Hall Effect - Wikipedia
Hall Effect - Wikipedia
Hall Effect - Wikipedia
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The modern theory of electromagnetism
was systematized by James Clerk Maxwell
in the paper On Physical Lines of Force,
which was published in four parts between
1861-1862. While Maxwell's paper
established a solid mathematical basis for
electromagnetic theory, the detailed
mechanisms of the theory were still being
explored. One such question was about
the details of the interaction between
magnets and electric current, including
whether magnetic fields interacted with
the conductors or the electric current
itself. In 1879 Edwin Hall was exploring
this interaction, and discovered the Hall
effect while he was working on his
doctoral degree at Johns Hopkins
University in Baltimore, Maryland.[2]
Eighteen years before the electron was
discovered, his measurements of the tiny
effect produced in the apparatus he used
were an experimental tour de force,
published under the name "On a New
Action of the Magnet on Electric
Currents".[3][4][5]
Theory
The Hall effect is due to the nature of the
current in a conductor. Current consists of
the movement of many small charge
carriers, typically electrons, holes, ions
(see Electromigration) or all three. When a
magnetic field is present, these charges
experience a force, called the Lorentz
force.[6] When such a magnetic field is
absent, the charges follow approximately
straight, 'line of sight' paths between
collisions with impurities, phonons, etc.
However, when a magnetic field with a
perpendicular component is applied, their
paths between collisions are curved, thus
moving charges accumulate on one face
of the material. This leaves equal and
opposite charges exposed on the other
face, where there is a scarcity of mobile
charges. The result is an asymmetric
distribution of charge density across the
Hall element, arising from a force that is
perpendicular to both the 'line of sight'
path and the applied magnetic field. The
separation of charge establishes an
electric field that opposes the migration of
further charge, so a steady electric
potential is established for as long as the
charge is flowing.
with
where
Contemporary applications
Hall effect sensors are readily available
from a number of different manufacturers,
and may be used in various sensors such
as rotating speed sensors (bicycle wheels,
gear-teeth, automotive speedometers,
electronic ignition systems), fluid flow
sensors, current sensors, and pressure
sensors. Common applications are often
found where a robust and contactless
switch or potentiometer is required. These
include: electric airsoft guns, triggers of
electropneumatic paintball guns, go-cart
speed controls, smart phones, and some
global positioning systems.
Analog multiplication
Power measurement
Industrial applications
Spacecraft propulsion
See also
Capacitor
Transducer
Coulomb potential between two current
loops embedded in a magnetic field
Eddy current
Eric Fawcett
List of plasma (physics) articles
Nernst effect
Quantum Hall effect
Fractional quantum Hall effect
Quantum anomalous Hall effect
Senftleben–Beenakker effect
Spin Hall effect
Thermal Hall effect
References
1. Edwin Hall (1879). "On a New Action
of the Magnet on Electric Currents" .
American Journal of Mathematics. 2
(3): 287–92. doi:10.2307/2369245 .
JSTOR 2369245 . Archived from the
original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved
2008-02-28.
2. Bridgeman, P. W. (1939). Biographical
Memoir of Edwin Herbert Hall .
National Academy of Sciences.
3. Hall, E. H. (1879). "On a New Action of
the Magnet on Electric Currents".
American Journal of Mathematics.
JSTOR. 2 (3): 287.
doi:10.2307/2369245 . ISSN 0002-
9327 .
4. "Hall Effect History" . Retrieved
2015-07-26.
5. Ramsden, Edward (2006). Hall-Effect
Sensors. Elsevier Inc. pp. xi. ISBN 978-
0-7506-7934-3.
6. "The Hall Effect" . NIST. Retrieved
2008-02-28.
7. N.W. Ashcroft and N.D. Mermin "Solid
State Physics" ISBN 978-0-03-083993-
1
8. Ohgaki, Takeshi; Ohashi, Naoki;
Sugimura, Shigeaki; Ryoken, Haruki;
Sakaguchi, Isao; Adachi, Yutaka;
Haneda, Hajime (2008). "Positive Hall
coefficients obtained from contact
misplacement on evident n-type ZnO
films and crystals". Journal of
Materials Research. 23 (9): 2293.
Bibcode:2008JMatR..23.2293O .
doi:10.1557/JMR.2008.0300 .
9. Kasap, Safa. "Hall Effect in
Semiconductors" (PDF). Archived
from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-
21.
10. Mark Wardle (2004). "Star Formation
and the Hall Effect". Astrophysics and
Space Science. 292 (1): 317–323.
arXiv:astro-ph/0307086 .
Bibcode:2004Ap&SS.292..317W .
CiteSeerX 10.1.1.746.8082 .
doi:10.1023/B:ASTR.0000045033.800
68.1f .
11. Braiding, C. R.; Wardle, M. (2012). "The
Hall effect in star formation". Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Society. 422 (1): 261.
arXiv:1109.1370 .
Bibcode:2012MNRAS.422..261B .
doi:10.1111/j.1365-
2966.2012.20601.x .
12. Braiding, C. R.; Wardle, M. (2012). "The
Hall effect in accretion flows". Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Society. 427 (4): 3188.
arXiv:1208.5887 .
Bibcode:2012MNRAS.427.3188B .
doi:10.1111/j.1365-
2966.2012.22001.x .
13. Robert Karplus and J. M. Luttinger
(1954). "Hall Effect in Ferromagnetics".
Phys. Rev. 95 (5): 1154–1160.
Bibcode:1954PhRv...95.1154K .
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.95.1154 .
14. N. A. Sinitsyn (2008). "Semiclassical
Theories of the Anomalous Hall
Effect". Journal of Physics: Condensed
Matter. 20 (2): 023201.
arXiv:0712.0183 .
Bibcode:2008JPCM...20b3201S .
doi:10.1088/0953-
8984/20/02/023201 .
15. Tank Sensors & Probes , Electronic
Sensors, Inc., retrieved August 8, 2018
16. Adams, E. P. (1915). The Hall and
Corbino effects . Proceedings of the
American Philosophical Society. 54.
pp. 47–51.
Bibcode:1916PhDT.........2C .
ISBN 978-1-4223-7256-2. Retrieved
2009-01-24.
Sources
Introduction to Plasma Physics and
Controlled Fusion, Volume 1, Plasma
Physics, Second Edition, 1984, Francis F.
Chen
Further reading
Baumgartner, A.; Ihn, T.; Ensslin, K.; Papp, G.;
Peeters, F.; Maranowski, K.; Gossard, A. C.
(2006). "Classical Hall effect in scanning
gate experiments". Physical Review B. 74
(16). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.165426 .
Annraoi M. de Paor. Correction to the
classical two-species Hall Coefficient using
twoport network theory . International
Journal of Electrical Engineering Education
43/4.
NIST The Hall Effect
University of Washington The Hall Effect
External links
Patents
U.S. Patent 1,778,796 , P. H. Craig,
System and apparatus employing the Hall
effect
U.S. Patent 3,596,114 , J. T. Maupin, E.
A. Vorthmann, Hall effect contactless
switch with prebiased Schmitt trigger
General
Understanding and Applying the Hall
Effect
Hall Effect Thrusters Alta Space
Hall effect calculators
Interactive Java tutorial on the Hall
effect National High Magnetic Field
Laboratory
Science World (wolfram.com) article.
"The Hall Effect ". nist.gov.
Table with Hall coefficients of different
elements at room temperature .
Simulation of the Hall effect as a
Youtube video
Hall effect in electrolytes
Bowley, Roger (2010). "Hall Effect" .
Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the
University of Nottingham.
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