Presenting Quantitative

Data
Ma’am Diane Estonilo
TERMS:
Histogram – a graph that displays the data by using
continuous vertical bars (unless the frequency of a class
is 0) of various heights to represent the frequencies of
the classes.
ADVANTAGES:
 You can graph huge data sets easily with
histograms.
 You could change the intervals of the
histogram to see which gives a better
description of the data.
DISADVANTAGES:
 It shows the number of values within an
interval and not the actual values.
 They are used only for numerical data.
TERMS:
Dot Plot – a statistical graph in which each data value is
plotted as a point (dot) above the horizontal axis.
ADVANTAGES:
• A dot plot is useful for relatively small sets
of data.
• Dot plots clearly display clusters/gaps of
data and outliers.
• They can be used with numerical and
categorical data.
DISADVANTAGES:
• In dot plots, the frequency axis is not
necessary but you need to count to find
the frequency in each stack of dots, and
they can be hard to construct and interpret
for data sets with many points.
TERMS:
Stem-and-Leaf Plot – a combination of sorting and
graphing. It is a data plot that uses part of the data value
as the stem and part of the data value as the leaf to form
groups or classes.
ADVANTAGES:
• we can see where the bulk of scores lie.
• we can see all of the scores present in the
data set.
• provides a quick overview of the
distribution and shape of the distribution.
• useful for highlighting the mode and finding
outliers
DISADVANTAGES:
• only useful for small data sets.
• not visually interesting and attractive.
1-SW4: SW filler notebook
● Create a STEM-AND-LEAF PLOT in 5 minutes.
1-SW4: ½ CW
● Create a STEM-AND-LEAF PLOT in 5 minutes.

A researcher is asked to present the performance of

a section in their first statistics test with a total of 50
points. The following are the test scores:
1-SW4: ½ CW
● Create a STEM-AND-LEAF PLOT in 5 minutes.

A researcher is asked to present the performance of

a section in their first statistics test with a total of 50
points. The following are the test scores:

32 42 20 50 17 34
50 18 35 43 50 23
37 38 38 39 39 38
24 29 25 26 28 27
49 48 46 45 45 46
1-SW4: ANSWER
32 42 20 50 17 34
50 18 35 43 50 23
37 38 38 39 39 38
24 29 25 26 28 27
49 48 46 45 45 46
1 | 78
2 | 03456789
3 | 245788899
4 | 23556689
5 | 000
Grouped Frequency
Distribution Table
Ma’am Diane Estonilo
DATA SET:
These data represent the record high temperatures in
degrees Celsius for each of the 50 states of U.S.A.:*

44 38 53 49 57 48 41 43 43 44
43 48 47 47 48 50 46 46 41 43
42 44 46 46 48 47 48 50 41 43
47 42 43 49 45 49 48 44 40 44
49 45 49 47 41 43 48 44 46 46
*Data taken from The World Almanac and Book of Facts.
Reference: Elementary Statistics 7th ed. by Bluman
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● If the data were to be grouped into 5 categories:

38 – 41 6
42 – 45 17
46 – 49 23
50 – 53 3
54 – 57 1
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Intervals Frequency

38 – 41 6
42 – 45 17
46 – 49 23
50 – 53 3
54 – 57 1
Rules in constructing a grouped FDT
● There should be between 5 and 20 class intervals.
● The intervals must be mutually exclusive.
● The intervals must be continuous.
● The intervals must be exhaustive.
● The intervals must be equal in width.
(Class width)
How to identify class width
● Class width = Range / k, where range is the
difference between the highest and lowest values
(k is the no. of class intervals)

Rule of thumb:

● Class width should have the same decimal place

value as the raw data.
● Computed values should be rounded up.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Create a grouped FDT with 5 class intervals for
the given data set on recorded temperatures.

Class width = (57 – 38)/5 = 3.8

Class width = 4
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq
Intervals
38 – 41 6
42 – 45 17
46 – 49 23
50 – 53 3
54 – 57 1
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq
Intervals
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5
50 – 53 3 ?
54 – 57 1 ?
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq
Intervals
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq
Intervals
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5 ?
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5 ?
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5 47.5
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5 51.5
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5 55.5
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq
Intervals
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5 39.5
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5 43.5
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5 47.5
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5 51.5
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5 55.5
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq
Intervals
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5 39.5 ?
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5 43.5 34%
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5 47.5 ?
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5 51.5 ?
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5 55.5 2%
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq
Intervals
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5 39.5 12%
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5 43.5 34%
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5 47.5 46%
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5 51.5 6%
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5 55.5 2%
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq ? ? ?
Intervals
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5 39.5 12%
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5 43.5 34%
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5 47.5 46%
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5 51.5 6%
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5 55.5 2%
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq Class ? ?

Intervals Boundaries
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5 39.5 12%
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5 43.5 34%
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5 47.5 46%
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5 51.5 6%
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5 55.5 2%
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq Class Class ?

Intervals Boundaries Mark
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5 39.5 12%
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5 43.5 34%
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5 47.5 46%
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5 51.5 6%
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5 55.5 2%
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq Class Class Percent

Intervals Boundaries Mark
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5 39.5 12%
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5 43.5 34%
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5 47.5 46%
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5 51.5 6%
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5 55.5 2%
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq Class Class Percent

Intervals Boundaries Mark
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5 39.5 12%
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5 43.5 34%
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5 47.5 46%
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5 51.5 6%
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5 55.5 2%
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq Class Class Percent

Intervals Boundaries Mark
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5 39.5 12%
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5 43.5 34%
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5 47.5 46%
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5 51.5 6%
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5 55.5 2%

Lower
Class Limits
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq Class Class Percent

Intervals Boundaries Mark
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5 39.5 12%
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5 43.5 34%
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5 47.5 46%
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5 51.5 6%
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5 55.5 2%

Lower
Class Limits
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq Class Class Percent

Intervals Boundaries Mark
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5 39.5 12%
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5 43.5 34%
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5 47.5 46%
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5 51.5 6%
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5 55.5 2%

Lower Upper
Class Limits Class Limits
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq Class Class Percent

Intervals Boundaries Mark
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5 39.5 12%
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5 43.5 34%
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5 47.5 46%
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5 51.5 6%
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5 55.5 2%

Lower Upper
Class Limits Class Limits
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq Class Class Percent

Intervals Boundaries Mark
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5 39.5 12%
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5 43.5 34%
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5 47.5 46%
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5 51.5 6%
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5 55.5 2%

Lower Upper Lower

Class Limits Class Limits Class Boundaries
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq Class Class Percent

Intervals Boundaries Mark
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5 39.5 12%
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5 43.5 34%
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5 47.5 46%
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5 51.5 6%
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5 55.5 2%

Lower Upper Lower

Class Limits Class Limits Class Boundaries
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (GROUPED)
● Entries of the grouped FDT:

Class Freq Class Class Percent

Intervals Boundaries Mark
38 – 41 6 37.5 – 41.5 39.5 12%
42 – 45 17 41.5 – 45.5 43.5 34%
46 – 49 23 45.5 – 49.5 47.5 46%
50 – 53 3 49.5 – 53.5 51.5 6%
54 – 57 1 53.5 – 57.5 55.5 2%

Lower Upper Lower Upper

Class Limits Class Limits Class Boundaries Class Boundaries
Terms
● A grouped frequency distribution is used when the
range of the data is large, grouping the data into
classes that are more than one unit in width.

● class width (i) – the numerical difference between

the lower (or upper) class limit of one class interval
from the lower (or upper) class limit of the next class
interval.

● frequency (f) – refers to the number of observations

belonging to a class interval.
Terms
● lower & upper class limits – represent the smallest
and largest data value respectively, that can be
included in a certain class interval.

● class boundaries (CB) – numbers that are halfway

between the upper limit of a class and the lower limit
of the next class interval.

● class mark/midpoint (Xm) – obtained by adding the

lower and upper boundaries and dividing by 2, or
adding the lower and upper limits and dividing by 2.
Exercise (7 minutes)
● Construct a grouped FDT for the same
data set but with 7 class intervals.

Compute for the class width first.

𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 − 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑾𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 =
𝒌

𝟓𝟕 − 𝟑𝟖
𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑾𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 = = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟏 ≈ 𝟑
𝟕
Sample answer to exercise:
Class Freq Class Class Percent
Intervals Boundaries Mark
38 – 40 2 37.5 – 40.5 39 4%
41 – 43 13 40.5 – 43.5 42 26%
44 – 46 14 43.5 – 46.5 45 28%
47 – 49 17 46.5 – 49.5 48 34%
50 – 52 2 49.5 – 52.5 51 4%
53 – 55 1 52.5 – 55.5 54 2%
56 – 58 1 55.5 – 58.5 57 2%
1-HW4: (1/2 CW)
The following data set shows the ages of the top 50
wealthiest people in the world (Source: Forbes Magazine).
Construct a grouped FDT for the given data set with 6 class
intervals. (10 points) Then create a histogram (10 points)

49 74 54 65 48 78 52 85 60 61
57 59 56 85 81 82 56 40 71 83
38 76 69 49 68 43 81 85 57 90
73 65 68 69 37 64 77 59 61 87
81 69 78 61 43 67 79 80 69 74
1-HW4: (1/2 CW)
For the histogram, please take note of the following:
a. Construct the histogram manually. Write it at the back
portion of the ½ CW.
b. Use the CLASS BOUNDARIES as the values for the x-
axis.
c. Label the x-axis as “age” and y-axis as “frequency”
d. Use ruler in constructing the histogram.
Describing a Distribution
Ma’am Diane Estonilo
Shape of a Distribution

Symmetric – histogram
in which both sides are
(more or less) the same
when the graph is folded
vertically down the
middle.
Shape of a Distribution

Uniform or rectangular – a histogram in which every

class has equal frequency. From one point of view, a
uniform distribution is symmetrical with the added
property that the bars are of the same height.
Shape of a Distribution

Skewed (left/right) – a histogram in which one tail is

stretched out longer than the other. The direction of
skewness is on the side of the longer tail. So, if the
longer tail is on the left, we say the histogram is
skewed to the left.
Shape of a Distribution

Bimodal – a histogram in which the two classes with

the largest frequencies are separated by at least
one class. The top two frequencies of these classes
may have slightly different values.
Examples

Skewed right Skewed left

Examples

Symmetric Bimodal