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This document provides an overview of gas dynamics concepts across 8 chapters. It covers fundamentals of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics, compressible flow, isentropic flow, normal shock waves, frictional flow in ducts, flow with heat transfer, and steady supersonic flows. The document includes nomenclature, contents listing the 8 chapters and appendices, and an index to aid navigation. It is intended to provide a comprehensive introduction to gas dynamics concepts.

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cemil
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179 views

Course

This document provides an overview of gas dynamics concepts across 8 chapters. It covers fundamentals of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics, compressible flow, isentropic flow, normal shock waves, frictional flow in ducts, flow with heat transfer, and steady supersonic flows. The document includes nomenclature, contents listing the 8 chapters and appendices, and an index to aid navigation. It is intended to provide a comprehensive introduction to gas dynamics concepts.

Uploaded by

cemil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GAS DYNAMICS

M. Halük Aksel
and
O. Cahit Eralp
Middle East Technical University
Ankara, Turkey

PRENTICE HALL f r \
New York London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore; \
Contents

Preface xi
Nomenclature xiii

1 Fundamentals of fluid dynamics 1


Mehmet HalQk Aksel
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Solids and fluids 1
1.3 The concept of continuum 2
1.4 Properties of continuum 3
1.5 The description of continuum 11
1.6 Methods for the mathematical formulation of fluid flow 13
1.7 Relations between the material and the spatial descriptions 14
1.8 Classification of fluid flow 19
1.9 Conservation of mass 23
1.10 Conservation of momentum 25
Further reading 28
Problems 28

2 Fundamentals of thermodynamics 33
Mehmet HalQk Aksel
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Properties and state of a substance 33
2.3 Processes and cycles 33
2.4 Equality of temperature 34
2.5 The zeroth law of thermodynamics 35
2.6 Work 35
2.7 Heat 40
2.8 Comparison of heat and work 40
2.9 The first law of thermodynamics 41
2.10 The second law of thermodynamics 47

CONTENTS vii
2.11 Equation of state 58
Further reading 67
Problems 61

3 Introduction to compressible flow 64


Mehmet HalQk Aksel
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Wave propagation in compressible media 64
3.3 Speed of sound 65
3.4 Mach number 69
3.5 Pressure disturbances in a compressible fluid 70
Further reading 75
Problems 75

4 Isentropic flow 79
Mehmet HalQk Aksel
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Governing equations 79
4.3 Stagnation conditions 80
4.4 Characteristic speeds of gas dynamics 84
4.5 Effects of area variation on flow properties in isentropic flow 90
4.6 Relations for the isentropic flow of a perfect gas 96
4.7 Working chart and working table for isentropic flow 707
4.8 Isentropic operation of nozzles 707
4.9 Performance of real nozzles 727
4.10 Thrust of a rocket engine 726
Further reading 732
Problems 732

5 Normal shock waves 140


Mehmet Halük Aksel
5.1 Introduction 740
5.2 Physical description of wave development 141
5.3 Governing equations for the flow across a normal shock wave 145
5.4 Relations for the flow of a perfect gas across a normal shock wave
5.5 Working chart and working table for flow across a normal shock
wave 757
5.6 Moving normal shock waves 762
5.7 Reflected normal shock waves 767
5.8 Non-isentropic flow regime in converging-diverging nozzles 777
5.9 Non-isentropic operation of supersonic diffusers 776

viii CONTENTS
5.10 Performance of real diffusers 795
5.11 Supersonic Pitot tube 197
5.12 One-dimensional unsteady flow in a shock tube 199
Further reading 211
Problems 211

Frictional flow in constant-area ducts 225


Mehmet HalQk Aksel.
6.1 Introduction 225
6.2 Governing equations for adiabatic one-dimensional flow of a perfect gas
with friction in constant-area ducts 225
6.3 The Fanno line 229
6.4 Effect of friction on flow properties along the Fanno line 231
6.5 Relations for the flow of a perfect gas on the Fanno line 236
6.6 Working chart and working table for the flow of a perfect gas on the
Fanno line 239
6.7 Choking due to friction 243
6.8 Performance of adiabatic ducts at various pressure ratios 246
6.9 Governing equations for isothermal one-dimensional flow with friction in
constant-area ducts 268
6.10 Effect of friction on flow properties in an isothermal flow 272
6.11 Relations for the isothermal flow of a perfect gas in a constant-area
duct 277
6.12 Working chart and working table for the isothermal flow of a perfect
gas 280
6.13 Choking effects in isothermal flow 285
Further reading 285
Problems 285

7 Flow in constant-area ducts with heat transfer 292


Mehmet HalQk Aksel and Osman Cahit Eralp
7.1 Introduction 292
7.2 Governing equations for one-dimensional flow in constant-area ducts with
heating or cooling 293
7.3 The Rayleigh line 296
7.4 Effect of heat transfer on flow properties of frictionless flows in constant-
area ducts 298
7.5 Relations for the flow of a perfect gas on the Rayleigh line 303
7.6 Working chart and working table for the flow of a perfect gas on the
Rayleigh line 305
7.7 Choking due to heat transfer 309

CONTENTS ix
7.8 Combustion waves: detonation and deflagration 312
Further reading 319
Problems 320

8 Steady and two-dimensional supersonic flows 322


Mehmet HalQk Aksel
8.1 Introduction 322
8.2 Oblique shock waves 323
8.3 Prandtl-Meyer flow 341
8.4 Overexpansion and underexpansion flow regimes in converging-diverging
nozzles 347
8.5 Supersonic oblique shock diffuser 354
8.6 Supersonic aerofoils 361
Further reading 369
Problems 370

Appendix A Properties of the standard atmosphere 380


Appendix В Thermodynamic properties of common gases at standard
temperature and pressure (15 °C, 101.325 kPa) 382
Appendix С Isentropic flow of a perfect gas (k = 1.4) 383
Appendix D Flow of a perfect gas across a normal shock wave (k - 1.4) 395
Appendix E Flow of a perfect gas on the Fanno line (k = 1.4) 406
Appendix F Isothermal flow of a perfect gas (k = 1.4) 419
Appendix G Flow of a perfect gas on the Rayleigh line (k = 1.4) 432
Appendix H Prandtl-Meyer flow of a perfect gas (k = 1.4) 445

Answers to problems 490


Index 456

x CONTENTS

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