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Probability

This document contains a mathematics problem set on probability and statistics for students in their second year of an IACS degree. It includes 6 problems covering topics like independent events, probabilities of unions and intersections of events, conditional probabilities, and probabilities of events occurring in series or parallel. The problems ask students to determine whether sets of events are independent, calculate probabilities of compound events, find probabilities of transmission failures over parallel or series channels, and probabilities of scoring outcomes from coin tossing and picking digit pairs.

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Bishnu Rakshit
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48 views

Probability

This document contains a mathematics problem set on probability and statistics for students in their second year of an IACS degree. It includes 6 problems covering topics like independent events, probabilities of unions and intersections of events, conditional probabilities, and probabilities of events occurring in series or parallel. The problems ask students to determine whether sets of events are independent, calculate probabilities of compound events, find probabilities of transmission failures over parallel or series channels, and probabilities of scoring outcomes from coin tossing and picking digit pairs.

Uploaded by

Bishnu Rakshit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IACS - BS 2nd Year

Semester III : 2019-2020


MATHEMATICS III : Probability and Statistics
Problem Set V

Teacher: A. Goswami

1. (a) Recall that events A, B and C are said to be independent if the following four equations hold:
P (A∩B) = P (A)P (B), P (A∩C) = P (A)P (C), P (B∩C) = P (B)P (C), P (A∩B∩C) = P (A)P (B)P (C)
Show that the following set of eight equations is equivalent to the above set of four equations:
P (E1 ∩ E2 ∩ E3 ) = P (E1 )P (E2 )P (E3 ), where E1 = A or Ac , E2 = B or B c , E3 = C or C c .
(b) More generally, events A1 , A2 , . . . , An are said to be independent if the following equations hold:
P (Ai1 ∩Ai2 · · ·∩Aik) = P (Ai1 )×P (Ai2 )×· · ·×P (Aik ) for all choices of indices 1 ≤ i1 < i2 < · · · < ik ≤ n.
Show that the above set of conditions is equivalent to the following set of 2n equations:
P (E1 ∩ · · · ∩ En ) = P (E1 )× · · · ×P (En ), where E1 = A1 or Ac1 , · · · , En = An or Acn
2. Let E1 , E2 , . . . , E7 be seven independent events.
(a) Show that E1 ∪ E4 and E2 ∪ (E5 \ E7 ) are two independent events.
(b) Show that the three events E1 ∪ E5 , E3 ∩ (E2 ∪ E6 ) and E4 ∪ E7c are independent.
(c) Show that the four events E2c , E1 \ E6 , E3 ∪ E7 and E4c ∪ E5c are independent.
(d) Do you get the general picture of what the above exercises reveal?
3. Let A1 , . . . , An be n independent events and suppose P (Ai ) = pi .
(a) Find the probability that at least one of the events A1 , . . . , An occurs.
(b) Find the probabiity that of the three events A1 , A2 and A3 , exactly (i) one occurs, (ii) two
occur.
(c) Find the probability that at least one of A1 and A2 occurs, but none of the other events occur.

4. Signals are transmitted from station A to station B. There are three transmission channels linking A
to B, that are meant to carry the signals. Suppose that these three channels function independetly
and have probabilities 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 respectively of malfunctioning. Find the probability that
signals transmitted from A will be received at B if the three channels link A to B (i) in series, (ii)
in parallel.

5. You toss three coins and you score one point if all three tosses show up the same face. What is the
probability that after 10 trials, (i) you will have a score of 3, (ii) you will score at least 3, (iii) your
score would be at most 8?
6. Consider a trial where you are to select a pair of (distinct) digits from among 1, 2, . . . , 9. Let B
denote the event that the g.c.d. of the selected pair is 2 and C be the event that the g.c.d. is 3.
Suppose this trial is repeated until either B or C occurs.
(a) Find the probability that at least 6 tirals will be needed.
(b) Find the probabiity that exactly 10 trials will be needed.
(c) Let En be the event that exactly
S n trials are needed and at the nth tiral B occurs. Find P (En ).
(d) What does the event E = En represent? Find P (E).
n S
(e) Repeat (c) and (d) with Fn being exactly like En except now with C in place of B and F = Fn .
n
(f) If you did things correctly, you will have P (E) + P (F ) = 1. What can you conclude from this?
(g) Now try to find P (E) [ or P (F ) ] directly by conditioning on the outcome of the first trial and
using the theorem of total probability.

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