Web Apps Development

CHAPTER 8 - SERVER SIDE PROGRAMMING 3

8-1
Server-side programming

- Part I. handling requests

- Part II. templating

- Part III. MySQL

- Part IV. cookies and sessions

8-2
Storing data Files
Database

Internet

Client Server

Cookie Session

8-3
Using MySQL from Python

8-4
Connectors

- Low level connectors vs. Object-relational mapping (ORM)

- Many packages for low level connection

- Most of them are compliant with the Python Database API Specification
(PEP 249) https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/
- We will be using MySQL Connector/Python

- "Official" connector
- https://dev.mysql.com/doc/connector-python/en/
- Part of Anaconda, but needs to be installed
conda install mysql-connector-python

8-5
Python Database API Specification

- Two main objects

- Connection
- Cursor
- Connection methods

- cursor() returns a new Cursor

- close() closes connection to DB
- commit() commits any pending transactions
- rollback() rolls back to the start of any pending transaction (optional)

8-6
Connecting to a DB
import mysql.connector


conn = mysql.connector.connect(user='root', password='root',

host='127.0.0.1', database='dat310')



# do some stuff



conn.close()

- The connect() constructor creates a connection to the

MySQL server and returns a MySQLConnection object

8-7
Error Handling

examples/python/mysql/mysql1.py

from mysql.connector import errorcode


try:

conn = mysql.connector.connect(…)

except mysql.connector.Error as err:

if err.errno == errorcode.ER_ACCESS_DENIED_ERROR:

print("Invalid username/password.")

elif err.errno == errorcode.ER_BAD_DB_ERROR:

print("Database does not exist.")

else:

print(err)

else:

# do some stuff

conn.close()

8-8
Python Database API Specification

- Cursor methods/attributes

- execute() executes a database operation or query

- rowcount read-only attribute, number of rows that the last execute
command produced (SELECT) or affected (UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE)
- close() closes the cursor
- fetchone() fetches the next row of a query result set
- fetchmany() fetches the next set of rows of a query result
- fetchall() fetches all (remaining) rows of a query result
- arraysize read/write attribute, specifying the number of rows to fetch
at a time with fetchmany() (default is 1)

8-9
Creating a Table

examples/python/mysql/mysql1.py

cur = conn.cursor()

try:

sql = ("CREATE TABLE postcodes ("

"postcode VARCHAR(4), "

"location VARCHAR(20), "

"PRIMARY KEY(postcode))")

cur.execute(sql)

except mysql.connector.Error as err:

if err.errno == errorcode.ER_TABLE_EXISTS_ERROR:

print("Error: Table already exists.")

else:

print("Error: {}".format(err.msg))

else:

print("Table created.")

finally:

cur.close()

8 - 10
Dropping a Table

examples/python/mysql/mysql1.py

cur = conn.cursor()

try:

sql = "DROP TABLE postcodes"

cur.execute(sql)

except mysql.connector.Error as err:

if err.errno == errorcode.ER_BAD_TABLE_ERROR:

print("Error: Table does not exist.")

else:

print("Error: {}".format(err.msg))

else:

print("Table dropped.")

finally:

cur.close()

8 - 11
Inserting Data

examples/python/mysql/mysql1.py

sql = "INSERT INTO postcodes (postcode, location) VALUES (%s, %s)"


try:

cur.execute(sql, (k, v)) # data is provided as a tuple

conn.commit() # commit after each row

except mysql.connector.Error as err:

print("Error: {}".format(err.msg))

- Data is provided as a tuple (list of values)

- DELETE and UPDATE work the same way

- You must commit the data after these statements

8 - 12
Inserting Data (2)

add_salary = ("INSERT INTO salaries "

"(emp_no, salary, from_date, to_date) "

"VALUES (%(emp_no)s, %(salary)s, %(from_date)s, %(to_date)s)")





# Insert salary information

data_salary = {

'emp_no': emp_no,

'salary': 50000,

'from_date': tomorrow,

'to_date': to_date,

}


cursor.execute(add_salary, data_salary)

- It is also possible to provide data in a dict

8 - 13
Querying Data

examples/python/mysql/mysql1.py

cur = conn.cursor()

try:

sql = ("SELECT postcode, location FROM postcodes "

"WHERE postcode BETWEEN %s AND %s")

cur.execute(sql, ("4000", "5000"))

for (postcode, location) in cur:

print("{}: {}".format(postcode, location))

except mysql.connector.Error as err:

print("Error: {}".format(err.msg))

finally:

cur.close()

8 - 14
Object-Relational Mapping

- For Object-Relational Mapping (ORM), see SQLAlchemy

- https://www.sqlalchemy.org/
- Flask extension: http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/0.12/patterns/sqlalchemy/
users = Table('users', metadata,

Column('user_id', Integer, primary_key=True),

Column('name', String(40)),

Column('age', Integer),

Column('password', String),

)

users.create()

i = users.insert()

i.execute(name='Mary', age=30, password='secret')



s = users.select(users.c.age < 40)

rs = s.execute()
8 - 15
Using MySQL from Flask

8 - 16
Flask Contexts

- Flask provides two contexts

- request variable is associated with the current request

from flask import request

- g is associated with the "global" application context

from flask import g

- typically used to cache resources that need to be created on a per-

request case, e.g., DB connections
- resource allocation: get_X() creates resource X if it does not exist yet,
otherwise returns the same resource
- resource deallocation: teardown_X() is a tear down handler

8 - 17
Example

examples/python/flask/5_mysql/app.py

def get_db():

if not hasattr(g, "_database"):

g._database = mysql.connector.connect(…)

return g._database





@app.teardown_appcontext

def teardown_db(error):

db = getattr(g, '_database', None)

if db is not None:

db.close()




@app.route("/listall")

def list_all():

"""List all postcodes."""

db = get_db()

cur = db.cursor() The first time get_db() is called the
connection will be established

8 - 18
Example

examples/python/flask/5_mysql/app.py

- Contains examples of CREATE TABLE, INSERT, SELECT

(single/multiple records), DELETE

- Uses flashing for success messages

8 - 19
Exercises #1, #2
https://github.com/kbalog/web-programming/tree/master/

exercises/python/flask3

8 - 20
Resources

- Python Database API Specification


https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/

- MySQL Connector/Python

https://dev.mysql.com/doc/connector-python/en/

- Flask

http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/0.12/quickstart/#

8 - 21