Evidence Case

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THIRD DIVISION
[ G.R. No. 212994, January 31, 2018 ]
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, V. JOSHUA

QUE Y UTUANIS, ACCUSED-APPELLANT.
DECISION
LEONEN, J.:
The chain of custody requirements in the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act are cast
in precise, mandatory language. They are not stringent for stringency's own sake.
Rather, they are calibrated to preserve the even greater interest of due process and the
constitutional rights of those who stand to suffer from the State's legitimate use of
force, and therefore, stand to be deprived of liberty, property, and, should capital
punishment be imposed, life. This calibration balances the need for effective
prosecution of those involved in illegal drugs and the preservation of the most basic
liberties that typify our democratic order.
This resolves an appeal from the August 12, 2013 Decision[1] of the Court of Appeals in
CA-GR. CR-HC No. 00681-MIN, convicting Joshua Que y Utuanis (Que) for violation of
Sections 5[2] and 11[3] of Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, for illegal sale and possession of
dangerous drugs.
In two (2) separate Informations, both dated July 27, 2003, accused appellant Que
was charged with violating Sections 5 and 11 of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs
Act, as follows:
Criminal Case No. 4943 (19810)
That on or about July 26, 2003, in the City of Zamboanga, Philippines, and
within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above named accused
not being authorized by law to sell, deliver, give away to another, transport
or distribute any dangerous drug, did then and there, willfully, unlawfully
and feloniously SELL and DELIVER to PO3 SAMMY ROMINA LIM, a member
of the PNP, who acted ... as poseur buyer, one (1) small size heat-sealed
transparent plastic pack containing 0.0157 gram of white crystalline
substance which when subjected to qualitative examination gave positive
http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocsfriendly/1/63900 Page 1 of 30
result to the tests for the presence of METHAMPHETAMINE

HYDROCHLORIDE (shabu), knowing the same to be a dangerous drug.
CONTRARY TO LAW.[4]
Criminal Case No. 4944 (19811)
That on or about July 26, 2003, in the City of Zamboanga, Philippines, and
within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above named accused
not being authorized by law, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and
feloniously have in his possession and under his custody and control, one
(1) small size heat-sealed transparent plastic pack containing 0.0783 gram
of white crystalline substance which when subjected to qualitative
examination gave positive result to the tests for the presence of
METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (shabu), knowing the same to be a
dangerous drug.
CONTRARY TO LAW.[5]
On July 30, 2003, Que filed a Motion to Quash Information and Warrant of Arrest and
Admission to Bail. He pleaded not guilty to both charges when he was arraigned on
June 7, 2004.[6]
During the hearings for the bail petition, the prosecution presented three (3)
witnesses: the poseur-buyer, PO3 Sammy Romina Lim (PO3 Lim); the arresting officer,
SPO1 Samuel Tan Jacinto (SPO1 Jacinto); and forensic chemist Police Chief Inspector
Mercedes D. Diestro (P/C Insp. Diestro).[7]
PO3 Lim of the Philippine National Police Zamboanga City Mobile Group recounted that
in the morning of July 26, 2003, an informant reported that a person identified as
"Joshua," later identified as Que, was selling shabu. Acting on this report, P/C Insp.
Nickson Babul Muksan (P/C Insp. Muksan) organized a buy-bust operation with PO3
Lim as poseur-buyer. PO3 Lim and the informant then left for the area of Fort Pilar.
There, the informant introduced PO3 Lim to Que. PO3 Lim then told Que that he
intended to purchase P100.00 worth of shabu. Que then handed him shabu inside a
plastic cellophane. In turn, PO3 Lim handed Que the marked P100.00 bill and gave the
pre-arranged signal to have Que arrested.[8]
After the arrest, the marked bill and another sachet of shabu were recovered from
Que. Que was then brought to the police station where the sachets of shabu and the
marked bill were turned over to the investigator, SPO4 Eulogio Tubo (SPO4 Tubo),[9]
who then marked these items with his initials. He also prepared the letter request for
laboratory examination of the sachets' contents.[10] Arresting officer SPO1 Jacinto also
testified to the same circumstances recounted by PO3 Lim.[11]
P/C Insp. Diestro recounted their office's receipt of a request for laboratory
examination of the contents of two (2) plastic sachets. She noted that these contents
tested positive for shabu.[12]
On January 24, 2007, the Regional Trial Court denied Que's plea for bail. Trial on the
merits followed. In lieu of presenting evidence, the prosecution manifested that it was
adopting the testimonies of the witnesses presented in the hearings for bail.[13]
Que was the sole witness for the defense. He recalled that in the morning of July 26,
2003, he went to Fort Pilar Shrine to light candles and to pray. He then left on board a
tricycle. Mid-transit, six (6) persons blocked the tricycle and told him to disembark.
After getting off the tricycle, he was brought to a house some five (5) meters away.
Two (2) men, later identified as PO3 Lim and SPO1 Jacinto, searched his pockets but
found nothing. About 30 minutes later, another man arrived and handed something to
SPO1 Jacinto. Que was then brought to the police station and turned over to SPO4
Tubo and was subsequently detained at the Zamboanga City Police Station. [14]
In its July 17, 2008 Judgment,[15] Branch 12, Regional Trial Court, Zamboanga City
found Que guilty as charged and rendered judgment as follows:
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, in Criminal Case No. 4943 (19810),

this Court hereby finds the accused, JOSHUA QUE y UTUANIS guilty beyond
reasonable doubt for violation of Section 5, Article II of Republic Act No.
9165 or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 and he is hereby
sentenced to suffer the penalty of LIFE IMPRISONMENT and to pay the fine
of P1,000[,]000.00.
In Criminal Case No. 4944 (19811), this Court likewise finds the accused
JOSHUA QUE y UTUANIS guilty beyond reasonable doubt for violation of
Section 11, Article II of Republic Act No. 9165 or the Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 and he is hereby sentenced to suffer the
indeterminate penalty of TWELVE (12) YEARS and ONE (1) DAY to FIFTEEN
(15) YEARS of imprisonment and to pay a fine of P300,000.00 and, to pay
the cost of this suit.
The dangerous drugs seized and recovered from the accused in these cases
are hereby ordered confiscated and forfeited in favor of the government and
are hereby ordered disposed with in accordance with the pertinent
provisions of Republic Act No. 9165 and it[s] implementing rules and
regulation.[16]
In its assailed August 12, 2013 Decision, the Court of Appeals affirmed the Regional
Trial Court's ruling in toto.[17] Thereafter, Que filed his Notice of Appeal. [18]
In its August 6, 2014 Resolution,[19] this Court noted the records forwarded by the
Court of Appeals and informed the parties that they may file their supplemental briefs.
On October 3, 2014, the Office of the Solicitor General filed a Manifestation,[20] on

behalf of the People of the Philippines, noting that it would no longer file a
supplemental brief.
On October 10, 2014, Que filed his Supplemental Brief.[21]
For this Court's resolution is the issue of whether or not accused appellant Joshua
Que's guilt for violating Sections 5 and 11 of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act
of 2002 was proven beyond reasonable doubt.
Conviction in criminal actions requires proof beyond reasonable doubt. Rule 133,
Section 2 of the Revised Rules on Evidence spells out this requisite quantum of proof:
Section 2. Proof beyond reasonable doubt. — In a criminal case, the

accused is entitled to an acquittal, unless his guilt is shown beyond
reasonable doubt. Proof beyond reasonable doubt does not mean such a
degree of proof as, excluding possibility of error, produces absolute
certainty. Moral certainty only is required, or that degree of proof which
produces conviction in an unprejudiced mind.[22]
Proof beyond reasonable doubt is ultimately a matter of conscience. Though it does not
demand absolutely impervious certainty, it still charges the prosecution with the
immense responsibility of establishing moral certainty. Much as it ensues from
benevolence, it is not merely engendered by abstruse ethics or esoteric values; it
arises from a constitutional imperative:
This rule places upon the prosecution the task of establishing the guilt of an
accused, relying on the strength of its own evidence, and not banking on
the weakness of the defense of an accused. Requiring proof beyond
reasonable doubt finds basis not only in the due process clause of the
Constitution, but similarly, in the right of an accused to be "presumed
innocent until the contrary is proved." "Undoubtedly, it is the constitutional
presumption of innocence that lays such burden upon the prosecution."
Should the prosecution fail to discharge its burden, it follows, as a matter of
course, that an accused must be acquitted. As explained in Basilio v. People
of the Philippines:
We ruled in People v. Ganguso:
An accused has in his favor the presumption of

innocence which the Bill of Rights guarantees. Unless
his guilt is shown beyond reasonable doubt, he must
be acquitted. This reasonable doubt standard is
demanded by the due process clause of the
Constitution which protects the accused from
conviction except upon proof beyond reasonable
doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime
with which he is charged. The burden of proof is on
the prosecution, and unless it discharges that burden
the accused need not even offer evidence in his
behalf, and he would be entitled to an acquittal. Proof
beyond reasonable doubt does not, of course, mean
such degree of proof as, excluding the possibility of
error, produce absolute certainty. Moral certainty only
is required, or that degree of proof which produces
conviction in an unprejudiced mind. The conscience
must be satisfied that the accused is responsible for
the offense charged.
Well-entrenched in jurisprudence is the rule that the conviction

of the accused must rest, not on the weakness of the defense,
but on the strength of the prosecution. The burden is on the
prosecution to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt, not on the
accused to prove his innocence.[23]
II
The requisites that must be satisfied to sustain convictions for illegal sale of dangerous
drugs under Section 5, and illegal possession of dangerous drugs under Section 11 of
the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act are settled.
In actions involving the illegal sale of dangerous drugs, the following

elements must first be established: (1) proof that the transaction or sale
took place and (2) the presentation in court of the corpus delicti or the illicit
drug as evidence.
On the other hand, in prosecutions for illegal possession of a dangerous

drug, it must be shown that (1) the accused was in possession of an item or
an object identified to be a prohibited or regulated drug, (2) such
possession is not authorized by law, and (3) the accused was freely and
consciously aware of being in possession of the drug. Similarly, in this case,
the evidence of the corpus delicti must be established beyond reasonable

doubt.[24]
On the element of corpus delicti, Section 21 of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs

Act, as amended by Republic Act No. 10640, spells out the requirements for the
custody and disposition of confiscated, seized, and/or surrendered drugs and/or drug
paraphernalia. Section 21(1) to (3) stipulate the requirements concerning custody prior
to the filing of a criminal case:
Section 21. Custody and Disposition of Confiscated, Seized, and/or

Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs,
Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia
and/or Laboratory Equipment. — The PDEA shall take charge and have
custody of all dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs,
controlled precursors and essential chemicals, as well as
instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment so confiscated,
seized and/or surrendered, for proper disposition in the following manner:
(1) The apprehending team having initial custody and control of

the dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential
chemicals, instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory
equipment shall, immediately after seizure and
confiscation, conduct a physical inventory of the seized items
and photograph the same in the presence of the accused or the
person/s from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized,
or his/her representative or counsel, with an elected public
official and a representative of the National Prosecution Service
or the media who shall be required to sign the copies of the
inventory and be given a copy thereof: Provided, That the
physical inventory and photograph shall be conducted at the
place where the search warrant is served; or at the nearest
police station or at the nearest office of the apprehending
officer/team, whichever is practicable, in case of warrantless
seizures: Provided, finally, That noncompliance of these
requirements under justifiable grounds, as long as the integrity
and the evidentiary value of the seized items are properly
preserved by the apprehending officer/team, shall not render
void and invalid such seizures and custody over said items.
(2) Within twenty-four (24) hours upon confiscation/seizure of

dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled
precursors and essential chemicals, as well as
instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment, the
same shall be submitted to the PDEA Forensic Laboratory for a

qualitative and quantitative examination;
(3) A certification of the forensic laboratory examination results,

which shall be done by the forensic laboratory examiner, shall be
issued immediately upon the receipt of the subject items:
Provided, That when the volume of dangerous drugs, plant
sources of dangerous drugs, and controlled precursors and
essential chemicals does not allow the completion of testing
within the time frame, a partial laboratory examination report
shall be provisionally issued stating therein the quantities of
dangerous drugs still to be examined by the forensic laboratory:
Provided, however, That a final certification shall be issued
immediately upon completion of the said examination and
certification[.][25] (Emphasis supplied)
In People v. Nandi,[26] the four (4) links in the chain of custody are established:
Thus, the following links should be established in the chain of custody of the
confiscated item: first, the seizure and marking, if practicable, of the illegal
drug recovered from the accused by the apprehending officer; second, the
turnover of the illegal drug seized by the apprehending officer to the
investigating officer; third, the turnover by the investigating officer of the
illegal drug to the forensic chemist for laboratory examination; and fourth,
the turnover and submission of the marked illegal drug seized from the
forensic chemist to the court.[27]
People v. Morales[28] explained that "failure to comply with Paragraph 1, Section 21,
Article II of RA 9165 implie[s] a concomitant failure on the part of the prosecution to
establish the identity of the corpus delicti."[29] It "produce[s] doubts as to the origins
of the [seized paraphernalia]."[30]
Compliance with Section 21's chain of custody requirements ensures the integrity of
the seized items. Non-compliance with them tarnishes the credibility of the corpus
delicti around which prosecutions under the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act
revolve. Consequently, they also tarnish the very claim that an offense against the
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act was committed. In People v. Belocura:[31]
Worse, the Prosecution failed to establish the identity of the prohibited drug
that constituted the corpus delicti itself. The omission naturally raises grave
doubt about any search being actually conducted and warrants the
suspicion that the prohibited drugs were planted evidence.
In every criminal prosecution for possession of illegal drugs, the Prosecution

must account for the custody of the incriminating evidence from the
moment of seizure and confiscation until the moment it is offered in
evidence. That account goes to the weight of evidence. It is not enough that
the evidence offered has probative value on the issues, for the evidence
must also be sufficiently connected to and tied with the facts in issue. The
evidence is not relevant merely because it is available but that it has an
actual connection with the transaction involved and with the parties
thereto. This is the reason why authentication and laying a foundation for
the introduction of evidence are important.[32] (Emphasis supplied,
citations omitted)
Fidelity to the chain of custody requirements is necessary because, by nature, narcotics

may easily be mistaken for everyday objects. Chemical analysis and detection through
methods that exceed human sensory perception, such as specially trained canine units
and screening devices, are often needed to ascertain the presence of dangerous drugs.
The physical similarity of narcotics with everyday objects facilitates their adulteration
and substitution. It also makes planting of evidence conducive.
In Mallillin v. People:[33]
Indeed, the likelihood of tampering, loss or mistake with respect to an

exhibit is greatest when the exhibit is small and is one that has physical
characteristics fungible in nature and similar in form to substances familiar
to people in their daily lives. Graham vs. State positively acknowledged this
danger. In that case where a substance later analyzed as heroin—was
handled by two police officers prior to examination who however did not
testify in court on the condition and whereabouts of the exhibit at the time
it was in their possession—was excluded from the prosecution evidence, the
court pointing out that the white powder seized could have been indeed
heroin or it could have been sugar or baking powder. It ruled that unless
the state can show by records or testimony, the continuous whereabouts of
the exhibit at least between the time it came into the possession of police
officers until it was tested in the laboratory to determine its composition,
testimony of the state as to the laboratory's findings is inadmissible.
A unique characteristic of narcotic substances is that they are not readily

identifiable as in fact they are subject to scientific analysis to determine
their composition and nature. The Court cannot reluctantly close its eyes to
the likelihood, or at least the possibility, that at any of the links in the chain
of custody over the same there could have been tampering, alteration or
substitution of substances from other cases—by accident or otherwise—in
which similar evidence was seized or in which similar evidence was
submitted for laboratory testing. Hence, in authenticating the same, a

standard more stringent than that applied to cases involving objects which
are readily identifiable must be applied, a more exacting standard that
entails a chain of custody of the item with sufficient completeness if only to
render it improbable that the original item has either been exchanged with
another or been contaminated or tampered with.[34] (Emphasis supplied,
citations omitted)
People v. Holgado,[35] recognized
Compliance with the chain of custody requirement ... ensures the integrity
of confiscated, seized, and/or surrendered drugs and/or drug paraphernalia
in four (4) respects: first, the nature of the substances or items seized;
second, the quantity (e.g., weight) of the substances or items seized; third,
the relation of the substances or items seized to the incident allegedly
causing their seizure; and fourth, the relation of the substances or items
seized to the person/s alleged to have been in possession of or peddling
them. Compliance with this requirement forecloses opportunities for
planting, contaminating, or tampering of evidence in any manner.[36]
When the identity of corpus delicti is jeopardized by non-compliance with Section 21,
critical elements of the offense of illegal sale and illegal possession of dangerous drugs
remain wanting. It follows then, that this non-compliance justifies an accused's
acquittal.
In People v. Lorenzo:[37]
In both illegal sale and illegal possession of prohibited drugs, conviction

cannot be sustained if there is a persistent doubt on the identity of the
drug. The identity of the prohibited drug must be established with moral
certainty. Apart from showing that the elements of possession or sale are
present, the fact that the substance illegally possessed and sold in the first
place is the same substance offered in court as exhibit must likewise be
established with the same degree of certitude as that needed to sustain a
guilty verdict.[38] (Emphasis supplied)
III
As against the objective requirements imposed by statute, guarantees coming from the
prosecution concerning the identity and integrity of seized items are naturally designed
to advance the prosecution's own cause. These guarantees conveniently aim to knock
two (2) targets with one (1) blow. First, they insist on a showing of corpus delicti
divorced from statutory impositions and based on standards entirely the prosecution's
own. Second, they justify non-compliance by summarily pleading their own assurance.
These self-serving assertions cannot justify a conviction.
Even the customary presumption of regularity in the performance of official duties

cannot suffice. People v. Kamad[39] explained that the presumption of regularity
applies only when officers have shown compliance with "the standard conduct of official
duty required by law."[40] It is not a justification for dispensing with such compliance:
Given the flagrant procedural lapses the police committed in handling the
seized shabu and the obvious evidentiary gaps in the chain of its custody, a
presumption of regularity in the performance of duties cannot be made in
this case. A presumption of regularity in the performance of official duty is
made in the context of an existing rule of law or statute authorizing the
performance of an act or duty or prescribing a procedure in the
performance thereof The presumption applies when nothing in the record
suggests that the law enforcers deviated from the standard conduct of
official duty required by law; where the official act is irregular on its face,
the presumption cannot arise. In light of the flagrant lapses we noted, the
lower courts were obviously wrong when they relied on the presumption of
regularity in the performance of official duty.
We rule, too, that the discrepancy in the prosecution evidence on the

identity of the seized and examined shabu and that formally offered in court
cannot but lead to serious doubts regarding the origins of the shabu
presented in court. This discrepancy and the gap in the chain of custody
immediately affect proof of the corpus delicti without which the accused
must be acquitted.
From the constitutional law point of view, the prosecution's failure to

establish with moral certainty all the elements of the crime and to identify
the accused as the perpetrator signify that it failed to overturn the
constitutional presumption of innocence that every accused enjoys in a
criminal prosecution. When this happens, as in this case, the courts need
not even consider the case for the defense in deciding the case; a ruling for
acquittal must forthwith issue.[41] (Emphasis supplied, citation omitted)
Thus, jurisprudence has been definite on the consequence of non compliance. This
Court has categorically stated that whatever presumption there is concerning the
regularity of the manner by which officers gained and maintained, custody of the
seized items is "negate[d]":[42]
In People v. Orteza, the Court did not hesitate to strike down the conviction
of the therein accused for failure of the police officers to observe the
procedure laid down under the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Law, thus:
First, there appears nothing in the records showing that police

officers complied with the proper procedure in the custody of
seized drugs as specified in People v. Lim, i.e., any
apprehending team having initial control of said drugs and/or
paraphernalia should, immediately after seizure or confiscation,
have the same physically inventoried and photographed in the
presence of the accused, if there be any, and or his
representative, who shall be required to sign the copies of the
inventory and be given a copy thereof. The failure of the agents
to comply with the requirement raises doubt whether what was
submitted for laboratory examination and presented in court was
actually recovered from appellant. It negates the presumption
that official duties have been regularly performed by the police
officers.
....
IN FINE, the unjustified failure of the police officers to show that the
integrity of the object evidence-shabu was properly preserved negates the
presumption of regularity accorded to acts undertaken by police officers in
the pursuit of their official duties.[43] (Emphasis supplied, citations omitted)
The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act requires nothing less than strict compliance.
Otherwise, the raison d'etre of the chain of custody requirement is compromised.
Precisely, deviations from it leave the door open for tampering, substitution, and
planting of evidence.
Even acts which approximate compliance but do not strictly comply with Section 21
have been considered insufficient. People v. Magat,[44] for example, emphasized the
inadequacy of merely marking the items supposedly seized:
A review of jurisprudence, even prior to the passage of the R.A. No. 9165,
shows that this Court did not hesitate to strike down convictions for failure
to follow the proper procedure for the custody of confiscated dangerous
drugs. Prior to R.A. No. 9165, the Court applied the procedure required by
Dangerous Drugs Board Regulation No. 3, Series of 1979 amending Board
Regulation No. 7, Series of 1974.
In People v. Laxa, the policemen composing the buy-bust team failed to

mark the confiscated marijuana immediately after the alleged apprehension
of the appellant. One policeman even admitted that he marked the seized
items only after seeing them for the first time in the police headquarters.
The Court held that the deviation from the standard procedure in anti-
narcotics operations produces doubts as to the origins of the marijuana and
concluded that the prosecution failed to establish the identity of the corpus
delicti.
Similarly, in People v. Kimura, the Narcom operatives failed to place

markings on the alleged seized marijuana on the night the accused were
arrested and to observe the procedure in the seizure and custody of the
drug as embodied in the aforementioned Dangerous Drugs Board
Regulation No. 3, Series of 1979. Consequently, we held that the
prosecution failed to establish the identity of the corpus delicti.
In Zaragga v. People, involving a violation of R.A. No. 6425, the police

failed to place markings on the alleged seized shabu immediately after the
accused were apprehended. The buy-bust team also failed to prepare an
inventory of the seized drugs which accused had to sign, as required by the
same Dangerous Drugs Board Regulation No. 3, Series of 1979. The Court
held that the prosecution failed to establish the identity of the prohibited
drug which constitutes the corpus delicti.
In all the foregoing cited cases, the Court acquitted the appellants due to
the failure of law enforcers to observe the procedures prescribed in
Dangerous Drugs Board Regulation No. 3, Series of 1979, amending Board
Regulation No. 7, Series of 1974, which are similar to the procedures under
Section 21 of R.A. No. 9165. Marking of the seized drugs alone by the law
enforcers is not enough to comply with the clear and unequivocal
procedures prescribed in Section 21 of R.A. No. 9165.
In the present case, although PO1 Santos had written his initials on the two
plastic sachets submitted to the PNP Crime Laboratory Office for
examination, it was not indubitably shown by the prosecution that PO1
Santos immediately marked the seized drugs in the presence of appellant
after their alleged confiscation. There is doubt as to whether the substances
seized from appellant were the same ones subjected to laboratory
examination and presented in court.
A unique characteristic of narcotic substances is that they are not readily

identifiable as in fact they have to be subjected to scientific analysis to
determine their composition and nature. Congress deemed it wise to
incorporate the jurisprudential safeguards in the present law in an
unequivocal language to prevent any tampering, alteration or substitution,
by accident or otherwise. The Court, in upholding the right of the accused
to be presumed innocent, can do no less than apply the present law which
prescribes a more stringent standard in handling evidence than that applied
to criminal cases involving objects which are readily identifiable.
R.A. No. 9165 had placed upon the law enforcers the duty to establish the
chain of custody of the seized drugs to ensure the integrity of the corpus
delicti. Thru proper exhibit handling, storage, labeling and recording, the
identity of the seized drugs is insulated from doubt from their confiscation
up to their presentation in court.[45] (Emphasis supplied, citations omitted)
IV
The precision required in the custody of seized drugs and drug paraphernalia is
affirmed by the amendments made to Section 21 by Republic Act No. 10640.[46]
The differences between Section 21(1) as originally stated and as amended are shown
below:
Republic Act No. 9165 Republic Act No. 10640

SEC. 21. Custody and SEC. 21. Custody and
Disposition of Confiscated, Disposition of Confiscated,
Seized, and/or Surrendered Seized, and/or Surrendered
Dangerous Drugs, Plant Dangerous Drugs, Plant
Sources of Dangerous Drugs, Sources of Dangerous Drugs,
Controlled Precursors and Controlled Precursors and
Essential Chemicals, Essential Chemicals,
Instruments/Paraphernalia Instruments/Paraphernalia
and/or Laboratory Equipment. and/or Laboratory Equipment.
The PDEA shall take charge The PDEA shall take charge
and have custody of all and have custody of all
dangerous drugs, plant dangerous drugs, plant
sources of dangerous drugs, sources of dangerous drugs,
controlled precursors and controlled precursors and
essential chemicals, as well as essential chemicals, as well as
instruments/paraphernalia instruments/paraphernalia
and/or laboratory equipment and/or laboratory equipment
so confiscated, seized and/or so confiscated, seized and/or
surrendered, for proper surrendered, for proper
disposition in the following disposition in the following
manner: manner:
(1) The apprehending team (1) The apprehending team

having initial custody and having initial custody and
control of the drugs control of the dangerous
drugs, controlled precursors
and essential chemicals,

instruments/paraphernalia
shall, immediately after and/or laboratory equipment
seizure and confiscation,
shall, immediately after
physically inventory seizure and confiscation,
and photograph the same conduct a physical inventory

of the seized items
in the presence of the accused
or the person/s from whom and photograph the same
such items were confiscated
and/or seized, or his/her in the presence of the accused
representative or counsel, or the person/s from whom
such items were confiscated
a representative from the and/or seized, or his/her
media and the Department of representative or counsel,
Justice (DOJ), and any
with an elected public official
and a representative of the
who shall be required to sign National Prosecution elected
the copies of the inventory public official Service or the
and be given a copy thereof: media
who shall be required to sign

the copies of the inventory
and be given a copy thereof;
Provided, That the physical

inventory and photograph
shall be conducted at the
place where the search
warrant is served; or at the
nearest police station or at the
nearest office of the
apprehending officer/team,
whichever is practicable, in
case of warrantless seizures:
Provided, finally, That

noncompliance of these
requirements under justifiable
grounds, as long as the
integrity and the evidentiary

value of the seized items are
properly preserved by the
apprehending officer/team,
shall not render void and
invalid such seizures and
custody over said items.
Section 21(1) was simultaneously relaxed and made more specific by Republic Act No.
10640.
It was relaxed with respect to the persons required to be present during the physical
inventory and photographing of the seized items. Originally under Republic Act No.
9165, the use of the conjunctive "and" indicated that Section 21 required the presence
of all of the following, in addition to "the accused or the person/s from whom such
items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or counsel":
First, a representative from the media;
Second, a representative from the Department of Justice; and
Third, any elected public official.[47]
As amended by Republic Act No. 10640, Section 21(1) uses the disjunctive "or," i.e.,
"with an elected public official and a representative of the National Prosecution Service
or the media." Thus, a representative from the media and a representative from the
National Prosecution Service are now alternatives to each other.[48]
Section 21(1), as amended, now includes a specification of locations where the physical
inventory and taking of photographs must be conducted. The amended section uses
the mandatory verb "shall" and now includes the following proviso:[49]
Provided, That the physical inventory and photograph shall be conducted at

the place where the search warrant is served; or at the nearest police
station or at the nearest office of the apprehending officer/team, whichever
is practicable, in case of warrantless seizures: ... [50] (Emphasis supplied)
Lescano v. People[51] summarized Section 2l(1)'s requirements:
As regards the items seized and subjected to marking, Section 21(1) of the
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act, as amended, requires the
performance of two (2) actions: physical inventory and photographing.
Section 21(1) is specific as to when and where these actions must be done.
As to when, it must be "immediately after seizure and confiscation." As to
where, it depends on whether the seizure was supported by a search

warrant. If a search warrant was served, the physical inventory and
photographing must be done at the exact same place that the search
warrant is served. In case of warrantless seizures, these actions must be
done "at the nearest police station or at the nearest office of the
apprehending officer/team, whichever is practicable."
Moreover, Section 21(1) requires at least three (3) persons to be present

during the physical inventory and photographing. These persons are: first,
the accused or the person/s from whom the items were seized; second, an
elected public official; and third, a representative of the National
Prosecution Service. There are, however, alternatives to the first and the
third. As to the first (i.e., the accused or the person/s from whom items
were seized), there are two (2) alternatives: first, his or her representative;
and second, his or her counsel. As to the representative of the National
Prosecution Service, a representative of the media may be present in his or
her place.[52]
This case is tainted with grave, gratuitous violations of Section 21(1).
There is no showing that a proper inventory and taking of pictures was done by the
apprehending officers. The marking of the sachets of shabu supposedly obtained from
accused-appellant was conducted at a police station without accused-appellant, or any
person representing him, around. There was not even a third person, whose presence
was required by Section 21(1) prior to its amendment[53] — "a representative from the
media and the Department of Justice (DOJ), and any elected public official."
This Court is left with absolutely no guarantee of the integrity of the sachets other than
the self-serving assurances of PO3 Lim and SPO1 Jacinto. This is precisely the situation
that the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act seeks to prevent. The very process that
Section 21 requires is supposed to be a plain, standardized, even run-of-the-mill,
guarantee that the integrity of the seized drugs and/or drug paraphernalia is
preserved. All that law enforcers have to do is follow Section 21's instructions. They do
not even have to profoundly intellectualize their actions.
An admitted deviation from Section 21's prescribed process is an admission that

statutory requirements have not been observed. This admitted disobedience can only
work against the prosecution's cause.
In People v. Nandi,[54] the prosecution failed to account for how the seized items were
handled after seizure and prior to turn-over for examination. This Court considered the
apprehending officers' lapses to be fatal errors and held that acquittal must ensue:
After a closer look, the Court finds that the linkages in the chain of custody
of the subject item were not clearly established. As can be gleaned from his
forequoted testimony, PO1 Collado failed to provide informative details on
how the subject shabu was handled immediately after the seizure. He just
claimed that the item was handed to him by the accused in the course of
the transaction and, thereafter, he handed it to the investigator.
There is no evidence either on how the item was stored, preserved, labeled,
and recorded. PO1 Collado could not even provide the court with the name
of the investigator. He admitted that he was not present when it was
delivered to the crime laboratory. It was Forensic Chemist Bernardino M.
Banac, Jr. who identified the person who delivered the specimen to the
crime laboratory. He disclosed that he received the specimen from one PO1
Cuadra, who was not even a member of the buy bust team. Per their
record, PO1 Cuadra delivered the letter-request with the attached seized
item to the CPD Crime Laboratory Office where a certain PO2 Semacio
recorded it and turned it over to the Chemistry Section.
In view of the foregoing, the Court is of the considered view that chain of
custody of the illicit drug seized was compromised. Hence, the presumption
of regularity in the performance of duties cannot be applied in this case.
Given the flagrant procedural lapses the police committed in

handling the seized shabu and the obvious evidentiary gaps in
the chain of its custody, a presumption of regularity in the
performance of duties cannot be made in this case. A
presumption of regularity in the performance of official duty is
made in the context of an existing rule of law or statute
authorizing the performance of an act or duty or prescribing a
procedure in the performance thereof. The presumption applies
when nothing in the record suggests that the law enforcers
deviated from the standard conduct of official duty required by
law; where the official act is irregular on its face, the
presumption cannot arise. In light of the flagrant lapses we
noted, the lower courts were obviously wrong when they relied
on the presumption of regularity in the performance of official
duty.
With the chain of custody in serious question, the Court cannot gloss over
the argument of the accused regarding the weight of the seized drug. The
standard procedure is that after the confiscation of the dangerous
substance, it is brought to the crime laboratory for a series of tests. The
result thereof becomes one of the bases of the charge to be filed.[55]
(Citations omitted)
What is critical in drug cases is not the bare conduct of inventory, marking, and
photographing. Instead, it is the certainty that the items allegedly taken from the
accused retain their integrity, even as they make their way from the accused to an
officer effecting the seizure, to an investigating officer, to a forensic chemist, and
ultimately, to courts where they are introduced as evidence. Hence, the four (4) links
were underscored in Nandi:[56] first, from the accused to the apprehending officers;
second, from the apprehending officers to the investigating officers; third, from the
investigating officers to the forensic chemists; and fourth, from the forensic chemists
to the courts. The endpoints of each link (e.g., the accused and the apprehending
officer in the first link, the forensic chemist and the court in the fourth link) are
preordained, their respective existences not being in question. What is prone to danger
is not any of these end points but the intervening transitions or transfers from one
point to another.
Section 21(1)'s requirements are designed to make the first and second links foolproof.
Conducting the inventory and photographing immediately after seizure, exactly where
the seizure was done, or at a location as practicably close to it, minimizes, if not
eliminates, room for adulteration or the planting of evidence. The presence of the
accused, or a representative, and of third-party witnesses, coupled with their
attestations on the written inventory, ensures that the items delivered to the
investigating officer are the items which have actually been inventoried.
The prosecution here failed to account for the intervening period between the supposed
handover of the sachet from accused-appellant to PO3 Lim, to the marking of the
sachets by SPO4 Tubo. Likewise, it absolutely failed to identify measures taken during
transit from the target area to the police station to ensure the integrity of the sachets
allegedly obtained and to negate any possibility of adulteration or substitution.
The prosecution rested its case without presenting SPO4 Tubo. Not that he would have
singularly won the case for the prosecution, but the prosecution could have at least
supported its claims about the conduct of the marking even as it was the apprehending
officers, not the investigating officer, who should have done this. As it stands, even the
claims of PO3 Lim and SPO1 Jacinto that the sachets were marked remained suspect.
SPO4 Tubo's testimony, too, would have shed light on the second and third links
identified in Nandi.
The prosecution's predicament would not be so dire if accused-appellant, or his

representative or counsel, and the third-party witnesses required by Section 21(1) of
the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act, were present during and had attested to an
inventory as reduced to writing.
People v. Garcia[57] emphasized that the mere marking of seized items, unsupported
by a proper physical inventory and taking of photographs, and in the absence of the
persons whose presence is required by Section 21 will not justify a conviction:
Thus, other than the markings made by PO1 Garcia and the police
investigator (whose identity was not disclosed), no physical inventory was
ever made, and no photograph of the seized items was taken under the
circumstances required by R.A. No. 9165 and its implementing rules. We
observe that while there was testimony with respect to the marking of the
seized items at the police station, no mention whatsoever was made on
whether the marking had been done in the presence of Ruiz or his
representatives. There was likewise no mention that any representative
from the media and the Department of Justice, or any elected official had
been present during this inventory, or that any of these people had been
required to sign the copies of the inventory.[58] (Citations omitted)
The presence of third-party witnesses is imperative, not only during the physical
inventory and taking of pictures, but also during the actual seizure of items. The
requirement of conducting the inventory and taking of photographs "immediately after
seizure and confiscation"[59] necessarily means that the required witnesses must also
be present during the seizure or confiscation. This is confirmed in People v. Mendoza,
[60] where the presence of these witnesses was characterized as an "insulating
presence [against] the evils of switching, 'planting' or contamination":[61]
Similarly, P/Insp. Lim did not mention in his testimony, the relevant portions
of which are quoted hereunder, that a representative from the media or the
Department of Justice, or any elected public official was present during the
seizure and marking of the sachets of shabu, as follows:
....
The consequences of the failure of the arresting lawmen to comply with the
requirements of Section 21 (1), supra, were dire as far as the Prosecution
was concerned. Without the insulating presence of the representative from
the media or the Department of Justice, or any elected public official during
the seizure and marking of the sachets of shabu, the evils of switching,
"planting" or contamination of the evidence that had tainted the buy-busts
conducted under the regime of RA No. 6425 (Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972)
again reared their ugly heads as to negate the integrity and credibility of
the seizure and confiscation of the sachets of shabu that were evidence
herein of the corpus delicti, and thus adversely affected the trustworthiness
of the incrimination of the accused. Indeed, the insulating presence of such
witnesses would have preserved an unbroken chain of custody.[62]
In complete disregard of Section 21's unequivocal requirements, no one but police

officers witnessed the supposed marking of the sachets obtained from accused-
appellant.
It also does not escape our attention that accused-appellant's apprehension was
supposedly an occasioned buy-bust or entrapment operation. This operation was
allegedly prompted by a tip from an informant. Acting on the tip, P/C Insp. Muksan
allegedly organized a buy-bust team. All the niceties of an entrapment operation were
furnished: the simulated sale was laid out, a pre-arranged signal was devised, and the
marked money was prepared.[63]
Police officers set about what appears to have been a meticulously prepared, self-
conscious operation. They had the diligence to secure preliminaries, yet they could not
be bothered to secure the presence of the same insulating witnesses who would have
ultimately bolstered their case. They paint a picture of themselves as a deliberate,
calculated team, yet they utterly failed at observing plain, formulaic statutory
requirements.
There is nothing overly complicated, demanding, or difficult in Section 21's

requirements. If at all, these requirements have so repeatedly been harped on in
jurisprudence, and almost just as certainly on professional and casual exchanges
among police officers, that the buy-bust team must have been so familiar with them.
The buy-bust team was asked to adhere to a bare minimum. Its utter disregard for
Section 21 by not even bothering to conduct an actual inventory, take pictures, or
secure the presence of third-party persons to ensure the integrity of their self-
proclaimed marking raises grave doubts not only on the integrity of the allegedly
seized items, but even on their own.
The prosecution would have itself profit from the buy-bust team's admitted and glaring
inadequacies. This Court, the last bastion of civil liberties, must not condone this. The
apprehending officers' own inadequacies engender reasonable doubt and jeopardize
the prosecution they initiated. Acquittal must ensue.
VI
Section 21(1), as amended by Republic Act No. 10640, now includes a proviso that
sanctions noncompliance under "justifiable grounds":
Provided, finally, That noncompliance of these requirements under

justifiable grounds, as long as the integrity and the evidentiary value of the
seized items are properly preserved by the apprehending officer/team, shall
not render void and invalid such seizures and custody over said items.[64]
In order that there may be conscionable non-compliance, two (2) requisites must be
satisfied: first, the prosecution must specifically allege, identify, and prove "justifiable
grounds"; second, it must establish that despite non-compliance, the integrity and
evidentiary value of the seized drugs and/or drug paraphernalia were properly
preserved. Satisfying the second requisite demands a showing of positive steps taken
to ensure such preservation. Broad justifications and sweeping guarantees will not
suffice.
The prosecution here completely and utterly failed to offer a justification for the buy-
bust team's deviations from Section 21(1). It would have helped its case if it offered a
justification and made an allegation of the steps taken to ensure the integrity and
evidentiary value of the allegedly seized sachets. Its silence leaves this Court with
absolutely nothing to consider. The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act allows for an
open door to accommodate exceptions. The prosecution, however, has not even
bothered to extend its hand and open that proverbial door.
This Court cannot be overly licentious to the prosecution and do its work for it. In the
face of its failure to plead and demonstrate exceptional circumstances, there is not
even room for considering exceptions.
VII
Of equally grave concern to this Court is the miniscule amount of shabu supposedly
obtained from accused-appellant. This amount is not per se a badge of innocence or a
point justifying acquittal. However, the dubious facts of the seizure and arrest,
occasioned by glaring disobedience to the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act,
coupled with the tendency for substitution, adulteration, and planting of fungible
evidence—which is the very reason for Section 21's strictness—impress upon this Court
the need for extreme caution in appraising an accused's supposed guilt.
Lescano v. People[65] explained:
As this court has also previously observed in decisions involving analogous

circumstances, "[t]he miniscule amount of narcotics supposedly seized ...
amplifies the doubts on their integrity." What is involved here is all but a
single sachet of 1.4 grams of plant material alleged to have been
marijuana.
In People v. Dela Cruz, we noted that the seizure of seven (7) sachets
supposedly containing 0.1405 gram of shabu (a quantity which, we
emphasized, was "so miniscule it amount[ed] to little more than 7% of the
weight of a five-centavo coin ... or a one-centavo coin") lent itself to
dubiety.
In Holgado:
While the miniscule amount of narcotics seized is by itself not a

ground for acquittal, this circumstance underscores the need for
more exacting compliance with Section 21. In Malilin v. People,
this court said that "the likelihood of tampering, loss or mistake
with respect to an exhibit is greatest when the exhibit is small
and is one that has physical characteristics fungible in nature
and similar in form to substances familiar to people in their daily
lives."
....
Trial courts should meticulously consider the factual intricacies of

cases involving violations of Republic Act No. 9165. All details
that factor into an ostensibly uncomplicated and barefaced
narrative must be scrupulously considered. Courts must employ
heightened scrutiny, consistent with the requirement of proof
beyond reasonable doubt, in evaluating cases involving
miniscule amounts of drugs. These can be readily planted and
tampered[.][66] (Citations omitted)
This case merely involves 0.0157 grams and 0.0783 grams of alleged shabu. These are
quantities so miniscule they amount to 4.7% of the weight of a one-centavo coin or 2.0
grams.[67] These miniscule amounts were contained in sachets, the handling of which
from the target area to the police station was totally bereft of safeguards. As with
Lescano, De Leon, and Holgado, the miniscule amount of narcotics seized, coupled with
the dubious circumstances of seizure, militates against the prosecution's case.
The buy-bust team's failures bring into question the integrity of the corpus delicti of
the charge of sale of illegal drugs against accused-appellant. This leaves reasonable
doubt on the guilt of accused-appellant Joshua Que. Necessarily, he must be acquitted.
WHEREFORE, the August 12, 2013 Decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR-HC
No. 00681-MIN is REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Accused-appellant Joshua Que y
Utuanis is ACQUITTED for failure of the prosecution to prove his guilt beyond
reasonable doubt. He is ordered immediately RELEASED from detention, unless he is
confined for some other lawful cause.
Let a copy of this decision be furnished to the Director of the Bureau of Corrections for
immediate implementation. The Director of the Bureau of Corrections is directed to
report to this Court, within five (5) days from receipt of this Decision, the action he has
taken. Copies shall also be furnished to the Director General of the Philippine National
Police and the Director General of the Philippine Drugs Enforcement Agency for their
information.
Let entry of final judgement be issued immediately.
SO ORDERED.
Velasco, Jr., (Chairperson), Bersamin, and Gesmundo, JJ., concur.

Martires, J., On official business, as per Letter dated January 18, 2018.
March 23, 2018
NOTICE OF JUDGMENT
Sirs/Mesdames:
Please take notice that on January 31, 2018 a Decision, copy attached hereto, was
rendered by the Supreme Court in the above-entitled case, the original of which was
received by this Office on March 23, 2018 at 2:00 p.m.
Very truly yours,
(SGD.) WILFREDO V.
LAPITAN
Division Clerk of Court
ORDER OF RELEASE
TO: The Director

BUREAU OF
CORRECTIONS
1770 Muntinlupa City
-and-
PIS Danilo Dador

Acting Superintendent
SAN RAMON PRISON
& PENAL FARM
7000 Zamboanga City
GREETINGS:
WHEREAS, the Supreme Court on January 31, 2018 promulgated a Decision in the
above-entitled case, the dispositive portion of which reads:
“WHEREFORE, the August 12, 2013 Decision of the Court of Appeals in

CA-G.R. CR-HC No. 00681-MIN is REVERSED and SET ASIDE. Accused-
appellant Joshua Que y Utuanis is ACQUITTED for failure of the
prosecution to prove his guilt beyond reasonable doubt. He is ordered
immediately RELEASED from detention, unless he is confined for some
other lawful cause.
Let a copy of this decision be furnished to the Director of the Bureau of

Corrections for immediately implementation. The Director of the Bureau of
Corrections is directed to report to this Court, within five (5) days from
receipt of this Decision, the action he has taken. Copies shall also be
furnished to the Director General of the Philippine National Police and the
Director General of the Philippine Drugs Enforcement Agency for their
information.
Let entry of final judgment be issued immediately.
SO ORDERED."
NOW, THEREFORE, You are hereby ordered to immediately release JOSHUA QUE Y
UTUANIS unless there are other lawful causes for which he should be further
detained, and to return this Order with the certificate of your proceedings within five
(5) days from notice hereof.
GIVEN by the Honorable PRESBITERO J. VELASCO, JR., Chairperson of the Third

Division of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, this 31st day of January 2018.
Very truly yours,
(SGD.) WILFREDO V.
LAPITAN
Division Clerk of Court
[1] Rollo, pp. 320. The Decision was penned by Associate Justice Renato C. Francisco
and concurred in by Associate Justices Romulo V. Borja and Oscar V. Badelles of the
Twenty-First Division, Court of Appeals, Cagayan de Oro City.
[2] Rep. Act No. 9165 (2002), sec. 5 provides:
Section 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and

Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential
Chemicals. — The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be
imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer,
dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any
dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the
quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty
(20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless
authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another,
distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any controlled precursor and essential
chemical, or shall act as a broker in such transactions.
If the sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution or transportation

of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical transpires
within one hundred (100) meters from the school, the maximum penalty shall be
imposed in every case.
For drug pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners,
couriers and messengers, or in any other capacity directly connected to the dangerous
drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals trade, the maximum
penalty shall be imposed in every case.
If the victim of the offense is a minor or a mentally incapacitated individual, or should

a dangerous drug and/or a controlled precursor and essential chemical involved in any
offense herein provided be the proximate cause of death of a victim thereof, the
maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any
person who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities
prescribed in this Section.
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment
and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a
"protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section.
[3] Rep. Act No. 9165 (2002), sec. 11 provides:
Section 11. Possession of Dangerous Drugs. — The penalty of life imprisonment to

death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten
million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless
authorized by law, shall possess any dangerous drug in the following quantities,
regardless of the degree of purity thereof:
(1) 10 grams or more of opium;

(2) 10 grams or more of morphine;
(3) 10 grams or more of heroin;
(4) 10 grams or more of cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride;
(5) 50 grams or more of methamphetamine hydrochloride or "shabu";
(6) 10 grams or more of marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil;
(7) 500 grams or more of marijuana; and
(8) 10 grams or more of other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to,
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDA) or "ecstasy",
paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA), trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), lysergic
acid diethylamine (LSD), gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and those
similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives, without
having any therapeutic value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond
therapeutic requirements, as determined and promulgated by the Board in
accordance to Section 93, Article XI of this Act.
Otherwise, if the quantity involved is less than the foregoing quantities, the penalties
shall be graduated as follows:
(1) Life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four hundred thousand pesos
(P400,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00), if the
quantity of methamphetamine hydrochloride or "shabu" is ten (10) grams
or more but less than fifty (50) grams;
(2) Imprisonment of twenty (20) years and one (1) day to life
imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four hundred thousand pesos
(P400,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00), if the
quantities of dangerous drugs are five (5) grams or more but less than ten
(10) grams of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride,
marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil, methamphetamine hydrochloride or
"shabu", or other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, MDMA or
"ecstasy", PMA, TMA, LSD, GHB, and those similarly designed or newly
introduced drugs and their derivatives, without having any therapeutic
value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic requirements;
or three hundred (300) grams or more but less than five hundred (500)
grams of marijuana; and
(3) Imprisonment of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20)
years and a fine ranging from Three hundred thousand pesos
(P300,000.00) to Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00), if the
quantities of dangerous drugs are less than five (5) grams of opium,
morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride, marijuana resin or
marijuana resin oil, methamphetamine hydrochloride or "shabu", or other
dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, MDMA or "ecstasy", PMA, TMA,
LSD, GHB, and those similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and their
derivatives, without having any therapeutic value or if the quantity
possessed is far beyond therapeutic requirements; or less than three
hundred (300) grams of marijuana.
[4] CA rollo, p. 26.
[5] Id.
[6] ld. at 27.
[7] Id.
[8] Id. at 27-28.
[9] Id. at 28.
[10] Id. at 98.
[11] Id. at 28-29.
[12] Id. at 27.
[13] Id. at 99-100.
[14] Id. at 100-101.
[15] Id. at 26-39. The Judgment, docketed as Criminal Case Nos. 4943 (19810) & 4944
(19811), was penned by Presiding Judge Gregorio V. De La Pena III of Branch 12,
Regional Trial Court, Zamboanga City.
[16] Id. at 38-39.
[17] Id. at 93-110.
[18] Id. at 174-182 .
[19] Rollo, p. 24-A.
[20] Id. at 29-31.
[21] Id. at 32-59.
[22] Rules of Court, Rule 133, sec. 2.
[23] Macayan, Jr. y Malana v. People, 756 Phil. 202, 213-241 (2015) [Per J. Leonen,
Second Division], citing CONST. art. III, sec. 1; CONST. art. III, sec. 14 (2); People of
the Philippines v. Solayao, 330 Phil. 811, 819 (1996) [Per J. Romero, Second Division];
and Boac v. People of the Philippines, 591 Phil. 508 (2008) [Per J. Velasco, Jr., Second
Division].
[24] People v. Morales, 630 Phil. 215, 228 (2010) [Per J. Del Castillo, Second Division],
citing People v. Darisan, et al., 597 Phil. 479, 485 (2009) [Per J. Corona, First Division]
and People v. Partoza, 605 Phil. 883, 890 (2009) [Per J. Tinga, Second Division].
[25] Rep. Act No. 9165 (2002),sec. 21, par. 1-3.
[26] 639 Phil. 134 (2010) [Per J. Mendoza, Second Division].
[27] Id. at 133, citing People v. Zaida Kamad, 624 Phil. 289-312 [Per J. Brion, Second
Division].
[28] People v. Morales, 630 Phil. 215-236 (2010) [Per J. Del Castillo, Second Division].
[29] Id. at 229.
[30] Id. citing People v. Laxa, 414 Phil. 156, 170 (2001) [Per J. Mendoza, Second
Division], as cited in People v. Orteza, G.R. No. 173051, July 31, 2007, 528 SCRA 750,
758 [Per J. Tinga, Second Division].
[31] 693 Phil. 476 (2012) [Per J. Bersamin, First Division].
[32] Id. at 495-496.
[33] 576 Phil. 576 (2008) [Per J. Tinga, Second Division].
[34] Id. at 588-589.
[35] G.R. No. 207992, August 11, 2014 <

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/pdf/web/viewer.html?
file=/jurisprudence/2014/august2014/207992.pdf > [Per J. Leonen, Third Division].
[36] Id. at 10.
[37] 633 Phil. 393, 401 (2010) [Per J. Perez, Second Division].
[38] Id. at 401.
[39] 624 Phil. 289 (2010). [Per J. Brion, Second Division].
[40] Id. at 311.
[41] Id.
[42] People v. Navarrete, 665 Phil. 738-749 (2011) [Per J. Carpio-Morales, Third
Division]. See also People v. Ulat, 674 Phil. 484-501 (2011) [Per J. Leonardo-De
Castro, First Division].
[43] Id. at 748-749.
[44] 588 Phil. 395-407 (2008) [Per J. Tinga, Second Division].
[45] Id. at 403-406.
[46] Rep. Act No. 10640 (2013).
[47] Rep. Act No. 9165 (2002), sec. 21.
[48] Rep. Act No. 10640 (2013), sec. 1 amending Rep. Act No. 9165 (2002), sec. 21.
[49] This is not entirely novel. The Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act
No. 9165 already stated it. Nevertheless, even if it has been previously stated
elsewhere, it now takes on a greater significance. It is no longer expressed merely in
an administrative rule, but in a statute.
[50] Rep. Act No. 10640 (2013), sec. 1 amending Rep. Act No. 9165 (2002), sec. 21.
[51] G.R. No. 214490, January 13, 2016 <

file=/jurisprudence/2016/january2016/214490.pdf > [Per J. Leonen, Second Division].
[52] Id. at 11-12.
[53] The buy-bust operation was conducted in 2002.
[54] 639 Phil. 134-147 (2010) [Per J. Mendoza, Second Division].
[55] Id. at 145-146.
[56] People v. Nandi, 639 Phil. 134-147 (2010) [Per J. Mendoza, Second Division].
[57] 599 Phil. 416 (2009) [Per J. Brion, Second Division].
[58] Id. at 429.
[59] Rep. Act No. 9165, sec. 21, par. 1.
[60] People v. Mendoza y Estrada, 736 Phil. 749-771 (2014) [Per J. Bersamin, First
Division].
[61] Id.
[62] Id. at 767-768.
[63] CA rollo, p. 27.
[64] Rep. Act No. 10640 (2013), sec. 21, par. 1.
[65] G.R. No. 214490, January 13, 2016 <

file=/jurisprudence/2016/january2016/214490.pdf > [Per J. Leonen, Second Division].
[66] Id. at 14.
[67] See People v. Holgado, G.R. No. 207992, August 11, 2014 <
file=/jurisprudence/2014/august2014/207992.pdf > [Per J. Leonen, Third Division].
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[ G.R. No. 212994, January 31, 2018 ]

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, V. JOSHUA

Criminal Case No. 4943 (19810)

result to the tests for the presence of METHAMPHETAMINE

Criminal Case No. 4944 (19811)

testified to the same circumstances recounted by PO3 Lim.[11]

WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, in Criminal Case No. 4943 (19810),

On October 3, 2014, the Office of the Solicitor General filed a Manifestation,[20] on

On October 10, 2014, Que filed his Supplemental Brief.[21]

Section 2. Proof beyond reasonable doubt. — In a criminal case, the

We ruled in People v. Ganguso:

An accused has in his favor the presumption of

Well-entrenched in jurisprudence is the rule that the conviction

In actions involving the illegal sale of dangerous drugs, the following

On the other hand, in prosecutions for illegal possession of a dangerous

the evidence of the corpus delicti must be established beyond reasonable

On the element of corpus delicti, Section 21 of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs

Section 21. Custody and Disposition of Confiscated, Seized, and/or

(1) The apprehending team having initial custody and control of

(2) Within twenty-four (24) hours upon confiscation/seizure of

same shall be submitted to the PDEA Forensic Laboratory for a

(3) A certification of the forensic laboratory examination results,

In every criminal prosecution for possession of illegal drugs, the Prosecution

Fidelity to the chain of custody requirements is necessary because, by nature, narcotics

Indeed, the likelihood of tampering, loss or mistake with respect to an

A unique characteristic of narcotic substances is that they are not readily

submitted for laboratory testing. Hence, in authenticating the same, a

People v. Holgado,[35] recognized

In both illegal sale and illegal possession of prohibited drugs, conviction

Even the customary presumption of regularity in the performance of official duties

We rule, too, that the discrepancy in the prosecution evidence on the

From the constitutional law point of view, the prosecution's failure to

First, there appears nothing in the records showing that police

In People v. Laxa, the policemen composing the buy-bust team failed to

Similarly, in People v. Kimura, the Narcom operatives failed to place

In Zaragga v. People, involving a violation of R.A. No. 6425, the police

A unique characteristic of narcotic substances is that they are not readily

to criminal cases involving objects which are readily identifiable.

Republic Act No. 9165 Republic Act No. 10640

(1) The apprehending team (1) The apprehending team

and essential chemicals,

and photograph the same conduct a physical inventory

who shall be required to sign

Provided, That the physical

Provided, finally, That

integrity and the evidentiary

First, a representative from the media;

Second, a representative from the Department of Justice; and

Third, any elected public official.[47]

Provided, That the physical inventory and photograph shall be conducted at

Lescano v. People[51] summarized Section 2l(1)'s requirements:

where, it depends on whether the seizure was supported by a search

Moreover, Section 21(1) requires at least three (3) persons to be present

This case is tainted with grave, gratuitous violations of Section 21(1).

An admitted deviation from Section 21's prescribed process is an admission that

Given the flagrant procedural lapses the police committed in

The prosecution's predicament would not be so dire if accused-appellant, or his

presence [against] the evils of switching, 'planting' or contamination":[61]