n  Number of observations.

MEASURES OF LOCATION
OR For Group Data
Suppose the observations (values) are put into a different
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY classes and the mid points of the classes are calculated which
RESOURCE PERSON: M. RASHAD YOUNUS represents all the observations of the respective class.
 If the mid points of the classes are X1,X2,X3,…,Xn with
Measure of Central Tendency corresponding frequencies f1,f2,f3,…,fn then the arithmetic
The representative values (averages) tend to lie in the mean ( X ) is defined as
“center” of the distribution; these are called measure of f X + f 2 X 2 + f 3 X3 + . . . + f n X n
central tendency. They are also called measure of position or X= 1 1
f1 + f 2 + f3 + . . . + f n
a measure of location because they “locate” the center of the n
distribution.
 f X
i=1
i i

Important points of an “Average” X= n

The use of the term average two points should be noted. f i
 A measure of central tendency should be some where i=1

within the range of the data. Where

 It should remain unchanged by rearrangement of the X  Arithmetic Mean
observations in different order. X  Mid point (Class Mark)
TYPES OF AN AVERAGE Σf  Total frequency.
The most common types of averages are Short cut method (Deviation Method)
 Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) or simply the Mean When a certain constant, say A is added to all the
 Geometric Mean (G.M.) or simply the Mean observations, we get a new set of observations. Similarly, the
 Harmonic Mean (H.M.) or simply the Mean observations can be decreased in size when a constant is
 Median subtracted from all the observations.
 Quartiles Let Di = Xi– A where A is a constant and Di is the new
 Deciles variable, the
 Percentiles D
 Mode X=A+ (For ungroup data)
n
Arithmetic Mean  fD
The arithmetic mean of a set of observations is defined as the X=A+ (For group data)
total of all observations (values) divided by the number of f
observations (values). Where
D  Deviation from any constant
The arithmetic mean of sample data is denoted by X and the
symbol μ is used for mean of population data. A  Arbitrary Constant
Coding method (Step – Deviation Method)
Methods for A.M.
(For equal interval)
 Direct Method (By definition)
When both operations of subtraction and division with a
 Short cut Method (Deviation Method)
constant are applied on the observations, we get a new
 Coding Method (Step – Deviation)
variable Ui, called the coded variable. Defined as
Direct Method (By definition) X  A (OR) Ui = Di
Ui = i
For Ungroup Data h h
Let the variable X take the values X1, X2, X3, …, Xn. then the U
X=A+ h (For Ungroup Data)
arithmetic mean , denoted by X (read as ”x-bar”) is defined n
by  fU
X + X 2 + X3 + . . . + X n X=A+ h (For Group Data)
X= 1 f
n Where
n

X i
U

Coded variable
 X= i=1 n Number of values
n A  Constant (Assumed value)
Where h  Class interval (Most common divisor)
Σ  the capital-sigma of the Greek alphabet.
Combined Mean
In mathematics and statistics, it is used to denote the sum of
the values (summation). If X1 , X2 , X3 ,..., Xk be the arithmetic means of k
X Arithmetic Mean distributions with respective frequencies n1,n2,n3,…,nk ,the
combined mean X of the whole distribution is given by
ΣX  Sum of all the items of the variable X.
 n1X1 + n 2 X 2 + n 3X3 + . . . + n k X k For group data
X= If the mid points of the classes are X1,X2,X3,…,Xn with
n1 + n 2 + n 3 + . . . + n k
corresponding frequencies f1, f2, f3, …, fn, then harmonic
Geometric Mean mean (H.M.)is given by
The geometric mean of “n” positive values is defined as the f
positive nth root of their product. H.M. =
  f X
Method of “Geometric Mean”
For Ungroup Data NOTE:
It is obtained by multiplying together all the „n‟ values and  For any set of data: A.M. > G.M. > H.M.
then taking the nth root of the product.  For constant set of data: A.M. = G.M. = H.M.
G.M. = n X1. X2 . X3. . . Xn  G.M. = A.M. × H.M.
Median
Where „n‟ stands for the number of observations and X 1, X2,  The central value of an array is called median.(OR)
X3, … ,Xn are the various values. e.g. G.M. of 2, 4, 8 is  Median is the middle most value of the „n‟ observations
(values) arranged in ascending or descending order
G.M. = 3
2 48 of magnitude.
Half of the observations are above the median and half are below
G.M. = 3
64  G.M. = 4 the median.
The above method of calculating geometric mean is FOR ODD NUMBER OF VALUES
satisfactory if there are two or three observations. But if „n‟ is If „n‟ is odd, there is one term in the middle, which is called
a large number, the problem of computing the nth root of the median.
product of these values by simple arithmetic is a tedious
work. To facilitate the computation of geometric mean we FOR EVEN NUMBER OF VALUES
make use of logarithms. If „n‟ is even, the average of the two middle (central) values is
The above formula when reduced to its logarithmic form can called median.
be written as
Procedure of finding the “Median” for ungrouped data
  logX 
G.M. = Antilog   STEP-I►Arrange the data in ascending or descending order of
 n  Magnitude.
For Group Data
If a frequency distribution of a variable X consist of X 1, X2,
STEP-II►Use the following formula to find the value of
median.
X3,…,Xn values with frequencies f1,f2,f3,…,fn respectively,
th
then geometric mean is defined as:  n + 1
Position of X =   value
  f logX   2 
G.M. = Antilog  
 f  X = Positional value + Decimal part (difference)
NOTE: If any value in the given data is zero or negative then For Grouped Data
X = l + h  n  C 
G.M. is impossible to calculate.
Harmonic Mean f 2 
Harmonic mean is defined as the reciprocal of the arithmetic Where
mean of the reciprocal of values in a data. (OR) It is the ratio l→ Lower class boundary of the median class.
of the number of items and the sum of reciprocal of items. h → Size of the class interval of the median class.
f → Frequency of the median class.
Method of “Harmonic Mean
n → Sum of the frequencies.
For ungroup data
If the values are X1, X2, X3, … , Xn, then the harmonic mean C → Cumulative frequency of the preceding class of the median
H.M. is class.
Number of values Quartiles
H.M. = There are three quartiles called first, second and third
Sum of reciprocal of values
quartile. These are the values, which divide the set of
n observations into four equal parts.
H.M. =
1 Formulae of “Quartiles”
  For Ungroup Data
X Following are the formulae of quartiles:
NOTE: The calculation of H.M. is not possible if any item is  n + 1  th value.
Position of Q1 =  
equal to zero.  4 
Q1 = Positional value + Decimal part (difference) h  3n 
Position of Q2 = 2(n + 1) th value.
D3 = l +   C
f  10 
4 .
Q2 = Positional value + Decimal part (difference)
.
3(n + 1) th .
Position of Q3 = value.
4 h  5n 
Q3 = Positional value + Decimal part (difference) D5 = l +   C
f  10 
For group data .
hn  .
Q1 = l +   C  .
f 4 
h  9n 
h  3n  D9 = l +   C
Q3 = l +   C  f  10 
f 4 
Where
Where
l→ Lower class boundary of the decile class
l→ Lower class boundary of the quartile class.
h → Size of the class interval of the decile class.
h → Size of the class interval of the quartile class.
f → Frequency of the decile class.
f → Frequency of the quartile class.
n → Sum of the frequencies.
n → Sum of the frequencies.
C → Cumulative frequency of the preceding class of the
C → Cumulative frequency of the preceding class of the
decile class.
quartile class.
Deciles Percentiles
These are the values, which divide the set of observations The percentiles are the points which divides the set of
into ten equal parts. There are nine deciles namely D 1, observations into 100 equal parts. These points are denoted
D2,D3,…,D9. The first decile is a point, which has 10% of the by P1,P2,P3,…,P99 are called the first, second, third and so on
observations below it. 99th percentiles.
Formulae of “Deciles” Formulae of “Percentiles”
For Ungroup Data For Ungroup Data
Position of D1 =  n + 1  th value. Position of P1 =  n + 1  th value.
   
 10   100 
D1 = Positional value + Decimal part (difference) P1 = Positional value + Decimal part (difference)
2(n + 1) th Position of P2 = 2(n + 1) th value.
Position of D2 = value. 100
10
D2 = Positional value + Decimal part (difference)
P2 = Positional value + Decimal part (difference)
3(n + 1) th 3(n + 1) th
Position of D3 = value. Position of P3 = value.
10 100
. .
. .
. .
5(n + 1) th Position of P50 = 50(n + 1) th value.
Position of D5 = value. 100
10
P50 = Positional value + Decimal part (difference)
D5 = Positional value + Decimal part (difference)
.
.
. .
. .
9(n + 1) th Position of P99 = 99(n + 1) th value.
Position of D9 = value. 100
10 P99 = Positional value + Decimal part (difference)
D9 = Positional value + Decimal part (difference)
For ungroup data
For Group Data
h n 
h n 
P1 = l +   C
D1 = l +   C f  100 
f  10 
h  2n  h  2n 
D2 = l +   C P2 = l +   C
f  10  f  100 
 h  3n  Q. 2 The grades of a student on six examinations were 84,
P3 = l +   C 91, 72, 68, 87 and 78. Find the arithmetic mean of the
f  100  grades.
. Q. 3 The following table gives the marks obtained by a batch
.
of 5 candidates in an examination in I to C, OOP and
.
Statistics.
h  50n 
P50 = l +   C Roll No. I to C OOP Statistics
f  100  1 41 46 50
. 2 35 50 52
. 3 38 39 41
. 4 34 50 46
h  90n 
P90 = l +   C 5 30 38 39
f  100  In which subject is the level of knowledge highest?
Where Q. 4 Find arithmetic mean by direct method (By definition)
l→ Lower class boundary of the percentile class for the following data:
h → Size of the class interval of the percentile class. Classes Frequency
f → Frequency of the percentile class. 5 – 10 1
n → Sum of the frequencies. 10 – 15 3
C → Cumulative frequency of the preceding class of the 15 – 20 6
percentile class. 20 – 25 10
Mode 25 – 30 15
The most frequent value in the data is called mode. 30 – 35 12
35 – 40 8
The most popular thing in your culture is called mode. e.g. 40 – 45 4
When we talk of most common income or most common size 45 – 50 1
of shoes or most common size of ready-made garments etc.
Q. 5 Arithmetic mean of 98 values is 50. Two values 60 and
We have in mind mode and not A.M. or Median.
70 were left out at the time of calculations. Find the
A set of data may have more than one mode or no mode at all mean of 100 values.
when each observation occurs the same number of times. Q.6 From the following data find the missing frequency
For Group Data
when mean is 15.38.
(f m  f1 )
X̂ = l + ×h X 10 12 14 16 18 20
(f m  f1 ) + (f m  f 2 ) f 3 7 ? 20 8 5
Where
l → lower class boundary of the model class. Q.7 Find arithmetic mean by direct method (By definition)
fm→ frequency of the model class. for the following data:
f1 → frequency of the preceding class of the model class. 121, 115, 79, 52, 102, 126, 81, 65, 109, 119, 115, 121,
f2 → frequency of the following class of the model class. 103, 75, 59 and 110
h → length of the class interval of the model class. and verify the answer by using deviation method.
EMPERICAL RELATION BETWEEN MEAN, Q.8 Find the arithmetic mean from the following
MEDIAN & MODE information:
Mode = 3Median – 2Mean (i) D = X – 10, D = 50, n = 5
Nature of Data (ii) D = X – 39, D = 240, n = 10
 If Mean = Median = Mode then the given set of
data is symmetrical. (iii) D = X – 25.5, D = 124.45, n = 12
 If Mean ≠ Median ≠ Mode then the given set of (iv) D = X – 18, fD = 150, f = 25
data is skewed.
 If Mean > Median > Mode, then the given set of (v) D = X – 100, fD = 200, f = 50
data is positively skewed. (vi) D = X – 140, fD = 400, f = 100
 If Mean < Median < Mode, then the given set of
Q.9 (a) Deviations from X = 10.5 of 10 items are given
data is negatively skewed. below:
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1.30, 2.0, 2.9, 8.5, 4.6, 3.4, 8.2, 9.3, 7.4, 5.6.
Q.1 Find the arithmetic mean for the following data: Calculate arithmetic mean of
i. X = 160, n = 10 (i) Deviations (ii) X.
ii. 8, 3, 5, 12, 10 (b) For a set of 100 observations, the sum of the
deviations from 4 is – 11. Find A.M.
Q.10 Find the arithmetic mean for the following data: Q. 18 Calculate the G.M. from the following data:
X  15 (a) 85, 75, 10, 75, 500, 8, 42, 250, 40, 36
i. U , U = 25, n = 5
(b) 63.94, 66.50, 73.67, 72.0, 60.93, 70.57, 58.12
3
X  57 , U = 23, n = 20 Q. 19 The geometric mean of a series of three positive
ii. U= values is 4, by including fourth value in the series, the
5 geometric mean becomes 2. What is the fourth value?
X  450
iii. U= , U = 275, n = 15 Q.20 The geometric mean of two number is 8 and the
50 arithmetic mean is 10.Find the two numbers?
iv. X  124.5 , fU = 50, f = 150 Q.21 The mean and geometric mean of three numbers a, b
U= and c are 19 and 15 respectively. Find the values of a
3
and b when c = 27.
X  120
v. U= , fU = 200, f = 50 Q.22 The weights (in pounds) of seven army recruits are 180,
10 201, 220, 191, 213, 186 and 209. Find A. M., also show
X  100 that sum of the deviations of the values from their mean
vi. U= , fU = 240, f = 100
5 in equal to zero.
Q.23 Find the mean from the following observations and
Q.11 The weights of 120 students of PU Lahore at the time
of admission are given in following frequency show that   X  X  = 0
distribution.
6.5, 2.33, 7.4, 7.25, 6.50, 9.7, 8.35, 2.6, 2.43
Weights No. of Students
Q.24 A distribution consists of three components with sizes
110 – 119 1
120 – 129 4 100, 150 and 200 having their means 16, 19 and 22
130 – 139 17 respectively. Find the combined mean.
140 – 149 28 Q.25 The average wage of 4 men is Rs. 17 per week. What
150 – 159 25 is the average wage of further 6 men if the average
160 – 169 18 wage of all 10 men is Rs. 20?
170 – 179 13 Q.26 A variable Y is determined from a variable X by the
180 – 189 6 equation Y = 10 – 4X. Find Y when X = – 3, – 2, – 1,
190 – 199 5
200 – 209 2 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and show that Y = 10  4X .
210 – 219 1 Q.27 The logarithm of five values of X are given as 1, 1.2,
Show that the A.M. by using all the three methods is 1.3, 2, 4.
Find G.M. and A.M. and show that A.M. > G.M.
same.
Q.28 Find two numbers whose mean is 9.0 and the
Q.12 The mean of 10 numbers is 8. If an eleventh number is
geometric mean is 7.2.
now included, the mean becomes 9. What is the value of Q.29 The reciprocals of 11 values of X are given below:
the eleventh number? 0.0500, 0.0454, 0.0400, 0.0333, 0.0285, 0.0232,
Q.13 If sum of 15 values is 300 and by addition of two more 0.0213, 0.0200, 0.0182, 0.0151, 0.0143
values it becomes 360. Find the new two values if the Find the H.M.
ratio between them is 1 : 4. Q.30 The heights of 100 college students measured to
Q.14 Arithmetic mean of 15 values is 20 and by adding 3 nearest inch are given in the following table.
more values, the mean remains 20.Find the new three Height 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
values if ratio is a : b : c :: 3 : 2 : 1. No. of
Q.15 For a set of 15 values, the mean came out to be 17.3. 4 6 10 20 30 13 12 3 2
Students
Later on checking it is discovered that a value 19.5 was Show that Geometric Mean. > H.M.
incorrectly recorded whereas the correct value was 15.9. Q.31 Show that H.M. < G.M. < A.M. from the following
Calculate the correct mean from this information. data:
Q.16 A computer calculated a mean 42 from 20 values. It D – 20 – 15 – 10 –5 0 5 10 15
was later discovered at the time of checking that he had f 4 9 12 15 18 7 3 2
copied down two values as 55 and 48, whereas the Where D = X – 15.
correct values were 45 and 68. Calculate the correct Q.32 Justify the relation between A.M., G.M. and H.M.
mean from this information. from the following data:
Q.17 The mean salary paid to 1000 workers of an industry U –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
was found to be Rs. 130.40. Later on it was discovered f 4 9 12 15 18 7 3 2
Where U = (X – 50) /7.
that the salary of two employees was wrongly entered as
Q.33 The reciprocal of 11 values of X are: 0.0500, 0.0454,
Rs. 297 and Rs. 165 their correct salaries were Rs.197
0.0400, 0.0333, 0.0285, 0.0232, 0.0213, 0.0200, 0.0182,
and Rs. 185.Calculate the correct mean.
0.0151, 0.0143. Show that A.M. > G.M. > H.M.
Q.34 The logarithms of 10 values of X are: 1.8129, 1.9031, Q.42 Calculate Median for the following frequency
1.9777, 1.9294, 1.6990, 1.7782, 1.8751, 1.7404, distribution.
1.8451, 1.9542. Show that A.M. > G.M. > H.M. Classes Frequency
Q.35 The mean and geometric mean of three numbers a, b 9.3 – 9.7 2
and c are 72 and 60 respectively. Find all the three 9.8 – 10.2 5
numbers when the arithmetic mean of a and b is 45.5.
10.3 – 10.7 12
Q.36 The mean and geometric mean of three numbers are 34
10.8 – 11.2 17
and 18 respectively. Find all the three numbers when
the geometric mean of first two numbers is 9. 11.3 – 11.7 14
Q.37 The harmonic mean and geometric mean of two 11.8 – 12.2 6
numbers are 3.2 and 4 respectively. Find the A.M. and 12.3 – 12.7 3
the numbers as well. 12.8 – 13.2 1
Q.38 Discuss the nature of data for the following table: Q.43 Obtain Lower and Upper Quartiles from the following
Groups Frequency data:
40 – 44 2 Classes Frequency
45 – 49 4 110 – 119 2
50 – 54 6 120 – 129 4
55 – 59 8 130 – 139 17
60 – 64 3 140 – 149 28
65 – 69 1 150 – 159 25
Q.39 Obtain Mean, Median and Mode from the following 160 – 169 18
data: 170 – 179 13
Classes Frequency 180 – 189 6
12.5 – 17.5 2 190 – 199 5
17.5 – 22.5 22 200 – 209 2
22.5 – 27.5 19 Q.44 Find the Median, Mode, Q1, Q3, D3, D8, P67 from the
27.5 – 32.5 14 following data:
32.5 – 37.5 3 (a) 127, 113, 132, 128, 125, 130, 119, 117, 121.
37.5 – 42.5 4 (b) 51.6, 48.7, 50.3, 49.5, 48.9, 42.8
42.5 – 47.5 6 (c) 121, 115, 79, 52, 102, 126, 81, 65, 109, 119, 115,
47.5 – 52.5 1 121, 103, 75, 59, 110
52.5 – 57.5 1
Q.40 The heights of 100 college students measured to nearest NOTE
inch are given in the following table. Find the Mean, Solve Quartiles, Deciles & Percentiles by using
Median & Mode. the data in Q. 38 to Q.43.
Q.45
Height No. of Students
a) If mode = 15, median = 12, find mean.
63 4
b) What will be the median if both mean and mode of a
64 6 symmetrical distribution are10?
65 10 c) Find mode of a moderately skewed distribution
66 20
having mean = 30.5 and median 25.5.
67 30
d) If in a certain distribution mean = 16 and mode = 18 then
68 13
find median. Also give what assumption you take
69 12
regarding the shape of the distribution.
70 3

70 2
Q.41 Find the Mean, Median and Mode from the following
data:
Height No. of Students
1.8 6
1.6 9
1.4 15
1.2 24
1.0 33
0.8 20
0.6 13
0.4 7
0.2 5