10-16 A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the specified pressure

limits.
The maximum thermal efficiency of the cycle for a given quality at the turbine exit is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis For maximum thermal efficiency, the quality at state 4 would be at its minimum of 85% (most closely
approaches the Carnot cycle), and the properties at state 4 would be (Table A-5)
P4 30 kPa h4 hf x4 h fg 289.27 (0.85)(2335.3) 2274.3 kJ/kg
x4 0.85 s4 sf x4 s fg 0.9441 (0.85)(6.8234) 6.7440 kJ/kg K
Since the expansion in the turbine is isentropic,
P3 3000 kPa
h3 3115.5 kJ/kg T
s3 s 4 6.7440 kJ/kg K
Other properties are obtained as follows (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6), 3
h1 h f @ 30 kP a 289.27 kJ/kg 3 MPa
v 1 v f @ 30kP a 0.001022 m 3 /kg 2 qin

wp,in v 1 (P2 P1 ) 30 kPa

1 kJ 1 4
(0.001022 m 3 /kg)(3000 30)kPa qout
3.04 kJ/kg 1 kPa m3
h2 h1 wp,in 289.27 3.04 292.31 kJ/kg s

Thus,
qin h3 h2 3115.5 292.31 2823.2 kJ/kg
qout h4 h1 2274.3 289.27 1985.0 kJ/kg
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle is
qout 1985.0
th 1 1 0.297
qin 2823.2
10-21E A simple steam Rankine cycle operates between the specified pressure limits. The mass flow rate, the
power produced by the turbine, the rate of heat addition, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, A-5E, and A-6E),
h1 h f @ 1 psia 69.72 Btu/lbm
v 1 v f @ 6 psia 0.01614 ft 3 /lbm T

wp,in v 1 (P2 P1 ) 3
1 Btu 2500 psia
(0.01614 ft 3 /lbm)(2500 1)psia
5.404 psia ft 3 qin
7.46 Btu/lbm 2
h2 h1 wp,in 69.72 7.46 77.18 Btu/lbm
1 psia
P3 2500 psia h3 1302.0 Btu/lbm 1 qout 4s 4
T3 800 F s3 1.4116 Btu/lbm R
s4 s f 1.4116 0.13262 s
P4 1 psia x 4s 0.6932
s fg 1.84495
s 4 s3
h4s h f x4s h fg 69.72 (0.6932)(1035.7) 787.70 Btu/lbm
h3 h4
T h4 h3 T (h3 h4s ) 1302.0 (0.90)(1302.0 787.70) 839.13 kJ/kg
h3 h4s
Thus,
qin h3 h2 1302.0 77.18 1224.8 Btu/lbm
qout h4 h1 839.13 69.72 769.41 Btu/lbm
wnet qin qout 1224.8 769.41 455.39 Btu/lbm
The mass flow rate of steam in the cycle is determined from
W net 1000 kJ/s 0.94782 Btu
W net  wnet
m 
m 2.081lbm/s
wnet 455.39 Btu/lbm 1 kJ
The power output from the turbine and the rate of heat addition are
1 kJ
W T ,out  (h3 h4 ) (2.081 lbm/s)(1302.0 839.13)Btu/lbm
m 1016 kW
0.94782 Btu
Q in  qin
m (2.081 lbm/s)(1224.8 Btu/lbm) 2549 Btu/s
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle is
W net 1000 kJ/s 0.94782 Btu
0.3718
Q in
th
2549 Btu/s 1 kJ
10-24 A solar-pond power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working
fluid is considered. The thermal efficiency of the cycle and the power output of the plant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-11, A-12, and A-13),
h1 h f @ 0.7 MP a 88.82 kJ/kg
v 1 v f @ 0.7 MP a 0.0008331 m 3 /kg T
w p,in v 1 P2 P1
1 kJ
0.0008331 m 3 /kg 1400 700 kPa
1 kPa m 3 1.4 MPa 3
0.58 kJ/kg qin
2 R-134a
h2 h1 w p,in 88.82 0.58 89.40 kJ/kg 0.7 MPa
P3 1.4 MPa h3 hg @ 1.4 MP a 276.12 kJ/kg 1 qout 4
s
sat.vapor s3 s g @ 1.4 MP a 0.9105 kJ/kg K
P4 0.7 MPa s4 sf 0.9105 0.33230
x4 0.9839
s 4 s3 s fg 0.58763
h4 hf x4 h fg 88.82 0.9839 176.21 262.20 kJ/kg
Thus ,
qin h3 h2 276.12 89.40 186.72 kJ/kg
qout h4 h1 262.20 88.82 173.38 kJ/kg
wnet qin qout 186.72 173.38 13.34 kJ/kg
and
wnet 13.34 kJ/kg
th 7.1%
qin 186.72 kJ/kg
(b) Wnet m
 wnet 3 kg/s 13.34 kJ/kg 40.02kW
10-34 A steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The turbine work output
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 h f @ 20 kP a 251.42 kJ/kg

v1 v f @ 20 kP a 0.001017 m3/kg T
3 5
wp,in v1 P2 P1
1 kJ
0.001017 m3/kg 8000 20 kPa 8 MPa
1 kPa m3 4
8.12 kJ/kg
h2 h1 wp,in 251.42 8.12 259.54 kJ/kg 2

P3 8 MPa h3 3399.5 kJ/kg 20 kPa

T3 500 C s3 6.7266 kJ/kg K 1 6
s
P4 3 MPa
h4 3105.1 kJ/kg
s4 s3

P5 3 MPa h5 3457.2 kJ/kg

T5 500 C s5 7.2359 kJ/kg K
s6 s f 7.2359 0.8320
P6 20 kPa x6 0.9051
s fg 7.0752
s6 s5
h6 hf x6h fg 251.42 0.9051 2357.5 2385.2 kJ/kg
The turbine work output and the thermal efficiency are determined from
wT ,out h3 h4 h5 h6 3399.5 3105.1 3457.2 2385.2 1366.4 kJ/kg
and
qin h3 h2 h5 h4 3399.5 259.54 3457.2 3105.1 3492.0 kJ/kg
wnet wT ,out w p,in 1366.4 8.12 1358.3 kJ/kg
Thus,
wnet 1358.3 kJ/kg
th 38.9%
qin 3492.5 kJ/kg
10-35 EES Problem 10-34 is reconsidered. The problem is to be solved by the diagram window data entry feature of
EES by including the effects of the turbine and pump efficiencies and reheat on the steam quality at the low-pressure
turbine exit Also, the T-s diagram is to be plotted.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.

"Input Data - from diagram window"

{P[6] = 20 [kPa]
P[3] = 8000 [kPa]
T[3] = 500 [C]
P[4] = 3000 [kPa]
T[5] = 500 [C]
Eta_t = 100/100 "Turbine isentropic efficiency"
Eta_p = 100/100 "Pump isentropic efficiency"}

"Pump analysis"
function x6$(x6) "this function returns a string to indicate the state of steam at point 6"
x6$=''
if (x6>1) then x6$='(superheated)'
if (x6<0) then x6$='(subcooled)'
end

Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS'

P[1] = P[6]
P[2]=P[3]
x[1]=0 "Sat'd liquid"
h[1]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
v[1]=volume(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
s[1]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
T[1]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
W_p_s=v[1]*(P[2]-P[1])"SSSF isentropic pump work assuming constant specific volume"
W_p=W_p_s/Eta_p
h[2]=h[1]+W_p "SSSF First Law for the pump"
v[2]=volume(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
s[2]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
T[2]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
"High Pressure Turbine analysis"
h[3]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
s[3]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
v[3]=volume(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
s_s[4]=s[3]
hs[4]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=s_s[4],P=P[4])
Ts[4]=temperature(Fluid$,s=s_s[4],P=P[4])
Eta_t=(h[3]-h[4])/(h[3]-hs[4])"Definition of turbine efficiency"
T[4]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[4],h=h[4])
s[4]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[4],P=P[4])
v[4]=volume(Fluid$,s=s[4],P=P[4])
h[3] =W_t_hp+h[4]"SSSF First Law for the high pressure turbine"
"Low Pressure Turbine analysis"
P[5]=P[4]
s[5]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[5],P=P[5])
h[5]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T[5],P=P[5])
s_s[6]=s[5]
hs[6]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
Ts[6]=temperature(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
vs[6]=volume(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
Eta_t=(h[5]-h[6])/(h[5]-hs[6])"Definition of turbine efficiency"
h[5]=W_t_lp+h[6]"SSSF First Law for the low pressure turbine"
x[6]=QUALITY(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
"Boiler analysis"
Q_in + h[2]+h[4]=h[3]+h[5]"SSSF First Law for the Boiler"
"Condenser analysis"
h[6]=Q_out+h[1]"SSSF First Law for the Condenser"
T[6]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
s[6]=entropy(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
x6s$=x6$(x[6])

"Cycle Statistics"
W_net=W_t_hp+W_t_lp-W_p
Eff=W_net/Q_in

SOLUTION
Eff=0.389 Eta_p=1 Eta_t=1
Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS' h[1]=251.4 [kJ/kg] h[2]=259.5 [kJ/kg]
h[3]=3400 [kJ/kg] h[4]=3105 [kJ/kg] h[5]=3457 [kJ/kg]
h[6]=2385 [kJ/kg] hs[4]=3105 [kJ/kg] hs[6]=2385 [kJ/kg]
P[1]=20 [kPa] P[2]=8000 [kPa] P[3]=8000 [kPa]
P[4]=3000 [kPa] P[5]=3000 [kPa] P[6]=20 [kPa]
Q_in=3493 [kJ/kg] Q_out=2134 [kJ/kg] s[1]=0.832 [kJ/kg-K]
s[2]=0.8321 [kJ/kg-K] s[3]=6.727 [kJ/kg-K] s[4]=6.727 [kJ/kg-K]
s[5]=7.236 [kJ/kg-K] s[6]=7.236 [kJ/kg-K] s_s[4]=6.727 [kJ/kg-K]
s_s[6]=7.236 [kJ/kg-K] T[1]=60.06 [C] T[2]=60.4 [C]
T[3]=500 [C] T[4]=345.2 [C] T[5]=500 [C]
T[6]=60.06 [C] Ts[4]=345.2 [C] Ts[6]=60.06 [C]
v[1]=0.001017 [m^3/kg] v[2]=0.001014 [m^3/kg] v[3]=0.04177 [m^3/kg]
v[4]=0.08968 [m^3/kg] vs[6]=6.922 [m^3/kg] W_net=1359 [kJ/kg]
W_p=8.117 [kJ/kg] W_p_s=8.117 [kJ/kg] W_t_hp=294.8 [kJ/kg]
W_t_lp=1072 [kJ/kg] x6s$='' x[1]=0
x[6]=0.9051
13-12 The masses of the constituents of a gas mixture are given. The mass fractions, the mole fractions, the average
molar mass, and gas constant are to be determined.
Properties The molar masses of O2, N2, and CO2 are 32.0, 28.0 and 44.0 kg/kmol, respectively (Table A-1)
Analysis (a) The total mass of the mixture is
mm mO2 mN2 mCO2 5 kg 8 kg 10 kg 23 kg
Then the mass fraction of each component becomes
mO2 5 kg 5 kg O2
mf O2 0.217
mm 23 kg 8 kg N2
mN2 10 kg CO2
8 kg
mf N2 0.348
mm 23 kg
mCO2 10 kg
mf CO2 0.435
mm 23 kg
(b) To find the mole fractions, we need to determine the mole numbers of each component first,
mO2 5 kg
N O2 0.156 kmol
M O2 32 kg/kmol
mN2 8 kg
N N2 0.286 kmol
M N2 28 kg/kmol
mCO2 10 kg
N CO2 0.227 kmol
M CO2 44 kg/kmol
Thus,
Nm NO2 N N2 NCO2 0.156 kmol 0.286 kmol 0.227 kmol 0.669 kmol
and
N O2 0.156 kmol
y O2 0.233
Nm 0.699 kmol
N N2 0.286 kmol
y N2 0.428
Nm 0.669 kmol
N CO2 0.227 kmol
y CO2 0.339
Nm 0.669 kmol
(c) The average molar mass and gas constant of the mixture are determined from their definitions:
mm 23 kg
Mm 34.4kg/kmol
Nm 0.669 kmol
and
Ru 8.314 kJ/kmol K
Rm 0.242kJ/kg K
Mm 34.4 kg/kmol
13-35E A mixture is obtained by mixing two gases at constant pressure and temperature. The volume and specific
volume of the mixture are to be determined.
Properties The densities of two gases are given in the problem statement.
Analysis The volume of constituent gas A is
mA 1 lbm
VA 1000 ft 3
A 0.001 lbm/ft 3
and the volume of constituent gas B is 1 lbm gas A
mB 2 lbm
VB 1000 ft 3 2 lbm gas B
B 0.002 lbm/ft 3
Hence, the volume of the mixture is
V V A V B 1000 1000 2000 ft 3
The specific volume of the mixture will then be
V 2000 ft 3
v 666.7 ft 3 /lbm
m (1 2) lbm
13-40E The mass fractions of components of a gas mixture are given. The mass of 5 ft 3 of this mixture and the
partial volumes of the components are to be determined.
Properties The molar masses of N2, O2, and He are 28.0, 32.0, and 4.0 lbm/lbmol, respectively (Table A-1E).
Analysis We consider 100 lbm of this mixture for calculating the molar mass of the mixture. The mole numbers of
each component are
mN2 60 lbm
N N2 2.1429 lbmol
M N2 28 lbm/lbmol
5 ft3
mO2 30 lbm
N O2 0.9375 lbmol 60% N2
M O2 32 lbm/lbmol 30% O2
mHe 10 lbm 10% He
N He 2.5 lbmol (by mass)
M He 4 lbm/lbmol
The mole number of the mixture is
Nm N N2 NO2 NHe 2.1429 0.9375 2.5 5.5804 lbmol
The apparent molecular weight of the mixture is
mm 100 lbm
Mm 17.92 lbm/lbmol
Nm 5.5804 lbmol
Then the mass of this ideal gas mixture is
PVM m (300 psia)(5 ft 3 )(17.92 lbm/lbmol)
m 4.727 lbm
Ru T (10.73 psia ft 3 /lbmol R)(530 R)
The mole fractions are
N N2 2.1429 lbmol
y N2 0.3840
Nm 5.5804 lbmol
N O2 0.9375 lbmol
y O2 0.1680
Nm 5.5804 lbmol
N He 2.5 lbmol
y He 0.4480
Nm 5.5804 lbmol
Noting that volume fractions are equal to mole fractions, the partial volumes are determined from
V N2 y N2V m (0.3840)(5 ft 3 ) 1.92 ft 3
V O2 yO2V m (0.1680)(5 ft 3 ) 0.84 ft 3
V He y HeV m (0.4480)(5 ft 3 ) 2.24 ft 3
14-16 A tank contains dry air and water vapor at specified conditions. The specific humidity, the relative humidity,
and the volume of the tank are to be determined.
Assumptions The air and the water vapor are ideal gases.
Analysis (a) The specific humidity can be determined form its definition,
mv 0.3 kg
0.0143kg H 2O/kgdry air
ma 21 kg
(b) The saturation pressure of water at 30 C is 21 kg dry air
0.3 kg H2O vapor
Pg Psat @30 C 4.2469 kPa 30 C
Then the relative humidity can be determined from 100 kPa
P (0.0143)(100 kPa)
52.9%
(0.622 )Pg (0.622 0.0143)(4.2469 kPa)
(c) The volume of the tank can be determined from the ideal gas relation for the dry air,
Pv Pg (0.529)(4.2469 kPa) = 2.245 kPa
Pa P Pv 100 2.245 97.755 kPa
m R T (21 kg)(0.287 kJ/kg K)(303K)
V = a a 18.7m 3
Pa 97.755 kPa
14-31E A woman drinks a cool canned soda in a room at a specified temperature and relative humidity. It is to be
determined whether the can will sweat.
Assumptions The air and the water vapor are ideal gases.
Analysis The vapor pressure Pv of the air in the house is uniform
80 F
throughout, and its value can be determined from
50% RH
Pv Pg @80 F (0.50)(0.50745 psia) 0.254 psia
Cola
The dew-point temperature of the air in the house is
40 F
Tdp Tsat @ Pv Tsat @0.254psia 59.7 F (from EES)
That is, the moisture in the house air will start condensing when the air temperature drops below 59.7 C. Since the
canned drink is at a lower temperature than the dew-point temperature, some moisture will condense on the can, and
thus it will sweat.

14-41 The pressure, temperature, and relative humidity of air in a room are specified. Using the psychrometric chart,
the specific humidity, the enthalpy, the wet-bulb temperature, the dew-point temperature, and the specific volume of
the air are to be determined.
Analysis From the psychrometric chart (Fig. A-31) we read
(a) 0.0181 kg H2 O / kg dry air
(b) h 78.4 kJ / kg dry air
(c) Twb 25.5 C
(d) Tdp 23.3 C
(e) v 0.890 m3 / kg dry air

14-49 The pressure, temperature, and wet-bulb temperature of air are specified. Using the psychrometric chart, the
relative humidity, specific humidity, the enthalpy, the dew-point temperature, and the water vapor pressure are to be
determined.
Analysis From the psychrometric chart in Fig. A-31 or using EES psychrometric functions we obtain
(a) 0.618 61.8%
(b) 0.0148 kg H2O / kg dry air
Air
(c) h 65.8 kJ/kg dry air 1 atm
(d) Twb 22.4 C 28 C
Tdp=20 C
(e) Pv Pg Psat @ 28 C (0.618)(3.780 kPa) = 2.34 kPa
14-50 The pressure, temperature, and wet-bulb temperature of air are specified. The adiabatic saturation temperature
is to be determined.
Analysis For an adiabatic saturation process, we obtained Eq. 14-14 in the text,
c p (T2 T1 ) 2 h fg 2
1 Water
hg1 h f 2
This requires a trial-error solution for the adiabatic saturation Humidifier
temperature, T2. The inlet state properties are 1 atm AIR
1 0.0148 kg H2 O / kg dry air (Fig. A-31) 28 C 100%
Tdp=20 C
hg1 hg @ 28 C 2551.9 kJ/kg (Table A-4)
As a first estimate, let us take T2 =22 C (the inlet wet-bulb temperature). Also, at the exit, the relative humidity is
100% ( 2 1 ) and the pressure is 1 atm. Other properties at the exit state are

2 0.0167 kg H2 O / kg dry air

hf 2 h f @ 22 C 92.28 kJ/kg (Table A - 4)
h fg 2 h fg @ 22 C 2448.8 kJ/kg (Table A - 4)
Substituting,
c p (T2 T1 ) 2 h fg 2 (1.005)(22 28) (0.0167)(2448.8)
1 0.0142 kg H 2 O / kg dry air
hg1 h f 2 2551.9 92.28
which is sufficiently close to the inlet specific humidity (0.0148). Therefore, the adiabatic saturation temperature is
T2 22 C
Discussion This result is not surprising since the wet-bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures are approximately
equal to each other for air-water mixtures at atmospheric pressure.

14-66E There are a specified number of people in a movie theater in winter. It is to be determined if the theater
needs to be heated or cooled.
Assumptions There is a mix of men, women, and children in the classroom.
Properties The average rate of heat generation from people in a movie theater is 105 W, and 70 W of it is in sensible
form and 35 W in latent form.
Analysis Noting that only the sensible heat from a person contributes to the heating load of a building, the
contribution of people to the heating of the building is
Qpeople,sensible (No.of people) Qperson,sensible 500 (70 W) 35,000 W 119,420Btu/h
since 1 W = 3.412 Btu/h. The building needs to be heated since the heat gain from people is less than the rate of heat
loss of 130,000 Btu/h from the building.
14-71 Air enters a cooling section at a specified pressure, temperature, velocity, and relative humidity. The exit
temperature, the exit relative humidity of the air, and the exit velocity are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process and thus the mass flow rate of dry air remains constant during the
entire process (m
 a1 m  a2 m  a ) . 2 Dry air and water vapor are ideal gases. 3 The kinetic and potential energy
changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) The amount of moisture in the air remains constant ( 1 = 2) as it flows through the cooling section
since the process involves no humidification or dehumidification. The inlet state of the air is completely specified,
and the total pressure is 1 atm. The properties of the air at the inlet state are determined from the psychrometric
chart (Figure A-31) to be
h1 55.0 kJ/kg dry air
1 0.0089 kg H 2 O/kg dry air ( 2) 1200
v1 3
0.877 m / kg dry air kJ/min

The mass flow rate of dry air through the cooling

section is 32 C
1 30% 2
1
a
m V1 A1 18 m/s 1 atm AIR
v1
1
(18 m/s)( 0.42 /4 m 2 )
(0.877 m3 / kg)
2.58 kg/s
From the energy balance on air in the cooling section,
Q out m  a ( h2 h1 )
1200 / 60 kJ / s = (2.58 kg / s)( h2 550
. ) kJ / kg
h2 47.2 kJ / kg dry air
The exit state of the air is fixed now since we know both h2 and 2. From the psychrometric chart at this state we
read
T2 24.4 C
(b) 2 46.6%
v2 0.856 m3 / kg dry air
(c) The exit velocity is determined from the conservation of mass of dry air,
V1 V2 V1 A V2 A
 a1
m  a2
m
v1 v2 v1 v2
v2 0.856
V2 V (18 m/s) 17.6m/s
v1 1 0.877