Scribd
Upload
38 views21 pages

Signals & Systems: Armaghan Mohsin

This document provides an overview of signals and systems. It defines a signal as a function that conveys information about a physical phenomenon. Examples of signals include voice, images, and data sequences. A system manipulates signals to perform some function or yield new output signals. Typical systems discussed include communication systems, computers, and signal processing applications. The course will cover fundamentals of signals and linear time-invariant systems, as well as Fourier analysis, sampling theory, and signal processing transforms.

Uploaded by

umer malik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views21 pages

Signals & Systems: Armaghan Mohsin

This document provides an overview of signals and systems. It defines a signal as a function that conveys information about a physical phenomenon. Examples of signals include voice, images, and data sequences. A system manipulates signals to perform some function or yield new output signals. Typical systems discussed include communication systems, computers, and signal processing applications. The course will cover fundamentals of signals and linear time-invariant systems, as well as Fourier analysis, sampling theory, and signal processing transforms.

Uploaded by

umer malik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

Armaghan Mohsin
Lecture 01
A Signal
 A signal is a function of one or more variables,
which conveys information on the nature of some
physical phenomena.
 Examples
– f(t) : a voice signal, a music signal
– f(x,y) : an image signal, a picture
– f ( x , y , t ) : a video signal
– xn : a sequence of data ( n: integer )
– bn : a bit stream ( b:1 or 0 )
– continuous-time, discrete-time
– analog, digital
 Human Perceptible/Machine Processed
A Signal
A System
 An entity that manipulates one or more signals to
accomplish some function, including yielding some
new signals.
input output
System
signal signal

 Examples
– an electric circuit
– a telephone handset
– a PC software receiving pictures from Internet
– a TV set
– a computer with some software handling some data
Typical Examples of Signals/Systems
Concerned
 Communication Systems

s(t) r(t)
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Message Transmitted Received Estimate of
signal signal signal message
(information) signal
data, text, (information)
audio, video
noise, loss
distortion,
interference
Typical Examples of Signals/Systems
Concerned
 Computers

 Signal Processing Systems


– software systems processing the signal by computation/
memory
– examples : audio enhancement systems, picture processing
systems, video compression systems, voice recognition/
synthesis systems, array signal processors, equalizers, etc.
Audio Enhancement

Picture Processing
Scope of The Course
 Those Signals/Systems Operated by Electricity, in
Particular by Software and Computers, with
Extensive Computation and Memory, for
Information and Control Primarily

 Analytical Framework to Handle Such


Signals/Systems

 Mathematical Description/Representation of Such


Signals/Systems
Scope of The Course
 Language and Tools to Solve Problems with Such
Signals/Systems

 Closely Related to: Communications, Signal


Processing, Computers, Networks, Control,
Biomedical Engineering, Circuits, Chips, EM Waves,
etc.

 A Fundamental Course for E.E.


Text/Reference Books and Lecture Notes
 Textbook:
 A. V. Oppenheim, A. S. Willsky and S. H. Nawab,
Signals & Systems, Prentice-Hall, 1996

 Reference:
– B.P. Lathi, Signal Processing and Linear Systems, Oxford
University Press, 1998.
Course Outline
1. Fundamentals
2. Linear Time-invariant Systems
3. Fourier Series
4. Continuous Fourier Transform (CTFT)
5. Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
6. Sampling & Sampling Theorem
7. Laplace Transform
8. Z-Transform
Signals Fundamentals
Analog, Continuous, Discrete, and Digital Signals
Energy and Power
• Signal Energy and Power
n2
E   | x(t ) |2 dt , E   | x[n] |2
t2

t1
n  n1

P  E /(t 2  t1 ) , P  E /(n2  n1  1)
• Energy and Power over infinite interval
Energy and Power based Signal Classification
• Finite Energy Signal
and

Example: x(t)=1 0≤t≤1 E∞=1 and P∞=0


• Finite Average Power
and
Example: x(t)=4 -∞ ≤ t ≤ +∞ E∞= ∞ and P∞=16
• Neither Energy Nor power Signal
Example: x(t)=t -∞ ≤ t ≤ +∞
Transformation of A Signal
 Time Shift
x(t )  x(t  t 0 ) , x[n]  x[n  n0 ]
 Time Reversal
x(t )  x(t ) , x[n]  x[ n]
 Time Scaling
x(t )  x(at ) , x[n]  ?
 Combination
x(t )  x(at  b) , x[n]  ?
Time Shift
Time Reverse
Time Scale
Time scale in Discrete Signals
• The discrete-time sequence x[n] is compressed in time by multiplying
the index n by an integer k, to produce the time-scaled sequence
x[nk].
• This extracts every kth sample of x[n]
• Intermediate samples are lost
• The sequence is shorter
• Called downsampling and Decimation
Time Scale in Discrete Signals
• The discrete-time sequence x[n] is expanded in time by dividing the
index n by an integer m, to produce the time-scaled sequence x[n/m]
• This specifies every mth sample.
• The intermediate samples must be synthesized (set to zero, or interpolated).
• The sequence is longer.
• Called upsampling or interpolation

You might also like