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Differential Leveling

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Sebastian Seth Santos Cabahug
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145 views3 pages

Differential Leveling

Uploaded by

Sebastian Seth Santos Cabahug
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University of the Immaculate Conception

Bonifacio St., Davao City


Engineering and Architecture Program

Field Work No.


DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING

Objectives:

- To determine the elevation of points by differential leveling.

Instruments and Accessories:

- Dumpy or Wye level


- Leveling Rod
- Hubs or Pegs
- Range Poles
- Hammer or Mallet
- Chalk

Procedure:

1. Designate the initial or reference point of the level route as BM-1 and the final or terminal
point as BM-2.
2. Set up and level the instrument at a convenient location along the general designated
route between the two points.
3. Take and record a backsight on BM-1.
4. Direct the rodman to move forward along the level route (not necessarily in a straight line
between BM-1 and the next point) and establish TP-1.
5. Take and record a foresight in TP-1.
6. Transfer and set up the level at another suitable location beyond TP-1 and take and record
a backsight on TP-1.
7. Direct the rodman to move a convenient distance ahead of the instrument and establish
TP-2.
8. Take and record a foresight TP-2.
9. Repeat the procedure until a foresight is finally taken on BM-2.
10. Refer to the accompanying sample tabulation for the recording of observed field data.

STA BS HI FS ELEVATION REMARKS


Computations:

1. Computing height of instrument and elevation.


In differential leveling, the following two equations are repeatedly used
a. 𝐻𝐼 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 + 𝐵𝑆
b. 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 = 𝐻𝐼 − 𝐹𝑆
Where:
HI = height of instrument above a reference datum
BS = backsight reading on the rod (or plus sights)
FS = foresight reading on the rod (or minus sights)
Elev = elevation above a reference datum of a point sighted

2. Arithmetic Check
To check the accuracy of the arithmetical computations, add all backsights as well as all
the foresights. The difference between these two sums must be equal to the difference in
elevation between the initial and final points of the level line.

Remarks, Hints, and Precautions:

1. To reduce to a negligible amount the effect of curvature and refraction, keep the backsight
distance approximately equal to its corresponding foresight distance.
2. Limit foresight and backsight distances to a maximum of 90 meters since most leveling
rods cannot be read accurately beyond this distance.
3. Always keep the telescope bubble centered at instant of sighting. The accuracy of leveling
depends on the bubble being in this position during each rod sighting.
4. Avoid reading too near the top or bottom of the rod. Select suitable locations for the
instrument so that the backsight and foresight rod readings will fall between 0.50 to 1.50
m marks of the leveling rod.
5. Avoid the use of a long (extended) rod especially when it is windy and the leveling rod is
not provided with a rod support.
6. Since more time is spent at a set-up of the instrument, care must be observed so as to
prevent settlement of the instrument between basksighting and foresighting periods. To
guard against settlement of the instrument, such as when working on soft grounds during
rainy days, the tripod legs must be driven firmly into good bearing soil.
7. Turning points should have a rounded or leveled top to give a definite point of support for
the bottom of the leveling rod. If a hub or peg is used, avoid locating such points on a
soft and unstable grounds.
8. The rod should be held plumb and steady when a reading is made on it. Preferably, use
a rod level to assure that the rod will always be help plumb and keep fingers off the face
of the rod.
9. Use the proper tension on the leveling screws. They should have bearing on the tripod
head without being too tight.
10. For non-precise surveys, rod readings may be made to the nearest hundredth of a meter.
11. The number of instrument set-ups will depend largely on the configuration of the terrain,
length of the level circuit or route, and the length of sight distances. It is best to select
the shortest level route possible to reduce the amount of error closure.

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