Scribd
Upload
4K views5 pages

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Logic Puzzle

Brianna is the secretary. Tyler is the vice president. Ashley is the president. Ryan is the treasurer.

Uploaded by

Neri Sangalang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4K views5 pages

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Logic Puzzle

Brianna is the secretary. Tyler is the vice president. Ashley is the president. Ryan is the treasurer.

Uploaded by

Neri Sangalang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Mathematics in the Modern World

CHAPTER III: INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING


Inductive reasoning is the process of reaching a general conclusion by examining specific
examples.
I. Use of inductive Reasoning to predict a number
Illustration:
Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of the following lists.
a. 3,6,9,12,15, ?
Solution:
Each successive number is 3 larger that the preceding number. Thus we predict that the
next number in the list is 3 larger than 15, which is 18.
b. 1,3,6,10, 15 ?
Solution:
The first two numbers differ by 2. The second and the third numbers differ by 3. It appears
that the difference between any two numbers is always 1 more than the preceding
difference. Since 10 and 15 differ by 5, we predict that the next number in the list will be 6
larger than 15, which is 21.

II. Use of inductive reasoning to make a conjecture

Consider the following procedure. Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to
the product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3. Complete the above procedure for
several different numbers. Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture about the
relationship between the size of the resulting number and the size of the original
number.
Solution:
Original number : 5
Multiply by 5 : 8 x 5 = 40
Add 6 : 40 + 6 = 46
Divide by 2 : 46 / 2 = 23
Subtract 3 : 23 - 3 = 30
We started with 5 and followed the procedure to produce 20. Starting with 6 as our
original number produces a final result of 24. Starting with 10 produces a final result
of 40. Starting with 100 produces final result of 400. In each of these cases the
resulting number is four times the original number. We conjecture that following the
given procedure produces a number that is four times the original number.

III. Use of inductive reasoning to Solve an application.

Length of pendulum, in units Period of pendulum, in


heartbeats
1 1
4 2
9 3
16 4
25 5
36 6

Use the data in the above table and inductive reasoning to answer each of the
following questions.

a. If the pendulum has a length of 49 units, what is its period?


Solution:
In the table each pendulum has a period that is the square root of its length. Thus,
we conjecture that a pendulum with a length of 49 units will have a period of 7
heartbeats.
b. If the length of the pendulum is quadruped, what happens to its period?
Solution:
In the table, a pendulum with a length of 4 units has a period that is twice that of
a pendulum with a length of 1 unit. A pendulum with a length of 16 units has
period that is twice that of a pendulum with at length of 4 units. It appears that
quadrupling the length of a pendulum doubles its period.
COUNTEREXAMPLES
A statement is a true statement provided that it is true in all cases. If you can find one cause of
which a statement is not true, called a counterexample, then the statement is a false statement.
In example 4, we verify that each statement is a false statement by finding a counterexample of
each.
Illustration:
Find a counterexample. Verify that each of the following statements is a false statement by
finding a counterexample:
For all number x:

a. |x| > 0 b. x2 > x c. √x2 = x


Solution:
A statement may have counterexamples, but we need only find one counterexample to
verify that the statement is false.
a. Let x=0. Then |0| = 0. Because 0 is not greater than 0, we have found a
counterexample. Thus” for all number x, |x| > 0” is a false statement.
b. For x =1 we have 12 = 1. Since 1 is not greater than 1, we have found a counterexample.
Thus, “for all numbers x, x2 > x” is a false statement.
c. Consider x = -3. Then √(-3)2 = 9 = 3. Since 3 is not equal to -3, we have found a
counterexample. Thus” for all numbers x, √ x3 = x” is a false statement.

DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Deductive reasoning is distinguished from inductive reasoning in that it is the process of reaching
a conclusion by applying general assumptions, principles and procedures.
I. Use of Deductive Reasoning to Establish conjecture
Illustration:
Use deductive reasoning to show that the following procedure produces a number that is four
times the original number.
Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide the sum by 2,
and subtract 3.
Solution:
Let n represent the original number.
Multiply the number by 8 : 8n
Add 6 the product : 8n + 6
𝟖𝒏+𝟔
Divide the sum by 2 : = 4n + 3
𝟐

Subtract 3 : 4n + 3 – 3 = 4n
We started with n and ended with 4n. The procedure given in this example produces a
number that is four times the original number.
Answer: one

INDUCTIVE REASONING VS. DEDUCTIVE REASONING


Illustration:
a. Determine whether each of the following arguments is an example of inductive
reasoning or deductive reasoning.
a. During the past 10 years, a tree has produced plums every other year. Last year the
tree did not produce plums, so this year the tree will produce plums.
Solution:
This argument reaches a conclusion based on specific examples, so it is an example
of inductive reasoning.
b. All home improvements cot more than the estimate. The contractor estimated
that my home improvement will cost P35,000. Thus my home improvement will cost
more than P35,000.00.
Solution:
Because the conclusion is a specific case of general assumption, this argument is an
example of deductive reasoning.
LOGIC PUZZLES
Logic puzzles can be solved by using deductive reasoning and a chart that enables us to display
the given information in a visual manner.
Illustration:
Solve a logic puzzle.
a. Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah and Brian, has a different occupation ( editor,
banker, chef or dentist). From the following clues, determine the occupation of each
neighbor.
1. Maria gets home from work after the banker but before the dentist.
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from work, is not the editor.
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at the same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
Solution:

EDITOR BANKER CHEF DENTIST


SEAN X4 / X4 X4
MARIA / X1 X4 X1
SARAH X2 X2 / X3
BRIAN X4 X4 X4 /

ASSIGNMENT:

Brianna, Ryan, Tyler and Ashley were recently elected as the new class officers,
(President, vice president, secretary, treasurer) of the sophomore class at Summit
College. From the following clues, determine which position each holds.
1. Ashley is younger than the president but older than the treasurer.
2. Brianna and the secretary are both the same age, and they are the youngest
members of the group.
3. Tyler and the secretary are next door neighbors.

You might also like