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Sec 12: Function of A Complex Variable

The document defines and discusses functions of a complex variable. It provides: 1) The definition of a function f of a complex variable as a rule that assigns a unique complex number w to each element z in its domain of definition S. 2) Examples of functions written in terms of real and imaginary parts, and in polar coordinates. 3) Definitions and theorems regarding limits, continuity, and properties of limits and continuous functions of a complex variable.

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Kishan Panpaliya
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124 views32 pages

Sec 12: Function of A Complex Variable

The document defines and discusses functions of a complex variable. It provides: 1) The definition of a function f of a complex variable as a rule that assigns a unique complex number w to each element z in its domain of definition S. 2) Examples of functions written in terms of real and imaginary parts, and in polar coordinates. 3) Definitions and theorems regarding limits, continuity, and properties of limits and continuous functions of a complex variable.

Uploaded by

Kishan Panpaliya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sec 12: Function of a complex

variable:
Let S be a set of complex numbers.
Then function f defined on S is a
rule that assigns to each z S a
unique complex number w, and we
write f (z) = w
The set S is called domain of
definition of f.
Let z = x+ i y &

w = u (x,y) +i v(x,y)

Then f(z) = w = u (x, y) + iv (x, y)

Re f(z) = u(x,y) & Im f(z) = v(x,y)


• In polar coordinates,

z = x+iy = re i ,

f (z) = u(r, ) + i v(r, ).


Limit:
lim f ( z )  w0  given   0,
z  z0

 a   0 such that
f(z)-w0  
whenever 0  z - z 0  
Theorems on limits:
Thm 1 Let f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv( x, y ),
z0  x0  iy0 , w0  u0  iv0 ,
Then lim f ( z )  w0
z  z0

 (i) lim u(x, y)  u0


( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 )

(ii ) lim v(x, y)  v0


( x , y )  ( x0 , y 0 )
Thm 2 Let lim f ( z )  w0 ,
z  z0

lim g( z )  W0 . Then
z  z0

(i) lim [ f ( z )  g ( z )]  w0  W0 .
z  z0
(ii ) lim [ f ( z ) g ( z )]  w0 W0 .
z  z0

 f ( z )  w0
(iii ) lim    , if W0  0.
z  z0
 g ( z )  W0
The point at infinity:
The point at infinity is denoted by
, and the complex plane
together with the point at infinity is
called the Extended complex
Plane.
Riemann Sphere & Stereographic
Projection
Theorem
1
1. lim f ( z )    lim  0.
zz 0 zz 0 f ( z )

1
2. lim f ( z )  w0  lim f    w0
z  z 0
z
1
3. lim f ( z )    lim 0
z  z 0 1
f 
z
Sec 18. Continuity

1. A function f(z) is said to be


continuous at a point z 0 if

lim f ( z )  f ( z0 )
z  z0
i .e. for each   0,    0
such that

f(z) - f(z 0 )  
whenever z  z0   .
• The function f(z) is said to be
continuous in a region R if it is
continuous at all points of the
region R.
2.
If f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv ( x, y ), then
f ( z ) is continuous iff
Re f ( z )  u ( x, y ) and
Im f ( z )  v( x, y )
are continuous.
3. If f(z) and g(z) are continuous , then
(a) f ( z )  g ( z )
(b) f ( z ) g ( z )
f ( z)
(c ) , g ( z)  0
g ( z)
are all continuous .
4. Composition of two
continuous map is
continuous
Qs. Let f (z) is continuous at z0
and f(z0)  0. Then show that
f(z)  0 throughout in some nbd
of z0.
• Solution: f (z) is continuous at z0

 lim f ( z )  f ( z0 )
z  z0

 For each >0,  a >0 s.t.


f (z) – f(z0) < 
whenever  z-z0  < . (1)
Note that f (z 0 )  0 & (1) is valid
for each   0.

1
Let   f ( z0 )  0.
2
If possible, let
 z  z  N(z 0 ,  ) : z - z 0  

such that f (z)  0


Then (1) gives
1
f(z) - f(z 0 )  f ( z0 ) ,
2
whenever z  z0  
1
 f ( z0 )  f ( z0 )
2
whenever z  z0  
a contradiction
 f ( z )  0  z  N ( z0 ,  )
Result: Every continuous function
in a closed & bounded region is
bounded.
Let f (z) is continuous in a closed &
bounded region R
  M > 0 s. t f(z) M  z R.
z
Ex1. If f ( z )  , then
z
lim f ( z ) does NOT exist.
z 0

Soln : Use two path test.


2
z
Ex2. If f ( z )    , then
z
lim f ( z ) does NOT exist.
z 0

Soln : Use two path test.


Ex 3. Discuss the continuity of
f(z) at z = 0 if
Re z
(i ) f (z) 
1 z

1
(ii ) f (z)  z Re z
Re z
Sol. (i) f(z) 
1 z
x

1 x  y
2 2
x
lim f ( z )  lim
z 0 ( x , y ) ( 0 , 0 )
1 x  y
2 2

 0  f (0)

 f ( z) is continuous at z  0
Re z x
(ii) f(z)  
z x  iy
We have

x
lim f ( z )  lim
z 0 ( x , y ) ( 0 , 0 ) x  iy
x
 lim f ( z )  lim ,
z 0 ( x , y ) ( 0 , 0 ) x  imx
(along y  mx)
1

1  im
which is not unique
 f(z) is not continuous at z  0

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