Number of critical loads:

Critical loads = any equipment running or supporting your
applications (servers, routers, PCs, network devices, etc.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ______________
2. Number of employees using critical loads:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________
3. Employees’ average hourly earnings:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________
4. Estimated cost of lost business per hour of downtime

($1,000, $5,000, $10,000 . . . ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ______________
5. Cost of service calls per hour: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________
6. Cost of recreating or salvaging data (if applicable): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________
7. Cost of replacing hardware (if applicable): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________
8. Cost of reinstalling software (if applicable): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________
9. Lost employee time (line 2 x 3):. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________
10. Lost business (line 4):. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________
11. Service (line 5):. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________
12. Recreating or salvaging data (line 6): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________
13. Replaced hardware and software (line 7 + 8): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________
14. Estimated total cost per hour of downtime:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $_____________
This is only one hour. Imagine if your systems were down all day!

UPS form factors
With applications spanning from desktops to large data centers, UPSs come in a variety
of form factors.
1. Desktop and tower UPS
1 2
a. The Eaton 3S UPS also fits
easily on top of or under a
desk.
b. The Eaton 5P tower UPS fits
under a desk or in a network
closet.
2. Wall-mount UPS
a The Eaton 5P rackmount UPS
b includes hardware to mount it to
a wall.
3 4 3. Rackmount UPS
The Eaton 9PX UPS ranges from
700 VA to 11 kVA.
4. Two-in-one rackmount/
tower UPS
The Eaton 5PX UPS can be
mounted in a rack or installed as
a tower model.
5. Scalable UPS
5 6
a. The Eaton BladeUPS is a
scalable, redundant
rackmount UPS.
b. The Eaton 9PXM is also a
scalable, redundant UPS.
c. The Eaton 93PM is a vertical
or horizontal scalable white
or grey space solution.
6. Large tower UPS

a b c
The Eaton Power Xpert 9395
UPS is designed to be a central
backup for multiple loads,
including data centers.
A S OLUTION F OR
A NY S ITUATION.
I COULDN'T H AVE
D ESIGNED I T B ETTER.

Input plugs and
output receptacles
When you receive a UPS, you should be Input plug and output receptacle chart
able to plug it in right away. If a UPS can’t
be plugged into the wall socket, or your 5-15R 5-15P 5-20R 5-20P
equipment can't be plugged into it,
you’ve got a problem.
Any UPS with a rating of 1500 VA or below
can be plugged into a standard household
receptacle/socket. UPS models with ratings
higher than 1500 VA use input plugs that
L5-30R L5-30P 6-15R 6-15P
can’t be plugged directly into a standard
receptacle. Many higher rated UPSs (above
1500 VA) may also be hardwired directly
into the electrical distribution panel at the
installation location by a licensed electrician.
Many UPS models offer a fixed set of input
L6-20R L6-20P L5-20R L5-20P
and output receptacles. Other UPS models
can be configured with a custom set of
input and output connections.
For reference we’ve included the following
chart to help you visually confirm input and
output plug/receptacle options:
IEC-320-C13 (female) IEC-320-C14 (male) IEC-320-C19 (female) IEC-320-C20 (male)
L14-30R L14-30P IEC-309, 16A IEC-309, 32A
* 5-15P can plug into 5-20R

R = Receptacle, P = Plug, L = Locking
For the number before the hyphen:
5 = 125V, two-pole, three-wire (grounded)
6 = 250V, two-pole, three-wire (grounded)
14 = 125/250V, three-pole, four-wire (grounded) L6-30R L6-30P Terminal Block (Hardwired)
The number after the hyphen indicates the amperage.
For example, the L5-30R is a 30A receptacle.
L 6 - 30 R
Know your North American receptacles
In North American markets, most facilities utilize
plugs and receptacles conforming to standards
established by the National Electrical
Manufacturer’s Association (NEMA), which Amperage – matches breaker rating R – Receptacle
L – Locking
uses a smart code to define what each part feeding the plug/receptacle P – Plug
number represents. If you know the part number
of your connector, you can find its voltage and
Value Max Voltage Wires in connector
amperage ratings. Always check with your local
5: 125V L1, N, G
electrician to verify proper wiring and installation.
6: 250V L1, L2, G
14: 125/250V L1, L2, N, G
15: 250V L1, L2, L3, G
21: 250V/125V L1, L2, L3, N, G

How big can I go?
1
A common question from IT managers is, “I have a receptacle at my facility; what
is the biggest UPS can I connect to it?” If you’re looking at UPSs 6 kVA or lower,
it’s a pretty straight forward question to answer as shown below:
Typical largest UPS

Local outlet
rating per outlet
5-15R 1500VA 120V

120V
5-20R 2200VA 120V
L5-30R 3000VA 120V
L6-20R 3000VA 208V

208-240V
L6-30R 6000VA 208V
IEC C13 2200VA 230V

208-240V
IEC C19 3000VA 230V 3
1. Fixed 4. Additional receptacles

Smaller UPS models like the Eaton A FlexPDU is a basic function power
9130 UPS provide a fixed set of output distribution unit with a short power cord
receptacles for easy, close mounting to a UPS.
2. Customized FlexPDUs are available with a variety of
output receptacles, for connection to a
UPS models like the Eaton 9355 can be wide range of equipment.
customized with a variety of output
receptacles A HotSwap Maintenance Bypass
enhances availability by providing service
3. Hardwired continuity and facilitates hot-swappable
Large UPS models like the Eaton 93PM UPS battery replacement.
are hardwired to incoming utility power
though some models leverage output
receptacles
4

VA I S F OR W EAKLINGS.
I M EASURE M Y
S TRENGTH I N WATTS.
The difference
between VA
and watts
The engineering answer: To correctly Mathematically, real power (watts) is related The answer for the rest of us:
size a UPS, it’s important to understand to apparent power (VA) using a numerical
{
the relationship between watts and VA. ratio referred to as the power factor (PF),
However, we must first have a brief which is expressed in decimal format and
discussion about power terminology. Real always carries a value between 0 and 1.0.
}
power (measured in watts) is the portion of For many newer types of IT equipment, Real power
Apparent
power flow that results in the consumption such as computer servers, the typical PF
power (VA); (watts);
of energy. The energy consumed is related is 0.9 or greater. For legacy personal
Full capacity Actual usable
to the resistance in an electrical circuit. An computers (PCs), this value can be
power
example of consumed energy is the filament 0.60 – 0.75.
in a light bulb. Using one of the following formulas, a
Reactive power (measured in VAR or volt- calculation can be made to determine the
amps reactive) is the portion of power flow missing quantity:
due to stored energy. Stored energy is Watts = VA * Power Factor or VA = Watts / Converting amps to VA
related to the presence of inductance and/or Power Factor Single phase: Multiply amps by voltage (120
capacitance in an electrical circuit. An
Since many types of equipment are rated in volts in the U.S.). 10A x 120V = 1200 VA.
example of stored energy is a charged flash
watts, it’s important to consider the PF Three phase: Amps x volts x 1.732 = VA.
bulb in a camera.
when sizing a UPS. If you don't take PF into
Apparent power (measured in VA or volt- account, you may under size your UPS. As
amps) is a mathematical combination of an example, a piece of equipment that’s
real power and reactive power. rated at 525 watts and has a power factor
The geometric relationship between of 0.7 results in a 750 VA load.
apparent power, reactive power and real 750 VA = 525 Watts / 0.7 PF
power is illustrated in the power triangle
below: Sizing the UPS to operate at 75 percent
capacity results in a UPS with a 1000 VA
Apparent Power (VA) rating (750 VA / 0.75 = 1000 VA).
Reactive
Power
VAR
Real Power (Watts)
View the Professor Wattson

video on VA vs Watts:

9ways BEER and UPSs are alike.
Have you ever thought, “This crisp, cold beer really
reminds me of my uninterruptible power supply?”
Well, the beer you drink and the UPS power you
use are arguably of equal importance, and more Temperature is everything
of a science than one may think. Here are 9 ways There’s a reason some cans have mountains that turn
blue when cold . . . no one wants to drink that stuff
the beer in your glass matches the UPS in your warm! Similarly, heat can significantly diminish the
server room. performance, safety and lifetime of a battery. Both
UPSs and beer perform better when stored and used
1
at the proper temperature.
Best if used by [this date] How bold should you go

Temperature How full-flavored or feature-rich do you want to go?
Beer expires, especially the hoppy kinds like an IPA.
Make sure you don’t leave the store with an expired An online UPS, similar to an imperial chocolate
beer. Do this once and you’ll understand the importance coffee stout, has a lot to offer but could be too
of checking expiration dates on everything including much depending on your needs. Some
your UPS batteries. It’s beneficial to check and note the applications only call for a standby
expiration date to ensure a replacement plan is in place. UPS the same way a cold, crisp light
2
Expiration
3
Features
beer makes for a perfect after-mowing-
your-yard treat.
Power is in the watts Redundancy

UPSs are typically rated in volt amperes (VA) but you Make sure you have a backup. You
should be looking at the wattage. For example, think may think you’re only going to drink
of a 1 kVA UPS as a six pack. Would you rather have one, and then Billy stops by empty-
a six pack of 8 oz. or 12 oz. beers? Similarly, the
wattage rating of a 1 kVA UPS typically ranges from
600 to 1000 watts. The higher the wattage rating,
4Power Redundancy
5 handed and thirsty after the stores
have closed. Redundancy is key!
The surest way to increase your UPS
the more IT equipment you can power! For more availability is to incorporate a 2N
information, check out our Professor Wattson or N+X redundant configuration for
video: VA vs Watts. fault tolerance. And let’s face it—a
redundant environment can protect
you from the Billy’s of the world.
6
Pairing Reviews
7
Pairing matters Reviews are key
To bring out its full potential, a UPS needs to be paired It’s important to get the insider
with the right equipment. Think racks, rack power knowledge before you buy. Spiceworks.
distribution units (PDUs) and software. You’ll be as com and StorageReview.com are to
8 9
pleased with your full solution as when you pair IT pros as Untapped and NextGlass are
chocolate with a stout or a burger with a pale ale. to beer enthusiasts.
Trending Recycle
Reduce, reuse, recycle

Now trending Whether a beer or a battery, don’t
Though we advise to tread lightly when considering forget to do your part to save the
industry trends, a New England Style IPA is delicious! world. Both UPS batteries and cans/
Some flash in the pan trends should be avoided, like bottles can be recycled by Heritage
Gose IMO—there’s a reason that style died 70 years Environmental Services. And for those
ago. But other trends like lithium-ion batteries can empty cans and bottles, be sure to
change the UPS landscape in your favor by lowering dispose in your nearest “blue bin.”
your total cost of ownership (TCO).

UPS startup
Self-startup Assisted startup
UPSs equipped with a standard You may not feel comfortable
input plug (units 1500 VA and installing electrical equipment— I T HINK I 'LL G O
below) that fits into standard justifiably so. UPS installation
wall sockets are very easy to deals with electrical power and W ITH A SSISTED
install. Units 2000 VA and above batteries—both of which can be
require a different wall socket dangerous if not handled S TARTUP.
that may not already exist in the properly. In addition, UPS
location where the UPS will be batteries can be very heavy and
installed. In these cases, an some units require a hardwired
electrician can install the proper connection. As a result, UPS
wall socket, after which you manufacturers usually offer a
should have little problem with startup service for an additional
UPS installation. fee. You can also hire a systems
integrator, electrician or
third-party service organization
for UPS installation.
Manufacturer-required startup
Many three-phase UPS models
(typically >40 kVA) must be
started up by the UPS
manufacturer to ensure they’re
properly installed and calibrated.
In general, electricians and
contractors don’t have the
required in-depth knowledge of
the UPS. Manufacturer-trained
field technicians provide an
overview of the equipment and
a tutorial of how to operate the
UPS.

UPS vs. surge suppressor
Customers often ask us to explain the So how do you apply these devices Additionally, it may be wise to install an
difference between a surge protector and coherently? Surge protection should be SPD between the UPS output and the load
an UPS — and which device is better installed on the utility side of your UPS, distribution system. This is especially true
suited for their environment. ideally on the bypass line. This provides if the load panel is located a long distance
The fact is that neither UPS nor surge the following modes of protection: from the UPS. The more distance, the better
protection devices (SPD) alone will provide • G
reatly extends the life of the surge likelihood that an internally generated surge
complete protection for commercial protection components in your UPS could impact the load.
systems. The most effective installation is • P
rovides surge protection for your load So which form of power protection is best
ensured by utilizing a combination of both when the UPS is off line for maintenance suited for your environment? The answer is,
forms of power conditioning. both. Critical servers, workstations, PCs,
Surge protection installed on the utility side POS and VoIP equipment, and other key
Surge protectors (or suppressors) provide of a UPS will also help protect the UPS. A
just that: a line of defense against surges, business devices are protected by attaching
dramatic surge event, such as a lightning a UPS, ensuring they are able to function in
which are short-term high voltages above strike can be associated with over 20 kV and
110 percent of nominal. They are often the event of a power outage and, if needed,
5 kA. The typical let through voltage of a shut down cleanly if power remains out for
associated with lightning strikes and utility surge device (UPS included) when subjected
switching, but in fact 80 percent of surges an extended period of time. Surge devices
to this level of surge event would be roughly are required as well, to protect both critical
originate inside a facility. These occur due to 2000V, which is still high enough to cause
electrical switching or other disturbances equipment, and even the UPS itself.
equipment damage. To eliminate this we
created by various devices within the install an upstream unit and allow the UPS
building. Regardless of the source, the to mitigate the effects of the remaining
increased voltage from surges can damage surge energy, i.e. driving the final let through
the components of electrical systems such voltage down to around 200V which is well
as computers, networks, and process below the point that would cause damage.
control equipment.
Even if nothing is immediately destroyed,
over time the increased strain can cause
premature failure of expensive components.
It’s important to note that surge protection
will not keep your equipment operational
during a blackout, but damaging surges
occur much more frequently than power
outages. A properly designed backup power
system should always incorporate a
cascaded approach to applying surge
protection (i.e. a two layered approach)
working in conjunction with a UPS. The first
surge unit, (upstream SPD) mitigates the
brunt of the surge energy while the second
unit (the UPS) reduces any remaining surge
energy to an inconsequential level.
A UPS delivers second-level protection
against surges; it should never be
considered a primary surge protection
device. It also continually regulates incoming
voltage and provides an internal battery that
allows connected equipment to continue
running even if the power supply is cut.
In order for your electronic devices to
continue to function even if power is
unavailable, you need a UPS, and often a
backup generator.
Eaton Eclipse surge suppressors

Decentralized
or central UPS?
Decentralized or central UPS?
Is a single, larger UPS better,
or is it best to have multiple,
smaller UPSs? Naturally, the
answer is that it depends on a
number of factors. In a
decentralized (also known as
distributed) UPS configuration
(see Figure 2), multiple UPSs
support a handful of devices or
perhaps only a single piece of
equipment. Decentralized UPSs
typically use plug and play
connections and are usually less
than or equal to six kVA. In a
central UPS configuration (see
Figure 1), a larger UPS supports
multiple devices. A centralized
UPS is typically hardwired into
an electrical panelboard. The
following tables include a
number of factors to consider
when making a decision
between a decentralized and
central UPS. In the end it's
often best to simply go with
the strategy that you are
comfortable with.
Figure 1
Central UPS
Why you’d choose a central UPS solution Why you wouldn’t
A single UPS can mean single point of failure. You can
Typically, the sales and service life of the UPS is longer. overcome this concern with an N+1 or N+X UPS
for redundancy.
The single UPS may not be close physically to the

A single UPS is easier to monitor, service and maintain than
equipment it will protect. A single electrical distribution
lots of smaller UPSs.
panel may not feed all equipment.
Larger UPSs will be three-phase and/or 208V, 400V or 480V

and often result in more efficient operation and lower There is no space for a large UPS.
operating costs.
A central UPS is often housed away from high traffic areas.
A central UPS generally requires a trained service
As a result, it’s less easily disrupted, accidentally damaged
technician or electrician to service, maintain or install.
or maliciously interfered with.
A central UPS can be located where cooling is more tightly

A central UPS may incur higher installation and wiring
controlled. Remember, heat is the enemy of the batteries
costs.
inside a UPS.
Though a technician may need to replace the batteries, you

only have to worry about a single UPS. A distributed UPS
configuration may result in various models that require
different batteries. Do you want to take the time to replace
the batteries on five to 20 UPSs?

Combining the configurations
It’s important to keep in mind
that decentralized and central-
ized power protection deploy-
ment strategies aren’t neces-
sarily mutually exclusive. The
two strategies can be used in
combination to provide redun-
dancy to mission-critical applica-
tions. For example, an entire
facility may be protected by a
large, centralized UPS, but a
specific department such as a
24x7 call center may have
decentralized UPSs as well to
provide redundant protection
and possibly extend runtime for
call center equipment.
Figure 2
Decentralized UPS
Why you’d choose a decentralized UPS onfiguration Why you wouldn’t
No rewiring is required. Use existing wall sockets. Easy plug
If a generator supports the building, smaller standby and line-
and play installation. Can also be redeployed easily if IT
interactive UPSs may not be able to function while it’s running.
systems are moved.
Requires lower capital outlay and installation costs. Fits within
IT manager purchase limits. Generally don’t need to approve a
No central panelboard exists or there’s no room for the UPS.
large capital expense. Will most likely not require additional
installation costs from electrician.
You don’t want to monitor or service a bunch of UPS units. A

You have no idea how much your company will grow and don’t
decentralized design may require more time and focus to keep
want to get locked into a particular UPS.
up with replacing batteries and maintaining multiple UPSs.
You want a single UPS that can be shut down using

You already have a number of smaller UPS units that are fairly
emergency power off. Also, a decentralized design may not
new and you don’t want to discard them. (Most UPS
offer redundancy and other capabilities provided by a larger,
manufacturers offer a trade-in program.)
central UPS.
Power conditioning is implemented at the point of use, which

Adding redundancy, extended runtime or maintenance bypass
mitigates any electrical disturbances that may be coupled into
functionality to multiple UPSs can be costly.
the distribution wiring of a centralized system.
Diverse applications within a building may require varying levels
of power protection and functionality. For example, extended
runtime can be configured for specific applications, eliminating Multiple audible alarms/alerts may be irritating.
the need to add additional battery modules for less critical
equipment.

What is
three-phase
I L IKE T HE
R HYTHM O F
T HREE-PHASE
power? P OWER.
Three-phase power, the most efficient Single-phase or three-phase power?

way to distribute power over long
distances, allows for large industrial Single-phase Three-phase
equipment to operate more efficiently. advantages advantages
It’s characterized by three single-phase The standard for Can help balance the
waves that are offset in their phase angle locations where three- loads on the utility
by 120 degrees, or one-third of the sine phase power is power of the building.
wave period as illustrated in Figure 1. unavailable.
Three-phase voltage can be measured from Usually easier to Usually easier to

distribute power in low distribute power in
each phase to neutral or from one phase to kVA and low-density higher kVA and high-
any other. The voltage relation between applications. density rack
phase-to-neutral and phase-to-phase is a applications.
factor of the square root of three (e.g., 120V 90˚ 180˚ for smaller 270˚ 360˚
Allows
versus 208V). amperage electrical
Conversely, single-phase power is distrib- devices within the
solution (breakers,
uted through common household outlets to wiring, panels, etc.).
power everyday equipment such as laptops,
lighting and televisions. When looking at an
oscilloscope image of the voltage coming
out of a single-phase outlet as illustrated in
Figure 2, there’s only a single wave. Single-
phase power is obtained by simply using
only one phase of a three-phase system. Its
root mean square (RMS) voltage is 120V (for
North America) and it oscillates between its
peaks of ±170V at 60 Hz (or 60 times a
second). 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
Figure 1. Three-phase power
90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
Figure 2. Single-phase power
90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚

Increase server energy efficiencies
by using high-voltage power
supplies and 208V UPSs
Maximizing energy efficiencies in today’s When operating at 208 volts, a 1 to 2 Making the connections
data centers has become an important percent difference in efficiency can be
factor in saving costs and reducing an experienced for a 1000W power supply,
organization’s carbon footprint. While depending on the load level. When the loss
there are new energy-saving tools and in the power distribution transformer (PDU)
technologies being introduced every day, needed to get to the 120V is added, there’s
understanding existing methods and an additional 1.5 to 2 percent savings.
systems can bring immediate efficiencies Factor in cooling efficiencies and the savings
and savings, often without an additional can add up to between 4 and 8 percent,
investment. which translates to about $70 per power
supply. When multiplied by the number
One such method is to operate equipment of power supplies in the server rack, the
at high-line voltage and use 208V UPSs, savings certainly justifies making the switch
which maximizes energy efficiency and to 208 volts, especially when expanding or
uptime, and saves money. IT devices moving into a new location.
equipped with a C14 plug are capable of
running on high voltage, which can One of the main reasons that U.S.
Remove the standard 5-15P/C13 power cord that
dramatically increase efficiency. customers have been reluctant to switch to
shipped with your IT equipment and replace it with
high voltage is that high voltage UPSs are
Even small increases in UPS efficiency can one of the C13/C14 jumper cables that shipped
typically fitted with IEC outlets (or even
quickly translate into tens of thousands of with your UPS. Your IT equipment is now
inlets) and customers don’t know how
dollars in savings. For example, assuming a operating at 208V, running more efficiently and
to connect them to IT equipment with a
saving you money.
utility rate of 10 cents per kWh, a 60 kW traditional NEMA plug. However, all IT
N+1 redundant configuration would save power supplies come with a detachable
more than $30,000 over five years. High input cord with a NEMA plug on one side
UPS efficiency also extends battery and an IEC plug on the other. By simply
runtimes and produces cooler operating changing the standard NEMA/C13 power
conditions, resulting in lower utility bills. cord to an IEC C13/C14 power cord, these
At first glance, high-voltage input power additional IT equipment efficiencies can be
seems counter-intuitive when thinking about captured. IEC cables are fully UL-listed and
energy savings. However, in the real world, are the standard method of connection in
power supplies operate more efficiently at large mission-critical data centers across
high voltage. The typical server switch-mode the U.S.
power supply has an efficiency rating
between 65 and 80 percent, with some
special-purpose products able to reach 90
percent efficiency. Lower voltage causes
the power supply to operate at the lower
end of this range.
H IGH VOLTAGE
M AKES M E S IZZLE!

Worldwide voltage map
50 Hz
60 Hz
*Mixed voltages are present in several countries, including Vietnam,

South Korea, Philippines, Brazil, Peru and Saudi Arabia
Single-phase voltages*
110-127V; 60 Hz (also 208V; 60 Hz)
110-127V; 60 Hz
100V
220/230V; 50 Hz
240V; 50 Hz
I R OAMED T HE
WORLD B EFORE
T HERE W ERE
VOLTAGES.

Worldwide voltages
Single- Three- Single- Three- Single- Three-
phase phase phase phase phase phase
voltage voltage Frequency voltage voltage Frequency voltage voltage Frequency
Country (V) (V) ) (Hz) Country (V) (V) ) (Hz) Country (V) (V) ) (Hz)
Afghanistan 220 380 50 Gambia 220 400 50 New Zealand 230 415 50
Albania 230 400 50 Gaza 230 400 50 Nicaragua 120 208 60
Algeria 127/220 400 50 Georgia 220 380 50 Niger 220 380 50
American Samoa 120/240 208 60 Germany 220-230 400 50 Nigeria 230 400 50
Andorra 230 400 50 Ghana 220 400 50 Northern Ireland 240 400 50
Angola 220 380 50 Gibraltar 240 400 50 Norway 220-230 400 50
Antigua 230 400 60 Greece 220-230 400 50 Okinawa 110-120 200/230 60
Armenia 230 380 50 Greenland 220 400 50 Oman 240 415 50
Argentina 220 380 50 Grenada 230 400 50 Pakistan 230 400 50
Aruba 115/127 220 60 Guadeloupe 220 400 50 Palau 120 208 60
Australia 240 415 50 Guam 110-120 190 60 Panama 110-120 190 60
Austria 220-230 400 50 Guatemala 120 208 60 Papua New Guinea 240 415 50
Azerbaijan 220 380 50 Guinea 220 208 50 Paraguay 220 380 50
Azores (Portugal) 220 400 50 Guinea-Bissau 220 380 50 Peru 110/220 220 50/60
Bahamas 120 208 60 Guyana 110 190 50/60 Philippines 115 380 60
Bahrain 220 400 50 Haiti 110-120 190 50/60 Poland 240 400 50
Balearic Islands 230 400 50 Honduras 110 190 60 Portugal 220 400 50
Bangladesh 220 380 50 Hong Kong 200 380 50 Puerto Rico 220-230 208 50
Barbados 115 200 50 Hungary 220 400 50 Qatar 240 415 50
Belarus 220 380 50 Iceland 220 400 50 Réunion Island 230 400 50
Belgium 220-230 400 50 India 220-250 400 50 Romania 220 400 50
Belize 110 190/380 60 Indonesia 220 400 50 Russia 220 400 50
Benin 220 380 50 Iran 220 400 50 Rwanda 220 400 50
Bermuda 120 208 60 Iraq 220 400 50 Saudi Arabia 127/220 190/380 50/60
Bhutan 230 400 50 Ireland 220 400 50 Scotland 220 400 50
Bolivia 110-115/220 400 50 Isle of Man 240 400 50 Senegal 220 400 50
Bosnia-Herzegovina 220 400 50 Israel 230 400 50 Serbia 230 400 50
Botswana 220 400 50 Italy 220-230 400 50 Seychelles 240 240 50
Brazil 110-127 220/380/ 60 Ivory Coast 220 380 50 Sierra Leone 230 400 50
220 440 60 Jamaica 110 190 50 Singapore 230 400 50
Brunei 240 415 50 Japan 100 200 50/60 Slovakia 220 400 50
Bulgaria 220 400 50 Jordan 220 400 50 Slovenia 230 400 50
Burkina Faso 220 380 50 Kazakhstan 220 380 50 Somalia 110/220 380 50
Burundi 220 380 50 Kenya 240 415 50 South Africa 220-230 400 50
Cambodia 120/220 400 50 Korea, South 220 380 50/60 Spain 220-230 400 50
Cameroon 220-230 380 50 Kuwait 240 415 50 Sri Lanka 230 400 50
Canada 120 208/240/600 60 Kyrgyzstan 220 380 50 St. Kitts & Nevis 230 400 60
Canary Islands (Spain) 220 400 50 Laos 220 400 50 St. Lucia 240 400 50
Cape Verde 220 400 50 Latvia 220 400 50 St. Vincent 230 400 50
Cayman Islands 120 208 60 Lebanon 110-220 400 50 Sudan 240 400 50
Central African Republic 220 380 50 Lesotho 240 380 50 Surinam 115 220 60
Chad 220 380 50 Liberia 120 208 60 Swaziland 230 400 50
Channel Islands 240 400 50 Libya 127-230 220/400 50 Sweden 220-230 400 50
Chile 220 380 50 Liechtenstein 220 400 50 Switzerland 220-230 400 50
China 220 380 50 Lithuania 220 400 50 Syria 220 380 50
Colombia 110-220 440 60 Luxembourg 220-230 400 50 Tahiti 220 380 50
Congo 220 400 50 Macau 220 380 50 Taiwan 110 190 60
Congo, Dem. Rep. of 220 380 50 Macedonia 230 400 50 Tajikistan 220 380 50
(formerly Zaire)
Madagascar 220 220/380 50 Tanzania 230 400 50
Cook Islands 240 415 50
Madeira (Portugal) 220 400 50 Thailand 220/230 380 50
Costa Rica 120 240 60
Malawi 230 400 50 Togo 220 380 50
Croatia 220 400 50
Malaysia 240 415 50 Tonga 115 415 60
Cuba 120 190 60
Maldives 230 400 50 Trinidad & Tobago 115/23 200 60
Cyprus 240 400 50
Mali 220 380 50 Tunisia 220 400 50
Czech Republic 220 400 50
Malta 240 400 50 Turkey 220 400 50
Denmark 220-230 400 50
Martinique 220 380 60 Turkmenistan 220 380 50
Djibouti 220 380 50
Mauritania 220 220 50 Uganda 240 415 50
Dominica 230 400 50
Mauritius 230 400 50 Ukraine 220 380 50
Dominican Republic 110 120/208/ 60
Mexico 127 220/480 50 United Arab Emirates 220/230 415 50
227/480
Moldova 220 380 50 United Kingdom 240 400 50
Ecuador 120 190 60
Monaco 220 400 50 United States 120 277/480 60
Egypt 220 380 50
Mongolia 220 400 50 Uruguay 220 220 50
El Salvador 115 200 60
Montserrat 230 400 60 Uzbekistan 220 380 50
England 240 400 50
Morocco 220 380 50 Venezuela 120 240 60
Estonia 220 400 50
Mozambique 220 380 50 Vietnam 120/220 380 50
Ethiopia 220 380 50
Myanmar 230 400 50 Virgin Islands 120 190 60
Faeroe Islands 230 400 50
Namibia 220-250 380 50 Wales 220 400 50
Falkland Islands 240 415 50
Nauru 240 415 50 Western Samoa 230 400 50
Fiji 240 415 50
Nepal 220 400 50 Yemen 220 400 50
Finland 220-230 400 50
Netherlands Antilles 120-127/220 220/380 50/60 Zambia 220 400 50
France 220-230 400 50
Netherlands 220-230 400 50 Zimbabwe 220 415 50
French Guiana 220 380 50
New Caledonia 220 380 50
Gabon 220 380 50

The nine power A H, M ORE
M INIONS F OR
problems
M Y E VIL P LAN!
In an ideal world, your wall socket would provide an infinite stream

of perfect power, at constant voltage and cycling exactly the same
number of times per second. Don’t count on it.
Power Problem Definition
1 Power failure When a superhero loses his ability to fly or a total loss of utility power.
2 Power sag Post-lunch sleepiness or short-term low voltage.
3 Power surge
(spike)
Rush of energy following a double shot of espresso or short-term high voltage more
than 110 percent of normal.
When your amp’s too wimpy to handle the bass line or reduced line voltage for an
4 Under-voltage
(brownout)
extended period of a few minutes to a few days. Often happens during the summer
months when everyone is cranking up their air conditioners.
5 Over-voltage
Inhuman cheerfulness exuded by aerobics instructors or increased line voltage for an
extended period of a few minutes to a few days.
6 Electrical
line noise
Excuse you use to get off the phone quickly or a high power frequency power wave
caused by radio frequency interference (RFI) or electromagnetic interference (EMI).
7 Frequency
variation
Fluctuation in how often you do laundry from week to week or a loss of stability in the
power supply’s normal frequency of 50 or 60 Hz.
8 Switching
transient
Breaking up with your significant other only to get back together every six months or
instantaneous under-voltage in the range of nanoseconds.
9 Harmonic
distortion
“Music” blaring from your nephew’s headphones or the distortion of the normal power
wave, generally transmitted by unequal loads.

Battery
UPS topologies AC to DC
Rectifier
DC to AC
Inverter
Battery
Buck Boost
There are several different UPS topologies that provide varying Online UPSs provide the highest level of protection by isolating
degrees of protection. Selecting the best fit depends on several equipment from rawBattery DC to AC
utility power—converting power from AC to DC
Charger Inverter
factors, including the level of reliability and availability desired, the type and back to AC. Unlike other topologies, double conversion provides
of equipment being protected and the application/environment. While zero transfer time to battery for sensitive
Battery equipment. This topology is
all four of the most common UPS topologies outlined below meet the best applied to mission-critical equipment and locations where power
input voltage requirements for IT equipment, there are key differences generally is poor.
in how the result is achieved, as well as the frequency and duration of
demands on the battery.
Standby UPSs allow equipment to run off utility power until the UPS
detects a problem, at which point it DCswitches to battery power to Internal Static Bypass
to AC
protect against sags, surges or outages. This topology isCapacitor
Inverter best suited
for applications requiring simple backup
Battery such as small office/home
office and point-of-sale equipment. AC to DC
Rectifier DC to AC
Inverter
Battery
DC to AC
Inverter Capacitor
Battery
AC to DC DC to AC
Rectifier Inverter
Battery
Line-interactive UPSs actively regulate voltage either by boosting or Ferroresonant UPSs operate similarly to line-interactive models with
decreasing utility power as necessaryDC before the exception that a ferroresonant transformer is used to condition the
AC to Buck
DC Boost to AC allowing it to pass to the output and hold energy long enough to
protected equipment or by resorting to
Rectifier battery power. Line-interactive
Inverter
models are ideal for applications where protection from power cover the time between switching from line power to battery power
anomalies is required, but the utilityBattery
power is relatively clean. MDF and which effectively means
IDF communication closets, non-centralized server and network a no-break transfer. Many ferroresonant UPSs are 82-88 percent
rooms, and general IT enclosures are ideally suited for this topology. efficient and offer excellent isolation. Although no longer the dominant
Battery DC to AC
Charger Inverter type of UPS, these robust units are still used in industrial settings such
as the oil and gas, petrochemical, chemical, utility and heavy
Buck Boost Battery industry markets.
Battery DC to AC
Inverter
Charger Internal Static Bypass
Battery
AC to DC DC to AC
Rectifier DC to AC Inverter Capacitor
Inverter
Battery
Normal Operation Battery
Internal Static Bypass
Battery Power
AC to DC
Rectifier DC to AC
Inverter
AC to DC DC to AC
Battery Rectifier Inverter
Battery
Buck Boost

UPS battery
overview
It’s well known that the battery is the most vulnerable part of a UPS. Valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries, also known as sealed or
In fact, battery failure is a leading cause of load loss. Understanding maintenance free are most commonly used in UPSs. VRLA batteries
how to properly maintain and manage UPS batteries can extend are sealed, usually within polypropylene plastic, which offers the
their service life and help prevent costly downtime. advantage of not containing any sloshing liquid that might leak or
drip. Because water can’t be added to VRLA batteries,
Extruded Intercell
recombination of water is critical to their life and health, and any
Positive Flag
Valve Terminal Welded Connection, factor that increases the rate of evaporation or water loss—such as
Low Resistance temperature or heat from the charging current—reduces battery life.
Current Path
Cover/Lid
Strap Joining
Negative
Plates in
Parallel
Negative
Pasted Plate
Lead Alloy
Grid Figure 1. VRLA batteries are
frequently used in UPS or other
high-rate applications.
Polypropylene
Container/Jar
Separator
Figure 2. Internal and external components of a valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA)

battery.
Frequently asked questions:

batteries
1. What is the “end of useful 2. Is there any difference
life”? between the batteries used by
smaller UPSs, from 250 VA to
The IEEE defines “end of useful
3 kVA, and the ones used by
life” for a UPS battery as the
larger UPSs?
point when it can no longer
supply 80 percent of its rated While basic battery technology
National capacity in ampere-hours. When

your battery reaches 80 percent
and the risks to battery life
remain the same regardless of
Battery Day of its rated capacity, the aging
process accelerates and the
UPS size, there are some
inherent differences between
happens every battery should be replaced. large and small applications.
Smaller UPSs typically have only
year on one VRLA battery that supports
February 18th the load and needs
maintenance. As systems get
larger, increasing battery
capacity to support the load gets
more complicated. Larger
systems may require multiple
strings of batteries, introducing
complexity to battery
maintenance and support.
Individual batteries must be
View the Professor monitored to prevent a single
bad battery from taking down an
Wattson video on entire string, and putting the
batteries: load at risk. Also, as systems
get larger, wet-cell batteries
Switchon.eaton.com/power101 become much more common.

3. My UPS has been in storage for over a 7. Can I mix batteries by type or age? 13. How long does it take for the UPS
year. Are the batteries still good? batteries to recharge?
No, it’s important that you never mix
As batteries sit unused, with no charging batteries by manufacturer, type or age. On average, it takes 10 times the discharge
regimen, their life will decrease. Due to the Always remove and replace all the batteries time for the UPS batteries to recover. (A
self-discharge characteristics of lead-acid in the device at the same time, and follow 30-minute battery discharge requires about
batteries, it is imperative that they be the manufacturer’s recommendations to 300 minutes to recharge.) After each power
charged after every six to 10 months of which to use. Remember to read the outage, the recharge process begins
storage. Otherwise, permanent loss of warnings and small print before installing. immediately. It’s important to note that the
capacity will occur between 18 and 30 load is fully protected while the batteries are
months. To prolong shelf life without 8. If my UPS is in storage, how often recharging, but if the batteries are needed
charging, store batteries at 10°C (50°F) or should I charge the batteries? during that time, the holdover time available
less. will be less than it would have been if the
The batteries should be charged every three batteries were fully charged.
4. What is the difference between or four months to prevent loss of capacity.
hot-swappable and user-replaceable 14. What are the risks associated with a
batteries? 9. What is the average lifespan of UPS lack of battery maintenance?
batteries?
Hot-swappable batteries can be changed out The primary risks of improperly maintained
while the UPS is running. User-replaceable The standard lifespan for VRLA batteries is batteries are load loss, fire, property damage
batteries are usually found in smaller UPSs three to five years. However, expected life and personal injury.
and require no special tools or training to can vary greatly due to environmental
replace. Batteries can be both hot- conditions, number of discharge cycles, and
15. What is thermal runaway?
swappable and user-replaceable. adequate maintenance. Have a regular
schedule of battery maintenance and Thermal runaway occurs when the heat
monitoring to ensure you know when your generated in a lead-acid cell exceeds its
batteries are reaching their end-of-life. The ability to dissipate it, which can lead to an
typical life of an Eaton UPS with ABM explosion, especially in sealed cells. The
technology is 50 percent longer than with heat generated in the cell may occur without
standard models. any warning signs and may be caused by
overcharging, excessive charging, internal
10. Why are batteries disconnected on physical damage, internal short circuit or a
small, single-phase UPSs when they’re hot environment.
shipped?
16. Why do batteries fail?
This is done to ensure they’re in compliance
with Department of Transportation Batteries can fail for a multitude of reasons,
regulations. but common reasons are:

• High or uneven temperatures
Figure 3. UPS models like the Eaton 9130 feature 11. Does the UPS need to have a load on
hot-swappable batteries for maximum uptime. it to charge its batteries? • Inaccurate float charge voltage
The UPS should have a minimum of • Loose inter-cell links or connections

5. How is battery runtime affected if I 10 percent load to charge its batteries. • Loss of electrolyte due to drying out or
reduce the load on the UPS? Once connected to a standard supply of damaged case
The battery runtime will increase if the load electricity (via input plug or hardwiring), your • Lack of maintenance, aging
is reduced. As a general rule, if you reduce UPS should charge its batteries regardless
the load by half, you triple the runtime. of how much load, if any, is attached to it.
17. How is battery performance generally
measured?
6. If I add more batteries to a UPS, can I 12. How can you be sure UPS batteries
add more load? are in good condition and ensure they Batteries are generally rated for 100+
have maximum holdover in the event discharges and recharges, but many show a
Adding more batteries to a UPS can increase
of a power failure? What preventive marked decline in charging capacity after as
the battery runtime to support the load.
However, adding more batteries to the UPS maintenance procedures should be done few as 10 discharges. The lower the charge
doesn’t increase the UPS capacity. Be sure and how often? the battery can accept, the less runtime it
your UPS is adequately sized for your load can deliver. Look for batteries with a high-
The batteries used in the UPS and rate design that sustains stable performance
and then add batteries to fit your runtime associated battery modules and cabinets are
needs. for a long service term.
sealed, lead-acid batteries often referred to
as maintenance-free. While these types of
batteries are sealed and you don’t need to
check their fluid level, they do require some
attention to assure proper operation. You
should inspect the UPS a minimum of once
per year by initiating a self-test.
Figure 4. Adding extended battery modules

increases runtime but doesn’t increase the power
rating or capacity of the UPS.

Factors affecting
battery life
All UPS batteries have a limited 2. Battery chemistry capacity can be used up over a 5. Shelf life, storage and
service life, regardless of how or large number of short cycles or acceptance testing
Positive grid corrosion has been
where the UPS is deployed. fewer cycles of longer duration.
the most common end-of-life It’s important to ensure that
While determining battery life
factor for UPS batteries, which Lead-acid chemistry, like what’s batteries are properly stored
can be tricky, there are four
is a result of the normal aging used in rechargeable batteries, prior to being installed and
primary factors that contribute
process due to UPS battery can only undergo a certain placed into service in order to
to a battery’s overall lifespan.
chemistry number of discharge/recharge improve service life expectations
and involves the gradual cycles before the chemistry is and reliability. Storage facilities
1. Ambient temperature breakdown of the inner depleted. Once the chemistry is should be climate controlled
The rated capacity of a lead acid segments of the positive grid depleted, the cells fail and the with proper ventilation
battery is based on an ambient within the battery. battery must be replaced. capabilities so batteries can be
temperature of 77°F. It’s kept cool and dry. Failure to
important to know that any 3. Cycling 4. Maintenance comply with proper storage can
variation from this operating lead to shortened runtimes and
temperature can alter the During a utility power failure, a Battery service and maintenance reduced capacity.
battery’s performance and UPS operates on battery power. are critical to UPS reliability. A
Once utility power is restored, gradual decrease in battery life All battery manufacturers have
shorten its life. To help shelf life and storage
determine battery life in relation or a switch to generator power can be monitored and evaluated
is complete, the battery is through voltage checks, load parameters. In terms of time, a
to temperature, remember for good rule of thumb is no more
every 15°F average annual recharged for future use. This is testing or monitoring. Periodic
called a discharge cycle. At preventive maintenance extends than six months of storage in a
temperature above 77°F, the life properly designed storage
of the battery is reduced by 50 installation, the battery is at 100 battery string life by preventing
percent of rated capacity. Each loose connections, removing facility.
percent. Ambient temperatures
below 77°F may reduce the discharge and subsequent corrosion and identifying bad To validate runtime and capacity
battery backup time, similar to a recharge reduces its relative batteries before they can affect expectations, an acceptance test
car battery on a cold morning. capacity by a small percentage. the rest of the string. should be performed. The
The length and quantity of Even though sealed batteries acceptance test will be able to
discharge cycles determine the are sometimes referred to as determine if there are any flaws
reduction in battery capacity. maintenance-free, they still within the manufacturing
require scheduled maintenance process, improper storage or
A good analogy is a loaf of
and service. Maintenance-free perhaps even hidden damage as
bread. It can be sliced into many
simply refers to the fact that a result of shipping and
thin slices, or a few thicker
they don’t require added water. handling. This test might be the
slices. You still have the same
most important procedure any
amount of bread either way. Without regular maintenance, a operator can have performed to
Similarly, a UPS battery’s UPS battery can experience heat- ensure reliability of the battery
generating resistance at the systems.
terminals, improper loading,
reduced protection and To validate runtime and capacity
premature failure. With proper expectations, an acceptance test
maintenance, the end of battery should be performed. The
life can be accurately estimated acceptance test will be able to
and replacements scheduled determine if there are any flaws
without unexpected downtime or within the manufacturing
loss of backup power. process, improper storage or
perhaps even hidden damage as
a result of shipping and
handling. This test might be the
most important procedure any
operator can have performed to
B ATTERIES A RE ensure reliability of the battery
systems.
H EAVY. T HEY G ET
M E P UMPED U P.
For additional information on UPS batteries, to use

the Eaton battery replacement selector, or to request
a free copy of Eaton’s battery handbook, visit
Eaton.com/upsbatteries.

Transform your power
infrastructure with
lithium-ion batteries
While valve regulated
lead acid (VRLA) Safety benefits Installation benefits Performance benefits
batteries have long Lithium phosphate battery
chemistry is stable and safe
Save money on battery
replacement costs
2-3X longer life allows you
to set it and forget it
been the industry
Battery management system 40% weight reduction eases 6X faster charge improves
choice for UPS, new (BMS) actively monitors installation recovery
lithium-ion batteries temperature and charge
Shift your refresh cycle BMS provides up-to-date
cycles
offer additional to be in line with your IT insight into battery
Common vendor for equipment performance
benefits while still battery and BMS improves
meeting required integration and safety
backup runtime.
Lithium-ion batteries are poised
to become the preferred choice
for UPSs in IT applications. The
batteries last longer and
recharge faster, saving time,
saving money and reducing risk
throughout the lifecycle of the
Eaton 5P UPS with lithium-ion battery
UPS. The benefits of this
lightweight solution well justify
the upfront investment.
By the numbers: 5P 1U 1500 VA UPS
Not all batteries are Characteristic VRLA battery Lithium-ion battery Lithium-ion benefit
created equal Battery life span 3-4 years 8 years 2-3X longer life
There are many different types Recharge time (from 0% 24 hours 4 hours 6X faster recovery
of lithium-ion battery chemistries
to 90% runtime capacity
available in the market. Eaton
utilizes a combination of lithium Battery weight 19 lb. 11 lb. 40% lighter weight
phosphate that creates a stable Battery replacement cost $600* $0 $0 OpEx expenditure
and safe battery for UPS
applications. This type of Warranty 3 years 5 years 2X warranty coverage
chemistry does not create *Battery and labor cost for two replacements
oxygen as an off-put should
there be a thermal event,
eliminating the harsh igniting
potential of some lithium-ion
battery chemistries.

UPS E VEN I COULD U SE
A L ITTLE M ORE
software V ISIBILITY TO N ETWORK

P OWER CONDITIONS.
overview
Operating UPS power without power management software is like Once you’ve selected a power management software solution that
driving in the rain without windshield wipers—you may be protected seamlessly integrates into your major virtualization platform and
from the downpour, but your visibility is hindered. Together, a UPS meets the needs of your environment, you will be able to enjoy a
solution and monitoring and management software is the perfect number of advantages.
complement. Cost savings
Most businesses today are leveraging some level of virtualization for • Less hardware, power used, cooling, and management
network, storage, application or servers. Read the top two criteria to
consider when choosing software that safeguards your equipment • Increased productivity—no need to recreate your work-in-progress
and expands the capabilities of your virtual environment. Business continuity and disaster
recovery (BCDR)
1. Establish which software integrates with your virtualization •D
ata integrity and graceful shutdown in the event of an extended
platform outage
Power management software that integrates with the leading • Initiate planned migrations to a cloud recover site
virtualization platforms such as VMware and Microsoft makes
• Extended runtime to critical applications with load shedding
monitoring and management seamless and saves you time.
Management ease
2. Identify what you want to accomplish with the software •A
global view across the network on one screen—often from any
PC with an Internet browsers A complete log of events and UPS
• Do you want it to plug directly into your virtual dashboard?
utility data
• Do you want to initiate planned migrations? • Centralized alarms
• Do you want to perform load shedding? • Organized data by customized views
•Do you want to remotely shut down a host in a cluster without •E
vent logs for preventive maintenance of the entire installed
needing to install shutdown agents on each host or each virtual equipment base
machine?
View the Professor Figure 1. Eaton’s Intelligent Power Manager (IPM) facilitates easy and versatile remote monitoring and
Wattson video on management of multiple devices, keeping you apprised of power and environmental conditions.
virtualization:

Make health-checking your
UPS a top priority
In order to avoid an 2. Perform an early spring 3. Verify UPS communication. 4. Keep service information
unexpected breakdown, your cleaning. Properly oonfigured up-to-date.
vehicle needs regular preven- Clutter, dust and general communications ensure that IT Nothing can be more frustrating
tive maintenance, such as disorganization can cause managers can respond to alerts than finding out your UPS is no
routine oil changes and unwanted issues and decrease and take corrective actions, so: longer under warranty after it
tune-ups. Likewise, an annual the reliability of your system, so fails. Be sure to:
visit to your physician’s office a. Run a test email. If your UPS
be sure to: is equipped with a Network a. Double-check your service
helps identify any potential
a. Check the air flow. Make Interface Card (NIC), run a contract. Review your
problems that could become
sure there is nothing blocking trial email. Sometimes coverage and consider storing
health concerns. Ensuring the air-flow in your IT changing email servers or contract information in one
ongoing optimal performance environment, since heat is domains can cause settings place, either physically or
of your UPS is much the one of the biggest reducers to be out of date. electronically.
same. of battery life. You should b. Check the software. Make b. Register your product. If
have enough air flow to sure the UPS and NIC both you do not have a service
keep your UPS at room have the most up-to-date contract, at least make sure
The following checklist will help temperature (77°F is optimal).
you keep it in tip-top shape: versions. your UPS is registered with
b. Dust! Caked-on grime can the manufacturer. This helps
1. Make sure your batteries damage fans and cause you stay informed on
are in good health. electronics board damage. updates, and allows the
Batteries are the No. 1 cause of A simple wipe down is often manufacturer to respond
UPS failure, so it’s wise to do all you need. If you have a quickly if an issue does arise.
the following: larger, centralized UPS, you These simple steps will go a
may need to replace your air long way toward ensuring the
a. N
ote their age. UPS
filter or make sure that it is ongoing reliability of your UPS,
batteries can last anywhere
clean. and in turn, the critical
from 2-5 years, so if yours are
4 years old or older, you equipment and data it is
should probably begin protecting.
planning a replacement.
b. Run a UPS battery self-test.
Most network-class UPSs
have the capability to run a
quick self-check from the
front menu.
c. Check under the hood. I H AVE A Q UESTION.
Remove the front bezel and
make sure there are no signs W HICH D ESERVES
of battery swelling or
damage.
N EW L IFE M ORE ? YOUR
d. Consider a preventive IT I NFRASTRUCTURE
maintenance (PM) visit. For
customers with larger,
OR M E?
centralized UPSs, consider
having an electrician or
factory-authorized technician
test each individual battery,
which provide a much more
detailed picture of your
system reliability.

Service overview
One of the best ways to protect your
investment is by including a service
plan. Scheduled preventive maintenance
can help detect a wide range of ailments
before they become serious and costly
issues.
Figure 1. Smaller UPS models are usually sent to a

repair facility.
• Time and material (T&M) service is a

Types of UPS service Types of service pay-as-you-go approach through which
agreements
the service provider makes a repair only
There are several UPS service delivery when something breaks. T&M can be
methods, including: done either via depot repair or onsite,
A variety of different UPS service options depending on the UPS. This method
• Factory warranty—repair or replace.
are available, any of which will likely save can be an unacceptable service solution
You contact the UPS service provider and
you time and money by minimizing business for some customers, since it’s often
ship your UPS to a repair facility. The
interruption and the costs of downtime, as expensive, and there’s the uncertainty
service provider returns the repaired unit
well as enhancing overall return on of not knowing when a field technician
or a refurbished unit.
investment by extending the lifespan of will arrive. Because support agreement
• Extended warranty—advance swap critical power equipment. (contract) customers always take priority,
depot exchange. T&M response times can be up to five
• Support agreements, or service
You contact your UPS service provider, days, based on the product and location.
contracts, usually combine parts and
which ships a refurbished unit to you; the
labor coverage (electronics, batteries or
original UPS unit is returned to a repair
both), one or more UPS preventive
facility. Typically this expedites a
maintenance inspections annually, and a
replacement UPS by the next business
combination of coverage hours and arrival
day and freight costs are paid both ways
response time. Plans can be tailored to
by Eaton.
meet almost any need. Special features
• Onsite repair. You contact your UPS like remote monitoring, battery
service provider and factory-trained field replacement insurance and spare part kits
technicians travel to your site to diagnose may also be added.
and repair electronic or battery-related
• Extended warranty (or basic warranty)
problems.
may also be purchased for many UPS
Smaller UPS products (below 1000 VA) products. A warranty commonly covers
generally can be repaired at a depot, while specified parts and labor such as Figure 3. Eaton is one of the UPS companies that
products over 1000 VA and up to 18 kVA can electronic components for a fixed period provides remote monitoring services.
either be repaired at a depot or serviced of time. Warranties may have limited
The Eaton service

onsite. Larger UPSs that are either response times or exclude features like
hardwired (can’t be unplugged) or too heavy scheduled preventive maintenance. The
to ship can only be serviced onsite by
trained technicians.
more services added to a warranty, the
closer it becomes to a support offering
agreement.
Eaton offers power quality services for
its UPS products as well as for related
equipment such as power distribution units
(PDUs) and batteries. Eaton also services
products from legacy brands, including
Powerware, Exide Electronics, Best Power,
MGE Office Protection Systems, IPM,
Deltec and Lortec. Eaton has more than
40 years of experience designing and
For more information on UPS service, and to servicing industry-leading UPSs for
access service-related white papers, please visit government, healthcare, industrial and
Eaton.com/upsservices. data center applications.

Frequently asked
questions
We compiled the following set 4. How is battery runtime impacted if 8. How is reliability measured?
of questions based on our extensive I reduce the load on the UPS?
Power reliability is usually stated as a
experience dealing with resellers and end
There can be a significant increase in percent of time the power is available. For
users. For frequently asked questions about
runtime. Generally speaking, a UPS that example, the power grid system in the U.S.
UPS batteries, please visit the UPS battery
provides five minutes at full load will provide provides three nines of reliability—the
overview section on page 25.
15 minutes at half load. power is available for 99.9 percent of the
time. Because those 8.8 hours of downtime
1. What’s the difference between a surge translate into significant downtime and
5. My business is too small for protective
protector and a UPS? expense, IT and telephone network services
measures. Do I really need a UPS?
A surge protector provides just that—surge require at least five nines of reliability.
Power problems are equal-opportunity
protection. In addition to surge protection, a
threats. Your PCs, servers and network are Reliability average Non-availability per year
UPS continually regulates incoming voltage
just as critical to your business as a data 99% 88 hours
and provides battery backup in the event of
center is to a large enterprise. Downtime is
a power failure. See page 19 for more on 99.9% 8.8 hours
costly in terms of hardware and potential
UPSs and surge suppressors. 99.99% 53 minutes
loss of goodwill, reputation and sales. Also
add in the delays that inevitably occur when 99.999% 5.3 minutes
2. How much capacity of a UPS should rebooting locked-up equipment, restoring 99.9999% 32 seconds
I use? damaged files and re-running processes that 99.99999%+ 3.2 seconds
To allow for future expansion, we were interrupted. A sound power protection
recommend that you install a UPS at strategy is cost-effective insurance.
approximately 75 percent capacity. In 9. How are phone systems and IT
addition, the batteries degrade over time; 6. Why is power quality such a problem equipment affected by inconsistent
by oversizing, you provide room for error. today? power?
In the online Eaton UPS sizing tool Fluctuating power is a waste of valuable
Today’s high-tech IT equipment and control
(Eaton.com/UPSselector) we’ve included time and money. If customers expose their
units are much more sensitive to electrical
a “capacity used” column. telephone systems (and any other electronic
disturbances and are more important to the
critical functions of many businesses than equipment) to inconsistent utility power,
3. How much UPS battery runtime do in the past. As a result, power quality they’re vulnerable to hardware and software
I need? problems today are more frequent and damage, data corruption and communication
more costly than ever. breakdown. The time and cost of replacing
During an outage, you need enough battery equipment, as well as the business lost
runtime to gracefully shut down systems or during breakdown and replacement, can
switch to backup generators. You may add 7. Are power quality problems always greatly affect a company’s bottom line.
an optional extended battery module (EBM) noticeable?
to increase runtime.
No. In many cases, disturbances can cause 10. I have a UPS. Am I really protected by
imperceptible damage to circuits and other lightning?
components, a major cause of premature
equipment failure and problems like No UPS or any other form of surge
computer lockups. Many power quality protection device can provide total
problems go unresolved, resulting in lost protection against lightning-induced power
revenue and data. surges. A good UPS will suppress the
majority of surges without itself suffering
damage. For larger surges, it will also offer
one-off protection, where the surge
protection device does its job of protecting
the connected equipment, but is destroyed
in the process and can, therefore, provide
no further protection. While a well specified

good quality UPS will provide a very useful 14. What happens if the UPS is 19. My data center only went down for a
level of surge protection, it will do an even overloaded, for example, if the protected couple of minutes. What’s the big deal?
better job if it is used as part of a equipment and/or load draws more
When a data center goes down and then
comprehensive surge protection system current than it can provide?
back up during a power outage without a
with several levels of protection with high-
The UPS transfers the load to bypass (for a managed shut down, it doesn't come up
energy protection devices installed at the
few minutes) until the overload condition is nicely. Storage arrays initialize after servers
point where the supply enters the building,
reversed. If the overload condition that try to mount their shares, while some
and smaller devices installed at other critical
continues, some UPS models automatically servers boot without access to DNS servers
points throughout the building’s power
shut down. Some models can run at 110V that are also booting and thus have other
distribution system.
indefinitely in bypass. problems. Although the outage was short, it
can take hours to get everything back online.
11. We have a generator. Do I still need In addition, data corruption is a serious
15. What causes a UPS to be overloaded?
a UPS? concern.
There are two possible answers: (1) the UPS
A generator will NOT protect your
was undersized (e.g., the load is rated at
equipment against power problems. You 20. Where can I get technical help?
1200 VA, but a 1000 VA UPS was provided),
need a UPS to guarantee that the equipment
or (2) you plugged more equipment into the Contact your territory representative or call
stays up until the generator kicks on and
UPS than it was designed to handle. the Eaton UPS hotline at 1-800-356-5794 for
stabilizes—which often requires several
pre-sales support and 1-800-356-5737 for
minutes. See page 9 for more on generator
16. I have a 3000 VA UPS. Can I just plug technical support. You can also visit
and UPS compatibility.
the unit into a standard 15A wall outlet? Eaton.com/UPS.
12. How much UPS capacity do I need? Only UPSs with power ratings up to 1500
VA plug into a standard 15A wall outlet. All
Determine the total load (in watts) of
others require a larger receptacle, which
the equipment you want to protect.
must be installed by an electrician.
Add 10–20 percent for future growth and
decide the minimum amount of runtime
you need. Use the online sizer at 17. Why is power management software
(Eaton.com/UPSselector) to identify important?
the right solution for your application. Although UPSs are typically rugged and
reliable, they do require ongoing monitoring
13. What are the different levels of surge and support. Power management software
protection? continuously monitors and diagnoses the
state of the grid, batteries and power
There are three typical levels:
sources, together with the condition of the
A. Lightning arrestors. Big and mean, UPS’s internal electronics. Eaton UPS
usually found in large facilities located in software and connectivity cards enable
high-risk areas. Takes an extremely high remote monitoring and management
voltage and clamps it down. capability, including graceful shutdown and
B. Surge Protective Devices (SPD or load segment control.
TVSS). Mounted on your panelboard or load
center; sometimes larger UPS models may 18. Will my current UPS software monitor
have some level of this, but typically not a my new Eaton UPS?
great amount. Clamps voltage down two Yes, you can monitor your Eaton UPS with
even lower tolerances (~1 kV or less). any UPS or facility management software
C. Local outlet level surge protector. A that supports the industry standard
simple surge strip; small plug-and-play UPSs Management Information Base (MIB, RFC
often have this as well. Brings voltage down 1628) as long as you install the optional
to levels that will not permanently damage connectivity card. Most UPS vendors
connected equipment (typically ~380V). support this MIB and all good facility
Lightning strikes have such an incredible
management software, including
OpenManage, OpenView and Tivoli also
A G ENERATOR?
amount of energy that only an expensive
lightning arrestor would protect you from a
support it. Extended Eaton Advanced MIBs
are available for greater levels of detail.
I A LREADY H AVE
direct hit and they often don't guarantee
complete protection. For the best protection
You can remotely control your Eaton UPS
M Y O WN!
against lightning strikes, you want to
using the Eaton UPS management software
develop a two-stage defense with
or through a secure web interface if you
something at your panel and something at
choose the optional connectivity card, which
the outlet level. Visit Eaton.com/spd for
also allows for automated email alerts for
some informative videos and additional
power events without needing to install any
information.
software.

Electric transmission
distribution system
The flow of electricity begins at the utility company, where it’s The transmission substation then increases the voltage, which
created at the generating station. A generator transformer at depends on the distance the power needs to travel and the amount
the station switchyard then steps up the voltage to minimize desired. Electricity then enters the transmission system, traveling at
cable size and electrical losses. nearly the speed of light, over heavy cables strung between tall
towers. A step-down transformer located at a substation near the
final destination reduces the voltage to between 22,000 and 69,000
volts, so the electricity can be carried on smaller distribution lines
that carry it to the end user. Transformers that adjust the voltages
down to the proper level for use are located at or near each end
user facility. For commercial use, the load can range from 416 volts
to 480 volts, while residential use is typically 208/120 volts in the
U.S. and Canada.

Substation
Overhead
Transmission
Lines
Overhead
Transformer Main Lateral Lightn
Breaker Switchgear Feeder Static Fuse Arrest
8
2
9 10
4 Powers
Conduits Poles
3
12,470
Volts
5 6
Underground 230,000 Volts Underground 7

1
Transmission Main Feeder
Lines
Residential Residential Load Commercial Customer

Small Business 120V and 280V Service Equipment
ead Customer Service
n Lateral Lightning
Threats to
der Static Fuse Arrestors
8
the system Powers

9 10 Pad Mounted
Transformer
13 14
uits At each stage, there are a Poles 11

70
s
number of threats that can
interrupt the flow and
15
distribution of electricity.
Everything from lightning
strikes to failed equipment 12
can severely affect the end
user and disrupt important
and vital processes.
7 Underground Commercial Load
Service 480/277 volts
380/220 volts
416/240 volts
1 Fire sparked by weak wire 6 Squirrels and raccoons chew through 10 Mylar balloons drift into power lines
burns through line a wire or wander into the wrong area 11 Three-car collision strikes utility pole
2 Lightning strike damages 7 Underground explosion causes cable 12 Failure of underground cable
transmission line failure
13 Equipment failure
3 Bird flies in causing short circuit 8 Storm blows branches and limbs down
that crash into power lines 14 The power goes out and no one
4 Thieves steal copper knows why
5 Blown fuse at substation transformer 9 Equipment malfunction
15 Utilities conduct a planned outage for
repairs or upgrades
T REES, R OADS,
G RASS A ND P OWER
L INES. W HERE A M I
S UPPOSED TO L AND?

Eaton’s
Blackout Eaton’s Blackout Tracker monitors power outages across the U.S. and Canada to
provide a snapshot of reported power outages. The Blackout Tracker is an interactive
Tracker
and educational way to share information about the causes, frequencies and impact
of power outages. You can view a region or individual state or province to see specific
information about power outages, including their cause, duration and number of
people affected. Visit Eaton.com/blackouttracker to see this interactive tool and order
the latest Blackout Tracker annual report.
Total number of summer outages between 2008–2017 by state Average number of summer days with thunderstorms
Top 10 City Total Top 10 City Total
1 California 1,426 1 Birmingham, AL 30
2 New York 591 2 Atlanta, GA 26
3 Texas 575 3 Charlotte, NC 21
4 Ohio 511 4 Cincinnati, OH 20
5 Michigan 496 5 Chicago, IL 19
6 Pennsylvania 477 6 Buffalo, NY 18
7 North Carolina 388 7 Cleveland, OH 17
8 Illinois 372 8 Baltimore, MD 16
9 Washington 342 9 Austin, TX 14
10 Virginia 333 10 Boston, MA 11
Total number of tropical cyclones in U.S. by month (1851–2015) Impact of power outages
Month Tropical storms Hurricanes Every day, an interruption to electrical service in homes, businesses
and public sector organizations occurs, and the losses. For a
June 90 19 business, the recovery time is significant and the costs are high.
According to Price Waterhouse research, after a power
July 118 25 outage disrupts IT systems:
• >33 percent of companies take more than a day to recover
August 383 78 • 10 percent of companies take more than a week to recover
September 578 107 • It can take up to 48 hours to reconfigure a network
• It can take days or weeks to re-enter lost data
• 90 percent of companies without a survival plan go out of
business within 18 months
Power outages can cause substantial losses for the companies
affected. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, when a
power failure disrupts IT systems:
• 33 percent of companies lose $20,000-$500,000
• 20 percent lose $500,000 to $2 million
• 15 percent lose more than $2 million

Prepare for summer
outage threats
More than 36 percent of all U.S. power outages
occur during the summer months, according to
data compiled by Eaton's Blackout Tracker
between 2008-2017.
5 summer blackouts
things to know about
1. S
UMMER OUTAGES 2. MOTHER NATURE DOESN'T
REALLY PACK THE HEAT. TAKE A SUMMER VACATION.
The total number of summer outage Thunderstorms are more prevalent
events has grown by 45 percent between May and August; hurricanes
from 2012 to 2016. wreak havoc from June to September;
and monsoons make their mark
beginning June 15.
3. S
UMMER WEATHER HAS 4. GRID VULNERABILITIES
BECOME SUPER-SIZED. CAN BE SCORCHING.
A multitude of record-smashing natural The demand on the power grid doubles
disasters occurred in the U.S. during during the summer time, increasing the
the summer of 2017, including Hurricane risk of unplanned outages and causing
Harvey, Hurricane Irma, and more than your electronic equipment to run hotter
110 large fires and wear out faster.
5. T
HINGS CAN GET
SQUIRRELLY IN THE HEAT.
40 percent of the past decade's
creature-caused blackouts occurred
during the summer months, with
squirrels as the leading culprit.

WA VT NH
111 11 21 ME
MT ND 52
38 17
OR MN
85 ID 56
SD WI NY
65 83 165 MA
18 MI
WY RI 112
17 155 CT 13
IA PA 64
NE 47 134 NJ
NV 51 OH DE 64
46 UT IL IN
158 6
Reported power outages by state in 2017

CA 71 69
Number of power outages by date

44 CO WV VA
438 94 KS 36 95 MD/DC
MO KY 36
69 55 33
NC
TN 126
AZ OK 52
NM 67 AR SC
61 33 28 59
GA
WA MS VTALNH 56
111
TX 38 11 4221 ME
MT ND LA 52
38 17 192 54
OR MN
85 ID 56 FL
SD WI NY
65 83 165 MA
79
18 MI
WY RI 112
AK
17 155 CT 13
19 IA PA 64
NE 47 134 NJ
NV 51 OH DE 64
46 UT IL IN 201 and up
69 158 6
CA 44 CO 71 WV VA
438 94 KS MO KY 36 95 MD/DC 101 - 200
69 55 33 HI 36
NC 19 51 - 100
TN 126 25 - 50
AZ OK 52
NM 67 AR SC
61 33 28 59 10 - 24
AL GA
MS 56 0-9
38 42
TX LA
192 54
FL
79
AK
19
201 and up
101 - 200
HI
19 51 - 100
25 - 50
10 - 24
0-9
Reported power outages by cause in 2017
Note: Each power outage was grouped into one of seven possible causes. The outages by cause were totaled and the results displayed
in the chart above. The number adjacent to the pie piece is the number of outages attributable to that cause.

Commonly used acronyms
UPS and electrical acronyms
A Ampere ITIC Information Technology SNMP Simple Network Management
Industry Council Protocol
AC Alternating Current
kAIC Kiloampere Interrupting SPD Surge Protection Device
AFCI Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter
Capacity
THD Total Harmonic Distortion
AH Ampere Hour
kVA Kilovolt ampere
TVSS Transient Voltage Surge
ANSI American National Standards
LAN Local Area Network Suppressor
Institute
LCD Liquid Crystal Display UL Underwriters Laboratory
ASCII American Standard Code for
Information Interchange LED Light-Emitting Diode UPS Uninterruptible Power System
(or Supply)
AVR Automatic Voltage Regulation LIB Lithium-ion battery
USB Universal Serial Bus
BBM Break-Before-Make (Bypass LV Low Voltage
Switch) V Volt
MBB Make-Before-Break (bypass
BDM Bypass Distribution Module switch) VA Volt Ampere
BTU British Thermal Unit MIB Management Information Vac Volts Alternating Current
Base
CRAC Computer Room Air Vdc Volts Direct Current
Conditioning MOV Metal Oxide Varistor
VRLA Valve Regulated Lead Acid
CRAH Computer Room Air Handler MTBF Mean Time Between Failure W Watt
CSA Canadian Standards MTTR Mean Time To Repair
Association
NEC National Electrical Code Eaton acronyms
DC Direct Current
NEMA National Electrical ABM Advanced Battery
DCIE Data Center Infrastructure Manufacturers Association Management
Efficiency
NIC Network Interface Card AFC American Football Conference
EBC Extended Battery Cabinet
PDM Power Distribution Module AM Advanced Monitored (ePDU)
EBM Extended Battery Module
PDU Power Distribution Unit ARG Amphibious Ready Group
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility
PE Protective Earth (also Physical BA Basic (ePDU)
EMF Electromagnetic Force Education)
CSE Customer Service Engineer
EMI Electromagnetic Interference PF Power Factor
EOSL End of Service Life
FCC Federal Communications PFC Power Factor Correction
Commission EMS Energy Management System
PM Preventive maintenance
GFCI Ground-Fault Circuit ESS Energy Saver System
PoE Power over Ethernet
Interrupter HDMA High Density Managed (ePDU)
PPDM PowerPass Distribution
GND Ground ME Metered (ePDU)
Module
HV High Voltage MI Ethernet Monitored (ePDU)
PPE Personal Protective
HVAC Heating, Ventilating and Equipment NFC National Football Conference
Air Conditioning
PUE Power Usage Effectiveness PDR Power Distribution Rack
HW Hardwired
REPO Remote Emergency Power RMA Return Material Authorization
Hz Hertz Off
RPM Rack Power Module
IEC International Electrotechnical RFI Radio Frequency Interference
Commission (IEC) ROO Remote On/Off
RM Rackmount (also Rectifier
IEEE Institute of Electrical And Magazine) RPO Remote Power Off
Electronics Engineers RPP Remote Power Panel
RMS Root Mean Square
IGBT Insulated Gate Bi-polar SEAL Sea Air Land
RoHS Restriction of Hazardous
Transistor
Substances SW Switched (ePDU)
ISO International Standards
SCR Silicon-Controlled Rectifier T&M Time and Material
Organization
SLA Service Level Agreement

Other acronyms
VMMS Variable Module Management NAS Network Attached Storage SasS Software as a Solution
System
NIC Network Interface Card SAN Storage Area Network
BCDR Business Continuity and
NOC Network Operations Center SATA Serial Advanced Technology
Disaster Recover
Attachment
PABX Private Automatic Branch
BYOD Bring Your Own Device
Exchange SOA Service-Oriented Architecture
CI Converged Infrastructure
PaaS Platform as a Service SQL Structured Query Language
CPU Central Processing Unit
PBX Private Branch Exchange SSL Secure Socket Layer
DCIM Data Center Infrastructure
PC Personal Computer SVGA Super Video Graphics Array
Management
PEBKAC Problem Exists Between TCP/IP Transmission Control
DISA Defense Information Systems
Keyboard and Computer Protocol/Internet Protocol
Agency
PHI Personal Health Information TDM Time-division Multiplexing
DNS Domain Name System
PICNIC Problem in chair not in UC Unified Communications
DR Disaster Recovery
computer
URL Uniform Resource Locator
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
PMDC Portable Modular Data Center
VDI Virtual Desktop Infrastructure
DVV or Data, Voice, Video
POTS Plain Old Telephone System
DV2 VGA Video Graphics Array
PSAP Public Safety Answering Point
E911 Enhanced 911 VLAN Virtual LAN
PSTN Public Switched Telephone
ELT Emergency Locator VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
Network
Transmitter
VM Virtual Machine
P2V Physical to Virtual
EMEA Europe, Middle East, Africa
VPN Virtual Private Network
RAM Random Access Memory
FMC Fixed/Mobile Convergence
WAN Wide Area Network
ROBO Romote Office/Branch Office
FTP File Transfer Protocol
GUI Graphical User Interface
GoT Game of Thrones
HDD Hard Disk Drive
HPC High-Performance Computer AT O UR O FFICE, W E
HTML HyperText Markup Language
A LLOW BYOD. M Y I T
HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol
IOT Internet of Things
P RO B ROUGHT M E .
MDF Main Distribution Frame
NNM Network Node Manager
IaaS Infrastructure as a Service
IDF Intermediate Distribution
Frame
IP Internet Protocol
ISP Internet Service Provider
KVM Keyboard, Video, Mouse
LEED Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design
MSP Managed Service Platform
MTDC Multi-Tenant Data Center
M2MI Machine-to-Machine Interface

Glossary of power terms
In the following glossary, we’ve Blackout Communication bay
attempted to capture the common terms A zero-voltage condition lasting for more Also known as an option slot, a UPS
related to UPS and power distribution than two cycles. Also known as a power feature that enables the addition of various
products. If you look closely, you might outage or failure. connectivity cards for Web, SNMP,
see us trying to have a little fun! Modbus or serial connectivity interface
British Thermal Unit (BTU)
capabilities.
Used to measure heat dissipation and is
the amount of energy required to raise
one pound of water one degree
Advanced Battery Management Fahrenheit. One pound of water at 32°F
A three-stage charging technique that requires the transfer of 144 BTUs to
automatically tests battery health. freeze into solid ice.
Provides advance notification when
preventive maintenance is needed, Brown field
allowing ample time to hot-swap batteries An existing data center—often with
without ever having to shut down limited possibilities for sustainable and
connected equipment significantly energy-efficient designs.
extending the life of your UPS's battery Brownout
(and, quite possibly, your contract). Eaton 5P equipped with a communication bay.
A steady state of low voltage, but not
Alternating current (AC) zero voltage. Brownouts often occur Converged infrastructure
An electric current that reverses its during summer months when energy use The combination of server, storage,
direction at regularly recurring intervals, is high. networking, virtualization and sometimes
as opposed to direct current, which is other resources into an integrated
Canadian Standards Association (CSA) solution that is managed as a whole
constant. Usually in a sine wave pattern, An independent Canadian organization
for optimal transmission of energy. rather than through separate management
that tests for public safety, similar to the systems.
Ampere (A or Amp) function of Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
The unit of measure for the rate of flow in the U.S. As far as we know, it doesn’t Converter
of electricity, analogous to gallons per set the rules for hockey. A device that delivers DC power when
minute. VA x 0.7 (power factor) = watts energized by a DC source. It’s also a
Capacitor section of a switching power supply that
Apparent power An electronic component that can store performs the actual power conversion and
Applied voltage multiplied by current in an an electrical charge on conductive plates. final rectification.
AC circuit which doesn’t take the power Charger
factor into account. Unit is volt amperes Crest factor
(1) An electronic component in a UPS that Usually refers to current. It’s the
(VA). provides regulated DC voltage to recharge mathematical relationship between RMS
Arc batteries. (2) An inferior mascot for an and peak current. A normal resistive load
Sparking that results when undesirable inferior team in the AFC West. will have a crest factor of 1.4142, which
current flows between two points of Cloud computing is the normal relationship between peak
differing potential due to leakage through (1) Internet- (cloud-) based development and RMS current. A typical PC will have a
the intermediate insulation or a leakage and use of computer technology. This crest factor of 3. Unrelated to toothpaste.
path due to contamination. In astronomy, new supplement, consumption and
an arc is the part of a circle representing Critical equipment
delivery model for IT services typically Equipment such as computers,
the apparent course of a heavenly body. involves the provision of dynamically communications systems or electronic
Audible noise scalable, and often virtualized, resources process controls, which must be
A measure of the noise emanating from a as a service over the Internet. (2) Work continuously available.
device at audible frequencies. done while traveling on a plane.
Delta connection
Backup time Common mode noise A circuit formed by connecting three
The amount of time the battery in a UPS An undesirable voltage that appears electrical devices in series to form a
is designed to support the load. between the power conductors and closed loop; most often used in three-
ground. phase connections. If you fly Delta
Balanced load
(1) AC power system using more than Commercial power Airlines, this most likely takes place in
two wires, where the current and voltage The power supplied by local utility Atlanta, Salt Lake City or Cincinnati.
are of equal value in each energized companies which can vary drastically in Derating
conductor. (2) Laundry with equal parts of quality throughout the U.S. depending on A reduction of some operating
light and dark clothes. location, weather and other factors. parameters to compensate for a change
Battery string in one or more other parameters. In
A group of batteries connected together power systems, the output power rating
in a series. is generally reduced at elevated
temperatures.
Direct current (DC)
An electric current in which the flow of
electrons is in one direction, such as
supplied by a battery.

DC distribution (DCD) Frequency Inrush current
A module in a DC power system that The number of complete cycles of AC The maximum, instantaneous input
distributes DC power to the loads. It also voltage that occur during one second (Hz). current drawn by an electrical device
provides protection for the load cables. In North America, electrical current is when first turned on. Some electrical
supplied mainly at 60 Hz, or 60 cycles per devices draw several times their normal
DC power system
second. full-load current when initially energized.
An AC to DC power supply with
integrated control and monitoring, and Green field Inverter
standby batteries designed to supply A new data center with many possibilities UPS assembly that converts internal DC
no-break DC power (usually 24V or 48V) for sustainable and energy-efficient power to output AC power to run the
to telecommunications and IT network designs. user’s equipment. When the inverter is
equipment. supporting 100 percent of the load at all
Ground
times, as with an online UPS, there is no
Double conversion A conducting connection, whether inten-
break from utility to battery power.
A UPS design in which the primary power tional or accidental, by which an electric
path consists of a rectifier and inverter. It circuit or equipment is connected to the IT mulllet or business mullet
isolates the output power from all input earth, or to some conducting body of rela- Blazer on the top, jeans on the bottom.
anomalies such as low voltage surges and tively large extent that serves in its place.
Kilovolt ampere (kVA)
frequency variations.
A common measurement of equipment
Downtime Earth ground symbol capacity equaling 1000 volt-amperes. An
The time during which a functional unit approximation of available power in an AC
can’t be used because of a fault within it Harmonics system that does not take the power
or the environment. A sinusoidal component of an AC voltage factor into account.
Dry contacts that’s multiple of the fundamental Kinetic energy
Dry contact refers to a contact of a relay waveform frequency. Certain harmonic The energy an object possesses because
which does not make or break a current. patterns may cause equipment problems of its motion.
Efficiency Harmonic distortion Line conditioner
The ratio of output to input power. Regularly appearing distortion of the sine A device intended to improve the quality
Generally measured at full-load and wave which is converted into a complex of the power that’s delivered to electrical
nominal line conditions. If the power waveform at a multiple of the load equipment. A line conditioner is gen-
efficiency of a device is 90 percent, you fundamental frequency. erally designed to improve power quality
get back 90 watts for every 100 you put Hertz (Hz) (e.g., proper voltage level, noise suppres-
in, and the rest is mainly dissipated as A unit of frequency equal to one cycle per sion, transient impulse protection, etc.).
heat from the filtration process. To think second. Line interactive
of it another way, this would be equiva-
High efficiency mode An offline UPS topology in which the
lent to a bartender pouring off about an
A mode of UPS operation that cuts system interacts with the utility line to
ounce and a half of your beer before
energy usage and operating costs. regulate the power to the load. Provides
handing you the remaining 14.5 ounces!
better protection than a standby system
Electrical line noise High voltage (HV) but isn’t as fully prepared against irregular-
Radio frequency interference (RFI), In the context of UPS products, high ities as a full double-conversion system,
electromagnetic interference (EMI) and voltage is anything ≥200V: 200V, 208V, making it the "Goldilocks" of UPS topologies.
other voltage or frequency disturbances. 220V, 230V, 240V, 250V, 480V and 600V.
Linear load
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) High voltage spike AC electrical loads where the voltage and
Electrical interference that can cause Rapid voltage peaks up to 6,000 volts. current waveforms are sinusoidal. The cur-
equipment to work improperly, EMI can Hot swappable rent at any time is proportional to voltage.
be separated into conducted EMI The ability to change a module without Lithium-ion battery
(interference conducted through cables taking the critical load off the UPS. Also A lightweight battery with high energy
out of the UPS) and radiated EMI see “user replaceable.” density. Its electrodes are made of
(interference conducted through the air).
lightweight lithium and carbon. Eaton
Energy Saver System (ESS) utilizes a combination of lithium phosphate
Innovative technology from Eaton that that creates a stable and safe battery for
enables select UPS models to operate at UPS applications. This type of chemistry
99 percent efficiency without does not create oxygen as an off-put
compromising reliability—not to be should there be a thermal event, elimin-
confused with inferior “eco” modes. The batteries on this Eaton 9PX UPS are ating the harsh igniting potential of some
hot swappable. lithium-ion battery chemistries. Lithium is
ePDU
also a song by the band Nirvana on the
A power distribution unit that mounts to Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)
ground breaking album Nevermind
rack enclosures and distributes power to A three-terminal power semiconductor
released on September 24, 1991.
connected devices via a wide variety of device, noted for high efficiency and fast
output receptacles. switching. It switches electric power in
many modern appliances such as electric
Federal Communications Commission
cars, trains and UPSs. This Eaton 5P UPS is equipped with Li-Ion batteries
(FCC)
A U.S. federal regulating body whose Impedance Load
new EMI limitations are affecting the The total opposition to alternating current The equipment connected to and
design and production of digital flow in an electrical circuit. protected by a UPS. Pretty rockin’
electronics systems and their related Metallica album.
Input voltage range
subassemblies.
The voltage range within which a UPS
Flooded batteries operates in “normal” mode and doesn’t
A form of battery where the plates are require battery power.
completely immersed in a liquid
electrolyte.

Load segment Online Power sag
UPS configuration with separate (1) A UPS that provides power to the load Low voltage (below nominal 120 volts).
receptacle groups, enabling scheduled from its inverter 100 percent of the time,
Power surge
shutdowns and maximum backup power regulating BOTH voltage and frequency,
High voltage (above nominal 120 volts).
time for critical devices. usually using double-conversion topology.
(2) The most convenient way to shop, Pulse width modulation (PWM)
bank, get news, etc. A circuit used in switching regulated
power supplies where the switching
Orderly shutdown
frequency is held constant and the width
This Eaton 9PX UPS is equipped with two load The sequenced shutdown of units
of the power pulse is varied, controlling
segments comprising a computer system to prevent
both lines and load changes with minimal
damage to it and subsequent corruption
Low voltage (LV) dissipation.
or loss of data.
In the context of UPS products, low Rackmount
voltage is anything <200V (100V and Output waveform (UPS)
Ability to mount an electrical assembly
120V). The shape of the graph of alternating
into a standardized rack. Generally
current on the output side of a UPS. The
Maintenance bypass stacked up to 42U and 19 inches wide
highest quality of an output waveform
An external wiring path to which the load — about the size of a pizza box but not
from a UPS is the sine wave, but, some
can be transferred to upgrade or perform as greasy.
UPSs provide step waves or modified
service on the UPS without powering sine waves. Rack unit (U)
down the load. A unit of height measurement in a rack
Make-before-break enclosure. A U is equivalent to 1.75
Operational sequence of a switch or relay 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
inches.
where the new connection is made prior
to disconnecting the existing connection, Sine wave
that’s also know as soft-load-transfer
switching. Parallel operation
The ability of UPSs to be connected
Modbus so the current from corresponding
90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
The Eaton 5PX UPS occupies 2U of rack space and
A serial communications protocol that’s outputs can be combined into a the optional extended battery module also
the most commonly available means of single load. occupies 2U.
connecting industrial electronic devices. It
allows for communication between many Partition Rail kit
devices connected to the same network. A logical division of a hard disk created A set of metal brackets that allows the
to have different operating systems on installation of a UPS or extended battery
Network transient protector the same hard disk or to create the module in a 2- or 4-post rack.
UPS feature that isolates networks, appearance of having separate hard
modems and cables from power threats,
including surges and spikes. drives for file management, multiple
Noise users, or other purposes.
(1) A disturbance that affects a signal; it Peak demand
can distort the information carried by it. The highest 15- or 30-minute demand
(2) Random variations of one or more Four-post rail kit
recorded during a 12-month period.
characteristics of any entity, such as
voltage, current or data. (3) Loosely, any Phase
disturbance tending to interfere with The time relationship between current
normal operation of a device. (4) What and voltage in AC circuits.
parents with children deal with every day. Plenum cable
Nominal output voltage Cable that’s laid in the plenum spaces of
The intended, ideal voltage of any given buildings to facilitate air circulation for
output. heating and air conditioning systems. The
plenum space is typically used to house
Non-linear load computer and telephone network
AC electrical loads where the current is communication cables. Cable that runs
not proportional to the voltage. Non-linear UPS in a two-post rack
between floors in non-plenum areas is
loads often generate harmonics in the rated as riser cable. Rectifier
current waveform that lead to distortion A UPS component that converts incoming
of the voltage waveform. Plug and olay AC power to DC power for feeding the
An electrical device that doesn’t require inverter and charging the battery.
Offline extensive setup to operate.
Any UPS that doesn’t fit the definition of Rectifier magazine (RM)
online. Line-interactive and standby Power factor (PF) A module in the DC power system used
topologies are offline, as are minor (1) The ratio of real power to apparent to connect the rectifiers in the power
skirmishes that take place just outside the power. Watts divided by VA. Most power system.
boardroom. supplies used in communication and
computer equipment have a power factor Redundancy
Ohm of 0.9. The ability to connect units in parallel so if
The unit of measurement for electrical one fails the other(s) will provide continual
resistance or opposition to current flow. (PF = 0.9) power to the load. This mode
VA x PF = W is used in systems when power failure
Ohm’s Law W/PF = VA
The voltage (E) is equal to the current (I) can’t be tolerated.
times the resistance (R). The formula is (2) Why DeNiro can get immediate
written: E=IR. seating in any restaurant he wants, and
you can’t.

Relay communication Split-phase UPS Total harmonic distortion (THD)
Communication between a UPS and A UPS with two output phases (1) How much the circuit voltage deviates
a computer through the opening and referenced to a neutral connection with a from a perfect sine wave. When viewed
closing of solid-state relays that are specific phase displacement between on a meter, a poor voltage THD is most
pre-defined to indicate UPS status. phases, which allows flexibility in load often manifested in a flat-topped wave-
configuration while maintaining the form that comes from the inability of a
Root mean square (RMS)
availability of bypass. A split-phase UPS power source to respond to the demands
A modified average. Averaging a sine
can provide 120V and 208V on the output of highly nonlinear loads. (2) The parts of
wave would give a zero, so to obtain
simultaneously without the use of an a difficult lecture that didn't quite make it
meaningful values, the wave is first
into your brain, but rather united in a
squared (S), then averaged over one
external transformer. The capabilities for "blahblahblah" cacophony of scratchy-
period (M) and finally the square root
output are: sounding jargon and esoteric corollaries.
taken (R). In a sine wave, the factor
between RMS and peak is the square •P
hase to neutral 100, 110, 120 or Transfer time
root of two. If you know what that 127 Vac The length of time it takes a UPS to
means, you’re pretty smart! transfer to battery power. Typically
•P
hase to phase 200, 208, 220, 230, 240
measured in milliseconds (ms).
RS-232 Vac
(1) The standard for serial interfaces Transformer
Standby
(serial refers to the eight bits of each (1) A magnetic device that converts AC
(1) UPS type that "stands by," waiting for a
character successively sent down one voltages to AC voltages at any level. An
power problem from the utility company
wire) used by most computers, modems ideal transformer is a lossless device in
and rapidly switching to UPS battery
and printers. (2) A little known droid in the which no energy is stored that requires
power to protect equipment against
Star Wars trilogy. no magnetic current. (2) An alien robot
power failures, sags and surges. (2) The
that can disguise itself by transforming
Server room person you call after your hot date falls
into everyday machinery.
Dedicated computer room with some through, and the two of you go out for
power and cooling, typically within an milkshakes in your sweatpants instead. Transient
office environment. Minimal redundancy (1) A temporary and brief change in a
Static switch
for power and cooling distribution. given parameter, typically associated with
An electrical component in a UPS that
Singular source of power and cooling. input voltage or output loading
turns power flow on and off on command
(451 Research) parameters. (2) Transient killer whale pods
without moving or mechanical
are generally comprised of an adult
Server closet components.
female and two or three of her offspring.
Small room or closet with little to no
Step load Among the differences between
redundancy power and cooling
An instantaneous change in the loading residents and transients are that while
distribution. Singular source of power
conditions presented to the output of resident orcas of both sexes stay within
and cooling. (451 Research)
a UPS. shouting distance of their mothers their
Simple Network Management Protocal entire lives, only first-born male transients
Switching Frequency maintain such intense fidelity to their
(SNMP)
The rate at which the source voltage mothers.
A User Datagram Protocol (UDP)-based
is switched in a switching regulator
network protocol. It’s used mostly in
or chopped in a DC-to-DC converter. Unbalanced load
network management systems to monitor
(1) An AC power system using more than
network-attached devices for conditions Technischer Uberwachungs-Verein (TUV) two wires, where the current is not equal
that warrant administrative attention. An independent non-profit organization due to an uneven loading of the phases.
that tests and certifies electrical (2) A load that makes your washing
Sine wave
equipment for public safety in the U.S. machine go, “whump, whump, whump.”
A mathematical function that plots three
and worldwide.
qualities of an electrical signal over time:
Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
amplitude, frequency and phase. Clean, The Far Side An independent non-profit organization
uninterrupted power is represented by a The greatest cartoon strip ever. Created that tests for public safety in the U.S. UL
sine waves, which can also resemble by Gary Larson. recognition is required for equipment
ocean waves, though they're rarely
Thermal regulation used in some applications.
perfect.
Monitoring the temperature of the Uninterruptible power system (UPS)
Single phase batteries to ensure proper charging. (1) An electrical system designed to
(1) Power system with one primary
Three phase provide instant, transient-free backup
waveform. Lower-capacity distribution of
(1) Power supplied through at least three power during power failure or fault. Some
power using only one portion of a power
wires, each carrying power from a UPSs also filter and/or regulate utility
source that’s three-phase, like what's
common generator but offset in its cycle power (line conditioning). (2) A Device
supplied by most electric utilities. Used
from the other two. Used for heavy-duty whose sole purpose is to save your
for heating and lighting, no large motors
applications. (2) The universal healing equipment, your data and your job.
or other heavy-drain devices. (2) That part
of junior high school in which you briefly process after buying inferior power User replaceable
but fiercely embrace an unusual hobby or protection: Capable of being replaced by an end user.
interest, like lawn bowling, never to 1. Denial Connected equipment may need to be
return to it. 2. Anger shut down first. Also see “hot
3. Calling Eaton swappable.”
Sliding demand
Calculating average demand by averaging Topology (UPS) Variable Module Management System
demand over several successive time The core technology of a UPS. Typically, a (VMMS)
intervals, advancing one interval at a time. UPS is either standby, line interactive or Innovative technology from Eaton that
online though other hybrid technologies maximizes UPS efficiencies at low load
have been introduced. levels while supplying the load with
continuous double-conversion power.

Virtualization Watts (W)
The creation of a virtual (rather than actual) The measure of real power. It’s the rate of
version of something, such as an operating doing electrical work. W x 1.3 = VA.
system, server, storage device or network
Wye connection
resource. Operating system virtualization is the
A connection of three components made in
use of software to allow a piece of hardware to
such a manner that one end of each component
run multiple operating system images at the
is connected. It’s generally used to connect
same time.
devices to a three-phase power system.
Volt/voltage (V)
Electrical pressure that pushes current through
a circuit. High voltage in a computer circuit is
represented by 1, while low (or zero) voltage is
represented by 0.
Volt amps (VA)
(1) The voltage applied to a given piece of
equipment, multiplied by the current it draws.
Not to be confused with watts, which are
similar but represent the actual power drawn by
the equipment, and can be somewhat lower
than the VA rating. (2) Legendary Brigadier
General from Planet Zap.
I N EED S OME P ERSONAL

S PACE A FTER R EADING
S O M UCH.
For more information, please visit

Eaton.com/UPS
Eaton
1000 Eaton Boulevard
Cleveland, OH 44122
United States
Eaton.com
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© 2019 Eaton Eaton is a registered trademark. latest product and support information.
All Rights Reserved
COR172FYA / GG All other trademarks are property
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Handbook

The Eaton UPS and power management

Top UPS design considerations 6

Other UPS design considerations 8

Six considerations to achiving generator-UPS harmony 9

How to size a UPS 10

UPS cost justification worksheet 12

UPS form factors 13

Input plugs and output receptacles 14

The difference between VA and watts 16

9 ways beer and UPSs are alike 17

UPS vs. surge suppressor 19

Decentralized or central UPS? 20

What is three-phase power? 22

Worldwide voltage map 24

The nine power problems 26

UPS battery overview 28

Factors affecting battery life 30

Transfor your power infrastructure with lithium-ion batteries 31

UPS software overview 32

Make health-checking your UPS a top priority 33

Frequently asked questions 35

Electric transmission distribution system 37

Eaton's Blackout Tracker 39

Prepare for summer outage threats 40

Commonly used acronyms 42

Glossary of power terms 44

EATON UPS and power management fundamentals handbook 3

Thanks to Eaton, IT pros are spending fewer nights and weekends

4 EATON UPS and power management fundamentals handbook

When it comes to backup power, here are some

6. Do you have bypass requirements? Service

EATON UPS and power management fundamentals handbook 5

1. Power environment: single- 4. Availability and battery

6 EATON UPS and power management fundamentals handbook

EATON UPS and power management fundamentals handbook 7

8 EATON UPS and power management fundamentals handbook

EATON UPS and power management fundamentals handbook 9

UPS sizing worksheet

Equipment Amps x Volts = VA x Quantity = VA Subtotal

10 EATON UPS and power management fundamentals handbook

Factor UPS 1 UPS 2

EATON UPS and power management fundamentals handbook 11

1. Number of critical loads:

2. Number of employees using critical loads:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________

3. Employees’ average hourly earnings:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________

4. Estimated cost of lost business per hour of downtime

5. Cost of service calls per hour: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________

6. Cost of recreating or salvaging data (if applicable): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________

7. Cost of replacing hardware (if applicable): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________

8. Cost of reinstalling software (if applicable): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________

9. Lost employee time (line 2 x 3):. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________

10. Lost business (line 4):. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________

11. Service (line 5):. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________

12. Recreating or salvaging data (line 6): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________

13. Replaced hardware and software (line 7 + 8): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____________

14. Estimated total cost per hour of downtime:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $_____________

12 EATON UPS and power management fundamentals handbook

1. Desktop and tower UPS

6. Large tower UPS

1. Number of critical loads:

4. Estimated cost of lost business per hour of downtime