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Properties of (S) Matrix

This document discusses different types of microwave junctions used in waveguide systems. It describes H-plane tee junctions, E-plane tee junctions, and E-H plane tee junctions. It also discusses the properties and applications of E-H plane tee junctions, which are also known as magic tees or hybrid couplers. Finally, it describes directional couplers and their properties, including how they couple power between ports in different directions.

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Syed Zafar Ali Raza
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73 views5 pages

Properties of (S) Matrix

This document discusses different types of microwave junctions used in waveguide systems. It describes H-plane tee junctions, E-plane tee junctions, and E-H plane tee junctions. It also discusses the properties and applications of E-H plane tee junctions, which are also known as magic tees or hybrid couplers. Finally, it describes directional couplers and their properties, including how they couple power between ports in different directions.

Uploaded by

Syed Zafar Ali Raza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 3

In a waveguide system, it is sometimes important to split the microwave energy


into particular directions. This is achieved by waveguides aka microwave junctions.

These are combined to form coupler units that direct the energy as directed.

A microwave junction is an interconnection of 2 or more microwave components.

Microwave junction can be analogous to traffic junction where a no of roads meet on


which the vehicles enter and leave the traffic junction.

S parameters-

Square matrix which give all the combinations of power relationships between
various inputs and outputs ika S matrix. The elements of this matrix represent S
parameters.

S parameters are used to define the associated powers of the waves which gets
scattered in a network.

Der+

Derivation of S-matrix pg. 1 #1

Properties of [S] Matrix

The scattering matrix is indicated as [S] matrix. There are few standard properties
for [S] matrix. They are
 [S][S] is always a square matrix of order (nxn)
[S]n×n[S]n×n
 [S][S] is a symmetric matrix
i.e., Sij=Sji
 [S][S] is a unitary matrix
i.e., [S][S]∗=I
 The sum of the products of each term of any row or column multiplied
by the complex conjugate of the corresponding terms of any other row or
column is zero. i.e.,
An H-Plane Tee junction is formed by attaching a simple waveguide to a rectangular
waveguide which already has two ports. The arms of rectangular waveguides make
two ports called collinear ports i.e., Port a and Port c, while the new one, Port b is
called as Side arm or H-arm.

As the axis of the side arm is parallel to the magnetic field, this junction is
called H-Plane Tee junction. This is also called as Current junction, as the
magnetic field divides itself into arms.

An E-Plane Tee junction is formed by attaching a simple waveguide to the broader


dimension of a rectangular waveguide, which already has two ports. The arms
of rectangular waveguides make two ports called collinear portsi.e., Port1 and
Port2, while the new one, Port3 is called as Side arm or E-arm. T his E-plane Tee is
also called as Series Tee.

As the axis of the side arm is parallel to the electric field, this junction is
called E-Plane Tee junction. This is also called as Voltage or Series
junction. The ports 1 and 2 are 180° out of phase with each other.
An E-H Plane Tee junction is formed by attaching two simple waveguides one
parallel and the other series, to a rectangular waveguide which already has two
ports. This is also called as Magic Tee, or Hybrid or 3dB coupler.

The arms of rectangular waveguides make two ports called collinear ports i.e., Port
1 and Port 2, while the Port 3 is called as H-Arm or Sum port or Parallel port. Port 4

is called as E-Arm or Difference port or Series port. Applications of E-H Plane Tee
Some of the most common applications of E-H Plane Tee are as follows −
 E-H Plane junction is used to measure the impedance − A null detector
is connected to E-Arm port while the Microwave source is connected to H-
Arm port. The collinear ports together with these ports make a bridge and
the impedance measurement is done by balancing the bridge.
 E-H Plane Tee is used as a duplexer − A duplexer is a circuit which
works as both the transmitter and the receiver, using a single antenna for
both purposes. Port 1 and 2 are used as receiver and transmitter where they
are isolated and hence will not interfere. Antenna is connected to E-Arm
port. A matched load is connected to H-Arm port, which provides no
reflections. Now, there exists transmission or reception without any problem.
 E-H Plane Tee is used as a mixer − E-Arm port is connected with
antenna and the H-Arm port is connected with local oscillator. Port 2 has a
matched load which has no reflections and port 1 has the mixer circuit,
which gets half of the signal power and half of the oscillator power to
produce IF frequency.

Characteristics of E-H Plane Tee


 If a signal of equal phase and magnitude is sent to port 1 and port 2,
then the output at port 4 is zero and the output at port 3 will be the additive
of both the ports 1 and 2.
 If a signal is sent to port 4, (E-arm) then the power is divided between
port 1 and 2 equally but in opposite phase, while there would be no output
at port 3. Hence, S34 = 0.
 If a signal is fed at port 3, then the power is divided between port 1
and 2 equally, while there would be no output at port 4. Hence, S43 = 0.
 If a signal is fed at one of the collinear ports, then there appears no
output at the other collinear port, as the E-arm produces a phase delay and
the H-arm produces a phase advance. So, S12 = S21 = 0.

Directional coupler

A Directional coupler is a device that samples a small amount of Microwave


power for measurement purposes. The power measurements include incident
power, reflected power, VSWR values, etc.
Directional Coupler is a 4-port waveguide junction consisting of a primary main
waveguide and a secondary auxiliary waveguide. The following figure shows the
image of a directional coupler.
Directional coupler is used to couple the Microwave power which may be
unidirectional or bi-directional.

Properties of Directional Couplers


The properties of an ideal directional coupler are as follows.
 All the terminations are matched to the ports.
 When the power travels from Port 1 to Port 2, some portion of it gets
coupled to Port 4 but not to Port 3.
 As it is also a bi-directional coupler, when the power travels from Port
2 to Port 1, some portion of it gets coupled to Port 3 but not to Port 4.
 If the power is incident through Port 3, a portion of it is coupled to Port
2, but not to Port 1.
 If the power is incident through Port 4, a portion of it is coupled to Port
1, but not to Port 2.
 Port 1 and 3 are decoupled as are Port 2 and Port 4.

Ideally, the output of Port 3 should be zero. However, practically, a small amount of
power called back power is observed at Port 3. The following figure indicates the
power flow in a directional coupler.
Where

 Pi= Incident power at Port 1

 Pr = Received power at Port 2

 Pf = Forward coupled power at Port 4

 Pb = Back power at Port 3

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