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X (T) y (T) Dy (T) DT + Ay T BX (T) : Continuos Time System

The document discusses various properties of systems including: 1. Recursive discrete systems where the output depends on past input values through feedback loops. 2. System properties such as causality, invertibility, linearity, time-invariance and stability. Causality means the output only depends on current and past inputs. 3. Examples are given to illustrate concepts like stability requiring bounded inputs produce bounded outputs, and time-invariance meaning a time shift in input causes identical shift in output.

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48 views7 pages

X (T) y (T) Dy (T) DT + Ay T BX (T) : Continuos Time System

The document discusses various properties of systems including: 1. Recursive discrete systems where the output depends on past input values through feedback loops. 2. System properties such as causality, invertibility, linearity, time-invariance and stability. Causality means the output only depends on current and past inputs. 3. Examples are given to illustrate concepts like stability requiring bounded inputs produce bounded outputs, and time-invariance meaning a time shift in input causes identical shift in output.

Uploaded by

anon_971263835
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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28-08-2019

Systems

Continuos y(t)
x(t) Time system
dy(t)
+ ay t = bx(t)
dt

Discrete Time y(n)


x(n) system
y n − ay n − 1 = bx(n)

Interconnections of systems
1 2 Series or cascade

1 +
Parallel

1 2 4 Series parallel
+
interconnection

+ 1 Feedback
interconnection

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Recursive Discrete system: The term Recursive signifies the dependence of


the output signal on its own past values.
y n = x n + ay n − 1
%
Solution is y[n] = ∑&'( ak x[n−k]
%

y n = x n + ) ak x[n−k]
&'*
Case 1: a=1 y[n] = ∑%&'( x[n−k]
defines accumulator, which represents the discrete time equivalent of n ideal
integrator
Case 2: + < 1 output continually attenuated in the absolute value
Case 3: + > 1., in which case successive contributions of past values of
The input signal x(n) to the output signal y(n) are amplified in absolute value
as time goes on.

System Properties

1. With or without memory


2. Causality
3. Invertible or inverse system
4. Linearity
5. Time invariance
6. Stability

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System with and without Memory


System is said to be memoryless (without memory) if its o/p for each value of
the independent variable at the given time is dependent only on the input at
that same time.
Y(t)= R x(t) ( like resistor) Y[n] = {2x[n] -x2[n]}2
Y(t)= x(t)
With Memory ( the presence of a mechanism in the system that retains or
stores information about input values at times other than the current time.)
E.g. summer or accumulator y[n]= ∑%&'23 .[0]
Delay system y[n] = x[n-1]
y[n] =y[n-1] +x[n]
* 7
Capacitor i/p is current and o/p is voltage y(t)= 523 x(τ)dτ
4
* 7
Inductor i/p is voltage and o/p is current y(t)= 523 x(τ)dτ
8

Invertibility and Inverse Systems


Invertible: distinct i/p leads to distinct o/p. If system is revertible then an
inverse system exist. x(t) y(t)
Inverse
System
system w(t)= x(t)
Invertible system y(t) =2x(t)
Its inverse system is w(t)= ½ y(t) x(t) y(t)
w(t)= x(t)
y(t) w(t)= ½
=2x(t) y(t)
Invertible system y[n] = ∑%&'23 x[k]
inverse system is w[n] = y[n]-y[n-1] y(n) w[n]=
x[n] y[n]
y[n]-y[n- w[n]=x[n]
=x[k]
1]
Noninvertible systems are
y[n] = 0 (system will produce zero o/p for any i/p.)
y(t)= x2(t) (sign of i/p cannot be determined from the knowledge of o/p)

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Causality: the o/p at any time depends only on values of the input at present
time and in the past. The system o/p does not anticipate future values of the
i/p.
Y[n] = x[n] + x[n-1] Y(t) = x(t-1)
All memoryless system are causal, since o/p responds only to the current value
of the i/p.

Y[n] =x[-n] Non causal system


n = 4 Y[4] =x[-4] o/p depends on the past value (n) of i/p signal. Causal system
n = - 4 Y[-4] =x[4] o/p depends on the future value (n) of i/p signal. Non causal
Y(t)= x(t) cos(t+1) Causal system
Example where time is an independent variable.
Non-causal: averaging system y[n]= 1/(2M+1) ∑: &'2: .[9 − 0]
(Demographic study and historical stock market)
Causal: image processing, speech, meteorological signals.

Causality:
y(t) = x(t+1)
T+1 = 0
T = -1 Noncausal

y(t) = x(t-1)
T-1 = 0
T = 1 Causal

Impulse response h(t) of LTI system must be zero for all time t<0.

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Stability: If the input to a stable system is bounded, then the output must also
be bounded and therefore cannot diverge.

-B < x(t) < B for all values of t


-B < y(t) < B

y[n]= ∑3
&'23 ;[0] not bounded, hence system is unstable

y(t) = ex(t) unstable


y(t) = ex(t) bounded o/p for bounded i/p (-B< x(t) <B) , hence system is stable

y(t) = t x(t) unstable

Linear: y(t) is response of the c.t. system to an input x(t).


The system is linear if
a) The response to [x1(t)+x2(t)] is [y1(t) + y2(t)] Additive property
X1[n] Y1[n] If
X1(t) SYSTEM Y1(t) X3[n]=X1[n]+ X2[n] Y3[n] Y3[n] = Y1[n]+Y2[n]
X (t)=X1(t)+X2(t) SYSTEM Y3(t) Y3(t) =Y1(t)+Y2(t)
X2[n] Y2[n] 3
X2(t) SYSTEM Y2(t)

b) The response to ax1(t) is ay1(t), where a is any complex constant. Scaling or


aX1[n] Y’[n] Y’[n]= aY1[n] homogeneity property
aX1(t) SYSTEM Y’(t) Y’(t)= aY1(t)

c) ax1(t) + bx2(t) is ay1(t) + by2(t) can be combined into a single statement


ax1(n) + bx2(n) is ay1(n) + by2(n)

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Linearity:
Response to a linear combination of i/p x[n] = ∑& +0.0[9] is y[n] =
∑& +0<0[9] , K=1,2,3,……
The superposition property holds for linear systems in both continuous
and discrete time.
e.g.
y(t)=t x(t) Linear y[n]= 2x[n]
2
y(t) = x (t) non linear y[n]= 2x[n]+3

Time Invariance: the system is time invariant if a time shift in the i/p signal
results in an identical time shift in the o/p signal.

y[n] is o/p of discrete time, time invariant system when x[n] is the i/p.
Then y[n-no] is the o/p when x[n-no] is applied.

X[n] Y[n] Z1(n) =Y[n-no]


X(t) SYSTEM Y(t) Delay Z1(t) =Y(t-to)

X[n] X[n-no] Z2(n)


X(t) Delay Y(t-to) SYSTEM Z2(t)
Z2(n) =Z1(n) =Y[n-no]
Z2(t)= Z1(t) =Y(t-to)
Time in variant

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Time Invariance:
1. Replace t with t-t0 corresponding to o/p n with n-n0.
2. Time shifting (t- t0). (n-n0)

y(t) = sin[x(t)] y(n) = nx(n)


y1(t) = sin[x1(t)] y1(n) = nx1(n)
y1(t-t0) = sin[x1(t-t0)] y1(n-n0) = (n-n0)x1(n-n0)
y2(t) = sin[x2(t)] = sin[x1(t-t0)] y2(n) =nx2(n)= nx1(n-n0)
y2(t) = y1(t-t0) hence Time invariant y2(n)≠ y1(n-n0) Time Variant

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