Va 9.2 A thin square is oriented perpendicular to the upstream velocity in a uniform flow. The average pressure on the front side of the square is 0.7 times the stagnation pressure and the average pressure on the back side is a vacuum (ie, less than the free stream pressure) with e magnitude 0.4 times the stagnation pressure. Determine the drag coefficient for this square. The drag can be determined by Summing the pressure forces. 4 T= BA-BRA = O14 pY)A — (-0.4(4pU%A The pressure 0” the rear is ia Vacuum So is negative. B=11(5fUA & % s 4 oe Bia L1G ew DA. & “ayvA vA eae uA Cye ll93 9.3 A small 1S.ma-long fish swims with @ speed of 20 mm/s, Would a boundary layer type flow be developed slong the sides of the fish? Explain, Re = UL or with £2 15H0n , V- 20x10" ® and = 2X0 (¢8,, 15.5 water) Re- aon Een) = 240 This Reynolds mmber is not layer type flow. (Re *1000 is offen assumed to be the lower limit.)cn Paw = ~1.2 kNin? tae = 5S 10-2 kN? 9.41 “The average pressure and shear stress acting on the surfanz of the I-m-square flat plate are as indicated in Fig. P94 y Determine the ft and drag generated, Determine the lift and drag ——>- if the shear sess is neglected. Compare these two sets of results Pore = 23 Xin Fare = 76% 10-2 Ki? MFIGURE Pod Since (pd faye and \%4A= Tre A it follows that D= pA, sink +p, A, sint *GA, cosk +A, cosh or with A=Aa = In* and &= 7°, = A, sina (p,-p)) +A, cos (7+) = Unt) sin7* (2.3 12) & +Unt) cos7"(S.0x10"+ 76x10) Bh = 0.427 KN + 0.133 kN = 0.560 kN Note, if shear stress is neglected LJ = 0.427 KN (ée,%,=% =) Also, L=-p,4 cosx +p, Ay cos% ~ GA, sink -% Ay sink or L= A, cos (py py) -A, sina (G *%) = (In?) c0s7 (2.242) $M = (1m?) sin 7° (S:8110% 76 4j07) = 3.47 kN - 0.0183 kN = SKN Note, if shear stress is neglected kN. Note* If the general expressions d= { pcos df +(% sino dA and Sp sino dA +S % cose dA are use, be careful aboot the signs involved. On the uppor sirface 8,=97° and pp and % are pasive as indicated ier in the figure. On the lower surface @,= 277° and p and % are positive as indicated in the lower figure. a For example, with this notation %<0 on the lower surkece. _ = 612) sin 97" (In?) —(2.3 1) sin 277° (1a?) @,0277° + (S210? 4M ) cos 97°(Im*) 4{- 76010 2M > c05277"(Im2) = 3.45 kN , as obtained above. q-39,5 P= -5 kim? Het *9,5 The pressure distribution on the 1-m-diameter. circular aN ar disk in Fig, P9.5is given in the table. Determine the drag on 7 the disk t va | easy pam i FIGURE P9.5 12 reB = (pdi-(pdh=( platrdr) -p, 2, since dh = 20rd 7 2 Peo This, osm Os Laan pr dr ~(-sAB)E(?) = 207 pr dr + 9.93 HY i ° here pb r~m Evaluate the integral numerically Using the following integrand rim pr, kW/m r(m) (kW/m) o ° 0 434 0.05 O24 ae 0.10 0.406 ie O18 0,558 0.20 0.20 0.620 as 0.25 0.695 at 0.30 O71 035 0.35 0.662. 040 0.40 0.564 os outs 0-333 050 0.50 0.000 oa Using a standard numerical integration technigue with the above integrand gives off = 5.43 kN a49.6 9.6 When you walk through still air ata rate ‘of 1 m/s, would you expect the character of the aie low around you to be most like that depicted in Fig. 9.6a, b, ot ¢? Explain. Re= Uh where varvers?® and U=I%, Assome £-1m. Thess gym °° pH6x0 = 6.05x10% —Thie flow has a large enough Reynlds umber to develop a boundary layer. Thus, viscous effects would not be important far from your body , except in the wake region behind yoo. Note: The above conclusion is teve whether we assume L=/m , b-2in, £2 0.1m, or some other reasanable characteristic length of our bedy, The flow wovld be most like that in Fig. 9.6 6.4.7 9.7 A 0.10 m-diameter circular cylinder moves throwgh air | with a speed U. The pressure distribution on the cylinder's surface is approximated by the three straight line segments shown in Fig. P9.7 Determine the drag coefficient on the cylinder. Neglect shear forces. 1 BW a 60 BO 100 120 140 160 10 Win? WFIGURE P97 A= Spor cos do = br (pcase de 7 “ = 2b, 6 do wp abr 9 om Break up the integration into the following three segments: D0<0¢70 =/,222rad where p= 7739043 fe where Ovrad. ae. pl <9 and pl =-6 O70 61222 2) 70°s p 100° or 1.22229 1.745 rad where 599-165 M | where O~rad ée. pl =~6 and pl = -15 21.222 onus and 3) 100° p 180° or 1-745 <<3.1% rad where pals & Thos, roe! tt “ a? 4 o2br[ { pewsb 40 +f pw do +{ pow0d0] -2br[J, +I,+L] @ oe 7 | 100" where (con't)97 \(con't) tate naa Ze Se 2.398 #3) cos dO =[-7,39(cos@ +8 sin6)+3 in| 20.791 ° i748 ? ius Lf (8.599 - 16.5) cos do =[8,54(cas0 +0 sind ~165 sin 9|=-0.260 baad 4222 and 3. at y= (5) 050 do = ~15 sin6| = 1.477 NES: NES Hence, chy = 2brfo.7a1 ~0.260 +1477] = 0,852 br or with b = Lp. o.8szbr_ _ 0.426 % Fov"h ~ Fpvr(abr) ~ feve” But the pressure af 0-0, the stagnation point, is 37m Thus, $00" 32% so thal9.8 418. Topi aes ofthe Reynols names for various 1 Speed Re Wing through air or water are listed below. For which (a) large whale 10 m/s | 300.990200 cases is inertia ofthe fluid important? For which eases do vis- (b) flying duck 20 m/s cous effects dominate? For which cases would the flow be am- —(c) large dragonfly 7 m/s “30 m0 inar; turbulent? Explain. (d) invertebrate larva 1mm/s 03 (@) bacterium 0.01 mm/s 0.00003 Tnertia important if Rex! (é.e whale, duck, dragonfly) Viscous effects dominate if Res! (¢.e larva, bacterivm) Boundary layer flew becomes turbulent for Re on the order of 19° to 108(<.e, whale and perhaps the duck) The flow would be laminar for the dragontly, larva, and bacterivm and perhaps the duck. 9-3AEN 9.12 Water flows past a fat plate thats oriented parallel to the ow with an upstream velocity of 0.5 mvs. Determine the approximate location downstream from the leading edge where the boundary layer ‘becomes turbulent. What is the boundary layer thickness at this location? Recep = Gx l0* = Ue Ker snr, Sxt0° Lao") _ 1 12 og 05 d= 5f/Zk “Sy (eae ret tee = 7.98 x0~FmG13 9.13. - A viscous fluid flows past a flat plate such that the boundary layer thickness at a distance 1.3 m from the leading edge is 12 mm. Determine the boundary layer thickness at distances of 0.20, 2.0, and 20 m from the leading edge. Assume laminar flow. For laminar flow 6 =CYX , where © is a constant. Thus, z &, = ANTM - 0.0105 on § = 0.0105 |X" where X~m,§~m Cries fram | AN 4.1 If the upstream velocity of the flow in Problem 9.13 is U = 1.5 m/s, determine the ki- nematic viscosity of the fluid For laminar flow 5= 5 Thus, i oe (1.5 2)(2x10%m) = 95 (13m) 9-10FS 9.15 Water flows past a flat plate with an upstream velocity of U = 002 m/s, Determine the water velocity 2 distance of 10 mm from the piate at distances of x = 1.5 mandx = 19m from the leading edge. From the Blasivs solution for boundary layer Flow on a flat plate, u=UF ” where x, the similarity variable, is n= war Values of £(n) are given in Table 9.1 iC Since Rega BE ENGEL = 2.00310" is ess than the critical Reg, i sa08| if Follds that the boondary layer Flow is laminar. Al xeh5m andy=0x10°m we obtain? 7 P 0.02 # Aa 1, (on em) Trae as Crem = Linear interpolation from Table %.! gives * 7 (0.3938 - 0.2647) f= 0.2647 + Te 2 (1.09) -08) = 0.389 Hence, u, = UL) 0.024) (0.359) = Q00718 & Similarly, at Xz* [Sm and y=l0x10'm we obtain: aA 0.022 = Taaxem) s) = My = VON oY CERT EM) (Spy) = O34 Linear interpolation from Table 9.1 gives® 0) 4) (0.132: 1 f= 00-4 (0.345 -0,0) = 0,145 Hence, uy, UF (p,) = (0.02 2No.1145) = 0.00224 2qe 9.16 Approximately how fast can the wind blow past a 0.25-in.-diameter twig if viscous ef- fects are to be of importance throughout the en- tire flow field (i.e., Re < 1)? Explain. Repeat for 2 0.004-in.-diameter hair and a 6-ft-diameter smokestack. ReaD 8 and wet Thy yep tor y= 5 as awn i P97 Nove thac his sais the conditions u = 0 aty = O and w= 0 ty = 6. However, show tat suc a profile produces meaningless Zesults whan used with the momentum intsgral equation. Explain, eof taal” AE HFIGURE Po.7 From the momentum integral equation $= [2522 where $egl¥=[l-(r-0*] @ Note: Y= O at =O and Hel and Yel, as required, Also, 6,= “fj g(i-g)dY which can be avalored fer the given g(Y). However, ; -(y-0717 a-y Ge Hl yor since Se =4[I-(y-"] (2 MED pe The G, =, which from Ep.) gives § 3° This profile cannot be used since it gives 5=00 due to the physically unrealistic $2 =02 at the surface (y=0). See the figure below, yee aa zx ash $-[I-E-] 7 ae Bee 4-139.19 “@l19 Because of the velocity deficit, U — u, in the boundary layer, the streamlines for flow past a flat plate are not exactly parallel to the plate. This deviation can be determined by se of the displacement thickness, 5*. For air blowing past the flat plate shown in Fig. P9.14, plot the ~ streamline A~B that passes through the edge of the boundary layer (y = dp atx = 0) at point B. That is, plot y = y(x) for streamline A~B. As- FIGURE P9.19 sume laminar boundary layer flow. Since Ree Dee) = 2,74Kx10%< 5x10, the boundary layer flow remains laminar along the entire plate. Hence, b= 5 or bg 75 o| foes ai 0.0382. m The flowrate carried by the actual boundary layer is by definition equal to that carried by a uniform velocity with the plate displaced by an amon 5". Since there is no flow 2 through the plate or streamline A-8, hy (ieee Qa= 4p, or Uye aC -5,)U i a where §°=/.721 or 3p = 1721 Thus, - Vy = Sg ~bg = 0.0382. - 0.01315 m = 0.0251m Hence, for any x- location Qn= ‘Q or ee Wy -S*) OF y = yy th" yy 41721] litsx102E)Xm 4 'g u U oe 4 | = 0.01315 m streamline y Ya 0251 +6.58x/0 IX, where km = 0.0251 mt h724 [ 0.04 7 0.035 ca <= T a49.20 920 Air enters a square duct through a 1-ft ‘opening as is shown in Fig. P9.20. Recause the boundary layer displacement thickness increases in the direction of flow, itis necessary to increase the cross-sectional size of the duct if a constant U = 2 ft/s velocity is to be maintained outside the boundary layer. Plot a graph of the duct size, d, as a function of x for 0 = x = 10 ftif U is to Fs remain constant. Assume laminar flow. i FIGURE P9.20 fr incompressible flow Qo = QU) where &= forte fe, is ee QW) = UA, where A=(d-25°Y is the effective area of the duct (allowing for the decreased flowrate in the boundary layer Thus, QU (d-28°) or d= /ft2d, o where agyh oe aye 12! lesz a PX | eo o1so VK Fh where x~tt g Hence, from &,(0) d= |+0.0304 4x ft For example , d=1 fat x=0 and d= 1.096 ff af x=/0ft, TIS9.2t 9.21 A smooth, fat plate of length € = 6 m and width b = 4m is placed in water with an upstream velocity of U = 0.5 m/s Determine the boundary layer thickest and the wall shear ress at the center and the trailing edge of the plate. Assume a laminar boundary layer. ee “iat i 5-5/9 5 f eanee x = 748ax/0° YX m, where xm se and ke 3 NS ie 3, i mote | (999-Fa) (42X10? %, =0.332 U *)-8E = 0.932052)" - 124 = re 4 y where X~m Thus, af X= 3m $= 7.48xI0 VF = 0.0130 m T= Ot 2 9.0706 wo eT — while af X =6m b= 7#8X/0°VE = 9.0182 m = QI wu ha= age = 240506 inaoo 9.22 9.22 An atmospheric boundary layer is formed when the wind blows over the earth’s surface. ‘Typically, such velocity profiles can be written as a power law: u = ay", where the constants @ and ge in depend on the roughness of the terrain, As is indicated in Fig. P9. , typical values are = 0.40 for urban areas, = 0.28 for woodland or. = 9 suburban areas, and n = 0.16 for flat open coun- try (Ref. 23), (a) If the velocity is 20 ft/s at the bess bottom of the sail on your boat (y = 4 ft), what = is the velocity at the top of the mast (y = 30 ft)? oe ¢b) If the average velocity is 10 mph on the tenth FIGURE P9-22 floor of an urban building, what is the average velocity on the sixtieth floor? (a) u=C y*" , where Cis a constant Thos, 0.16 ft 4) or Uz= 20-5 i te) u=Cy*) where E is a constant Thos, uw, 0.40 : eae (#) or Up = to mph (£2 = 20.5 mph[¥.24 9.24 A 30-story office building (each story is 12 ft tall) is builtin a suburban industrial park. Plot the dynamic pressure, ‘1/2, a8 a function of elevation ifthe wind blows at hurricane ‘strength (75 mpi) at the top of the building, Use the atmospheric boundary layer information of Problem 9.2.2 From Fig. P?-22 the boundary layer velocity protile is given by unr yr, or Us ed where C is a constant. 0.28 ie ue meh (Sigs) “0 7 AY or 0.28 = 110(s%5) & where y~ft : ooo oe oe sl ey ery) lv £eur=£(2.36x10 *st luo ab) a} | He ay, or oss teu /44 (abr) Bj where y~tt This is plotted in the figure below.9.25 Show that for any fomction ~f(q) the velocity ‘components u and v determined by Eqs. 9.12 and 9.13 satisfy the incompressible continuity equation, Eq. 9.8. Given u=Ufln , v= Bn fin- fo) where y= Cae 4, and (J fe Show thet 32 +3% =O for fon. B02 here Be BEE Thus, ay ee ‘s vty a =f Ertl: =- ae f a SEL on te es se aN Dp f°] = (BEF Dnt], where a = (Fe Hence, % yy ¢" #2 ira - Be @ By combining Eqs. (0) and (2) we see that a eco for any fonction £7). 9-149.36 9G Integrate the Blasiusequation (Eq. 9.14) ‘numerically te determine the boundary layer pro- file for laminar flow past a flat plate, Compare your results with those of Table 9.1 Solve the following third order differential equation by a numerical integration technique: 24" ff"<0 with boundary conditions fef'0 af Y<0 and flac (OH) Write this third order eqvation as 2 first order eqvations and Use a Ronga-Kvtta numerical technique to integrate thom. Thus, let yet, Yefem, ylnfsy, and yf" HEN That is? YY y= Ye and w= “Ua /2 These can be approximated as ayn ear, age bar , and aye CU ee)an Start with y =Yr=0 al 420. Assume y, =o at p=0 (where Cis some given constant) and “integrate fo n=" by yy, = Yen ‘Pagar Ht yl +1 Cae, le) #1) adjest the valve of Clea, £0) and try again. Tho two-point bondany valve problem (és, ftd-tta<0 and { teo)*1) fs solved by iferelion a8 an initial valve problem (co, fd) (a) Show that this profile satisfies the appropriate bound- ary conditions. (b) Use the momentum integral equation to de- termine the boundary layer thickness, 8 = 6(1) (a) H = gl) =2Y-1* where Y=Y/b Thos, | =O as it must, a, = 2-121 or U=Vaty-d i 7 yz0 it must. Als, = oF -24] co that Hl 02-2] 0 yb (b) From the momentum integral eqvation, T , Where C, = [gir-pdr and C= 4] yeo Thus, , ) 6, = { OY-Y"*) (I-27 +Y)AY = [(2¥-s¥*+4y*-Y "dT 7 ° 2 =/-£4/-¢ =Z2 Ss and G = (2-27| -2 so that a 212)Vx BOVK §= {zp ra Hence, with Re, = zB ? 6. OL SKE x” Ve ~ Tex 9-239.30 9230 A laminar boundary layer velocity pro- file is approximated by the two straight-line seg- ments indicated in Fig, P9.3@ Use the momen- layer thickness, 5 = (x), and wall shear stress, -gral equation to determine the boundary (x). Compare these results with those in Ie 9.2 ° Bee 3 FIGURE P9.30 From the momentum integral equation 1 o> 2a ex » where G=(gll-giay and o- 4 a and Lad 7 i with YF, For O< + 9=9+*bY with the constants a, and 4, obtained in gr at Yo and 920 at Y=0, Ths, a,=0, b= $ ” g= FY for 0<¥e Hence, «4 @ Similar, for £<¥¢1, g=G,+baY with g=% af Y-% and =] af Y=] This; # $= 4,+%b, and 1=0, 4b, which give @= 3% , bo F as $ 0-Al (2) (0.00738 Aya) (80.1%) (BA) d= 48.8 Lb 9-299.34 TF ia equitihrium, at Conttont velocity, ther W= & saa estan Hu = _200N, Las B0 Eo)” Cy 21 8Y 18 dw The. sea-level density was used o solve this problem. Cleorly dari the dro p wit be changing, bat he haages ‘are relatively ‘eta ll.9-40. 9.40 A 50-mph wind blows against an out- door movie screen that is 70 ft wide and 20 ft al Estimate the wind force on the sereen, =O, 007A, where from Fig. 2.22 with pez 208F Hence, : Dx 118 (#)(0.00238 a2 I(s0 te) (2008) (roycaot 5 (36005) f= 10,300 Ib om =2.5 we obtain Cy=h/5 2ia 9.41 The aerodynamic drag on a car depends on the “shape” of the car. For example, the car shown in Fig, P9.41 has a drag coefficient of 0.36 with the windows and roof closed. With the windows and roof open, the drag coefficient increases to 0.45. With the windows and roof open, at what speed is the amount of power needed to overcome aerodynamic drag the same as it is at 65 mph with the windows and roof closed? Assume the frontal area remains the same. Recall that power is force times velocity. Windows and root Windows open; root lsed: Gy = 0.35 open: Cy 045 BFIGURE P9.41 Power = P= FV The force is the dlag force. Let( 1. and ©), denote clpsed and qpen . D=C pura We want to fud US whan R= P= Uh Be = EpUrA Co. = RK UR = 20 Ue Ac re The fronted areas ave the came, 50 Ao =Ac Ullre = Ue Oe Us - UE (BYP = COSaph) ( Us 0.3 mph 9-3244a 9.42 A rider on.a bike-with the combined mass of 100 kg attains a tania spied GES lp. co 16 aie, See ne ny foros fecing the speed ar the weight and the calculate the ding cocfficiont, The fromtel area is 0.9 m Speculate whether the rider is itt the upright of racing r Ry ns tan = "yo 20-12 tH O= 6.87" sin@ = OMG Th equilibriun, ZF=O £20 Wsm 8 ~ & =% zpUA, where Wemg = (100 by) 2 51%) Wein = 9BIN OFT Leu tA = CBRINVOUG, EL aa Ma) (19) (0. bom) Cyeh Looking ot Fig 7.30, given A amd Cr, the rider is upright. 9-33the drug force on the baseball. F-QtpuA Us aphex 4, ae Re Ub = (139.3 MG) (24 f, TF TRH = A OFOF From Fg 9.28, aad assuming smooth sphere, Cy LO & -0.5 ($)o.ccnse 4) (1903')"(F 22 =f) 2.5606 9-34G44 9.44 A logying-boat is towing a log that is 2 m in diameter and 8 m longa 4 mos pane Eon pene toed it the axis of the Tog is parallel t0 the tow . For foes, PoRV FB Cy tpunA For the aspect ratio, D=®m amd £=dmn From Fig 9.47, 42224, 50 Gy=O9F D0. 95 (L990) (9%)*(E Gal) be Rv P= MU (a, 341W) (1) = 85,¥00 W = 95.4 kW Note? The above Gy, 20.05 assumes thal the lag us escntaly submerged and waye making ss net an important contrvbution to the drag. 9-359.45 oO 9:45 A sphere of diameter D and density p, falls ata steady’ retains eee seedy ieee: {Oo = holds sumer, Re = pDU/ ut es tan 1 show tha the Vis Conity can be determined from ye = gD*lo, — p)/I8 U. try ee & {wh diameter D For steady flow Z7F, =O ty or LD +h =W , where fg ~buoyant force = e9'¥= eg S)r(F) W = weight = Qg¥ =eg (E)m(B) and = drag= Cyt 0 FD", or since Re 7 el FIGURE Pe.4e For case (a): pe EU Cp A where Cop = FE = 1328 ayy gap 7 J Ree [ue Thos, s Get eee 2? = 0.864 pU*W L o For case (b)? Gage t Dey FOU Cay A where Coy = Terare and A= HB) =F Thus, i Ay te" EGE F = (oser ov E*) ° By comparing Egs.(1) and (2) we see that 4, © Lb In case (b) the boundary layer on the rear plate is thicker than on the front plate. Hence the shear stress is lees on the reap plate than if ison that plate in configuration (4), giving less drag tor cate (b) than for case (a), even thaogh the total areas are the same. 437 yr al9.47 If the drag on one side of a flat plate parallel to the upstream fiow is 2 when the up- stream velocity is U. what will the drag be when the upstream velocity is 2U; or U/2? Assume laminar flow For laminar flow B=eU "Cy, A, where Cog= 1,328 Thus, b= teu" ae A = 0.66h ent y%~y% Hence, got v% Dog” uj” Benet and e ow ar oe ie aeGA i 9.4% Water flows pest triangular flat plate oriented paral- lel to the free stream as shown in Fig. P9.M@ Integrate the wall a5 shear stress over the plate to Getermine the friction drag on one side of the plate, Assume laminar boundary layer flow. u20.2ms —— 10m F= (Ty dl where Ty = 0.332 o% [ee Thos, 4 a= 3220 feu | ¥ aA 20.5 y =0,5-X = 0.3327 [oz (2) f dy di i XO y=0 =0a02 0" fop (2) (2 =X dy x20 05 = 033208 [pp (2)[0.50x% - ee" ° cA = 0,56#(0.22) 99978, (sane WE )[ Yor - $10.8)" ] on LD = 0.0296 N 9-39G50 9.50 A rectangular car-top carrier of 1.6-f eight, 5.048 length (fon: 10 back), and 42-¢ width is attached to the top of a cat. Estimate Yy=60mph=88 the additional power required to drive the car —™ with the eater at 6D mph throug sil at com paced with the power requited to drivingoaly the car at 60 mph D=CykeU'A. ond “P= Vill = power “ From Fig.2.31 with = S#- = 3.8 we obtain G13 Hence, Bal3(d)(ooorse 25 (ns Hy a2HKe 8 B= 80.5 1b Thus, from Ey. P =(89 Noes 8) eeten = = 28 bpeh The, 17# 7 9.51 As shown in Video V9.2 and Fig. P9. Sta a kayak is a relatively streamlined object. As a first approximation in calculating the drag on a kayak, assume that the kayak acts as if it were a smooth fiat plate 17 ftlong and 2 ft wide. Determine the drag as a function of speed and compare your results with the measured values given in Fig. P9.57 Com- ment on reasons why the two sets of values may differ. . a Hat plate = 400°C, A where a w a = 7H (aft) = 34? en a isa function of Rey jaws = /.40x/0°0 a Consider 1< 082) or LH0x/0° Rey $ 1.12410" From Fig. 9/5 we see tht in this Rey range the boundary layer Flow is inthe transitional | range. Thus, from Table 9.3 Cy, = 455/ (log Reg) - 1700/Reg (2) By combining Eqs. (),(2), and £3): De § (1-94 BE) Coy (3487) or 8-33.07 [e. #55 / (log (40K OS = 1700/ (1.4oxs08 0D] aw The results from this equation are plotted below. i U,HA| 8, lb 7 0.0986 2 0.410 3 0.909 | nee # 1.58 measurpd values yi, / irl oes 6 3.43 : ZL 7 459 , 8 $90 | | ZAK theor fcc (Eq. ZO H FIGURE P9..510h) : i 7 : eyo speed Us G400 252 | «4.52 4 38.1-mm-diameter, 0.0245-N tuble tennis ball is re- leased from the bottom of a swimming pool. With what velocity does it rise to the surface? Assume it has reached its terminal ‘ec. 1 dia. D= 38mm! ie steady rise Zifg =O ve Fy -W+D, where d7=drag =Gy $pU Fo ae W = weight = 0.0245 te fy = buoyant force = 8¥ = ¥#2(2) This, rPRy =W+Gteu FD or (980202) 42 (2:%81m = o.o2sw +46,(099 B, U*E(0.0301m)§ or GU*=0.455 , where U~ a) Also, Re= YP ‘Re eee 3,40 x10", whore U~ ~ Finally, from Fig. 921% Gy Ny - Trial and error solotion* fea % obtain U from Eq), Re from Eq.(2); check Gp from Eo. (3), the graphs Assume Cy 70.5 —> U = 0.9542 —= Re = 3.24K)0°—» G, = 0% 40.5 Assume Cy=046 —* Y= 06 # —» Re = 3.62%/0°— Cy =0, ¥ (checks) Thus, U=_1.06 2 Note: Because of the graph (Fig.9.21) the answers are not accurate to thres significant figures. 9-42 oO4.53 9,53. To reduce aerodynamic drag on a bieyele, ie is proposed that the cross-sectional shape of the handlebar tubes be made “tear- drop" shape rather than circular, Make a rough tstimate of the reduction in aerodynamic crag fora bike with this type of handlebars compared with the standard) handlebars. List all assumptions For a standard racing bike L=G,£0U'A , where fram Fig. £33 Thus, L= 1718 eU* Op.7 0.88 , Aa3.9 tt" Far the modified bike assume Ly, =0l, - olf, +d , where — d= drag from standard circular cress section handle bars Ly drag from tear-drop shaped handle bars. That is, i Ly = Go, FeU'Ay and b= Cnt 0U Ay whore the handle bars are assumed to be It long and lin in diameter. (ée, Ay= 7a f°) Typical Cy valves are Co,=! (Fig.9.23) and Op, = 0-12 (Fig. 9-21) Thos, Eq) gives Gj, = bused" 1(4)eV" (de) 0.12 (4) eV" Ck) = (/.716 - 0.0387) eU* "b. = Ly. 76 eur*—(u6-0.0267)0U" ey 1716 eV & “ é.ey areduction in drag of approximately 2 percent 9-439ST 9.54 A hot ait belloon roughly spherical in shape lisa volume of 70,000 f anda weight of S00 (including passengers, basket, balan fab- rie. ete). If she outsige air temperature is 80°F and the temperature with the balloon is 165 °F, estimate te fate at which it wll se under steady state conditions if the atmospheric pressure is 14.7 ra jfon stealy rise E2520, or Fa= Wed where = oD =drag «6,400 0 F, = buoyant force = S¥ iy = total weight = $00 1b + Yi, ¥ wz Bene (ATE) 2 Beg)? . slags Now 0" HF * trysdite yiusorBoyR ~ 000729 "Ge B= Eg = (0.00229 878) (32.2 H)= Ib 73, 0796 He, an y Ib*(52.2 Syn LL = (Arn aHI 22 8) 9 ogee th, BG os "| . in (1715 Aye) (4604 165)'R Hele: Sieg ihe flon fs 13 otto , ti Thus, with ¥=7aolgt= 4202) Peso ‘iin th aon on D= Sl ft we obtain i aegny tha sane asi D> Cyt lo.002.29 UE (si ce = 2.366,U* lb, where UW st Also, al $0018 +(0v0838 Hs)( 79000 #9) = 49521 Fa= (0.0736 4h)(790% H) = 5/5216 Thus, Fg = WB gives SIS2 |b =4952 1b + 2.986,0? on GyV™ 84.7 o Also, Re = #2 - on. Shi HU Ss oY, oa. Tera “TNO as and from Fig, 223 | @ Re Trial and error solution Axsume G ; obtain U from £y.l1), Re trom £,.(2); check Gy trom £3), the graph. Assume Gy ¥ 05 > U = 1310 $f —e Re = 4,23 1108 —> G = 0244 0.5 Assume Cy=024-> U +18. — Re = bull 110° —» G,=0-3040.24 Assume Cy 0.30-> U=/6,02 —> Re=5.¥6410°— 6, =0.30 (checks) o4t7.55 9.55 tis often assumed that “sharp objects ‘can cut through the air better than blunt ones.”” Based on this essumption, the drag on the object Zp S10®, where Reg= 92 and v=svexi08 2, Since Resnin = Sete = 63+ x10" the Flow is always turbulent. Also, since Rey = SOR pry xy07 if Fallows from Table 9.3 that max 1HbXIO 4 Fx 0.0205 pU*GYLY® where 5-29 smh That is, ea ex opt Vv ure Vs -& Wy = 0.0228 EU [ees | = 0.0225 Uv 8L *(o.370) * or Uy = 010225 (1. 2adg yy (1460 EI * (0.37054 = 2630 VS E'S B where Un and Lom Thos, from £9.0), M=(2.5107) (43980) VEL = 9,57 10° Nom The values of 1 are calculated and plotted for §4U=50 2, with L= 2,3, 4, and 5 m. (con't) 9-469.56 | (con't) For f= 2.00 m For $= 4.00 m U, w/s | M. Nem Uy m/s My Nem 5.00 #1,510E-u8 $.00) #2, 324-08 10-00 10,00 +h.576E-08 35100 +2:0918-07 1500 +9.4S4E-08 20100 +4:8308-07 20100 #1.594E-07 25:00 42.735E-07 25.00 42.3818-07 30:00 '+3.798E-07 30,00 35.00 +5.0128-07 35.00 40,00 46,374E-07, 40,00 +5, 549E-07 45.00 +7.879E-07 45.00 +6,859E-07 50,00 +9, 525E-07 50,00 +8.292E-07 For f= 3.00 m For @ = 5,00 m Uy m/s | M, Nain U, m/s | M, Nam 5.00 41, 3928-08 5.00 +1.2575-08 10,00 +4.8672-08 10.00 +4.376E-08 45.00 +2.006E-07 15.00 +9.080E-08 20:00 +1:688E-07 20.00 #1.524E-07 25.00 +2.5228-07 25.00 +2.277E-07 30.00 +3,502E-07 30:00 162E-07 35.00 +4.622E-07 35.00 +4.473E-07 40100 #5.878E-07 40:00 +5.307E-07 45.00 +7.266E-07 45.00 +6.560E-07 50,00 +8. 7835-07 50.00 1 9308-07 q-479.57 A 12mm-diameter eable is strung be- tween a series of poles that are $0 m apart. De- termine the horizontal force this cable puts on ‘each pole if the wind velocity is 30 m/s, Ki= force on oe pole = D where O=0,40U°A Since Re = 42 Om =2.97x10" if follows from Fig.923 that : s D704 . Hence, Fox 04 (4) (623 #8) (s08)* (S0m)o.0!am)= 123 9-48G38 9.5% — How fast do small water droplets of0.06- ym (6 X 10° m) diameter fall through the air tunder standard sce-level conditions? Assume the drops do not evaporate. Repeat the problem for standard conditions at 5000-m attitude. For steady conditions, O+K =W, where if Re =P ST OY = yy PZ) or U= @ Ai sea level pox 1789x105 LE co that _ (aon fe)(6x10% my = — uy 18 (1.789q%10° #3) =Llox0' B 7%, ee eee =4#52x10" <<1 so the vse of a - the low Re drag equation is valid. At an altilode of 5000m , po =s20x10* BS and fram fl) _ g.80%10° Bs (6x10)? 2 7.0 18 (1,e20x10% ME) ace a 4-49FST 9.59 A strong wind can blow a golf ball off the tee by pivoting it about point 1 as chown ia Fig. P9,59, Determine the wind speed _v necessary to do this. eign 0002 wrioune Pest When the ball is about 40 be blo¥n fren the tee the tres bedy diagram is as shown. Hence, by comming moments about C1) BM20, or Whedr Thes, (0.0992 16) 0.20%n,) = 8 (0.821 in.) or B= 0.02428 , where IC, teU ar* Goa ee The, ea 0.024216 «Cy £(0.00230 SHU mete) itt or G,0*= 1305, where U~£ 0 For a spher& Cy=C,(Re) (see Fig. 9.18) where @ ia (0.00238 sivgs/#18) U (2(0.8%5) 2 #1) Ren 2 = BATHS PY or Re=966 0, where U- o Trial and error solvtien® Assume Cy 0.4 so that from &q.), U=57/# and trom E92, Re = 966 (7.1) = £.52x/0%, Thus, from Fig. 9.18, Cy= 0-25 #040 Try again. Assume Cy< 0.22 0 thet U= 77.0 and Re=7.4#x/0" This, From Fig, 9.18, Cp= 0.22 Checks, Hence, Ux 7208 golf ball (ce. with dingles) 9-507.@0 J 220-4 2 Jin, wide, 5-fvlong pole. Estimate the bending moment mph : ~ os in the pole at ground level when a 30-mph wind blows { 0 | iz against the sign. (See Video V9.9) List any assumptions f 44 ‘used in your calculations. 4 3in. sH d, 2.sft as ba For equalibrivm, Mq =O or Me My = 2.54 By +(5+ 72) ft de, where “) Ly = drag on the pele and d} = deep on the sign T From Fig. 9.28 with B/D <0.1 for the sign, D Qe ah i From Fig. 2./9 if the past acts as a sqvare rod olf with sharp corners Cop = = 2.2 Thus, with V=30mph = #4 ft | Ly = £0U Cy, Ay = F (0.00238 ses) candy? 119) (228D 4p 0. and | Lp =4 00 “Cap Ap = £ (0.00238 HEE) (44 £ J Pea) B(OH) = 534b Thus, from Eq.(l)* Mg = 2.5 ft (6341) +(5 #42 )# (22.718) = 162. fib SI9.61 9.1 Determine the moment needed at the base of 20-m-tall, :Plamametr tag poet keep plage tna 20m wd, nie vu SL ot lhe ; Ma For eqilibrium, M= zi) where lt . a b= G 800 a (20¥)(0.12m) i Since. Re = = ae * abe =164x/0° , it follows from Fig. 221 that C= 1.2 Thus, = 1.2 (F023 1, )(20%)* (20m) (0./2m) = 708N Hence, from Eg.) Mz os (708y) = _7,080N-m 9-524. G2 9.G2% — Repeat Problem 9.61 if a 2-m by 2.5-m flag is attached toh op ofthe pe, See Fig 9.20 for dg coe dt 12. =} 2 yy t J &, ae ne? Dy 4 For equilibrium, =g-d, +(4~ a )be te ; M where 4=20m, b=2.5m, and D,=2m, Gy, F From the selvtion to Problem 248, 2f,= 7,080 Wm «@ Also, n= GE UND, , where trom Fig. 930 with = 28 = 128 weobjain Cy = 0.08. hus, by = 0.08 (4) 0.23 4)(20)"(2.5m)(am) = 98.4 @) By combining Eqs. (),(2), and (2) we obtain M= 7,080 Wm +(29m—Im) (98.4) = 8,950 N-m 9-5394 9.G4 "How much more power is required to peddle a bicycle at 15 mph into a 20-mph head- ‘wind than at 15 mph through still air? Assume a frontal ares of 3.9 fP and a drag coefficient of Cy = 0.88. P= power = and B= CyteU*R , where Ty speed of the bike -, eek and U1 wind speed relative to bike. ws (8 om) Thus, ! P= (22. #)(0.90)(£)(ooose SE )U"(39 47) = 0. cage ee o a) With a 20mph headwind , U=(S+20) 5p ()= sual Thos, B = ovaya (543) = 236 fb b) With still air , a 1Sayhe 228 Thus, Re 0.0806 (22) = 425 fl ft-lb i Hence, need an additional power of B~ fy = (236 -#3.5) "3 (ech tx) = 0.350hp ite e 9-H9.05 9.65 Estimate the wind velocity necessary (0 kaock over a ith garbage can that is 3 ft tall and 2 fein diameter. List your assumptions Tf the can is about to tip around comer 0, then LM, =0, or L5O=1W or 15 6,¢eUR=W A typical valve of Cy for a cylinder fs G=/ (see Fig, 221) Thus, (4s AYN) (4) (0.00238 SHE) 07 (2 #)(3#) = 10448, where U> E or V= 30.6 # 9-557.66 9:66 Ona day without any wind, your car consumes x gal- Tons of gasoline when you drive at a constant speed, U, from point A to point B and back to point A. Assume that you repeat the journey, anving atthe same speec, on another day when there is a steady wind blowing from B to A. Would you expect ‘your fuel consumption to be less than, equal to, or greater than gallons fortis windy roand-tip? Support your answer with appropriate analysis, Trip with the larger power lost dye to qerodynamic drag will vce Hoe ip. epee peer Lest AE.) ry mast gas, Let (), mean ho wind” and ( ), mean “wind”, (1) Nowind : 2 « = GxeA for both A+B and B+R fp Thus, i P= power = 0 = £00 6,A a (2) Wind (Up= wind speed ; assume <0)? = om B= Ee(U+) A tor AB B= Gt p(U-Ty) A for BA Thos, B= t0(0+G,Y UGA for AB 4 Be Z£e(0W IGA for 8A Lats Energy used = Pt, where t= tine to go trom AB 9 BPA This, E,=2(2TGA)E — (Note: Factor of 2 for AB +9->2) and a E,= te(OW UGAL +t plo-HY UAL Ths, E, ar? av Ex (PRS lomo | 20 tT Hence, Bel , #8 more tvel needed when wind, 2 eel 5b9.67 9.67 The structure shown in Fig, cylindrical support posts to which attached. Rstimate the drag on the stmemie when a SO-mph wind blows against it .67 consists of three iptical at-plate sign is For the composite body * 0 BaF By = 4 [GA Way he *Gghh #Sagh | where if we ascume the sign is an ellipse, Az Eliott) (st) = 39.3 #1" and the projected areas of the cylinders are Az = 0.8 (USH)= 9.00 f* Ay = 0.8 (SH), 12.04" and Age HOSE) =/5 0 From Fig. 2.2.0, for a thin disc G41 For the cylindrical pect, obtain Gy trom Fip. 9.15:as* (U=Semph= 7338) Re, < Ue . 133 F (os et m, 1570 E Similarly, Rey = 3,708 —> Gy OS. Rag = BIKE — Gy, = 0.25 Thi, from F.(0)! = 28x) — G06 B= tonne HE) (aay [lulerstiysottatl) sostagpyarscethl) = 378th = 9-57908 23 As shown in Video V9JSend Fig. P9.G%, the aerody- namic drag on a truck can be reduced by the use of appropri- ate air deflectors. A reduction in drag coefficient from Cy = 0.98 t0 Cy = 0.70 corresponds 10 a reduction of how | many horsepoer needed at a highway speed of 65 mph? a 6y=0.70 0G) ~0398 M FIGURE P9.68 P=power = LU where ces B= 407 GA fee Thus, AP = reduction in power | “A-% | = £eU°A[ Cy, - Cpa] With U= 85 mph = 95-3 40s, AP. = 4(0.00238 2) (95,38) (10124) [0.96 -0.70] = 32/00 feb (LM) = 58.4 hp : J | cLopebber eeperr rh Hir Et e I L 9-582.69 As shown in Video V9.7 and Fig. P9,4 a vertical wind tunnel can be used for skydiving practice. Estimate the vertical wind speed needed if a 150-1b person is 10 be able to “float” motionless when the person (a) curls up as in a crouch ing position or (b) lies flat, See Fig. 9.30 for appropriate drag coefficient data For equilibrium conditions W=0=G,t0U"A Assume W=1601b and 0,A= 9 #* (see Fig. 930) Thus, 160 18 = (£)(o.00238%H8) UGH) where Ur~ # or U=(228 ghey )( AFB) = 83.2 mph Note* If the skydiver ‘eled up into q ball’, then Gy) A® 2.514 (see Fig.9.30) and U=/58 mph "FIGURE P9.6q q-Sdae 2 diameter 9.70 ‘The helium-filled balloon shown in Fig. remot P9,70:is to be used as a wind speed indicator. The specific weight of the helium is 0.011 Ibife’, the weight of the balloon material is 0.20 Ib, and FIGURE. P9.70 the weight of the anchoring cable is negligible. Plot a graph of @ as a function of U for 1s Us 50 mph. Would this be an effective device over the range of U indicated? Explain. For the balloon to remain stationary Eye and B50 This, O=Teos@ or T= aos v and 2 WHT sin8 ty which combine to give D=dia.<2ft = tension in cable Fa = Wt LD tan + Whe i. a But W021 , fy=eg¥-(2 660074) (EH) = 0.2209 and Wyy = Uyp¥ = (0.011 Bs) BP (E41) = 0.0461 Ib Thus, £9.) becomes 0.32045 = 0.215 +B fand +0.048) Ib i "Phan =0.0743 6 “Also, = Opt eV°ED* = G,U%(0.00238 se Fan = 0,003746,U* ib, where U~£E Hence, i 0.0037%C,U" tan 8 = 0.0743 or tanO= 2 @ fu Also, Re = 42 “Tee or Re =127x10*U (3) and from Fig. 921+ 4 ian wm Re Thus, select various Imph «Us S0mph (ic, 147 «V 73,3 £) and use Eqs. (2),(3),(4) to obtain @. Pletted results are shown below. (con't) 9-609.70" | (con't) U,mph Re cD, deg 0 0 = 90, 1 12700 «040 87.52 2 25400 0420 79.71 5 63500 0.54 34.42 10 127000085 9.85 15 190500 0337.10 20 254000010) 13.02 25 «317500 0.08 10.48 30 © 381000 es EZ 40 508000 0.12 2.76 50 © 635000 0161.32 Note? Because of the sudden change in C, when the bendary layer becomes torbulent (at aboot 1S mph), the O ys V curve is highly non-linear. Tn tack, fer some values of ® there is more than one possible valve of U. Tt would nof work well as a wind speed indicabr in this rang. 9-619.11 & 030-m-diameter cork ball (SG = 0.21) if ted to an ‘object on the bottom of a river as is shown in Fig. P9.6I. Estimate the speed of the river current. Neglect the weight of the cable and the drag on it For the ball fo remain stationary Eik=0 and ZF, =0 Thus, of = Tcos 30° or TH and Fg = W+tT singe . . Hence, fg =W+ D tan30", where F; = pg¥ =(9.80 84) (4 (222n)') I385 kN c dia, D=0.30m aos. and WH t¥ =(E)n¥ 0) Fe Thus, =0,21 0.1385 kl) 0.1385 kN = 0.0291 kN +9 fan 30° =0.029] kN °D= 0.199 kW, where Bb, kVA =6,07(4)(9993,)(E loan) Wes = 35.3.6," W, where rB 35.3G,0"=/89 op Gu" S.35 a Al: = Bo, 0x = 5 Ase Fe TP = petbae = 268x100 a # from Fig,9.21 % GL a Re Trial and error solution for VU: Assume Cy ; calcolate U tram Eq.) and Re fram Eq.l2); check Cy fram E9.ca), the graph. Assume G,= 0.5 — U= 3.27 2 — Re = 8. 76x10°—~ Cy = 0.15 40.5 Assume Gy 20.18 — Us 6.97 2 —» Re = 1.60x108° —+ Cy = 0.204 015 Assume G,=0.19 — U= 5.31% —= Re =l42105—» Cp = 0.19 (checks) Thus, Us 5.31210-mm donee none 97a A shortwave radio antenna is con- [@ structed from circular tubing, as is illustrated in Fig. P9.7Q. Estimate the wind force on the an- ofm tenina in & 100 kan/he wind. 20,am Spmeter po) Se) A0-mm daneter 025m Sito FIGURE P9.7), B= I+ be HHL, =$pU7[6,,A4 GM. tGoy Ac] where Y= o04B ($22 )(agts) = 2762 Obtain Coz from Fig. 9.23 far the given Re; = 9, he G288)(0.0%m) _ ee cay Thus, Rex eter = 762x10" — Oy, = 14 Rez P2DOLM - 32/x)0" — 6, = 14 Se Pa 16x10 we Rog= BEBENOMM pgp 10! —e Gye LK =Gp, = Gy ya LHex1o 7 d= 120." D= $23 '8)(020 BF (| SmVoom) +(usnNosan) +4 1m)(0.01n)| 9-639B 9.73 ‘The large, newly planted tree shown in Fig, P9.73 is kept from tipping over in a wind by use of a rope as shown. Itis assumed that the sandy soil cannot support any moment about the center of the soil ball, point A. Estimate the tension in the rope if the wind is 80 km/hr. See Fig. 9.30 for drag coefficient data. = FIGURE P9.¥3 EI My=0 where the moments are doe to the drag, of, ard the tension in the rope, T. Thos, GDL T, where tom the figure fy (212.5 405)m ~E0m and b= 38-2028 Hence, T= 4 = Le4QU IG spore from the Sgire AoE omy Thos, with = (0048) Viva) 222.20 and C= 0,26 (see Fig, 9.21) we obtain 9-4974 9.74 Estimate the wind force on your hand when you hold it out of your car window while driving 55 mph. Repeat your calculations if you were to hold your hand out of the window of an airplane flying 550 mph. i L=Cdev"A , where U=(ssmph)(-225,) = 80,7 # Assume yor hand is #in. by bin. in size and acts like a thin disc with Gy hi (see Fig. 9.27), Thus, L1= (ht) ($)(o.00238)(90.7 2° (BA AH) = 142 1b Tf your hand is normal to the the lift force is zero. For U=550mph = 907% (i0, a 10 fold increase nT) the drag will increase by a factor of 190 (ee, B~ U"), on = 14218 Note* We have assumed that Gy is nat a tonction a 0, That is, is, it is aol a function of either Re= P or Ma 2. 9-6547 4.76 A 2-mm-diameter meteor of specific gravity 2.9 has a speed of 6 km/s at an altitude ‘of 50,000 m where the air density is 1.03 x 10-* kg/m’. If the drag coefficient at this large Mach number condition is 1.5, determine the deceler- ation of the meteor. ks 3 (2.9)(999 AB) 4B ( 2x10 m. 21x10" kg f= ma where m= et =e B(2Y Also, O=Cy£eU7A i‘ i = A5(L) (1-03 21675, ) (6x10? BYE (2x10 %m) » 8.7410 7M B.7H KON L21x10 ekg ~ 9-669.77 bore oun shore 9.77 Ai flows past wo equal sized spheres (one rough, one | te smooth) that are attached tothe arm of a balance ass indicated Spice in Fig. P9.1Z With U = 0 the beam is balanced. What is the minimum air velocity for which the balance arm will rotate clockwise? FIGURE P9.77 For clockwise rotation to start, 2M, mae Us 10.4 9-67778 1 ee 2 the jet of air shown in Fig. P9.78 and Video V3.2. The drag ay Area = 0.3 f coethicient for the sphere is U.D. Determine the reading on the = pressure gage if friction and gravity effects can be neglected for the flow between the pressure gage and the nozzle exit For equilibrium, &=W or Cot ele A=W, where A = Fd" ie wlan] Nv = 8 (0.141) ~ jon dt laswacasecten Zap = Also, : VA, Cy & pU'A = 0.2 (£)(0.00038 5B) (20 AY (F(EBH")) < 0.028916 Thos f 7 ~f _ 0.0238 _ ft am 0.0283 slogs O84 9-70oOo 9.21 An airplane tows a banner that is b= 0.8 m tall and € = 25 m long at a speed of 150 km/hr. If the drag coefficient based on the area BLis Cy = 0.06, estimate the power required to tow the banner. Compare the drag force on the banner with that on a rigid flat plate of the same size. Which has the larger drag force and why? P=LU, where D=Cytev°A with A-bL. Thus, with Cy= 0.06 and V=()50 4B)(sibr (1000 ) «4.7 this gives D = (0.08) (4) (1.23 4%)(4472 (0.0m)(25m) = 5 3,5x10° W = 53.5 kW For a rigid flat plate P=DUV=26,4U2bL (the factor of tuo is needed hecause the drag coefficient is based on the drag on one side of the plate) With Re= we ee” = 7.1¢x0" we obtain from Fig. 9/8 a value of C,= 0,002 for a smooth plate. This, P=2(0. 0025)(£)(1.2342) (4.7227(0.8m)(25m)= YKBKIO YW = For the Hal plate case the drag is relatively small becavse if is dve entirely to shear (viscous) forces. Dve to the “Llotlering® of the bamer,a good portion of ibs drag (and hence power) isa resold of pressure forces . It is mol as streamlined as a rigid Hal plate. an¥-53 the paint stirrer shown in Fig. P9,83 consists of two circular disks attached to the end of a thin rod that rotates at 80 2 Fin pm. The specific gravity of the paint is, SG= 11 and its viscosity is = 2X 10°*Ib s/f. Estimate the power required to drive the mixer ifthe induced motion of the liguid is neglected. ea FIGURE P®..23 Hf we neglect the effects of the shatt and red and consider the paint to be statimary , then M=2ER, where M= torque to relate shatt and) drag on one disk = Gy ¢pU°A Also, U= @R and P= power to relate shatt = Mu Thus, P= 20R w = 26,20(wRY EDR w or P=EG, puPR?D? =F CoPUPD* where P= 56 Pase o With Re= CYP = ett where U= wR = (a0eet)( pat y( 2E rad) (LESTS tH) =/,359 ft hi _ Re PIII slits y.353 £) (gon) _ ae 2xio* ibs oF For a circular disk , Cy = 11 if Re>I0° (see Fig. 9.29) while Cy= 284 if Re aang 775? Hence, trom Fig. 9-21 that Geld Thos, Lalit \99 BE) (5B) ( FE A) 270081) = 6/6 Ib 9-73 Oo4.86 9.26 As indicated in Fig, P9.3G the orientation of leaves on a Fr 06 tree is a function of the wind speed, with the tree becoming “more streamlined” as the wind increases. The resulting drag coefficient for the tree (based on the frontal area ofthe tee, HW) oo ning as a function of Reynolds number (based on the leaf length, L) Ht is approximated as shown, Consider a tree with leaves of length _U. fi na L ft. What wind speed will produce a drag on the trce that > a is 6 times greater than the drag on the tree in a 15 ft/s wind? =03 | os - 04 stong wind 03 18a —to0an0 —.pon00 nop BFIGURE P9.56 vis hf=O,40U'A and Re= Oe or 1B = Oy (0.00238) U'HW = 0.00119 HWGU* “ and sa Re= 200288 (0.28) _ j999 U, where U~ fi B.76K10 [bes /f> (2) Thus, with U <1 ft/s, Re = 1909 (15)= 28,600 so that from Fig, P9.84 G04 50 Oh = 9.00119 HW (0.48) (15) = 0.123 HW For the drag 6 time as great, L¥ = 6d, = 6(0.123 HW) =0.738HW (3) Thus, trom E¢s. (1) and (3): 0.738 HW = 0.00119 HW C, uv or C,U*= 621 % Trial and error solvtion* Assume Cy 20.3 so that from Eq. (+), U=\ 824 = 45.5446 and trom Fy, (2) Re =1909 (45.5) = 86,700, Thus, from Fig. P9.8#, C2033 403, the assumed yalve, Try again. Assume Cy #0.33—> U= #3.H-F4/s = Re = 82,900 Cy = 0,36 #0,33 Thy Cy2036-9U + 416 file — Re 79 300—~Cy = 0.36 Thus, Uz 416 H/s 9-49.87 | 9.87 The blimp shown in Fig. P9.2? is used at various athletic events, [tis 128 ft long and has a maximum diameter of 33 ft. If its drag coefficient (based on the frontal area) is 0.060, estimate the power required to propel it (a) at its 35-mph cruising speed, or (b) at its maximum 55-mph speed. MFIGURE PO.8? P= BV where I2G4¢eU7 Thus, with rai f= 0.050 (%) (00238 Ge) UF (33 4)” = 0,06/1 U* Ib, where U~ ft/s (a) Thus, with U2 35 BE GERM) 57.3 HH, B= 0.0611(51.3)"= 161 1b so thet = P= BU = 161lb (Shas) erate) (5) Similarly, with U= 5S mph= 80.7 fH/c, 00 =0.0611 (90.7) = 398 |b so that Pe BU = 39818 (807) (a Mare) = 58.¢hp = 15.0hp 9-75ABE 9.88 Show that for level fight a a given speed, the power required io overeome aerodynamic drag decreases as the altitude increases, Assume that the drag coefficient remains eonstant. This is cone reason why airlines fly at high altitudes, For level flight LW, where W=airplane weight = constant and £=0,£pUA Tf Vis te remain constant, then G, must increase as p decreases (io, altitude increases). Also, P= OV, where O=6, £00'A or P=GkOUA . For constant UC, and A, the power decreases as altitude increases ( p decreases),9. 9.89. (See Fluids in the News article “Dimpled baseball bas,” Section 9.3.3.) How fast must a 3.5-in.-diameter, dimpled baseball bat move through the air in order ta take advantage. of drag reduction produced by the dimples on the bat. Although there are differences, assume the bat (a cylinder) acts the same as a golf ball in terms of how the dimples affect the transition from a laminar to a turbulent boundary layer. From Fig. 9.25, for a goltball the dimples reduce drag for Re= oe Bm exIOF Thus, assume Re = 44X10* for the bat so that BUD = uxiot or (o.00236 ht) U (3 #4) : m0 oe He) = AKIO Thus, U= 21.69.90 9.90 (See Fuids inthe News article “At 10,240 mpg it doesn't cost much to “fill "er up” Section 9.3.3.) (a) Determine the power it takes to overcome aerodynamic drag on a small (6 ft” cross section), streamlined (Cy) — 0.12) vehicle traveling 15 mph, (b) Compare the power calculated in part (a) with that for a large (36 ft" cross- sectional area), nonstreamlined (Cp = 0.48) SUV traveling 65 mph on the interstate. P= power = Ul, where df= C,#eU'A so that P-G20U'4 (a) Pe 02 (Efa.oezse Ss 1s fe eygetnye (6 fH) = 9/2 fb (__lhp__) . hee, (# az) = 0.0186 hp wad (8) P= 0.48(4)(0.00a38 = [os sete (oe) = 17,800 Fb (aot FeIb7s) = 32.4% hp 48LAE! 9.92 A rectangular wing with an aspect ratio of 6 is to generate 1000 ib of lift when it flies ata speed of 200 fi/s. Detemmine the Tength ofthe wing if its lit coefficient is 1.0. Aspect proto, A = 674 =G Teenie a =k for pectaagular © ong Age b The life coefficient is given by, of Cre aC, aputA where Axbc=6C* Y=G bp *(oc) 10.00 sb = 1.0 (4) (0.00788 st0th2) (200 *#)* (oc*) bc*=al.0 C=/.87 ft b= ble) = 60.9754) be Ia Fe a774 9.94 A Piper Cub airplane has a gross weight of 1750 Ib, a cruising speed of 115 mph, and a wing area of 179 ft. Determine the lft coefficient ofthis airplane for these conditions, For equilibrium X=W= 1750 Ib, where 7G, 4e0'A Thos, with Vis mph) BEE = 59 zx 175 01b C=-4—- = 0.2 2° Feu"a 2 (0.00238 208 (169 #)*(1 79 ft) feed 200 8? and a weight ind a deag coefficient of 0.05. Determine the power required to maintain level fight For equilibrium #W= 2000 =6, £eU°A ° 000 Ib = (0-40) + (0.00238 SE) Y*(200 HH) Hence, v= 1s# Also, P= power = LU, where B= Cy £eV'A =(0.05) (0.00238 YE) 14s BY 200") 250/b Note This valve of ff could be obtained from Wek. G& . on Ww. zo00l oF BB ee, or Ong = 250/6 Ths, P= 250lb est) = 3,63 xP FE —sertt)* 65.9 hp9.96 9.96 As shown in Video V9.19 and Fig. P9.96, a spoiler is used fon race cars to produce a negative lif, whereby giving a better tractive force, The lift cocfficient fr the airfoil shown is Cy = 1.1, and the coefficient of friction between the wheels and the pavement is 0.6. At a speed of 200 mph, by how much would use of the spoiler increase the maxiraum tractive force that eould be generated between the wheels and ground? Assume the air speed past the spoiler equals the car speed and that the airfoil acts directly over the drive wheels. ra o Tractive force = p= iM, iW fa where ft = coetficient d friction = 0.8 ZM=5 Thos, lf My teas AF, = ji aN, = ik, where Aly is the increase in tractive force dve to the (downward) lift. Hence, with U= 200mph= 293 Hk, X= 40076, A = 4 (0.00238 #2) (299 BUSH) (HH) = 6740, and AFR = 0,6 (6741b)= 405 Ib 9-819.497 9:97 ‘The wings of old airplanes are often strengthened by the use of wires that provided cross-bracing as. shown in Fig, P9.97. If the drag coefficient for the wings was 0.020 (based ‘on the planform area) determine the ratio of the drag from the ‘wire bracing to that from the wings. Speed: 70 mph Wing area: 148 82 Wire: length = Sehree 9.05 M FIGURE P 4.97 Lying = £OU Cyuing Ai Pwing “wing and : Ping =20U Coning Avie $0. that Shire _ Couire Avire th 2/48” Gy. 20.02 Ding Couing Maing 2 Pain 2 ing Also, Ayjpg = 2D= (150H)( 295-1) = 0.667 H and since Re = oe ~ com Sg 0) = 2720, LS7*10~ From Fig. 9.21, with Re=2720 we obtain C,=/.0 Hence, Dire _ _(1.0)(0.667 41) ving = Toon) (eT “0225 , or 22.5% FOLG96 9.49 A wing generates a lift 2 when moving ‘through sea-level air with a velocity U, How fast ‘must the wing move through the air at an altitude cof 10,000 m with the same lift coefficient if it is to generate the same lift? L=GHUA so with £6, and A constant ( 20" )scstert “COP Yoocom Hence, (Caen lst sai YE Yaceon=(—5 Beal) FB, ) Lea level 000 m B on = 1.72 Uea tev 48349.94 x (%c) y (%c) wll 9.9% Air blows over the flat-bottomed, two-dimensional object 0 oO 0 shown in Fig. P9.91. The shape of the object, y = y(x), and the 25 3.2 0.971 fluid speed along the surface, u = u(x), are given in the table. 50 5.30 1.232 Determine the lift coefficient for this object. WS 6.48 1.273 10 743 an % 99 1276 30 Wd 1.295 FF viscous effects are negligible, then 7 ne o 9111195 we Se cost = { peesdan a 70 6.46 1.065 wer upper 80 362 0.945 where from the Bernoulli equation 7 any pripu’=p,ti ev @ ie The effect of almospherie pressure, fo, drops out when the integration over Uke the enlire surface is pertormed. With @=9 on the lower surface and with cos df= cas0 (Pde) =L dx, where L= ving span, Eqst) and (2) give ne ds L= ([ptép(V~w)] Lae feito wy sde I or, since <0 on the bower seer xo - tel fo. ude “1e'r (i), wherexe& ey xto e lower sortace Thus, sine G Ror = paige it fllws fom £02) the FIGURE F4.79 a= flier - Nae osm By using a standard numerical integration rovtine with the data given we obtain ©, 7 0.327 pa[#701 J 9.10) A Boeing 747 aircraft weighing 580,000 tb when loaded with fuel and 100 passengers takes off with an airspeed of 140 mph. With the same configuration (j.e., angle of attack, flap settings, ete.) what is its takeolf speed if it 1s loaded with 372 passengers. Assume each passenger with lug- gage weighs 200 Ib. For steady flight £=6,40U7A =W a ( Joo denote conditions with 100 passengers and ( with 372 passengers . Thus, with Gyo” Gara, Ayo =/a72, and Coo = Cara £4.) gives ZL, 02, a [589,000 +(372 -100) (200)| 1b 4 i a “a Usre * Yoo} 50, 0001 4 9 MA Tee Om Thos, Vga = 148 mph 9, 102 9.102 Show that for unpowered flight (for which the lift, drag, and weight forces are in equilib- rium) the glide slope angle, @ is given by tand = Cy/Cy. For steady unpowered flight 4 LE, <0 gives = Wsind 6 and LA =0 gives L= Wood Thus, 2 D tev Aly = tan8 , where Y= ioe” ze 9-85 Oo9:03 If the lift coefficient for a Boeing 777 aircraft is 15 times greater than its drag coefficient, can it glide from an al- titude of 30,000 ft to an airport 80 mi away if it loses power from its engines? Explain. (See Problem 9.162} From Problem 9.l0z, tan@= GP = 75 Hence, 5 d 22700 «of d= 45x07 ft ae or i = B52m/ Hence, the plane can glide 8Omi. 3Q000ff 9.0% On its final approach to the airport an airplane flies on a flight path that is 3.0° relative to the horizontal. What lift-to-drag ratio is needed if the airplane is to land with its engines idled A back to zero power? (See Problem 9,102.) ote 3) From Problem 9.122, ton 0= 2 19.1 & o 9-869.105 9.105 Over the years there has been a dramatic increase in the flight speed (U) and altinude (hi), weight (W', and wing loading (W/A = weight divided by wing area) of aircraft. Use the data given in the table below to determine the lift coeffi- cient for each of the aircraft listed. Airoraft Year “Wy lb U,mph W/A, lb Wright Flyer 1903 750 3515 0 Douglas DC-3 1935 25,000 180 25.0 10,000 Douglas DC-6 1947 105,000 315 72.0 15,000 Boeing 747 __1970_800,000_ 570 150.0 30,000 en ae Wright Flyer De-3 nex? DC-6 Lonjo7 FAP B.Ux10* 4879,106 9.10 The landing speed of an airplane such as the Space Shuttle is dependent on the air density. (See Video V9.1.) By what percent must the landing speed be increased on a day when the temperature is 110 deg F compared to a day when it is 50 deg F? Assume the atmospheric pressure re- ‘mains constant, For equalibrivm , lift = weight, or 4eVGA WwW Thus, with constant W,C,, andA, 2 2 oe so \B Toot -(#) Tey =pP i Cco , (Ro /RTe) _ (460+N0) _ BA pephT se thet Qe « (Aa . Coser Thos, D Tr =i Toe =/.0572 Ur or a 5.72% increase 9-889,187 @.407 — Commercial airliners normally cruise at relatively thigh altitudes (0,000 to 49,000 t1). Discuss how fiying at this hhigh altitude (rather than 10,000 ff, for example) can save fuel costs, For level flight W=aircraft weight =X=G,£0U°A Thos, for given W, ©, , andA the dynamic pressure és constant, independent of altitude. That is ie 2 2 i £007) aon : 400) cot aor Tsou” (See) ‘p00 Hence, Uoeor Yeooo Also, since thedrag is B=G,20VA if follows that A, 2 : 2 Lars "Ag" 800A), ce A Ta 50,000 Hence, the aircrart can fly faster at high alfituded with the same amomnt of drag (besos * Looe)F104 9.104 For many years, hitters have claimed that some baseball pitchers have the ability to actually throw a rising fastball, ‘Aacuming that a top major leaguer pitcher can throw a 95-mph pitch and impart a 1800-rpm spin to the bal, is it possible for the ball to actually tise? Assume the baseball diameter is 2.9 in. and its weight is 5.25 02. Tf the lift produced on the spinning ball is greater than its weight the ball will rise w frat 188 Das L= 6, 70U'A ome _U=45mph where C, is a fonction of #2 =139 HH/s ini Fig. 9.39. ‘i= 5.25 02 0.328 Ws, wr daa) (22 4) _ = Tatty = 183 0.04 Hence, for the given conditions re 0.04(z)(0.00238 Sey(ise ty xf (234) = 0.0422 Ib so that £79.04221b < W=0,328 Ib The ball will no rise. Note: The above result is based on smooth-sphere data, The resvits far a baseball: (with ts rough surface Seman sopaetng noe? containing seams) will probably ae eats i give a somewhat larger litt because for a given angular volocrly it can ‘deag* mare air aleng as st spins. 9-90GO 9.10 (See “Learning from mature,” Section 9.4.1.) As indicated in Fig. P9.110, birds con significantly alter their body shape and inesease their planform area, A, by spreading their wing and tail feathecs, thereby reducing thei Might speed. If during landing the planform area is increased by ‘50% and the lift coefficient increased by 30% while all other parameters are held constant, by what percents the flight speed feduced? HFIGURE P9.nO L=G. 290A Let (), denote landing conditions and (), denole normal flight conditions. Thus, with %, =, 6, £0UP A, =6,, tel fe or ula Ve =U or Us 0.76 ale ls A Hence, YY con6-) <-0.20% yl ée,a 284% reduction in flight speed a4GM 9.111 (See Fluids in-the News article “Why winglets?,” Section 9.4.2.) It is estimated that by installing winglets on a cettain aitplane the drag. ‘will be feduced by 5%, For the same engine thrust, by what peroent wil the aireraft speed be increased by use of the winglets? Let (), denote without winglets and ( ), with winglets. Thus, since drag equals threst and thrust, = thrusts , it follows that ob =o. or 6,200, A, =C, 20 Ay so thal with A, =A, Gi U,-Uye =U = 102 Z j .__ = 1.02600, by T95C,, 1 Thus, a 2.60% increase in speed is realized. 9-92.IMR 9.414 — Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate Objective: A boundary layer is formed on a flat plate when air blows past the plate. The thickness, 6, of the boundary layer increases with distance, z, from the leading edge of the plate, The purpose of this experiment is to use an apparatus, as shown in Fig, P9.112, to mes sure the boundary layer thickness, Equipment: Wind tunnel; flat plate; boundary layer mouse consisting of ten Pitot tubes positioned at various heights, v, above the flat plate; inclined multiple manometer, measur ing calipers; barometer, thermometer. Experimental Procedure: Position the tips of the Pitot tes of the boundary layer ‘mouse a known distance, x, downstream from the leading edge of the plate. Use calipers to determine the distance, y, between each Pitot tube and the plate. Fasten the tubing from each Pitot tube to the inctined multiple manometer and determine the angle of inclination, 0, of the manometer board. Adjust the wind tunnel speed, U, to the desired value and record the ‘manometer readings, L. Move the boundary layer mouse to a new distance, x, downstream from the leading edge of the plate and repeat the measurements. Record the barometer read ing, Hye in inches of mercury and the air temperature, T, so thatthe air density can be cal- culated by use of the perfect gas law. Caleulations: For each distance, x, from the leading edge, use the manometer data to de- termine the air speed, u, as a function of distance, y, above the plate (see Eq. 3.13). That is, obiain «= u(y) at various x Tocations. Note that both the wind tunnel test section and the ‘open end of the manometer tubes are at atmospheric pressure. Graph: Flot speed, u, as ordinates and distance from the plate, y, as abscissas for each location, x, tested Results: Use the u = u(y) results to determine the approximate boundary layer thickness as function of distance, 6 = &(x). Plot a graph of boundary layer thickness as a function of distance from the leading edge. Note that the airflow within the wind tunnel is quite tar- bulent so that the measured boundary fayer thickness is not expected to match the theoreti- cal laminar boundary layer thickness given by the Blassius solution (sce Eq. 9.15). Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem. q ound ayer mse Pat bee Ft pate B FIGURE P9.112 (con't) 4-43FTA_| (con't) ‘Solution for Problem 9.1/4: Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate @.deg Ham inHg T, deg F rao, Ie's 25 29.09 80 624 y, in. L. in. u, fs y, in. L, in. Data for x=7.7 in Data for x= 3.75 in 0.020 0.20 19.9 0,020 0.15 0.035 0.35 26.3 0,035 0.35 0.044 0.48 30.8 0.044 0.45 0.080 070 372 0.080 om 0.096 0.95 43.4 0.096 120 0.110 1.08 458 0.110 1:30 0.138 421 439 0138 1.56 0.178 144 53.4 0.178 177 0.230 1.70 58.0 0.230 1.95 0270 1.85 605 0.270 2.00 Data for x = 5.75 in. Data for x = 1.75 in. 0.020 0.20 19.9 0.020 0.20 0.035 0.42 288 0.035 050 0.044 0.50 318 0.044 0.68 0.060 074 375 0.060 0.90 0.098 0.98 440 0.096 151 0.110 1.08 458 0.110 470 0.138 1:30 507 0.138 1.90 0.178 1,54 55.2 0.178 1.95 0.230 1.76 59.0 0.230 2.00 0.270 1.88 610 0.270 2.00 pu2/2 = yzo%L sind where P= Pam/RT where aim = Yhi20"Ham = 847 Ibitt*3*(29.09112 ft R= 1716 ft ibisiug deg R T= 80+ 460 = 540 deg R Thus, p = 0.00222 slugift"3 Approximate boundary layer thickness as obtained from the graph: Xin, 3,in 1.75 0.15 3.75 0.20 5.75 0.27 778 030 (con't) u, fls 172 263 29.8 378 487 50.7 566 59.2 62.1 62.9 19.9 315 36.7 42.2 54.7 58.0 61.3 62.1 62.9 62.9 9-4PHO (cont) Problem 9.1/2 Velocity, u, vs Distance, y x= 778 in a x= 5.75 in ex = 3.75 in. [ees 1.751 u, flls Problem 9.112. Boundary Layer thickness, 5, vs Distance from Leading Edge, x ‘© Approximate boundary layer ‘thickness I ‘Best ft power-law curve 9-45F113 9.443 — Pressure Distribution on a Circular Cylinder Objective: Viscous effect within the boundary layer on a circular cylinder cause bound- any layer separation, thereby causing the pressure distribution on the rear half of the eylin- der to be different than that on the front half. The purpose of this experiment isto wse an ap- paratus, as shown in Fig, P9.113, o determine the pressure distribution ona cieular eylinder. Equipment: Wind wnnel; circular cylinder with 18 static pressure taps arranged equally from the front t0 the back of the cylinder; inclined multiple manometer, barometer; thermometer. Experimental Procedure: Mount the cirevlar cylinder in the wind tunnel so that sta- tic pressure tap points direely upstream. Measure the angle, 9, of the inlined manometer, ‘Adjust the wind tunnel fan speed to give the desired free steam speed, U, in the test sec- tion, Atach the tubes from the static pressure taps to the multiple manometer and record the manometer readings, L, as « function of angular postion, 0. Record the barometer reading, “yg in inches of mercury and the air temperature, T, so thatthe air density can be caleu- lated by use of the perfect gas law. Calculations: Use she data to determine the pressure coefficient, C, = (p ~ po\/(oU*/2), 5 a function of position, 0. Here pp = 0 is the static pressure upstream of the cylinder in the free stream of the wind tunnel, and p = YL sinf is the pressure on the surface of the eylinder Graph: Plot the pressure coefficient, C,, as ordinates and the angular location, 0, as abscissa. Results: On the same graph, plot the theoretical pressure coefficient, C, = 1 ~ 4 sin*#, obtained from ideal (inviscid) theory (see Section 6.6.) Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the dats for this problem. Sige press tap a Inciged manometer & FIGURE P9.143 Ccon’t) 9-969.113 | (con't) Solution for Problem 9.1/3: Pressure Distribution on a Circular Cylinder deg Ha. inHg = T.degF —U, fis 25 29.97 7% 479 Experiment Theory 8, deg Lain, pibie2 Cc, 0 12 264 1.00 4.00 10 14 242 0.92 0.88 20 07 154058 0.53 30 04 022 © 0.08 0.00 40 08 432 050 085 50 18 3520-133 “1.35; 60 24 $27 200 2.00 70 34 481-258 253 80 30 859-250 2.88 90 27 593-225 3.00 100 27 593-225 2.88 110 26 57 217 253 120 26 57247 2.00 130 26 5 247 1.35 140 26 S247 065 150 26 67 247 0.00 160 27 593-225 053 170 27 593-225 088 180 28 615-233 1.00 P= trao'L sing P= Paw/RT where asm = Yi" Han = 847 Ib/M*S*(29.97/12 f) = 2116 In/2 R= 1716 ftlbistug deg R T=75 + 460 = 635 deg R Thus, p = 0.00230 stugrft"3 , = pipu%/2) ‘Theory: C= 1-4 sin’e (cont) 9-47FS] (cop #) Problem 9.1/3 Pressure Coefficient, C,, vs Angle, 0 | |—Theoretical (i inviscid i | flow) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 0, deg [* Experimental | 9-493